Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no.

4)
REVISION CLASS NOTES (2024)
CLASS XII MATHS
CHAPTER 1: RELATION AND FUNCTIONS( 5 Marks)

RELATIONS
RELATION IN A SET: Let A be a non-empty set and R be a relation from A to itself. Then, R is called the
relation in set A.
EMPTY RELATION (VOID RELATION): A relation R in a set A is called empty relation ( or void
relation), if no element of A is related to any element of A.
UNIVERSAL RELATION : A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of A is
related to every element of A.
REFLEXIVE RELATION : A relation R in a set A is said to be reflexive if and only if a R a , ∀ a ∈ A.
SYMMETRIC RELATION: A relation R in a set A is said to be symmetric
if and only if a R b ⟹ b R a ∀ a , b ∈ A.
TRANSITIVE RELATION: A relation R in a set A is said to be transitive
if and only if a R b and b R c ⟹a R c ∀ a, b,c ∈ A.

EQUIVALENCE RELATION: A relation R in a set A is said to be equivalence relation if R is reflexive ,

symmetric and transitive.
EXERCISE 1

1. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤b2} is neither
reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
2. Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b}, is reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric.
3. Check whether the relation R in R defined by R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b3 } is reflexive ,symmetric or
transitive.
4. Let R1 be a relation in R the set of real numbers, defined as (a ,b) ∈ R1 ⟺ 1 + ab > 0, ∀ a,b ∈ R. Show
that R1 is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
5. Let Z be the set of integers . Show that the relation R = {( a,b): a ,b ∈ Z and a + b is even} is an
equivalence relation.
6. Let R be a relation in N defined by aRb if 5 divides a – b , ( a, b ϵ N ). Prove that a R b ⟹ a2 R b2 .
7. Show that the relation R on the set set Z of all integers , given by R = { (a , b) : 2 divides (a – b )} is
an equivalence relation.
10. Show that the relation R on the set A = { 1,2 ,3} given by R = { (1,1) , (2,2) ,(3,3) ,(1,2) , (2,3) } is
reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
11. Let A ={a , b , c} and R ={ (a , b) , (a ,a) ,(b , c) } be a relation in A. What minimum number of
ordered pairs may be added to R so that it may become transitive in A.

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
1. ONE- ONE OR INJECTIVE FUNCTION: A function f : X →Y is defined to be one-one (or injective), if
the images of distinct elements of X under f are distinct,
i.e., for every x1 , x2 ∈ X, f( x1) = f( x2)⟹ x1 = x2.
Or, x1 , x2 ∈ X , x1 ≠ x2 ⟹f( x1) ≠f( x2) .
2. MANY ONE FUNCTION: A function which is not one –one is called many one function.
3. ONTO ( OR SURJECTIVE ) FUNCTION: A function f : X → Y is said to be onto (orsurjective), if every
element of Y is the image of some element of X under f, i.e., for every y ∈ Y, there exists an element x in
X such that f (x) = y.
1
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
Note : f : X → Y is onto iff Range of f = Y ( Codomain of f )
4. ONE-ONE AND ONTO (OR BIJECTIVE ) FUNCTION: A function f : X → Y is said to be one-one and
onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and onto.
EXERCISE 2
𝑥−2
1.Show that the function f : R – {3} → R –{ 1} given by f(x) = 𝑥−3 is bijective .
2𝑥−1
2. Show that the function f: R → R defined by f(x) = , x ∈ R is one-one and onto. COHSEM 2017.
3
𝑥−1
3. Show that the function f : R – {2} → R –{ 1} given by f(x) = 𝑥−2 is bijective .
4. Show that the function f: Q → Q given by f(x) = 2x – 3 for all x ∈ Q is bijective.
(Textbook Ex 1.2 , Q2 )
5. Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = x5 . Choose the correct answer
(a) f is one - one onto (b) f is many - one onto
(c) f is one – one but not onto (d) f is neither on – one but not onto.

INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
DEFINITION: let f : A → B be one- one and onto function and if f(x) = y where x ∈ A , y ∈ B then
f -1: B → A defined by f-1 (y) = x , is called an inverse function of f.

EXERCISE 4
1. Consider f: R → R given by f(x) = 4x + 3. Show that f is invertible. Find the inverse of f.
2. Consider f: 𝑹+ → [4, ∞) given by f(x) = x2 + 4. Show that f is invertible with the inverse 𝑓-1 of given f
by
𝑓-1 (𝑦) =√𝑦 − 4 , where 𝑹+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
Q3. Consider f: 𝑹+ → [−5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x − 5. Show that f is invertible with
(√𝑦+6)−1
𝑓-1 (𝑦) = ( ).
3
4. Find the inverse of the function f : R → R defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 ∀ x ϵ R.
3𝑥+1
6. Find the inverse of the function f : R → R defined by f(x) = 2 ∀ x ϵ R.
7. State the condition for a function f to have inverse.
1
8. If f: R → R be given by f(x) = ( 3 – x 3 )3 , then 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) equals:
1 1
A. x3 B. 𝑥 3 C. 3 – x3 D. ( 3 – x 3 )3
9. Prove that the function f : ℝ → ℝ defined as f(x) = 2x – 3 is invertible . Also find 𝑓 −1 .
10. Show that the function f: Q → Q given by f(x) = 2x + 5 is invertible. Also, find 𝑓 −1 .
𝑥−2
11. Show that the function f : R – {3} → R –{ 1} given by f(x) = 𝑥−3 is bijective and hence find 𝑓 −1 .

2
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)

CHAPTER 2: INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS( 5 Marks)

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF INVESE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS DOMAIN RANGE(PRINCIPAL VALUE
BRANCH)
sin−1 𝑥 [ -1 , 1 ] 𝜋 𝜋
[− , ]
2 2
cos−1 𝑥 [ -1 , 1 ] [0 , 𝜋]

tan−1 𝑥 ℝ 𝜋 𝜋
(− , )
2 2
cot −1 𝑥 ℝ (0 , 𝜋)

cosec −1 𝑥 ℝ- ( - 1 , 1) 𝜋 𝜋
[− , ] − {0}
2 2
sec −1 𝑥 ℝ- ( - 1 , 1) 𝜋
[0 , 𝜋] − { }
2

Notes: 1.(i). sin(sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 (ii). cos(cos−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

(iii). tan(tan−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ (𝑖𝑣). cot(cot −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , ∈ ℝ
(v). sec(sec −1 𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − (−1 , 1) (𝑣𝑖). cosec(cosec −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − (−1 , 1)
𝜋 𝜋
2. (𝑖) sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥, − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 (ii) cos−1 (cos 𝑥) = 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
(iii) tan−1 (tan 𝑥) = 𝑥 , − <𝑥< (iv) cot −1 (cot 𝑥) = 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(v) sec −1(sec 𝑥) = 𝑥 , [0 , 𝜋] − {2 } (vi) cosec −1 (cosec 𝑥) = 𝑥 , [− 2 , 2 ] − {0}
EXERCISE 1
Q1. Find the principal value of each of the following.
1 √3 1 5𝜋
(i) sin−1 ( ) (ii) sin−1 (− ) (iii) cos −1 (− 2) (iv) tan−1(−1) (v) cot −1 (−√3) (vi) sin−1 (sin )
√2 2 6
−1 𝜋 5𝜋
(vii) cos (cos (− 6 )) (viii) cos −1 (cos ( 4 )).
Q2. Evaluate the following
4 3 8 4
(i) sin (cos −1 5) (ii) cos [sin−1 (− 5)] (iii) tan (cos −1 17) (iv) sin (cos −1 (− 5))
Q3. Evaluate the following
1 √5 1 4 𝜋 1 √3
(i) tan 2 (cos−1 ) (ii) sin (2 cos−1 5) (iii) sin [ 2 − sin−1 (− 2)] (iv) sin−1 [cos (sin−1 )]
3 2
5 √3 𝜋 𝜋 1 1
(v) sin [2 cot −1 (− 12)] (vi) cos [cos−1 (− ) + 6 ] (vii) sin[ 3 − sin−1 (− 2)] (viii) tan(2 tan−1 5)
2
Q4. Evaluate the following
1 1 1 1
(i) tan−1(−1) + cos −1 (2) + sin−1 (− 2) (ii) 3cos −1 (2) + 6 sin−1 (2)
1 √3
(iii) sin−1 (− 2) + 2 cos−1 (− )
2

3
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
CHAPTER 3: MATRICES( 7 Marks )
MATRIX: A rectangular array of mn numbers ( real or complex ) in the form of m horizontal lines
( called rows) and n vertical lines ( called columns) is called the matrix of order m x n.
TYPES OF MATRICES
1. COLUMN MATRIX: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
2. ROW MATRIX : A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row.
3. SQUARE MATRIX : A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the number of columns, is
said to be a square matrix. Thus an m × n matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n and is known as
a square matrix of order ‘n’.

4. DIAGONAL MATRIX : A square matrix B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚 × 𝑛 is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non
diagonal elements are zero, that is a matrix B =[𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚 × 𝑛 is said to be a diagonal matrix if bij = 0,
when i ≠ j.
5. SCALAR MATRIX : A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal,
that is, a square matrix B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛 × 𝑛 is said to be a scalar matrix if
0, when i ≠ j
bij ={ , for some constant k.
k, when i = j

6. IDENTITY MATRIX : A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all
zero is called an identity matrix. We denote the identity matrix of order n by In or we simply write it
as I.
7. ZERO MATRIX : A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
EQUALITY OF MATRICES : Two matrices A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and B = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] are said to be equal if
(i) they are of the same order
(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for all i and j.

