What is translation?

Translation is the process of converting written text from one language (the source language) into
another language (the target language). It involves accurately conveying the original meaning, tone,
and style while adapting vocabulary, grammar, and cultural nuances to suit the target language.
Translators often work with various forms of written material, such as books, documents, websites,
and subtitles, taking time to research and choose words carefully to ensure the translated text aligns
closely with the original content.
What is interpretation?
Interpretation is the process of orally translating spoken language from one language (the source
language) into another language (the target language) in real time. It enables people who speak
different languages to communicate effectively in settings such as conferences, meetings,
courtrooms, and phone calls.
There are two main types of interpretation:
Simultaneous interpretation: The interpreter translates as the speaker is talking, often with only a
slight delay. This requires quick thinking and concentration, as it happens in real time.
Consecutive interpretation: The interpreter waits for the speaker to pause before translating what
was said. This type allows more time to think and convey information accurately but can take longer.
Interpretation requires fluency in both languages, quick comprehension, and an ability to convey ideas
accurately and culturally appropriately under time pressure.
What is the difference between translation and interpretation?
The main differences between translation and interpretation lie in their format, timing, and skills
required:
1. Format
Translation is focused on written text. It involves converting text from one language to another, such
as books, articles, or documents.
Interpretation is oral, converting spoken language from one language to another in real time, as in live
conversations, speeches, or meetings.
2. Timing
Translation is typically not immediate. Translators have time to review, revise, and research to ensure
accuracy and maintain the original tone.
Interpretation is done on the spot, requiring interpreters to process and convey information instantly
without the chance to review or edit.
3. Skills Required
Translation emphasizes strong writing skills, in-depth knowledge of grammar and vocabulary, and the
ability to capture nuances in the written form.
Interpretation requires quick comprehension, excellent verbal communication skills, and the ability to
think and respond under pressure in real time.
In summary, translation deals with written text and allows for careful, thoughtful processing, while
interpretation is oral and immediate, requiring quick, fluent, and accurate real-time communication.
Examples of mistranslation
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Exercise:
Translation is an essential tool for businesses looking to globalize their products and services,
since it helps them break down language barriers and communicate with customers in their
native language. It can lead to higher exposure, a larger customer base, and a subsequent
boost in sales and revenue. By the same token, bad translation can damage a company’s
reputation and lead to costly mistakes.
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A brief history of translation
The early history of translation is closely linked to the development
of writing. At this time, people used pictograms to represent words
and ideas. These pictograms were later replaced by cuneiform
characters, which were easier to write and more versatile.

Over the past half-century, translation studies have emerged

decisively as an academic field around the world, and in recent years
programs devoted to the teaching of translation have proliferated.
Surveys indicate more than 350 programs worldwide

Early professional translation was the period of translation

adaptation, because when a translator did not understand a word
meaning, this word was skip entirely

• First known translation

It is believed, that the first known translation was made in Mesopotamia, where a poem
(Sumerian poem) was translated into Asian language

• Translation in religion
The majority of early translations were mostly of a religious nature, then it is known that the
first significant translation was the Hebrew Bible in to Greek. Then it was translated in to Latin
(Saint Jerome).

Modern translation

Today, the art of translation is an essential part of our lives. It is a skill that helps us
communicate with people from different cultures and backgrounds. With the globalization of
business and communication, there is a growing need for accurate and reliable translations.

The role of translators

It has contributed greatly to the development of humanity around the world, and their work has
impacted different fields such as culture, science communications, by spreading ideas and
concepts

Current translation has several tools that are useful to the translator to get better in this field,
such as internet and smart device at the disposal to improve the process of translation.
Nowadays translation has become essential in society, since through it is interconnected the
economy, education, sharing knowledge and trade.
Methods
1. Word-for-Word Translation
Each word is translated individually without regard to natural flow, often resulting in awkward
or incomplete phrases.
Commonly used in language learning or early-stage translation, but rarely in final products due
to unnatural phrasing.
Example:
The mom of my mom is my grandmother = La mamá de mi mamá es mi abuela
Ana memorized the text = Ana memorizó el texto
She is reading = Ella está leyendo
After all = después de todo

