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What is a Program

The document discusses the concept of a program in computing, defining it as a sequence of instructions for a computer to execute. It categorizes programs into interactive and batch types and outlines various programming languages, including procedural, functional, object-oriented, scripting, and logic programming languages. Additionally, it contrasts high-level and low-level languages, highlighting their differences in human-friendliness and efficiency.

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Abdul Ahad
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3 views

What is a Program

The document discusses the concept of a program in computing, defining it as a sequence of instructions for a computer to execute. It categorizes programs into interactive and batch types and outlines various programming languages, including procedural, functional, object-oriented, scripting, and logic programming languages. Additionally, it contrasts high-level and low-level languages, highlighting their differences in human-friendliness and efficiency.

Uploaded by

Abdul Ahad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAME: Abdul Ahad

SUBJECT: ICT
Professor :Habib Ullah
Assignment Topic : Program , Types of program ,
Programming language, High and Low Level Language
What is a program?
In computing, a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a
computer to perform. In the modern computer that John von
Neumann outlined in 1945, the program contains a one-at-a-time
sequence of instructions that the computer follows. Typically, the
program is put into a storage area accessible to the computer. The
computer gets one instruction and performs it and then gets the
next instruction. The storage area or memory can also contain the
data that the instruction operates on. Note that a program is also a
special kind of data that indicates how to operate on application or
user data.
Computer programs can be characterized as interactive or batch in
terms of what drives them and how continuously they run.

TYPES OF PROGRAM :
 Interactive programs. These programs receive data from an
interactive user or possibly from another program that simulates
an interactive user. A command interpreter or a web browser are
examples of an interactive program.
 Batch programs. These programs run, do their work and then
stop. A batch program can be started directly by a user, or it can
be invoked to run by an interactive program. A program that
computes and prints out a company payroll is an example of a
batch program. Print jobs are also batch programs.

Creating a program

 When you create a program, you write it using some kind of


computer language. Your language statements are the source
program. You then compile the source program with a special
program called a language compiler, and the result is called
an object program -- not to be confused with object-oriented
programming. There are several synonyms for object program,
including object module and compiled program. The object
program contains the string of 0s and 1s called machine
language that the logic processor works with.

PROGRAMMIMG LANGUAGE :
 At its core, a programming language is a set of instructions
that enables humans to communicate with computers—
using a series of symbols that serve as a bridge that allows
humans to turn our ideas into instructions computers can
understand. Like spoken languages, each language has its
own unique syntax, structure, vocabulary, and even slang
or shortcuts.

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE :


1. Procedural programming languages

A procedural language follows a sequence of statements or


commands in order to achieve a desired output. Each
series of steps is called a procedure, and a program written
in one of these languages will have one or more
procedures within it. Common examples of procedural
languages include:

 C and C++
 Java
 Pascal
 BASIC

C++ is a great programming language to learn if you're also


interested in learning more about how computers function.
While it may not be as readable as other high-level
programming languages like Python, it can still be
beginner-friendly. You can give it a try for free by enrolling
in Codio's introductory online program, Programming in C+
+: A Hands-on Introduction Specialization. After a month,
you'll have created and ran your first program in C++.

2. Functional programming languages :

Rather than focusing on the execution of statements,


functional languages focus on the output of mathematical
functions and evaluations. Each function–a reusable
module of code–performs a specific task and returns a
result. The result will vary depending on what data you
input into the function. Some popular functional
programming languages include:
 Scala
 Erlang
 Haskell
 Elixir
 F#

3. Object-oriented programming languages


(OOP) :
This type of language treats a program as a group of
objects composed of data and program elements, known as
attributes and methods. Objects can be reused within a
program or in other programs. This makes it a popular
language type for complex programs, as code is easier to
reuse and scale. Some common object-oriented languages
include:

 Java
 Python
 PHP
 C++
 Ruby

4. Scripting languages :
Programmers use scripting languages to automate repetitive
tasks, manage dynamic web content, or support processes in
larger applications. Some common scripting languages
include:
 PHP
 Ruby
 Python
 bash
 Perl
 Node.js

Linux operating system is the primary choice for those who


prefer open-source software. Familiarizing yourself with Linux
can be useful for someone who is interested in learning
scripting languages.

5. Logic programming languages :


Instead of telling a computer what to do, a logic programming
language expresses a series of facts and rules to instruct the
computer on how to make decisions. Some examples of logic
languages include:

 Prolog
 Absys
 Datalog
 Alma-0

High-level vs. low-level languages


The biggest factor that differentiates high- and low-level
programming languages is whether the language is meant to
be easily understood by a human programmer or a
computer. Low-level languages are machine-friendly, which
makes them highly efficient in terms of memory usage but
difficult to understand without the help of an assembler. Since
they're not very people-friendly because they don't use human
language, they're also not widely used to code. Examples of
these machine languages include machine code, binary code,
and assembly languages.

High-level languages, on the other hand, are less memory


efficient but much more human-friendly. This programming
style makes it easier to write, understand, maintain, and
debug. Most popular programming languages in use today
are considered high-level languages.

A high-level language is a programming language designed to be


easily understood by humans, using syntax similar to natural
language, while a low-level language is closer to machine code,
requiring more technical knowledge and providing direct control
over hardware, making it harder for humans to read and
understand; essentially, high-level languages are more user-friendly,
while low-level languages offer greater efficiency and control over
the computer's hardware

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