2.

A system is said to be linear if it satisfies:

a) Homogeneity
b) Additivity
c) Both a and b
d) Time-invariance
Answer: c) Both a and b
Explanation: Linearity in systems implies that the system adheres to both the
principles of homogeneity (scaling) and additivity (superposition).
3. The unit step function u(t) is defined as:
a) 0 for t < 0, 1 for t ≥ 0
b) 1 for t < 0, 1 for t ≥ 0
c) 1 for all t
d) 0 for all t
Answer: a) 0 for t <0, 1for t ≥ 0
Explanation: The unit step function is a standard function in signal processing,
representing a signal that turns on at t=0.
4. Which property is not associated with Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems?
a) Time-invariance
b) Linearity
c) Memorylessness
d) Causality
Answer: c) Memorylessness
Explanation: LTI systems can have memory; memorylessness is not a defining
property of LTI systems.
5. The convolution of two signals in time domain corresponds to which operation in
frequency domain?
a) Addition
b) Multiplication
c) Convolution
d) Division
Answer: b) Multiplication
Explanation: Convolution in the time domain is equivalent to multiplication in the
frequency domain, as per the Convolution Theorem.

7. A system is said to be causal if:

a) Output depends only on future input
b) Output depends only on present and past input
c) Output depends only on present input
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Output depends only on present and past input
Explanation: Causality ensures that a system doesn't anticipate future inputs.
8. Which transform is best suited for analyzing discrete-time LTI systems?
a) Laplace Transform
b) Fourier Transform
c) Z-Transform
d) Wavelet Transform
Answer: c) Z-Transform
Explanation: Z-Transform is used for discrete-time signal analysis, particularly LTI
systems.
9. The Laplace Transform of δ(t) is:
a) 1
b) 0
c) 1/S
d) S
Answer: a) 1
Explanation: The Laplace transform of the Dirac delta function is 1 because it
captures the impulse at t=0.
10. The region of convergence (ROC) of a stable system includes:
a) Right-half of s-plane
b) Left-half of s-plane
c) Imaginary axis
d) Real axis
Answer: c) Imaginary axis
Explanation: For a system to be stable, the ROC must include the imaginary axis (jω-
axis) for bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stability.
11. Which operation is used to determine the output of an LTI system given its input
and impulse response?
a) Correlation
b) Multiplication
c) Convolution
d) Laplace Transform
Answer: c) Convolution
Explanation: For LTI systems, output is the convolution of input and impulse
response.
16. A system described by y(t)=x(t−3) is:
a) Causal
b) Non-causal
c) Memoryless
d) Unstable
Answer: a) Causal
Explanation: The system uses past input only (t−3).
17. The frequency response of an LTI system is obtained by:
a) Taking the Laplace Transform
b) Evaluating the Fourier Transform of the impulse response
c) Time shifting the signal
d) Differentiating the signal
Answer: b) Evaluating the Fourier Transform of the impulse response
Explanation: Frequency response is the FT of the impulse response h(t).
20. The Laplace transform exists if:
a) The signal is periodic
b) The signal is bounded
c) The signal is of exponential order
d) The signal is odd
Answer: c) The signal is of exponential order
Explanation: A signal must not grow faster than an exponential function for Laplace
transform to exist.
21. The Fourier Transform of a constant A is:
a) 2πAδ(ω)
b) Aδ(ω)
c) 0
d) Aω
Answer: a) 2πAδ(ω)
Explanation: A constant in time domain transforms to a delta function in frequency
domain scaled by 2πA.
22. Which of the following has only cosine terms in its Fourier series?
a) Even signal
b) Odd signal
c) Periodic impulse train
d) Non-periodic signal
Answer: a) Even signal
Explanation: Even signals have cosine terms only in their Fourier Series
representation.
23. Parseval’s theorem in Fourier Transform is related to:
a) Energy conservation
b) Time-shifting
c) Frequency scaling
d) Causality
Answer: a) Energy conservation
Explanation: Parseval's theorem equates total energy in time and frequency domains.

27. Which operation corresponds to modulation in time domain?

a) Addition in frequency domain
b) Convolution in frequency domain
c) Multiplication in frequency domain
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Convolution in frequency domain
Explanation: Modulation (multiplication) in time becomes convolution in frequency.