NOTE:
✓ If two matrices A and B are not of the same order , then A + B and A – B are not defined.
✓ Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar: If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another
matrix which is obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k.
✓ Matrix addition is commutative and associative.
✓ Zero matrix is the additive identity for matrix addition.
✓ The matrix – A is called the additive inverse of A or negative of A.
✓ The product of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of columns of A is equal to the
number of rows of B.
✓ Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an m × n matrix and B = [𝑏𝑗𝑘 ] be an n × p matrix. Then, the product of the
matrices A and B is the matrix C of order m × p.
✓ If A and B are respectively m x n and k x l matrices ,then both AB and BA are defined iff n = k
and l = m . In particular, if both A and B are square matrices of same order then AB and BA are
defined.
✓ If AB and BA are defined, it is not necessary that AB = BA i,e matrix multiplication is not
commutative. But this does not mean that AB ≠ BA for every pair of matrices A and B for which
AB and BA are defined.
4
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
✓ Multiplication of diagonal matrices of same order will be commutative. Matrices matrices
✓ If the product of two matrices is a zero matrix, it is not necessary that either of the matrices is a
zero matrix.
0 5 4 3 0 0
Eg: If A = [ ] and B = [ ] then AB = [ ]
0 6 0 0 0 0
✓ Matrix multiplication hold associative and distributive properties.
✓ For every square matrix A , there exists an identity matrix of the same order such that
IA = AI =A.

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A
is called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A′ or (AT ).
In other words, if A=[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚 × 𝑛 , then A′ = [𝑎𝑗𝑖 ]𝑛 × 𝑚

PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF THE MATRICES:

(i) (𝐴′)′ = A (ii) (𝐴 ± 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ± 𝐵′ (iii) (𝑘𝐴)′ = k𝐴′ (iv) (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵′𝐴′.

SYMMETRIC MATRIX:
A square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is said to be symmetric if A′ = A, that is, [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] = [𝑎𝑗𝑖 ]for all possible values of
i and j.
SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX: A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric matrix if A′ = – A,
that is𝑎𝑖𝑗 = –𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all possible values of i and j.
Note : Elements on the main diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix are zero.
EXERCISE 1
1. Prove that every square matrix is uniquely expressible as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a
skew- symmetric matrix. COHSEM ( 2014, 2016 , 2018 )
Proof : Let A be a square matrix
𝐴+𝐴′ 𝐴−𝐴′
Then , A = +
2 2
𝐴+𝐴′ 𝐴−𝐴′
= P + Q where P = and Q =
2 2
′
𝐴+𝐴′ 1 1 1 1
Now , 𝑃′ = ( ) = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴′ )′ = 2 (𝐴′ + (𝐴′)′ ) = 2 (𝐴′ + 𝐴) = 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴′) = P.
2
∴ P is symmetric matrix.
′
𝐴−𝐴′ 1 1 1 1
and 𝑄 ′ = ( ) = 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴′ )′ =2 (𝐴′ − (𝐴′)′ ) = 2 (𝐴′ − 𝐴) =− 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴′) = - Q
2
∴ Q is skew- symmetric matrix.
Thus , A = P + Q , where Pis symmetric matrix and Q is skew-symmetric matrix.
Uniqueness :
If possible, let A = X + Y , where X is a symmetric matrix and Y is skew-symmetric matrix.
∴ 𝐴′ = (𝑋 + 𝑌)′ = 𝑋′ + 𝑌 ′ = X – Y .
∵A=X+Y
∴ 𝐴 + 𝐴′ = 2X
𝐴+𝐴′
⇒X= =P
2
𝐴−𝐴′
and Y = = Q.
2
Hence, A is uniquely expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew- symmetric matrix.
2. For any square matrix having real entries, then prove that
(i) 𝐴 + 𝐴′ is a symmetric matrix.
5
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
(ii) 𝐴 − 𝐴′ is a skew symmetric matrix .
(iii) 𝐴𝐴′ and 𝐴′ A are both symmetric matrices.
𝑥−1 3 7 5 9 11
3. Find the values of x and y if 2 [ ]+[ ]=[ ].
7 𝑦+3 2 3 16 5
2 3 2 −2
4. Find X and Y if 2X + 3Y = [ ] and 3X + 2Y = [ ].
4 0 −1 5
5. The product of two non-zero matrices can be a zero matrix. Justify the given statement by giving an
example.
1 2 1 0
6. If A = [ ] , find B such that AB = [ ].
3 4 0 4
1 0 𝑥
7. Find x such that [𝑥 1] [ ] [ ] = 0.
−2 −3 5
0 3
8. If A = [ ] , find k so that kA2 = 5A – 6I.
−2 5
1 2 3 3 5
9. Find the matrix A such that [ ]𝐴 = [ ].
0 1 1 0 1
3 3 −1
10. Express the matrix A = [−2 −2 1 ] as the sum of symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
−4 −5 2
0 𝑎 3
11. If the matrix [2 𝑏 −1] is a skew symmetric, find the values of a , b and c.
𝑐 1 0
1 0 2
12. If A = [0 2 1] , prove that A3 – 6A2 + 7A + 2I = 0.
2 0 3
∝
0 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
13. If A= [ ∝ ] and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show that COHSEM 2019
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 0

cos ∝ −𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝
I + A = ( I – A) [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
𝑎 𝑏
14. If A = [ ] is such that A2 = I, then
𝑐 −𝑎
A. 1 + a2 + bc = 0 B. 1 - a2 + bc = 0 C. 1 - a2 - bc = 0 D. 1 + a2 - bc = 0
15. If A is a matrix of order 2×3 and B is a matrix such that A´B and BA´ both are defined, then what is
the order of B?
16. If A and B are the symmetric matrices, prove that AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
0 2𝑦 𝑧
17. Find the values of x , y, z if the matrix A = [ 𝑥 𝑦 −𝑧] satisfy the equation 𝐴′ 𝐴 = I.
𝑥 −𝑦 𝑧
1 2 0 0
18. For what values of x : [1 2 1] [2 0 1] [2] = 𝑂 ?
1 0 2 𝑥
1 0 2 𝑥
19. Find x, if [𝑥 ]
−5 −1 0[ 2 1] [4] = 𝑂.
2 0 3 1
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
20. Find the matrix X so that X[ ]=[ ]
4 5 6 2 4 6

6
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
CHAPTER 4: DETERMINANTS (6 Marks )

To every square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] of order n, we can associate a number (real or complex) called
determinant of the square matrix A, where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = (i, j)th element of A.

AREA OF A TRIANGLE
If A( x1 , y1) , B( x2 , y2) and C( x3 , y3) are vertices of a given triangle then the area of triangle
ABC is given by
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
ar(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
NOTE: (i) Since area is a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value of the determinant.
(ii) If area is given, use both positive and negative values of the determinant for calculation.
(iii) The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
MINOR: Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ith row
and jth column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 .
COFACTOR: Cofactor of an element𝑎𝑖𝑗 , denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is defined by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (–1)i+j 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is
minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .
Note: If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or column),
then their sum is zero.
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX:
The adjoint of a square matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]n x n is defined as the transpose of the matrix [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]n x n, where 𝐴𝑖𝑗
is the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . Adjoint of the matrix A is denoted by adj A.
Note: If A is a square matrix of order n , then | adj A | = |A|n - 1
Theorem 1 :If A be any given square matrix of order n, then A(adj A) = (adj A) A = A I , where I is the
identity matrix of order n.
SINGULAR MATRIX: A square matrix A is said to be singular if |𝐴| = 0.
NON- SINGULAR: A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if |𝐴| ≠ 0.
Theorem 2 : If A and B are nonsingular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are also
nonsingular matrices of the same order.
Theorem 3 : The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their respective
determinants, that is, |AB| = |A|| B |, where A and B are square matrices of the same order.

Theorem 4: A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is nonsingular matrix.

Proof: Let A be invertible matrix of order n and I be the identity matrix of order n.
Then, there exists a square matrix B of order n such that AB = BA = I
Now AB = I.
So |AB| =|I|
⇒ |A| |B| = 1
⇒ A ≠ 0.
Hence, A is nonsingular.
Conversely, let A be nonsingular.
Then,| A| ≠ 0
Now , A (adj A) = (adj A) A = A I
1 1
⇒ A(|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = (|𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼
1
⇒AB = BA = I, where B = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
7
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
1
Thus, A is invertible and 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴.
CONSISTENT SYSTEM :
A system of equations is said to be consistent if its solution (one or more) exists.
INCONSISTENT SYSTEM :A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if its solution does not exist.

SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS USING INVERSE OF A MATRIX

Consider the system of equations given by
a1 x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2 x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3 x + b3y + c3z = d3
the above system of equations can be written as AX = B
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
where A = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] , X =[𝑦] and B = [𝑑2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
CRITERION OF CONSISTENCY:
• If |A|≠ 0 , the system is consistent and has a unique solution given by X = A-1 B.
• If |A| = 0 and (adj A)B = 0 , the system is consistent and has infinitely many solution.
• If |A| = 0 and (adj A)B ≠ 0, the system is inconsistent and has no solution.