Then, take in account in that a language cannot be translated word-by-word always

Example:
Me puse triste = me put sad
Accurate English = I became sad or I got sad

2. Literal Translation
The translator converts the text word-for-word or sentence-by-sentence, sticking closely to the
structure and vocabulary of the original language.
Useful for technical or scientific texts where precise terminology is required.
May result in unnatural phrasing if used on texts with idiomatic expressions or unique language
structure.
Examples:
Medical and dental insurance benefits = beneficios de seguros médicos y dentales
I have been living here for five years = Llevo viviendo aqui por cinco años
He is blue = El esta triste

3. Faithful (or Close) Translation

Strives to stay as close to the original text as possible while ensuring that the translation reads
naturally in the target language.
This approach balances accuracy with readability, respecting the author’s intentions and style.
Often used in legal, academic, or formal texts.
Examples:
He is as fast as a kangaroo = El es tanrapido como un canguro
Mary didn’t slap the green witch = Maria no le dio una cachetada a la bruja verde.
Stop! I have a gun = Détente tengo un arme (despararé)

4. Semantic Translation
Focuses on conveying meaning, tone, and cultural nuances, while taking some liberties to
ensure clarity in the target language.
Used when slight adjustments are needed to make the text understandable to the audience
without sacrificing accuracy. This method is ideal for texts requiring high readability with slight
adaptation for the target audience.
Examples:
She is a good mother, and she always takes care of the children = Ella es una Buena madre,
y siempre atiende a los niños.
Copyright = Derechos de autor
Living abroad opens your eyes to a better world = Vivir en el extranjero ayuda a ver el mundo
de una mejor forma.
5. Adaptation
Involves changing cultural references, idioms, or other context-specific elements to suit the
target culture.
Used when the source material contains culturally specific concepts, humor, or other elements
that would not be understood by the target audience.
Often used in theater, film, and literature translation.
Examples:
Yours faithfully = le Saluda atentamente
Castor oil = Aceite de ricino

Movies titles:
“jaws” Tiburón
“The sound of Music” Sonrisas y lágrimas
Die hard = Duro de matar
Star war = Guerra de las galaxias
Joker = El Guasón (El bromas en España)

6. Free Translation
Prioritizes conveying the meaning rather than sticking closely to the original words or structure.
Allows the translator to adapt phrases, idioms, or cultural references to make sense in the
target language.
Often used in literary, advertising, or creative texts where capturing the tone and feeling is
more important than literal accuracy.
Examples:
I am twenty years old = Tengo 20 años
She loves swimming = A ella le encanta nadar
My dad is feeling blue = Mi papá esta triste
It’s not difficult = Es facil

7. Idiomatic Translation
Focuses on translating ideas and concepts rather than words, capturing the “spirit” of the
original.
Commonly used in texts with idioms, metaphors, or expressions that don’t have direct
equivalents in the target language.
Used in literature, dialogue, and other contexts where natural-sounding language is key..

Examples:
It’s raining cats and dogs = esta lloviendo mucho (a cantaros)
You are pulling my leg = Me estas tomando el pelo
Let’s cut the chase = Vamos al punto (al grano)
You are bananas = Estás loco
You are the apple of my eyes = Eres la niña de mis ojos
I don’t have my eye on you = No te recuerdo
Fuel these days costs an arm and a leg = El precio de la gasolina últimamente cuesta un ojo
de la cara
I am going to kill two birds with one stone = Voy a matar dos pajaros de un tiro
Start from scratch = empezar de cero
8. Communicative Translation
Aims to convey the exact message, tone, and purpose of the original in a way that resonates
with the target audience.
Prioritizes the effectiveness of the communication over a direct translation of words.
Often used in advertising, instructional texts, or media where the main goal is to achieve a
specific impact on the audience.
Examples:
Frustrated scientist jumps to death = Cientifico frustrada salta a la muerte.
Be aware of the dog = Cuidado con el perro.
No entry = Prohibido el paso
No smoking = Prohibido fumar

However is Important to know that each translation method has its place, depending on the
type of text, purpose, and target audience. Translators often combine methods to ensure both
accuracy and natural readability.

