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The document provides an overview of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods, including arbitration, conciliation, negotiation, and mediation, along with their definitions, advantages, and legal frameworks in India. It outlines key concepts such as the Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996, the role of mediators, and the significance of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and legal aid. The content is structured in a question-and-answer format, emphasizing essential information about each ADR method.

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5 views

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The document provides an overview of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods, including arbitration, conciliation, negotiation, and mediation, along with their definitions, advantages, and legal frameworks in India. It outlines key concepts such as the Arbitration and Conciliation Act of 1996, the role of mediators, and the significance of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and legal aid. The content is structured in a question-and-answer format, emphasizing essential information about each ADR method.

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UNIT I: Introduction to ADR

1. What does ADR stand for?


a) Alternate Decision Rules
b) Alternative Dispute Resolution
c) Actual Dispute Reform
d) Arbitration Dispute Reform
Answer: b)
2. Which of the following is NOT a method of ADR?
a) Mediation
b) Conciliation
c) Execution
d) Negotiation
Answer: c)
3. Which code in India governs the incorporation of ADR methods in court
proceedings?
a) Penal Code
b) Civil Procedure Code
c) Criminal Procedure Code
d) Evidence Act
Answer: b)
4. The main objective of ADR is to:
a) Replace judiciary
b) Delay justice
c) Reduce burden on courts
d) Punish offenders
Answer: c)
5. Which is a major advantage of ADR?
a) Higher cost
b) Time-consuming
c) Confidentiality
d) Complex procedures
Answer: c)
6. Which of the following is an international commitment on ADR?
a) Kyoto Protocol
b) New York Convention
c) Geneva Convention
d) Paris Agreement
Answer: b)

UNIT II: Arbitration under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

7. Arbitration is primarily used in:


a) Criminal disputes
b) Family disputes
c) Commercial disputes
d) Environmental disputes
Answer: c)
8. Which of the following is an essential requirement of a valid arbitration agreement?
a) It must be oral
b) It must be in writing
c) It must be notarized
d) It must be registered
Answer: b)
9. Under the 1996 Act, who appoints the arbitrator in case of failure of parties to
appoint?
a) District Magistrate
b) High Court
c) Supreme Court or designated institution
d) Lok Adalat
Answer: c)
10. Arbitral Award is:
a) A judicial order
b) A contract
c) Final and binding decision
d) A recommendation
Answer: c)
11. Which of the following is NOT a ground for disqualification of an arbitrator?
a) Impartiality
b) Bias
c) Past criminal record
d) Educational qualification
Answer: d)
12. Which international conventions are relevant in arbitration?
a) Rome and Kyoto
b) New York and Tokyo
c) Hague and Geneva
d) Montreal and Doha
Answer: b)
13. Which section of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act deals with the arbitral
award?
a) Section 28
b) Section 30
c) Section 31
d) Section 34
Answer: c)

UNIT III: Conciliation under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
14. Conciliation is a process that is usually:
a) Adversarial
b) Compulsory
c) Voluntary
d) Arbitrary
Answer: c)
15. The role of a conciliator is to:
a) Enforce a decision
b) Issue legal notices
c) Assist parties in reaching a settlement
d) Represent parties in court
Answer: c)
16. Which of the following is a kind of conciliation?
a) Directive
b) Punitive
c) Facilitative
d) Adversarial
Answer: c)
17. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 deals with conciliation in:
a) Environmental law
b) Family law
c) Labour disputes
d) Property disputes
Answer: c)
18. Conciliation agreement is considered:
a) A court order
b) A non-binding document
c) As binding as an arbitral award
d) Just an opinion
Answer: c)

UNIT IV: Negotiation

19. Which of the following is NOT a style of negotiation?


a) Collaborative
b) Competitive
c) Aggressive
d) Passive
Answer: d)
20. Which is an essential quality of a good negotiator?
a) Aggression
b) Inflexibility
c) Communication
d) Arrogance
Answer: c)
21. Negotiation is usually:
a) Adversarial
b) Based on consensus
c) Imposed by courts
d) Always legally binding
Answer: b)
22. Power to negotiate includes:
a) Power to threaten
b) Power to compromise and persuade
c) Power to punish
d) Power to ignore
Answer: b)

UNIT V: Mediation, PIL and Legal Aid

23. Which of the following is a quality of a mediator?


a) Biased
b) Impartial
c) Rigid
d) Hostile
Answer: b)
24. What is the process of mediation considered as?
a) Formal trial
b) Informal voluntary process
c) Arbitration
d) Adjudication
Answer: b)
25. The code of conduct for mediators emphasizes:
a) Confidentiality and neutrality
b) Enforcement
c) Punishment
d) Bribery
Answer: a)
26. Lok Adalats function under the supervision of:
a) Panchayats
b) Supreme Court
c) Legal Services Authorities
d) Bar Council of India
Answer: c)
27. PIL stands for:
a) Public Informed Litigation
b) Private Interest Litigation
c) Public Interest Litigation
d) People's International Law
Answer: c)
28. The Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted in:
a) 1996
b) 1987
c) 2001
d) 1984
Answer: b)
29. Which of the following models of mediation is directive and court-linked?
a) Facilitative
b) Evaluative
c) Adversarial
d) Judicial
Answer: b)
30. Which term best describes a mediator’s responsibility?
a) Passive observer
b) Partial influencer
c) Neutral facilitator
d) Silent partner
Answer: c)

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