EXERCISE 1 ( 6 marks)
1 1 1
−1
1. Find 𝐴 if A= [1 0 2]. Hence solve the system of linear equations:
3 1 1
x + y+ z =5 , x +2z=5 , 3x+y+z = 7.
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
2. If A = [2 3 4] and B = [−4 2 −4] , find AB and hence solve the following system of
0 1 2 2 −1 5
linear equations : x – y =3
2x + 3y + 4z = 17
y + 2z =7
1 0 −2
3. Show that A = [−2 −1 2 ] satisfies the equation 𝐴3 − 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 𝐼 3 = 0. Hence find 𝐴−1.
3 4 1
4. Using matrices solve the system of equations
x + 2y + z =1
2x – y + z = 5
3x + y – z =0
5. Solve the system of equations
2 3 10
+ + =4
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
4 6 5
− + =1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
6 9 20
+ − =2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

8
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
1 3 3 7 −3 −3
6. Using the product [1 4 3] [−1 1 0 ], solve the following system of equation:
1 3 4 −1 0 1
x + 3y + 3z = 7
x + 4y +3z =8
x + 3y + 4z = 8
2 1 1
7. If A = [2 0 1 ], find 𝐴−1 . Using 𝐴−1 solve the system of the linear equations :
0 −2 −1

2x + y+ z =3, 2x + z = 5, - 2y – z =1.
1−𝑥 2 3
8. If [ 0 𝑥 0] is a singular matrix, find the value of x.
0 0 𝑥
9. Using matrix method, solve the following system of equations:
x + 2y + z = 7 , x + 3z = 11 and 2x – 3y = 1. Ans: x = 2 , y = 1 , z = 3.
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
10. Determine the product [−7 1 3 ] [1 −2 −2] and use it to solve the system of equations
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
x – y + z = 4 , x – 2y -2z = 9 , 2x + y + 3z = 1. Ans: x = 3 , y = - 2 , z = - 1
11. Textbook Ex 4. 5 ( Q13 to Q18 ).
12. If A is a square matrix of order 3, with |𝐴|=9, then write the value of |2 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|.
8 2
13. If A = [ ] then find |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|.
3 2
14. If A is invertible matrix of 3×3 and |𝐴|=7 , then find |𝐴−1 |.
2 𝜆 −3
15. If A = [0 2 5 ], then find the value of 𝜆 for which 𝐴−1 exists.
1 1 3
16. Using determinant, show that the points (5 , - 3) , (9 , 5) , (11 , 9) are collinear.
17. Find the value of k so that the points (2 , -3) , (k , -10 ) and (0 , 4) are collinear.
18. If the area of a triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2 , - 6) , (5 , 4) and (k , 4). Find the value of k.

9
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)

CHAPTER 5: CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY( 10 Marks )

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT: A function y = f(x) is said to be continuous at x=a , if

(i) f(a) exists i , e f(x) is defined at x = a.
(ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
𝑥 →𝑎
(iii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑎).
𝑥 →𝑎
Or , A function y = f(x) is said to be continuous at x=a , if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑎).
𝑥 →𝑎

Note : A function which is not continuous at a point a is said to be discontinuous at a and a is called a
point of discontinuity of f.
A real function f is said to be continuous if it is continuous at every point in the domain.
✓ A constant function is everywhere continuous.
✓ A polynomial function is everywhere continuous.
✓ Exponential function is everywhere continuous.
✓ Modulus function is everywhere continuous.
✓ Trigonometric functions are continuous in their domains.
DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x =a if both lim− and lim+ are finite and
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
equal.
Or
𝑓(𝑎−ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if both lim 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim are finite
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
and equal.
Theorem: If a function is differentiable at a point ,then it is also continuous at that point.
COHSEM( 2011,13)
Proof : Let f is differentiable at x = a.
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
Then, 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = lim , where x ≠ 𝑎 and limit exists finitely.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
Now , consider f(x) – f(a) = ×x–a ;x≠𝑎
𝑥−𝑎
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
⇒ lim ( f(x) – f(a) ) = lim × lim ( x – a )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
′ (𝑎)
⇒ lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓 ×0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
⇒ Lim𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎) = 0
𝑥→𝑎
⇒ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎).
𝑥→𝑎
∴ f is continuous at x = a.
Note: 1. The converse of the above theorem is not true.
Since , f(x)=|𝑥| is a continuous function but it is not differentiable at x = 0.
Differentiability at x = 0
𝑓(0+ℎ)−𝑓(0) |ℎ|−|0| ℎ
LHD = lim = lim =lim = lim −1 = −1
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0
𝑓(0+ℎ)−𝑓(0) |ℎ|−|0| ℎ
RHD = lim = lim =lim ℎ = lim 1 = 1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ→0
Since LHD ≠RHD
∴ f is not differentiable at x = 0.

10
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE
𝑑
1. 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
𝑑
2. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1
3. = − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
4. √𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥

𝑑 1 1
5. =− 3
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2𝑥 ⁄2
𝑑
6. 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
7. log 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
8. log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
9. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
10. cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
11. tan 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
12. cot 𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
13. sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
14. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
15. sin−1 𝑥 = √1− 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
16. cos−1 𝑥 = − √1− 𝑥 2
.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
17. tan−1 𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2
𝑑 1
18. cot −1 𝑥 = − 1+ 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
19. sec −1 𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 1
20. cosec −1 𝑥 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑
21. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

EXERCISE 1
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
|𝑥| + 3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −3
Q1. Find all points of discontinuity of f , where f is defined by f(x) = {−2𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 − 3 < 𝑥 < 3
6𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3
11
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
sin 𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Q2. Find all points of discontinuity of f , where { 𝑥
𝑥 + 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
1
𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
Q3. Determine if f defined by f(x) = { is continuous function?
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝜋
𝜋−2𝑥 2
Q4. If f(x) ={ 𝜋 is continuous at x = 2 , then find the value of k.
3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑘(𝑥 2 + 2) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
Q5. If f(x) = { is continuous at x = 0 , then find k.
3𝑥 + 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥
, 𝑥≠0
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Q6. If f(x) = { 1 is continuous at x = 0 , find k.
,𝑥 = 0
2
sin(𝑎+1)𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑥
Q7. If f defined by f(x) = 𝑐 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 is continuous at x = 0, find the values of a, b and c.
√𝑥+𝑏𝑥 2 − √𝑥
3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
{ 𝑏𝑥 ⁄2
𝑥2− 4
,𝑥 ≠ 2
Q8. If the function f(x) ={ 𝑥−2
𝑘, 𝑥=2

is cxontinuous at x = 2, what is the value of k ?

sin 3𝑥
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 0
Q9. If the function f(x)= { 4𝑥 is continuous at the point x = 0, then the value of is
𝑘 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0
3 4
A. 1 B. C. D. 5.
4 3

𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐
Q10. If the function f defined by f(x) = { } is differentiable at x = c, find the values of a
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑐
and b.
Q11. Show that f(x) = |x – 5 | is continuous but not differentiable at x = 5.

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑎 , 𝑥 ≤ 1
Q12. The function f defined by f(x) = {
𝑏𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥>1

is given to be derivable for every x. Find a and b.

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
Q13. Find a and b if the function given by f(x) = { is differentiable at x= 1.
2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
(Ans: a =1, b=2).
CHAIN RULE
Let f be a real valued function which is a composite of two functions u and v; i.e., f = v o u.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
Suppose t = u(x) and if both 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑡 exists, then 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE 2
Q1. Differentiate the following w.r.t x
(i) sec (tan ( x )) (ii) ) 2√𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 2 ) (iii) sin (cos (𝑥 2 )) (iv) cos −1(𝑒 𝑥 ) (v) sin(tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 )

12
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
cos 𝑥
(vi) log(log x) (vii) log 𝑥 , x > 0. (viii) cos x3 sin2(x5).
𝑑𝑦
Q2. Find 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases
𝑥
(i) xy2 – x2y = 4 (ii) sin(xy) + 𝑦 = x2 – y (iii) sin xy + cos(x + y) = 1 (iv) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑥𝑦
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
BASIC PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
1. log(mn) = log m + log n
𝑚
2. log( 𝑛 ) = log m – log n
3. log mn = n log m
Note: 1. 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 2. log e = 1
EXERCISE 3
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑥
Q1. If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 , prove that = . 4marks COHSEM 2010
𝑑𝑥 (1+log 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑥
Or , If 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 , prove that = (log .
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 ( 1+log 𝑥)+ 𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦
Q2. If 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 1, prove that =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
Or
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 .
𝑑𝑦
Q3. If y = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 2( 𝑥+3) , find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Q4. If y = (sin 𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Q5. If 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑎+𝑏 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 , provided ay ≠ bx.
𝑑𝑦
Q6. If 𝑥 𝑦 = 5𝑥−𝑦 , find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 1−( 𝑥+𝑦)𝑦 cot 𝑥
Q7. If (sin 𝑥)𝑦 = x + y, prove that =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+𝑦) log sin 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
Q8. Find , if 𝑥 .𝑦 = 1.
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Q9. If y = 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 , then find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦( 1−log 𝑥)
Q10. If 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 prove that 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑥 2 (sin 𝑦−𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 cos 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
Q11. If y = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)tan 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥)sec 𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥 .
DERIVATIVE OF FUNCTION GIVEN IN PARAMETRIC FORM , SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES

EXERCISE 4
1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q1. If x = log t and y = 𝑡 , Prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q2. If y = {𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)} , show that (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + x = 2.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
Q3. If x = 2cosθ – cos2θ and y = 2 sinθ – sin2θ, find 𝑑𝑥 2 at θ = 2 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Q4. If 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑥 2 .
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
Q5. If y = 𝑥 𝑥 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 − ( ) − = 0.
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
Q6. If x = t2 , y=t3 , then is equal to
𝑑𝑥 2

13
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
4𝑡 2𝑡 3 3
A. B. C. D.
3 3 2𝑡 4𝑡

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q7. If sin−1 𝑦 = log x, prove that 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + x𝑑𝑥 + y =0.