The process of translation

The process of translation involves several stages to ensure that the final text accurately conveys the
meaning, tone, and style of the original content. Here is a breakdown of the key steps:
1. Analysis (Preparation and Understanding)
The translator begins by reading and analyzing the source text to understand its meaning, context,
tone, and purpose. They may also research the subject matter, especially if the text involves
specialized vocabulary or technical terms.

2. Initial Translation
The translator starts converting the source text into the target language.
They prioritize meaning over literal word-for-word translation, focusing on capturing the intended
message in a way that feels natural in the target language.

3. Proofreading
The translator (or another professional) reviews the text for errors, checking grammar, spelling,
punctuation, and stylistic consistency.
Proofreading ensures that the translation is polished and free from mistakes.

4. Editing and Refining

After the initial draft, the translator revises the text, refining word choices, sentence structure, and
tone. They focus on accuracy and readability, ensuring that the translated text flows naturally.
5. Final Review
The translator does a final read-through to ensure overall coherence and alignment with the original
text. They may compare the translation to the source text one last time to confirm that the meaning is
preserved accurately.

6. Feedback and Revisions (if applicable)

Sometimes, the translation is reviewed by clients or additional experts, and the translator may need to
make adjustments based on their feedback.
1) What are common translation techniques?
Direct translation techniques
When using a direct translation technique, the translator tries to produce a target text that
closely resembles the source text in terms of meaning, style, structure, vocabulary and culture
to allow a straightforward transfer of meaning. This approach is often used for technical or
scientific texts where it’s important to retain the original meaning as closely as possible.
Direct translation includes:
Borrowing: Is a technique that involves using a word or phrase from the source language directly in
the target language without translation. As its name suggests, it borrows the word from the original text
and inserts it into the target language without any alteration. Usually, the translator uses this technique
when:

1. There is no equivalent in the target language.

2. There is an equivalent, but the borrowed word conveys the meaning better than the
target language word.
3. The translator wants to preserve and give the sense or feel of the target language.
4. The borrowed term is already widely recognized.

• He loves yoga.
• Le encanta el yoga.
(The word yoga remains unchanged because it is widely recognized in both languages.)
• The blog has many followers.
• El blog tiene muchos seguidores.
(The English word blog is slightly adapted to fit Spanish pronunciation.)

Examples:
• Wifi - (Wireless Fidelity) Conexión Inalámbrica
• Shampoo
• Podcast - Transmisión multimedia, Emisión multimedia, Redifusión multimedia,
El término "podcast" es una contracción de las palabras "iPod" y "broadcast",
• Supermarket
• Eco friendly "respetuoso con el medioambiente" o "ecológico".

Calque or loan translation: involves translating an expression or phrase from the source
language literally, word for word, to create a new expression in the target language. The
structure and meaning are preserved, but the vocabulary is adapted to the target language.
The result is often a phrase that sounds natural in the target language while reflecting the
original structure.
• This technique can be described as literal.
• Word-for-word translation of phrases.
• The term calque means “to copy”.
• To translate literal each Word.
Examples:
• High fidelity alta fidelidad
• Superman súper hombre
• Science fiction Ciencia Ficción
• High resolution Alta resolución
• E-mail Correo electrónico
• Good night Buenas noches
• Compact disc Disco compacto
• Surround sound Sonido envolvente
• Spaceship Nave espacial
• Occupational therapy Terapia Ocupacional
• Skyscraper Rascacielos
• Honeymoon Luna de miel