29. A system described by y(t)=x(−t) is:

a) Time-invariant
b) Time-variant
c) Memoryless
d) Causal
Answer: b) Time-variant
Explanation: Time reversal changes the time origin, hence time-variant.

32. ROC of Z-transform of causal sequence lies:

a) Inside the unit circle
b) Outside the outermost pole
c) Between the poles
d) Along imaginary axis
Answer: b) Outside the outermost pole
Explanation: For causal signals, ROC is exterior to the largest pole.

35. A signal that contains only integer multiples of a fundamental frequency is:
a) Aperiodic
b) Periodic
c) Power signal
d) Energy signal
Answer: b) Periodic
Explanation: Harmonics define periodicity in frequency domain.
36. The Z-transform is a generalization of:
a) Fourier Transform
b) Laplace Transform
c) Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
d) Continuous Fourier Series
Answer: c) Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
Explanation: Z-transform generalizes DTFT by including convergence issues.
37. The Laplace Transform is most useful for analyzing:
a) Continuous-time systems
b) Discrete-time systems
c) Time-invariant systems only
d) Nonlinear systems
Answer: a) Continuous-time systems
Explanation: Laplace is designed for continuous-domain system analysis.
38. The final value theorem is applicable for:
a) Stable systems only
b) Unstable systems
c) Any system
d) Causal systems
Answer: a) Stable systems only
Explanation: Final value theorem applies only when the poles of sX(s) are in the left-
half s-plane (except origin).
42. If x(t) is even, then its Fourier transform X(jω) is:
a) Even and real
b) Odd and imaginary
c) Odd and real
d) Complex and odd
Answer: a) Even and real
Explanation: Even time-domain signals have even and real spectra.
43. Which of the following signals is odd?
a) cos(t)
b) t2
c) sin(t)

d) ∣t∣
Answer: c) sin(t)
Explanation: sin(−t)=−sin(t), satisfies the condition for odd signal.
44. The autocorrelation of a signal is always:
a) Negative
b) Periodic
c) Complex
d) Even
Answer: d) Even
Explanation: Autocorrelation is always an even function regardless of the signal.

46. Which of the following properties do not hold for LTI systems?
a) Linearity
b) Time-invariance
c) Memorylessness
d) Superposition
Answer: c) Memorylessness
Explanation: Not all LTI systems are memoryless; many depend on past inputs.
47. Which transform is used for analyzing signals in both time and frequency domains
simultaneously?
a) Fourier Transform
b) Z-transform
c) Laplace Transform
d) Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)
Answer: d) Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)
Explanation: STFT provides time-frequency representation of signals.
48. If a signal is absolutely integrable, then its Fourier Transform:
a) Exists
b) Does not exist
c) Is always zero
d) Is undefined
Answer: a) Exists
Explanation: Absolute integrability is a sufficient condition for existence of FT.
49. Time-scaling of a continuous signal affects:
a) Amplitude
b) Frequency content
c) Both amplitude and frequency
d) Phase only
Answer: b) Frequency content
Explanation: Time compression expands frequency and vice versa.
50. Which of the following systems is non-linear?
a) y(t)=2x(t)
b) y(t)=x(t)2
c) y(t)=x(t−1)
d) y(t)=x(t)+1
Answer: b) y(t)=x(t)2
Explanation: Squaring the input violates the principle of superposition.
51. Nyquist rate for a signal with maximum frequency of 5 kHz is:
a) 5 kHz
b) 10 kHz
c) 2.5 kHz
d) 1 kHz
Answer: b) 10 kHz
Explanation: Nyquist rate = 2 × maximum frequency = 10 kHz.
52. Aliasing occurs when:
a) Sampling rate is greater than Nyquist rate
b) Sampling rate equals Nyquist rate
c) Sampling rate is less than Nyquist rate
d) Signal is time-scaled
Answer: c) Sampling rate is less than Nyquist rate
Explanation: Undersampling causes overlapping in frequency domain—aliasing.
53. To avoid aliasing, what is used before sampling?
a) Amplifier
b) Differentiator
c) Anti-aliasing filter
d) Low-frequency oscillator
Answer: c) Anti-aliasing filter
Explanation: Low-pass filters remove high-frequency components before sampling.
54. The sampling theorem is applicable to:
a) Continuous signals only
b) Discrete signals only
c) Bandlimited signals
d) Non-periodic signals
Answer: c) Bandlimited signals
Explanation: The theorem assumes signal has finite frequency content.