−1 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q8. If y = 𝑒 𝑎 cos , - 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, show that ( 1 – x2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Q9. Find the value of 𝑑𝑥 at 𝜃 = , if x = a𝑒 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 ) and y = a𝑒 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 ) . Ans : 1
4

EXERCISE 5

𝑑𝑦 1− 𝑦2
Q1. If √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = a (x – y ), prove that = √
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
Q2. If y = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 write the value of .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ( 𝑎+𝑦)
Q3. If cos y = x cos(a + y) with cos a ≠±1, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎

Q4. The derivative of x2 w.r.t x3 is

3 2𝑥 3𝑥 2
A. B. C. D.
2𝑥 3 2 3𝑥

Q5. Differentiate log sin x with respect to √cos 𝑥 .

𝑑𝑦
Q6. Find 𝑑𝑥 , if yx + xy + xx = ab.

Q7. Differentiate sin2 x w.r.t ecos x.

𝑑2 𝑦
Q8. If x = a(cos t + t sin t) and y = a( sin t – t cos t ), find 𝑑𝑥 2 .

−1 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q9. If y = 𝑒 𝑚 sin , show that ( 1 – x2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q10. If x = log t and y = 𝑡 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q11. If y = log(x + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ), show that (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Q12. If 𝑒 𝑦 (x + 1) = 1, show that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑑𝑥 ) .

sin−1 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q13. If y = √1−𝑥 2
, show that ( 1 – x2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥

14
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
CHAPTER 6: APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES (8 Marks)
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION: Let I be an open interval contained in the domain of a real valued function f. Then, f is
said to be (i) increasing on I if x1 < x2 in I ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2) ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ I
(ii) strictly increasing on I if x1 < x2 in I ⇒ f(x1) < f(x2) ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ I
(iii) decreasing on I if x1 < x2 in I ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2) ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ I
(iv) strictly decreasing on I if x1 < x2 in I ⇒ f(x1) > f(x2) ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ I
THEOREM:
Let f be continuous on [ a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a , b). Then.
(a) f is increasing in [a , b] if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)>0 for each x ∈ ( a ,b).
(b) f is decreasing in [a , b] if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)<0 for each x ∈ ( a ,b).
(c) f is constant function in [a , b] if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)=0 for each x ∈ ( a ,b).
EXERCISE 1
Q1. The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic centimetres per second. How fast is the
surface area increasing when the length of an edge is 10 centimetres ?
Q2. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a speed of 4cm per second. At the
instant, when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?
Q3. A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic
centimetres of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases when the
radius is 15 cm.
Q4. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground,
away from the wall, at the rate of 2cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of
the ladder is 4 m away from the wall ?
Q5. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3 /s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in
such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the
height of the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm?
Q6. Show that the function f given by f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x , x ∈ ℝ is increasing on ℝ.
Q7. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = 4x3 – 6x2 – 72x + 30 is (a) increasing (b)
decreasing.
Q8. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = 10 – 6x – 2x2 is (a) increasing
(b) decreasing.
2𝑥
Q9. Show that y = log(1 + x) - 2+𝑥 , x> - 1,is increasing function of x throughout its domain.

Q10. For what values of a the function f given by f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 is increasing on [1 , 2]?

15
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

MAXIMUM VALUE OF A FUNCTION

Let f be a function defined on an interval I, then f is said to have a maximum value in I , if there
exists a point c in I such that f(c) ≥ f(x) for all x ϵ I.
The number f(c) is called the maximum value of f in I and the point c is called a point of maximum
value(or point of maxima) of f in I.
MINIMUM VALUE OF A FUNCTION
Let f be a function defined on an interval I, then f is said to have a minimum value in I , if there exists
a point c in I such that f(c) ≤ f(x) for all x ϵ I.

The number f(c) is called the minimum value of f in I and the point c is called a point of minimum
value(or point of minima) of f in I.
LOCAL(OR RELATIVE )MAXIMA:
Let f be a real valued function and let c be an interior point in the domain of f . Then, c is called a point
of local maxima if there is h>0 such that f(c) ≥ f(x) ∀ x ϵ (c - h, c +h).
The value f(c) is called the local maximum value of x .
LOCAL(OR RELATIVE )MINIMA:
Let f be a real valued function and let c be an interior point in the domain of f . Then, c is called a point
of local minima if there is h>0 such that f(c) ≤ f(x) ∀ x ϵ (c-h , c +h).
The value f(c) is called the local minimum value of x .
CRITICAL POINT:
A point c in the domain of a function f at which either 𝑓 ′ (c)=0 or f is not differentiable is called a
critical point of f.
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST:
Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I. Let f be twice differentiable at c. Then (i) x = c is a
point of local maxima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) < 0 The value f (c) is local maximum value of f .
(ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) > 0 In this case, f (c) is local minimum value
of f .
(iii) The test fails if f ′(c) = 0 and f ″(c) = 0.
WORKING RULE FOR SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
➢ Find f ″(x).
➢ f ″(x) =0 and solve for x & let x = c , d,…. etc(critical points)
➢ Find f ″(x)
➢ Let x =c be one of the value obtained in step 2.
If f ″(c) < 0,then the function has local maximum at x =c .
If f ″(c) <0 ,then the function has local minimum at x =c.
If f ″(c) =0, then go back to the 1st derivative test.

16
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
EXERCISE 2
Q1. A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting a square from
each corner and folding up the flaps to form the box. What should be the side of the square to be cut
off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible.
Q2. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the maximum area.
Q3. Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is such that its height
is equal to the diameter of the base.
Q4. Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), of a given volume of 100 cubic centimetres, find
the dimensions of the can which has the minimum surface area?
Q5. A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square and
the other into a circle. What should be the length of the two pieces so that the combined area of the
square and the circle is minimum?
8
Q6. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is 27 of the
volume of the sphere.
Q7. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal to
√2 time the radius of the base.
Q8. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slant height is
tan−1 √2
Q9. Show that semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface area and maximum volume is
1
sin−1 (3).
Q10. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in a cone of
4
height h and semi - vertical angle α is 27 π h3tan2α.
Q11. Show that the semi – vertical angle of a cone of maximum volume and given curved surface area
1
is 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 .
√3
Q12. Find the point on the curve y2 =4x which is nearest to the point (2 , -8).
Q13. A point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is at distance a and b from the sides of the
2 2 3
triangle.Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is (a + b ) 3 3 2

Q14. Show that the height of the right circular cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a
ℎ
given right circular cone of height h is 3 .

Q15. Show that the right circular cone of maximum volume which can be inscribed in a sphere of
4
radius a , has its altitude equal to 3 a.
Q16. A window is in the form of a rectangle surrounded by a semi-circular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is 10m. Find the dimensions of the window to allow maximum light through
the opening.
Q17. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of
2𝑅
radius R is . Also, find the maximum volume.
√3
Q18. A jet of an enemy is flying along the curve along given by y = x2 + 7. A soldier, placed at (3 , 7),
wants to shoot down the jet when it is nearest to him. Find the nearest distance.

17
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)

CHAPTER 7: INTEGRALS (14 Marks )

INTEGRATION FORMULAE
𝑥 𝑛+1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 ,𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑛+1
2 3⁄
2. ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +𝐶
3
1
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥 + 𝐶
√𝑥
1
4. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝐶

5. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
6. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
8. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
9. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
10. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
11. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥
12. ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +C
log 𝑎

1
13. ∫ √1− 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2
1
14. ∫ √1− 𝑑𝑥 = − cos−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2
1
15. ∫ 1+ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
16. ∫ 1+ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = − cot −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
17. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥√ 𝑥 2 −1
1
18. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜 sec −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥√ 𝑥 2 −1

19. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶

20. ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|sin 𝑥| + 𝐶
21. ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶
22. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝐶
SPECIAL INTEGRALS
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
1. ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + 𝑎| + 𝐶
2𝑎

1 1 𝑎+𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑎 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
2𝑎

18
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
1 1 𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
4. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + C
− 𝑎2
1
5. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + C
+ 𝑎2
1 𝑥
6. ∫ √𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
−𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑎2
7. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |+ C
2 2

𝑥 𝑎2
8. ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 |+ C
2 2

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
9. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎+ C
2 2

IMPORTANT RESULTS
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
2. ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 ; 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)] = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶

SPECIAL INTEGRALS:
1 1 𝑥−𝑎
1. ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + 𝑎| + 𝐶
2𝑎
1
Proof: Let I = ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ (𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥−𝑎) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑎
= 2𝑎 ∫ (𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥−𝑎) 𝑑𝑥

1 (𝑥+𝑎)−(𝑥−𝑎)
= 2𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥−𝑎)

1 1 1
= 2𝑎 ∫( 𝑥−𝑎 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+𝑎
1
= 2𝑎 (log|𝑥 − 𝑎| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 𝑎|) + C
1 𝑥−𝑎
= 2𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥+𝑎| + C

1 1 𝑎+𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑎 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
2𝑎
1
Proof: Let I = ∫ 𝑎2−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ (𝑎+𝑥)(𝑎−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑎
= 2𝑎 ∫ (𝑎+𝑥)(𝑎−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

19
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
1 (𝑎+𝑥 ) + (𝑎−𝑥)
= 2𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎+𝑥)(𝑎−𝑥)

1 1 1
= 2𝑎 ∫( 𝑎 – 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎+𝑥
1
= 2𝑎 (− log|𝑎 − 𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑎 + 𝑥|) + C
1 𝑎+𝑥
= 2𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑎−𝑥| + C
1 1 𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
Proof: Let I = ∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥

Putting x = a tan𝜃
Then, dx = a 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃d𝜃
1
∴ I = ∫ 𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃+ 𝑎2 a 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃d𝜃
1
= ∫ 𝑎2(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃+ 1) a 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃d𝜃

1
= ∫ 𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 a 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃d𝜃
1
= ∫ 𝑎d𝜃
1
= 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
1
= 𝜃+𝐶
𝑎
1 𝑥
= 𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
1
4. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + C
− 𝑎2
1
Proof: Let I = ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑎2

Putting x = a sec 𝜃
Then, dx = a sec𝜃 tan𝜃d𝜃
a sec𝜃 tan𝜃d𝜃
∴ I = ∫ √𝑎2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃− 𝑎2

a sec𝜃 tan𝜃d𝜃
=∫
√𝑎2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃− 1)

a sec𝜃 tan𝜃d𝜃
=∫ √𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

a sec𝜃 tan𝜃d𝜃
=∫ 𝑎 tan 𝜃

= ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= log|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| + C
𝑥
= log|𝑎 + √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1| + C

20
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
𝑥 𝑥2
= log|𝑎 + √𝑎2 − 1| + C

𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
= log|𝑎 + √ |+C
𝑎2

𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
= log|𝑎 + |+C
𝑎

𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
= log| |+C
𝑎

= log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | – log|a| + C

= log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + C.
1
5. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + C
+ 𝑎2

Hints: put x = a tan 𝜃

1 𝑥
6. ∫ √𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
−𝑥 2

Hints: put x = a sin 𝜃

𝑥 𝑎2
7. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |+ C
2 2

Proof: Let I = ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫( 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
= √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2

𝑥2
= x √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ √𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎

𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎2
= x √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎2
= x √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ √𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ √𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 −𝑎

𝑎2
= x √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ √𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎
1
= x √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝐼 − 𝑎2 ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑎2

⇒ 2𝐼 = x √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑎2
∴𝐼= √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |+ C
2 2

𝑥 𝑎2
8. ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 |+ C
2 2

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
9. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎+ C
2 2
21
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
METHODS OF INTEGRATIONS
1. INTEGARTION BY SUBSTITUTIONS
EXERCISE 1
1. Integrate the following functions
𝑒 2𝑥 −1 1 sin 𝑥
(i) 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1 (ii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( 2𝑥 − 3 ) (iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 ( 1−tan 𝑥 )2 (iv) cotx log sin x (v) (1 + cos 𝑥)2

1 1 √tan 𝑥 1
(vi) 1+cot 𝑥 (vii) 1− tan 𝑥 (viii) sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (ix) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 (x) cos2x cos 4x cos 6x

cos 2𝑥−cos 2𝛼 cos 2𝑥+2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

(xi) 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 (xii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 (xiii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑥 (xiv) (xv)
cos 𝑥−cos 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

1 1 1 sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑥)
(xvi) sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥 (xvii) cos(𝑥−𝑎) cos( 𝑥−𝑏) (xviii) sin3x (ix) 1+ tan 𝑥 (x) sin( 𝑥+𝑎) (xi) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑥).

INTEGRALS FORMS: ( Integration using Special Integrals )

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 1. Complete a perfect square of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑑𝑥 2. Apply suitable special integral
2. ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
3. ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 dx

𝑑𝑦
1. Let 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞= A 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + B
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
4. ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 2. Find the values of A and B.
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
5. ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 3. Complete a perfect square of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
6. ∫(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 dx 4. Apply suitable special integral

EXERCISE 2
1. Find the integrals of the following
1 𝑥+3 5𝑥−2
(i) ∫ 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+13 dx (ii) ∫ √5−4𝑥− 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 1+2𝑥+3𝑥 2 dx (iii) ∫ √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 dx
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
(iv) ∫(𝑥 + 3)√3 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 dx (v) ∫ √5𝑥 2 (vi) ∫ 3𝑥 2 +13𝑥−10 (vii) ∫ √9−25𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
− 2𝑥

𝑥−1 𝑥2 1 1
(viii) ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (ix) ∫ √𝑥 6 6 𝑑𝑥 (x) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (xi) ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
−1 +𝑎 √(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) √(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
INTEGRATION BY USING PARTIAL FRACTION
Proper rational function can be expressed as the sum of partial fractions.
FORMS OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS PARTIAL FRACTION FORMS
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
1. + 𝑥+𝑏
(𝑥+𝑎 )(𝑥+𝑏) 𝑥+𝑎

Non repeated linear factors

𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2. + 𝑥+𝑏 + (𝑥+𝑏)2
(𝑥+𝑎 )(𝑥+𝑏)2 𝑥+𝑎

Non repeated linear factor and

repeated linear factor

𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
3. + 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
(𝑥+𝑎 )(𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐) 𝑥+𝑎

Non repeated linear factor and

quadratic factor

EXERCISE 3
1. Integrate the following
3𝑥−1 3𝑥+5 3𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑥 3 +𝑥+1
i. (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) ii. 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2−𝑥+1 iii. (𝑥+1)2(𝑥+3) iv. (𝑥+2)(𝑥2+1) v. 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥2 (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 +2) 1 1
vi. (𝑥 2+1)(𝑥 2+4) vii. (𝑥 2+3)(𝑥 2+4) viii. (2𝑥 2+1)(𝑥 2+1) ix. 𝑥 3+ 1
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Or
The integral of the product of two functions = (first function) x (integral of the second function)
− Integral of [ ( differential coefficient of the first function) x ( integral of the second function)]

Textbook ( Ex 7.6 )

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [ a, b] and F be an anti derivative of f .
𝑏
Then , ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 = F(b) – F(a) .

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

𝑏 𝑏
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
𝑏 𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
3. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎
4. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
5. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
6. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
7. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
8. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={ 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

EXERCISE 4

𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
Q1. Evaluate ∫−𝑎 √ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑎+𝑥

𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
Solution: ∫−𝑎 √ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑎+𝑥

𝑎 𝑎−𝑥 𝑎−𝑥
= ∫−𝑎 √ × 𝑑𝑥.
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎−𝑥

𝑎 (𝑎−𝑥)2
=∫−𝑎 √ 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 −𝑥
𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
= ∫−𝑎 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
= ∫−𝑎 𝑑𝑥 − ∫−𝑎 2 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 −𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
= 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 − 0 [ by property 8]
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑎 1
= 2a∫0 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝜋
= 2a [sin−1 ] = 2a[sin−1 − sin−1 0] = 2a sin−1 1= 2a. = 𝜋𝑎.
𝑎 0 𝑎 2
𝜋⁄
Q2. Show that ∫0 2(√tan 𝑥 + √cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = √2𝜋 6marks
𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄
Proof : ∫0 2(√tan 𝑥 + √cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =√2 ∫0 2 ( sin 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
√2 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄
= ∫0 2 (√ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
+ √ sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 =√2 ∫0 2( sin 𝑥 +cos 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 √1− (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−cos 𝑥)2

𝜋⁄ √sin 𝑥 √cos 𝑥
= ∫0 2( + ) 𝑑𝑥 putting (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝑥)=t
√cos 𝑥 √sin 𝑥
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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
𝜋⁄
= ∫0 2 ( sin 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 then,( cos x + sin x)dx = dt
√cos 𝑥 √sin 𝑥
𝜋⁄ sin 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 𝜋
= ∫0 2( ) 𝑑𝑥 when x=o , t= -1 when x = 2 , t= 1
√cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝜋⁄ 1
= ∫0 2 ( sin 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = √2 ∫−1 √1
𝑑𝑡
= √2[sin−1 𝑡]1−1 = √2[sin−1 1 − sin−1(−1)] = √2𝜋.
2 − 𝑡2
√ cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2

𝜋⁄ 𝜋
Q3. Prove that ∫0 4(√tan 𝑥 + √cot 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 6marks
𝜋⁄ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Q4. Evaluate ∫0 2 4 4
dx 6marks
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Solution :
𝜋⁄ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋
𝜋⁄ tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥
Let I = ∫0 2 4 4
dx ⇒2I = 2 ∫0 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) + 1

𝜋⁄ (𝜋−𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋−𝑥)
= ∫0 2 2 4 𝜋 2 2
𝜋 dx putting 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = t then, 2tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥dx = dt
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( −𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 ( −𝑥)
2 2

𝜋⁄ (𝜋−𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝜋
=∫0 2 2 4 dx when x=0 , t= 0 when x= 2 , t = ∞
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋⁄ 1
𝜋 ⁄ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋 ∞
= 2 ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 2 dx ⇒2I = 2 ∫0 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥 𝑡2 + 1

𝜋 ⁄ 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋 ∞ 1
= ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 ⇒2I = ∫0 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥 4 𝑡2 + 1

𝜋 ⁄ 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
⇒2I = 2 ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 ⇒I = 8 [tan−1 𝑡]∞
0 = 8 [tan
−1
∞ − tan−1 0]
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
Dividing numerator and denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥, we have = 8 . 2 = 16

𝜋
𝜋
⁄ tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑥
⇒2I = 2 ∫0 2 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 1

⁄ 𝜋 sin 2𝑥
Q5. Evaluate ∫0 2 dx
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥

⁄ 𝜋 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝜋
Q6. Evaluate ∫0 4 dx Ans:
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 8

𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝜋 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 √3−1
Q7. Evaluate ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 6 Q8. Evaluate ∫𝜋3 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 2sin−1
6
√sin 2𝑥 2

𝜋⁄ sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1
Q9. Evaluate ∫0 4 dx Ans: 40 log 9
9 + 16 sin 2𝑥
𝜋⁄ 𝜋
Q10. Prove that ∫0 2 log sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 log 2

Proof : example 36 ( page 346 textbook)

