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An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) provides immediate power to connected loads during main power failures, utilizing energy stored in batteries, flywheels, or super capacitors. UPS systems are categorized into Off-line, On-line, and Line Interactive types, each with varying features and applications, including data centers, telecommunications, and hospitals. They offer protection against power interruptions and can correct common power issues like voltage spikes and harmonic distortion.

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6 views

ups

An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) provides immediate power to connected loads during main power failures, utilizing energy stored in batteries, flywheels, or super capacitors. UPS systems are categorized into Off-line, On-line, and Line Interactive types, each with varying features and applications, including data centers, telecommunications, and hospitals. They offer protection against power interruptions and can correct common power issues like voltage spikes and harmonic distortion.

Uploaded by

Ankur thakuria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER ELECTRONICS

UNINTERRUPTEIBLE POWER SUPPLY

An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is defined as a piece of electrical equipment which


can be used as an immediate power source to the connected load when there is any failure
in the main input power source.

In a UPS, the energy is generally stored in flywheels, batteries, or super capacitors. When
compared to other immediate power supply system, UPS have the advantage of immediate
protection against the input power interruptions. It has very short on-battery run time;
however this time is enough to safely shut down the connected apparatus (computers,
telecommunication equipment etc) or to switch on a standby power source.
UPS can be used as a protective device for some hardware which can cause serious damage
or loss with a sudden power disruption. Uninterruptible power source, Battery backup and
Flywheel back up are the other names often used for UPS. The available size of UPS units
ranges from 200 VA which is used for a solo computer to several large units up to 46 MVA.

When there is any failure in main power source, the UPS will supply the power for a short
time. This is the prime role of UPS. In addition to that, it can also able to correct some
general power problems related to utility services in varying degrees. The problems that can
be corrected are voltage spike (sustained over voltage), Noise, Quick reduction in input
voltage, Harmonic distortion and the instability of frequency in mains.

Types of UPS
Generally, the UPS system is categorised into On-line UPS, Off- line UPS and Line interactive
UPS. Other designs include Standby on-line hybrid, Standby-Ferro, Delta conversion On-Line.

Off-line UPS
This UPS is also called as Standby UPS system which can give only the most basic features.
Here, the primary source is the filtered AC mains (shown in solid path in figure 1). When the
power breakage occurs, the transfer switch will select the backup source (shown in dashed
path in figure 1). Thus we can clearly see that the stand by system will start working only
when there is any failure in mains. In this system, the AC voltage is first rectified and stored
in the storage battery connected to the rectifier.

When power breakage occurs, this DC voltage is converted to AC voltage by means of a


power inverter, and is transferred to the load connected to it. This is the least expensive
UPS system and it provides surge protection in addition to back up. The transfer time can be
about 25 milliseconds which can be related to the time taken by the UPS system to detect
the utility voltage that is lost. The block diagram is shown below.
Figure 1: Off-line UPS

On-line UPS
In this type of UPS, double conversion method is used. Here, first the AC input is converted
into DC by rectifying process for storing it in the rechargeable battery. This DC is converted
into AC by the process of inversion and given to the load or equipment which it is connected
(figure 2). This type of UPS is used where electrical isolation is mandatory. This system is a
bit more costly due to the design of constantly running converters and cooling systems.
Here, the rectifier which is powered with the normal AC current is directly driving the
inverter. Hence it is also known as Double conversion UPS. The block diagram is shown
below.

Figure 2: On-line UPS

When there is any power failure, the rectifier have no role in the circuit and the steady
power stored in the batteries which is connected to the inverter is given to the load by
means of transfer switch. Once the power is restored, the rectifier begins to charge the
batteries. To prevent the batteries from overheating due to the high power rectifier, the
charging current is limited. During a main power breakdown, this UPS system operates with
zero transfer time. The reason is that the backup source acts as a primary source and not
the main AC input. But the presence of inrush current and large load step current can result
in a transfer time of about 4-6 milliseconds in this system.
Line Interactive UPS
For small business and departmental servers and webs, line interactive UPS is used. This is
more or less same as that of off-line UPS. The difference is the addition of tap changing
transformer. Voltage regulation is done by this tap-changing transformer by changing the
tap depending on input voltage. Additional filtering is provided in this UPS result in lower
transient loss. The block diagram is shown below.

Figure 2: Line interactive UPS

UPS Applications
Applications of a UPS include:
 Data Centers
 Industries
 Telecommunications
 Hospitals
 Banks and insurance
 Some special projects (events)

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