56. Reconstruction of a signal from its samples is done using:

a) Differentiator
b) Zero-order hold
c) Sinc interpolation
d) Averaging
Answer: c) Sinc interpolation
Explanation: Ideal reconstruction uses sinc function.
57. The DTFT (Discrete-Time Fourier Transform) is defined for:
a) Periodic signals only
b) Aperiodic signals
c) Both periodic and aperiodic signals
d) Continuous-time signals
Answer: b) Aperiodic signals
Explanation: DTFT is for aperiodic discrete-time signals; periodic ones use DFT.
58. In practical systems, ideal reconstruction is not possible because:
a) Sinc function is not realizable
b) Sampling is not accurate
c) Noise is present
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Sinc function is not realizable
Explanation: It extends infinitely in time; cannot be implemented perfectly.
59. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is used for:
a) Analog signals
b) Infinite-duration signals
c) Finite-duration discrete signals
d) Bandpass signals
Answer: c) Finite-duration discrete signals
Explanation: DFT operates on finite-length sequences.
60. The time period of the Fourier Series is defined over:
a) Infinite interval
b) One time period
c) Zero to infinity
d) Negative to zero
Answer: b) One time period
Explanation: The Fourier Series represents a periodic signal over one period.

63. In Laplace Transform, the ROC (Region of Convergence) for right-sided signals
is:
a) Left of the leftmost pole
b) Right of the rightmost pole
c) Between poles
d) The entire s-plane
Answer: b) Right of the rightmost pole
Explanation: For right-sided (causal) signals, ROC is right of the largest pole.
64. Which of the following statements about Laplace Transform is true?
a) It only applies to periodic signals
b) It can handle exponential growth
c) It cannot be used for differential equations
d) It gives frequency response directly
Answer: b) It can handle exponential growth
Explanation: Laplace handles growing exponentials due to the damping term e−st .
65. A system is stable if all the poles of its Laplace Transform lie:
a) On the right-half of s-plane
b) On the jω axis
c) On the left-half of s-plane
d) On the real axis
Answer: c) On the left-half of s-plane
Explanation: For stability, all poles must be in the left-half s-plane (Re(s) < 0).

67. Laplace Transform is most useful in analyzing:

a) Memoryless systems
b) Static signals
c) Time-domain nonlinearities
d) Differential equations
Answer: d) Differential equations
Explanation: Laplace transforms convert differential equations into algebraic ones.
69. A pole-zero plot of a stable system must have:
a) All poles in the left-half s-plane
b) All poles on the jω axis
c) Zeros in right-half s-plane
d) Poles on imaginary axis
Answer: a) All poles in the left-half s-plane
Explanation: Stability condition for continuous-time systems.

71. The
convolution of two impulse functions δ(t)∗δ(t) is:
a) 0
b) δ(t)
c) 1
d) δ(2t)
Answer: b) δ(t)
Explanation: Convolution of delta with any signal gives the same signal.
72. If a system has impulse response h(t)=e −t u(t), it is:
a) Memoryless and unstable
b) Causal and stable
c) Non-causal
d) Time-invariant only
Answer: b) Causal and stable
Explanation: It’s zero for t<0 and integrable over [0,∞).
73. The output of an LTI system is obtained by:
a) Addition
b) Differentiation
c) Convolution
d) Correlation
Answer: c) Convolution
Explanation: Output = input * impulse response (in time domain).

74. What is δ(t)∗x(t)?

a) x(0)
b) x(t)
c) 0
d) δ(t)
Answer: b) x(t)
Explanation: Delta function acts as identity under convolution.