⁄ 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1 2
Q11. Show that ∫0 2 dx = log ( √2 + 1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+cos 𝑥 √2

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
⁄ 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Proof : Let I = ∫0 2 dx …………………..(i)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋⁄ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( − 𝑥)
= ∫0 2 2
dx
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛( − 𝑥)+cos( − 𝑥)
2 2

𝜋⁄ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
I= ∫0 2 dx ………………….(ii)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+sin 𝑥

Adding (i) and (ii) , we have

⁄ 𝜋 1
2I = ∫0 2 dx
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝜋⁄ 1
= ∫0 2 dx
1 1
√2( 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ 2cos 𝑥)
√ √

1 𝜋⁄ 1
= 2 dx
∫
√2 0
𝜋 𝜋
(sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+cos cos 𝑥)
4 4

1 𝜋⁄ 1
= 2 dx
∫
√2 0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋
cos +sin 𝑥
𝜋
sin )
4 4

1 𝜋⁄ 1
= 2 dx
∫
√2 0 cos ( 𝑥−
𝜋
)
4

1 𝜋⁄ 𝜋
= 2 sec( 𝑥− ) dx
∫
√2 0 4
𝜋⁄
1 𝜋 𝜋 2
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 |sec( 𝑥 − ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 𝑥 − )|]
√2 4 4 0
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 (sec + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (sec(− ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(− ))]
√2 4 4 4 4
1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔(√2 + 1 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(√2 − 1)]
√2

1 √2+1
2I = log( )
√2 √2−1

1 2 1
∴I = log(√2 + 1) = log (√2 + 1)
2√2 √2
1 log( 1+𝑥)
Q12. Evaluate ∫0 dx
1+ 𝑥 2
1 log( 1+𝑥)
Solution :Let I= ∫0 dx
1+ 𝑥 2

Putting x = tan𝜃
Then, dx = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃d𝜃
When x =0 , 𝜃= 0
𝜋
x=1,𝜃=4
𝜋
log( 1+ tan𝜃 )
= ∫04 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃d𝜃
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
𝜋
log( 1+ tan𝜃 )
= ∫04 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃d𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃
𝜋
= ∫04 log( 1 + tan𝜃 )d𝜃
𝜋
𝜋
= ∫04 log( 1 + tan (4 − 𝜃 ))d𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= ∫04 log( 1 + 4
𝜋 )d𝜃 =log 2∫04 d𝜃 − I
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 .𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
4

𝜋 𝜋
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= ∫04 log( 1 + )d𝜃 ⇒ 2I = log 2[𝜃]04
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝜋
2 𝜋
= ∫04 log( 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 )d𝜃 ⇒ 2I = log 2 4
𝜋
𝜋
= ∫04 (log 2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃))d𝜃 ⇒ I = 8 log 2
𝜋 𝜋
=∫0 log 2 d𝜃 − ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) d𝜃
4 4

𝜋⁄
Q13. Evaluate ∫0 2 log cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Q14. Evaluate ∫ dx ( hints: Integrate by using partial fractions)
𝑥3+ 1

𝑥
Q15. Evaluate ∫ sin−1 √ dx ( hints : put x = a tan2𝜃 )
𝑎+𝑥

𝜋 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝜋2
Q16. Prove that ∫0 =
𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 2𝑎𝑏

CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS

4 marks questions

1. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x- axis , the line x = √3𝑦 and
the circle x2 + y2 = 4.
3
2. Using integration find the area of the region included between the parabola y= 4 𝑥 2 and the
line 3 x – 2y + 12=0.
3. Using integration, find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x –axis ,
the line y = x and the circle x2 + y2 = 32.
4. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 + 2

and the lines y= 0 , x=0 and x= 3.

𝑥2 𝑦2
5. Draw a rough sketch of the curve + = 1 and find the area enclosed by the curve using
9 4
integration.
6. Using integration, find the area of the smaller region bounded by the curve
x2 + y2 = 1 and the line x + y = 1.
7. Find , by integration, the area of the region bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and its latus
rectum.
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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
8. Find the area enclosed between the parabola y2=4ax and the line y = mx.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦
9. Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse + = 1 and the line + = 1.
9 4 3 2
10. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola x2= y , the line y = x + 2 and x – axis.
11. Find the area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = a2 .
𝑥2 𝑦2
12. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.
𝑎
13. Find the area of the smaller part of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 cut off by the line x = .
√2
14. Find the area bounded by the curve y = cos x between x = 0 and x = 2𝜋 .
15. Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x = 2𝜋 .

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
CHAPTER 9: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS(8 Marks)
DEFINITION: A differential equation is an equation involving independent variable , dependent
variable and the derivative of the dependent variable with respect to the independent variable or
variables.
ORDER OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
Order of a differential equation is defined as the order of the highest order derivative of the
dependent variable with respect to the independent variable involved in the given differential
equation.
DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
By the degree of a differential equation, when it is a polynomial equation in derivatives, we mean the
highest power (positive integral index) of the highest order derivative involved in the given
differential equation.
OR
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative, when the
differential coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions.
SOLUTION OR PRIMITIVE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
𝑑𝑦
A function y=F(x) is said to be a solution or primitive of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = f(x) , if the
differential equation is satisfied by substituting the value of the dependent variable y and its
derivatives.
GENERAL SOLUTION
The solution which contains arbitrary constants is called the general solution (primitive) of the
differential equation.
PARTICULAR SOLUTION
The solution free from arbitrary constants i.e., the solution obtained from the general solution by
giving particular values to the arbitrary constants is called a particular solution of the differential
equation.
EXERCISE 1
1. The order and degree of the differential equation
1
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦 3
√𝑥 + ( ) = a( 2 ) are respectively
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

A. 1 and 1 B. 1 and 2 C. 2 and 1 D. 2 and 2

2. The degree of the differential equation
2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
+ 2𝑥 3 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 3𝑥 2 (𝑑𝑥 ) + y = 0 is
𝑑𝑥 3

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
3. Determine the order and degree of each of the following equations

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
4
𝑑𝑦 3 3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 [4+ ( ) ]
4 𝑑𝑥
(i). 4 +3 + sin x = 0 (ii). = √𝑦 + (𝑦 ′ )2 (iii). x + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 (iv) 𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥2

3
′ 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(v) 𝑦 ′′′ + 𝑦 2 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 0 (vi) (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin(𝑑𝑥 ) + 1= 0.

Textbook Exercise 9.2

VARIABLE SEPARABLE METHOD
EXERCISE 2
Solve the following differential equation (1 to 3)
1. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. ylogy dx – x dy = 0
3. 𝑒 𝑥 tan y dy+(1 - 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 dy = 0
4. Solve (1 + y2 )( 1 + log x) dx + xdy = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 1. ( COHSEM 2011)
5. Solve the differential equation (x2y – x2 )dx + (xy2 – y2)dy = 0. ( COHSEM 2012)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +𝑦+1
6. Show that the general solution of the differential equation + = 0 is
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
(x+y+1) = A(1 – x – y – 2xy ), where A is an arbitrary constant. . ( COHSEM 2020)
𝑑𝑦
7. Find the general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦. ( COHSEM 2022)
8. Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (1 , 1) whose differential equation is
xdy = (2x2 + 1 )dx.
9. The volume of the spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its
radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of balloon after t seconds.

HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION
A function f(x , y) in x and y is said to be homogeneous function of degree n if each term of
it is separately of degree n.
10. Or
A function F(x , y) is said to be homogeneous function of degree n if F(𝜆x , 𝜆y ) = 𝜆𝑛 F( x , y )
for any nonzero constant 𝜆.

HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 ,𝑦)
If a first order, first degree differential equation is expressible in the form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥 ,𝑦)
where f(x , y) and g(x , y) are homogeneous functions of the same degree ,then it is called a
homogeneous differential equation.
Or
𝑑𝑦
A differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 = F(x , y) is said to be homogeneous if F(x , y) is a
homogeneous function of degree zero.
Q. Write a stepwise method for solving a homogeneous differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 ,𝑦)
Ans: Step 1: Put the differential equation in the form 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑔(𝑥 ,𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Step 2: Put y = vx and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 in the equation in step 1 and cancel out x from the
𝑑𝑣
right hand side. The equation reduces to the form 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑣).

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
Step 3: Shift v on RHS and separate the variable v and x.
Step 4: Integrate both sides to obtain the solution in terms of v and x.
𝑦
Step 5: Replace v by 𝑥 in the solution obtained in step 4 to obtain the solution in terms
of x and y.
𝑑𝑥
NOTE: If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form 𝑑𝑦 = F(x , y) , where F(x , y)
is homogeneous function of degree zero, then we make substitution x = vy and we proceed
to find the general solution.

EXERCISE 3
1. Solve :
(i) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 (ii) xdy – y dx = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
(iii) {𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )} 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = {𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )} 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
(iv) (1 + 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦

(v) (x + y ) dy + (x – y) dx = 0 ; y = 1 when x = 1
𝑦 𝜋
(vi) [𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 = when x = 1
𝑥 4
2. Solve the differential equation

( x2 – y2)dx + 2xydy = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 1. ( COHSEM 2013)

3. Solve the differential equation (x – y )dy = ( x + y )dx. ( COHSEM 2015)
4. Solve the differential equation x2 dy + y (x + y) dx= 0 given that y = 1 when x = 1.
( COHSEM 2017)
5. Solve the differential equation
( x2 – y2)dx + 2xydy = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 1. ( COHSEM 2022)

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:

𝑑𝑦
A differential equation of the from 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = Q where, P and Q are constants or functions of x only, is
known as a first order linear differential equation.
𝑑𝑥
Another form of linear differential equation: 𝑑𝑦 + Px = Q where, P and Q are constants or functions of
y only.
STEPS INVOLVED TO SOLVE FIRST ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
𝑑𝑦
(i) Write the given differential equation in the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = Q where P, Q are constants or functions
of x only.