Literal translation: This is a type of translation that involves translating each word directly and
in the same order, resulting in a phrase that is as close as possible to the source language's
structure. This technique works best when the languages share similar grammar and syntax.
Example
*The cat drinks water. El gato bebe agua.
The book is mine. El libro es mío.
The baby is sick. El bebé está enfermo.
The house is big La casa es grande.
*Where is the book? ¿Dónde está el libro?
The house is big and beautiful La casa es grande y bonita
*I have a cat Yo tengo un gato.
As you can notice:
*(The literal translation is clear and natural due to similar sentence structures.)
(A straightforward, word-for-word translation.)
(The structure and meaning align perfectly between the two languages.)
When Direct Translation is Used:
Direct translation techniques work best when:
• Languages share similar structures.
• The source text is straightforward, without idioms or cultural references.
• Exact wording is required, such as in technical or legal texts.
However, these techniques may lead to unnatural or confusing results when the languages differ
significantly in structure or when the source language includes idioms or expressions unique to its
culture. In such cases, translators often turn to indirect techniques
Summary
Technique Definition English Example Spanish Example
Borrowing Using a word or phrase directly from the source He loves yoga. Le encanta el yoga.
language.
Calque Translating an expression literally, word for word, Science fiction. Ciencia ficción.
into the target language.
Literal Translating exactly as it appears, preserving I have a cat. Tengo un gato.
Translation structure and meaning.
POPOL VUH
FRAGMENTS
PREAMBLE
This is the origin of the ancient history (of the country), here called Quiché.
Here we will write and begin the history of past times, the beginning and origin of everything
that was done in the city of Quiché by the tribes of the Quiché nation.
POPOL VUH
FRAGMENTOS
PREAMBULO
Este es el origen de la historia antigua (del país), aquí llamado Quiché.
Aquí escribiremos y comenzaremos la historia de los tiempos pasados, el principio y origen
de todo lo que fue hecho en la ciudad del Quiché por las tribus de la nación quiché.

Aquí traeremos, pues, la manifestación, el descubrimiento y la narración de todo lo que estaba

oculto; la revelación de la obra por la voluntad del Creador y del Formador, de El que
Engendra, de El que da el Ser, y cuyos nombres son Un Tirador de Cerbatana al Tacuacín,
Un Tirador de Cerbatana al Coyote, El gran Blanco Picador de Espinas, El Dominador, El
Serpiente cubierta de Plumas, El Corazón de los Lagos, El Corazón del Mar, El Dueño del
Planisferio Reverdecido, El Dueño de la Superficie Azulada.

Así es como se nombra, se canta y se celebra junto a la Abuela y al Abuelo, cuyos nombres
son Xpiyacoc y Xmucané, Conservador y Protector, dos veces abuelo, dos veces abuela, tal
como se dice en las antiguas historias quichés, de los que se cuenta todo lo que hicieron en
seguida para la prosperidad y la civilización.

Esto lo escribimos después de que fue promulgada la palabra de Dios, y dentro del
Cristianismo; lo reproducimos, porque no se ve más el Libro Nacional, en el cual se veía
claramente que hemos venido del otro lado del mar, (es decir) "el relato de nuestra existencia
en el país de la sombra, y cómo vimos la luz y la vida", así como es llamado.
The Importance of Punctuality
Punctuality is a critical element of personal and professional integrity. Arriving on time demonstrates
reliability and respect for others' time. It shows that a person values commitments and is mindful of
schedules, fostering trust and dependability in relationships. Consistently being on time reflects a strong
work ethic and a sense of responsibility.

In professional settings, punctuality speaks volumes about an individual’s discipline and organization.
It suggests that they can manage their time effectively, prioritize tasks, and adhere to deadlines. These
traits are highly valued in workplaces, as they contribute to team productivity and project success. Being
punctual also sets a positive tone for meetings and collaborations.

Punctuality conveys respect for others. By arriving on time, a person acknowledges that others’ time is
as valuable as their own. This respect strengthens interpersonal relationships and fosters goodwill,
whether in social or professional environments. Conversely, habitual lateness can signal disregard for
others' schedules, potentially harming reputations and trust.

A punctual person is often perceived as dependable and trustworthy. When someone consistently
shows up on time, it suggests they are reliable and committed to their promises. This reliability builds
confidence in their abilities and character, making them more likely to be entrusted with responsibilities
and opportunities.

Beyond practicality, punctuality reflects a person’s attitude and values. It shows they take their
commitments seriously and approach their interactions with intention and purpose. This attention to
detail and respect for time often leaves a positive impression, highlighting traits such as
professionalism, integrity, and self-discipline.