75. If h(t)=x(t)∗y(t), then Laplace Transform of h(t) is:

a) X(s)+Y(s)
b) X(s)Y(s)
c) X(s)−Y(s)
d) X(s)/Y(s)
Answer: b) X(s)Y(s)
Explanation: Convolution in time domain becomes multiplication in Laplace domain.
76. Which property of convolution is not true?
a) Commutative
b) Associative
c) Distributive
d) Multiplicative
Answer: d) Multiplicative
Explanation: Convolution is not multiplicative in time domain.
77. Convolution of an even signal with an even signal is:
a) Even
b) Odd
c) Complex
d) Zero
Answer: a) Even
Explanation: Convolution of two even signals results in an even signal.
78. The length of convolution of two sequences of length M and N is:
a) M+N
b) M+N−1
c) min(M,N)
d) max(M,N)
Answer: b) M+N−1
Explanation: Standard formula for linear convolution length.
79. The convolution integral is valid only for:
a) Linear systems
b) Nonlinear systems
c) Non-causal systems
d) Infinite energy systems
Answer: a) Linear systems
Explanation: Convolution only applies to LTI systems.
80. Impulse response of an LTI system is known. Its response to any input is:
a) Calculated by Laplace
b) Calculated by convolution
c) Calculated by integration
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: b) Calculated by convolution
Explanation: Output = Convolution of input with impulse response.

83. The Z-transform of δ[n] is:

a) 0
b) 1
c) z
d) z-1
Answer: b) 1
Explanation: Z{δ[n]}=1, since δ[n]=1 at n=0.
85. The Z-transform is particularly useful for solving:
a) Integral equations
b) Differential equations
c) Difference equations
d) Matrix equations
Answer: c) Difference equations
Explanation: Z-transform simplifies difference equations into algebraic form.
86. Z-transform of a right-sided sequence converges in the region:
a) Inside the unit circle
b) Outside the outermost pole
c) Entire z-plane
d) On the unit circle only
Answer: b) Outside the outermost pole
Explanation: This is the ROC condition for right-sided sequences.
88. In Z-transform, poles are the values of z where:
a) Numerator is zero
b) Denominator is zero
c) ROC is undefined
d) Signal is periodic
Answer: b) Denominator is zero
Explanation: Poles occur where the denominator of the transfer function vanishes.
89. The convolution in time domain corresponds to _____ in Z-domain:
a) Convolution
b) Division
c) Addition
d) Multiplication
Answer: d) Multiplication
Explanation: Same as in Laplace and Fourier domains.
90. Z-transform is a generalization of:
a) Fourier Transform
b) Laplace Transform
c) DTFT (Discrete-Time Fourier Transform)
d) None of the above
Answer: c) DTFT

Explanation: DTFT is a special case of the Z-transform when ∣z∣=1.

91. A system is memoryless if output depends on:
a) Future input
b) Past input
c) Present input only
d) Integral of input
Answer: c) Present input only
Explanation: Memoryless means output depends only on current input.
92. A system is causal if:
a) Output depends on future input
b) Output depends on both past and future inputs
c) Output depends only on past and present inputs
d) Output is always zero
Answer: c) Output depends only on past and present inputs
Explanation: Causality prohibits dependence on future inputs.
93. If x(t) is even, then x(t)+x(−t) is:
a) Odd
b) Even
c) Zero
d) Complex
Answer: b) Even
Explanation: Sum of an even function and its mirror is also even.
94. Which of the following is not a valid property of time-invariant systems?
a) Shift in input leads to shift in output
b) Time scaling affects output shape
c) Time reference is fixed
d) System behavior does not change with time
Answer: b) Time scaling affects output shape
Explanation: Time-invariance only refers to shifting, not scaling.
95. Which system is not linear?
a) y(t)=2x(t)
b) y(t)=x(t)2
c) y(t)=x(t−1)
d) y(t)=x(t)+3
Answer: b) y(t)=x(t)2
Explanation: Non-linearity arises from squaring the input.
96. If input to a system is zero and output is non-zero, system is:
a) Stable
b) Memoryless
c) Time-invariant
d) Unstable or has memory (non-causal)
Answer: d) Unstable or has memory (non-causal)
Explanation: This is called zero-input response, indicating memory or instability.
97. Impulse response h[n]=δ[n−1] indicates a system that:
a) Delays the input by 1 unit
b) Advances the input
c) Is non-linear
d) Is unstable
Answer: a) Delays the input by 1 unit
Explanation: The system waits one unit before outputting the impulse.
98. Which of the following transforms is best for analyzing discrete-time systems?
a) Laplace
b) Fourier
c) Z-transform
d) Hilbert
Answer: c) Z-transform
Explanation: It is the standard tool for discrete-time LTI systems.
100. A system is called time-invariant if its output to x(t−t0 ) is:
a) y(t)
b) y(t−t0)
c) x(t)
d) y(t+t0)
Answer: b) y(t−t0)
Explanation: Time shift in input leads to identical time shift in output.