(ii) Find the Integrating Factor (I.F) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥

(iii) Write the solution of the given differential equation as
y x I.F = ∫(𝑄 × 𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑥
NOTE: If the differential equation is of the form 𝑑𝑦 + Px = Q , then I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦 and the solution of the
differential equation is given by x × I.F = ∫(𝑄 × 𝐼. 𝐹)𝑑𝑦 + C

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
EXERCISE 4
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥
1. Solve the differential equation (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑒 tan = 0 given that y = 1 when x = 0.
(2010) , (2018)
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
2. Solve 𝑑𝑥 − = 𝑥 2 + 2. (2011)
1+ 𝑥 2
3. Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 1
( 1 + x2)𝑑𝑥 + 2xy = 1+ 𝑥 2 given that y = 0 when x = 1 . (2013 )
𝑑𝑦
4. Solve: x2 𝑑𝑥 + y = 1. (2014 )
5. Solve the differential equation ( 1 + y2)dx =( tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥)dy. (2015)
𝑑𝑥
6. Solve the differential equation y𝑑𝑦 + x = y. (2016)
𝑑𝑦
7. Solve: (i) ( x + y ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 (ii) y dx + ( x - 𝑦 2 ) dy = 0
EXERCISE 5
Solve the following differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
1. – 3ycotx = sin 2x ; y = 2 when x = 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
2. =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
3. 2x2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0.
𝑑𝑦 2
4. (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = .
𝑥 2 −1
𝑦 𝑦
5. (𝑥 𝑑𝑦− y dx) y sin (𝑥 ) = ( ydx + x dy ) x cos (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 1− 𝑦 2
6. + √1− 𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
7. 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
8. Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑒 𝑥 √1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 given that y
𝑥
= 1 when x = 0.
𝑑𝑦
9. Find the particular solution of the differential equation log(𝑑𝑥 ) = 3x + 4y given that y = 0 when
x = 0.

CHAPTER 10: VECTOR ALGEBRA( 8 Marks)

TYPES OF VECTORS:
1. ZERO OR NULL VECTOR: A vector which has the same initial point and the terminal point is
called a zero vector or null vector and is denoted by ⃗0. The magnitude of a zero vector is zero
and it has no specific direction.
2. UNIT VECTOR: A vector which magnitude is unity is called a unit vector. For a given vector 𝑎
𝑎⃗
the unit vector in the direction of 𝑎 is denoted by 𝑎̂ and is given by 𝑎̂ = |𝑎⃗ |.
3. EQUAL VECTORS: Two vectors are said to be equal vectors if they have same magnitude , same
direction regardless of the positions of their initial points. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two equal vectors ,
then they are written as ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 =⃗⃗𝑏 .
4. COINITIAL VECTORS: Two or more vectors are said to be coinitial vectors if they have the same
initial point.

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
5. COLLINEAR(or PARALLEL) VECTORS : Two or more vectors are said to be collinear vectors if
they are parallel to the same line , irrespective of their magnitudes and directions .
6. NEGATIVE OF A VECTOR: A vector whose magnitude is same as that of a given vector, but
direction is opposite to that of it is called negative of the given vector.
For example: vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 is negative of the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 and written as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 = −𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .

POSITION VECTOR OF A POINT: Let O be a fixed point in space called the origin of reference and P be
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗⃗ then the vector 𝑟 is called the position vector of the point P.
any point such that 𝑂𝑃
DIRECTION COSINES:
Consider the position vector 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟 of a point P(x,y,z).
The angles α , β and γ made by the vector 𝑟 with the positive C
direction of X –axis , Y- axis and Z – axis are called its
direction angles. The cosine of these angles i,e cos α , cosβ P( x,y,z)
and cos γ are called the direction cosines of the vector 𝑟 γ
and usually denoted by l , m , n respectively. O β Y
From the fig, since ∆OAP is rt. angled, we have α B
𝑥
Cos α = 𝑟
𝑦 𝑧
Similarly, cos β = and cos γ = A
𝑟 𝑟
Then, x = rcos α , y = rcosβ and z = rcosγ. X
Thus, the coordinates of the point P may be expressed as ( lr , mr , nr ).
NOTE: (i) The numbers lr , mr ,nr proportional to the direction cosines are called direction ratios of the
vector 𝑟 and denoted by a , b and c respectively.
(ii) l2 + m2 + n2 = 1.

ADDITION OF VECTORS:
(i) Triangle law of vector addition: If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two
sides of a triangle , taken in order, then their sum is represented in magnitude and direction by the third
side of the triangle taken in opposite order.

Note: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗0
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝑂
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗
𝑏

⃗⃗⃗
𝑎
(ii) Parallelogram law of vector addition: If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their sum is represented in magnitude and direction by the
diagonal of the parallelogram which is coinitial with the given vectors.
B

𝑏⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏

O
⃗⃗⃗
𝑎
A
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION:
PROPERTY 1: Vector addition is commutative i ,e 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 +𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ . (Proof)
PROPERTY 2: Vector addition is associative i,e 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ +( 𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ ) = (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 )+ 𝑐⃗⃗ . (Proof)
PROPERTY 3: Existence of additive identity element : If 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ is any vector and 0 ⃗⃗⃗ is null or zero vector then

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
𝑎 + ⃗⃗0⃗ = ⃗⃗0⃗ + 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎⃗⃗⃗ . The vector ⃗0 is called the additive identity element.
PROPERTY 4: Existence of additive inverse of a vector:
For any vector 𝑎 there exists a vector −𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ such that 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ )= (−𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ + (- 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ) + 𝑎 ⃗.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂
The vector - 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ is called the additive inverse of 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ .

VECTOR IN COMPONENT FORM:

𝑂𝑃 = x𝑖̂ + y𝑗̂ + z𝑘̂

Let P(x ,y ,z) be a point in space , then the position vector of P in component form is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
And , |𝑂𝑃

PROPERTIES OF VECTOR IN COMPONENT FORM

Let 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = a1𝑖̂ + a2𝑗̂ + a3 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗

𝑏 = b1𝑖̂ + b2𝑗̂ + b3 𝑘̂ be two vectors , then
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
1. 𝑎 𝑏 = (a1+b1)𝑖̂ +(a2+b2) 𝑗̂ +(a3+b3) 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗
2. 𝑎 𝑏 = (a1 - b1)𝑖̂ +(a2 - b2) 𝑗̂ +(a3 - b3) 𝑘̂
3. λ𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ =(λ a1)𝑖̂ + (λa2 )𝑗̂ + (λa3 ) 𝑘̂ , where λ is a scalar.
4. 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ iff a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 , a3 = b3.

⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗

Note: 1. Two vectors 𝑎 𝑏 are collinear if and onlyif there exists a nonzero scalar λ such that
⃗⃗⃗ = λ𝑎
𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗ = a1𝑖̂ + a2𝑗̂ + a3 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗

2. If the vectors are given in the component form, i.e. 𝑎 𝑏 = b1𝑖̂ + b2𝑗̂ + b3 𝑘̂
b b b
then the two vectors are collinear if and only if a1 = a2 = a3 = λ
1 2 3

⃗⃗⃗ = a1𝑖̂ + a2𝑗̂ + a3 𝑘̂ , then a1 , a2 and a3 are also called direction ratios of 𝑎
3. If 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ .
VECTOR JOINING TWO POINTS

If P( x1, y1 , z1) and Q( x2 , y2, z2) are any two points, then the vector joining P and Q is the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄
given by
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = position vevtor of Q – position vector of P
𝑃𝑄
=(x2𝑖̂ + y2𝑗̂ + z2 𝑘̂ ) - ( x1𝑖̂ + y1𝑗̂ + z1𝑘̂ )
= (x2 – x1) 𝑖̂ + (y2 - y1) 𝑗̂ + (z2 – z1 ) 𝑘̂
And |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =√(x2 − 𝑥1 ) 2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + ( z2 − z1 )2
SECTION FORMULA:
If A and B are any two points whose position vector are 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 respectively and C is a point which
⃗⃗⃗ + n𝑎
𝑚𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗
divides AB internally in the ratio m: n then the position vector of C is given by 𝑚+𝑛
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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏
NOTE: (i) If C is the mid point of A andB then the position vector of C is 2
⃗⃗⃗ − n𝑎
𝑚𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗
(ii) If C divides AB externally in the ratio m : n then the position vector of C is 𝑚−𝑛

SCALAR OR DOT PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗

The scalar product of two nonzero vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , denoted by 𝑎 𝑏 , is defined as

𝑎 .𝑏
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ | | ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 | cos θ , where θ is the angle between 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ , 0 ≤ θ≤ π.
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑏
𝜋
NOTE: 1. If 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ⏊ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , then θ = 2 ∴ 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 0 , where 𝑎 𝑏 are nonzero vectors.
2. Since, 𝑖̂ , 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂ are mutually perpendicular unit vectors ∴ 𝑖̂.𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂.𝑖̂ =0 , 𝑗̂.𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂.𝑗̂ =0
and 𝑘̂.𝑖̂ = 𝑖̂.𝑘̂ =0
3. 𝑎⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ |=|𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ ||𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
∴ 𝑖̂.𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂.𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂.𝑘̂ = 1.
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ .𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ .𝑏
𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
4. The angle between two non-zero vectors 𝑎 𝑏 is given by cos θ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ or θ = cos-1(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
|𝑎 | | ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 | ⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑎 | | 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗ = a1𝑖̂ + a2𝑗̂ + a3 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗
5. If 𝑎 𝑏 = b1𝑖̂ + b2𝑗̂ + b3 𝑘̂
Then, 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = a1b1 + a2𝑏2 + a3𝑏3
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑏
a1 b1 + a2 𝑏2 + a3 𝑏3
Cos θ =
√a1 2 +a2 2 +a3 2 √b1 2 +b2 2 +b3 2

PROJECTION OF VECTOR ON A LINE:

If 𝑝̂ is the unit vector along a line l, then the projection of a vector 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ on the linel is given by 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ ⋅𝑝̂ .
⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ ⋅𝑏
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
Projection of a vector 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ is given by 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ on other vector 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ ⋅𝑏̂ = 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ ⋅|𝑏⃗⃗⃗ | or ⃗
|𝑏 |

VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

The vector product of two nonzero vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , is denoted by 𝑎 𝑏 and defined as
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑋 𝑏 = |𝑎 | | 𝑏 |sin θ 𝑛̂
where, θ is the angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to both
⃗⃗⃗ , such that 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑛̂ form a right handed system.
⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑏
NOTE: For mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖̂ , 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂, we have
𝑖̂x𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂x𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂x𝑘̂ = ⃗0
𝑖̂x𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ , 𝑗̂x𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ , 𝑘̂x𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
𝑖̂x𝑘̂ = −𝑗̂ , 𝑘̂x𝑗̂ = −𝑖̂ , 𝑗̂x𝑖̂ = −𝑘̂
1
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
1. If 𝑎 𝑎 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is given as 2 |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 |.
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
2. If 𝑎 𝑎 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its area is given by |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 |.
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗
3. The vector product is not commutative i,e ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ≠ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ .
But ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ = −⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 × 𝑏 𝑏 × 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗

VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS IN TERMS OF THEIR COMPONENTS

⃗⃗⃗ = a1𝑖̂ + a2𝑗̂ + a3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏
Let 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = b1𝑖̂ + b2𝑗̂ + b3 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Then , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3

35
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)

EXERCISE 1

1. Find the value of 𝜆 such that the scalar product of the vector 𝑖̂ +̂𝑗 + 𝑘̂ with the unit vector along the
sum of the vectors 2 𝑖̂ +4̂𝑗 − 5𝑘̂ and λ 𝑖̂ +2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is equal to one.
⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗
2. If 𝛼 𝛽 = 2𝑖̂+𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , express ⃗⃗⃗
𝛽 𝑖𝑛 the form ⃗⃗⃗ 𝛽 =𝛽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 is parallel to
𝛽2 where 𝛽
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛼 𝛽2 is perpendicular to 𝛼 ⃗⃗⃗ .
3. Using vector , find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A( 3 , - 1 ,2), B(1 , - 1 ,-3 )
and C( 4, - 3, 1).
𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗
4. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , 𝑐⃗⃗ are three mutually perpendicular unit vectors then prove that angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎
1
𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ is cos −1
√3
5. If 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ is any vector in space, show that 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑖̂)𝑖̂ + (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑘̂)𝑘̂.
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑗̂)𝑗̂ + (𝑎
6. Show that the perpendicular distance of the point 𝑐⃗⃗ from the line joining the points ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 𝑖𝑠
⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏 𝑐 +⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
|𝑏⃗⃗⃗ – 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗
Solution: Let ABC be a triangle and let 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗⃗ be the position vectors of its vertices A , B and C
respectively. Let CM be the perpendicular from C on AB.
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝐶𝑀……………..(1)
Then , area of ∆ABC = 2 AB . CM =2 |𝐴𝐵
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶
Also, area of ∆ABC = 2 |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
1
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑎
= 2 |(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ ) × (𝑐⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ )|
1
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 2 |𝑏 𝑎 × 𝑐⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ |
1
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × 𝑎
= 2 |𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑎 𝑏 | ………………………(2)
From (1) and (2) , we get
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝐶𝑀 = 1 |𝑏
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
2 2
⇒ |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝐶𝑀 = |𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐
|𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ +⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
⇒ CM = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐵|
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐
|𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ +⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏
= ⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏 – 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ |

7. Find 𝜆 when the projection of 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ on ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = 2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is 4 units.
8. Find the vector of magnitude 6 units , which is perpendicular to both the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and
4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ +𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗
9. If 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , find 𝑐⃗⃗ , 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 and 𝑎⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑐⃗⃗ = 3. 4marks
10. Let 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 =3 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗⃗ =2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ . Find a vector 𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗ which is perpendicular
to both 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑏 and 𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑐⃗⃗ = 18.
11. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎, 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑐⃗⃗ are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes , show that the vector
𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ is equally inclined to ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 and 𝑐⃗⃗ . Also, find the angle which ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ makes with
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 or 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ or 𝑐⃗⃗ .
12. Define cross product of two vectors and give the geometrical interpretation of the cross product of
two vectors. If 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = a1𝑖̂ + a2𝑗̂ + a3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ = b1𝑖̂ + b2𝑗̂ + b3 𝑘̂,

⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
obtain the algebraic formula for 𝑎 𝑏. 6marks

36
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
13. Prove by vector method that the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.
6marks
Solution: Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝, 𝑞⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗⃗ be the position vector of the vertices A , B ,C of ∆ABC.
Let BC= a , AC = b and AB = c
Let AD be the internal bisector of ∠ A meeting BC at D.
𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑐
Then, 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑏

⇒ BD : DC = c : b
i,e the point D divides BC in the ratio c : b.
𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑞 +𝑐𝑟
so, the position vector of D is .
𝑏+𝑐

Let the internal bisector of ∠ B meet AD at I .

𝐴𝐼 𝐵𝐴 𝐴𝐼 𝑐
Then , I divides AD in the ratio BA: BD i, e 𝐼𝐷 = 𝐵𝐷 ⇒ 𝐼𝐷 = 𝐵𝐷 ………………..(1)
𝐵𝐷 𝑐
∵ =
𝐷𝐶 𝑏
𝐵𝐷 𝑐
⇒ 𝐵𝐶−𝐵𝐷 = 𝑏

⇒ b BD = c ( BC – BD )
⇒ b BD = c ( a – BD )
⇒ b BD = c a – c BD
⇒ ( b + c) BD = ca
b+c 𝑐
⇒ = 𝐵𝐷 …………………………(2)
𝑎

From (1)mand (2) , we have

𝐴𝐼 b+c
=
𝐼𝐷 𝑎

∴ I divides AD in the ratio b + c : a.

𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑞 +𝑐𝑟⃗⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝 +( 𝑏+𝑐).
𝑏+𝑐
So, the position vector of I is 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑝 + 𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑞 +𝑐𝑟
= 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

The symmetry of the position vector of I indicates that the internal bisectors of ∠ B and ∠ C also meet
at I . Hence , the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent at the point I.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
14. Prove by vector method that, in any ∆ABC , = = . 6marks
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎
Solution: Let 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ , 𝐶𝐴 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗⃗⃗
Then , ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
0 ……………….(1)
Taking vector product with ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 on both sides of (1) , we have
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 × (⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗0

37
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗0
𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 0
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 …………………(2)
Similarly , taking vector product with 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ on both sides of (1), we get
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = ⃗⃗𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 …………………(3)
From (1) and (2) , we have
𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = ⃗⃗𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎
⇒ |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 | = |⃗⃗𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 | = |⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎|
⇒ ab sin(𝜋 − 𝐶) = 𝑏𝑐 sin(𝜋 − 𝐴)= 𝑐𝑎 sin(𝜋 − 𝐵)
⇒ ab sin𝐶 = 𝑏𝑐 sin𝐴= 𝑐𝑎 sin𝐵
Dividing throughout the equation by abc, we get
sin 𝐶 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
= =
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
⇒ = =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗
15. Let 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗⃗ =4 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ be three vectors. Find a vector ⃗⃗𝑟 which satisfies
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗⃗ × 𝑏
𝑟⃗⃗ × 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗⃗ . 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗ = 0.

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗

16. Let 𝑎 𝑏 =3 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ and 𝑐⃗⃗ =2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂. Find the vector 𝑑
⃗⃗⃗ which is
perpendicular to both 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 and 𝑐⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑 = 15.
17. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ . Find the unit
vector parallel to one of its diagonals. Also, find its area.
18. Write a vector of magnitude 15 units in the direction of vector 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ .
19. Write the value of p for which 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 9𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑝𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ are parallel vector.
20. Write the direction cosines of the vector −2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ .
1 4 1
𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗
21. If the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 |= 2 , |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 are such that |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 |= ⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
and |𝑎 𝑏|= ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
, then find |𝑎 𝑏 |.
√3 √3
22. Show that for any two non-zero vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , |𝑎⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 | = |𝑎⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 | iff ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 are
perpendicular vectors.
2
23. If |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × 𝑖̂|2 + |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 | = a, then find the value of the following: |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 × 𝑘̂| .
𝑎 × 𝑗̂|2 +|⃗⃗⃗⃗
24. The vectors 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑦𝑘̂ are mutually perpendicular. If |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 | = |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 |, then
find the value of y.
25. Find the vector of magnitude 6, which is perpendicular to both the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and
4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗
26. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 | = 3, |⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 + 𝑐⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗0 and |⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 | = 5 and |⃗⃗⃗𝑐 |=7, then show that the angle between
𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 is 600.
27. Find the area of a parallelogram ABCD whose side AB and the diagonal AC are given by the
vectors 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑘̂ respectively.

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
CHAPTER 11: THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (9 Marks)
DIRECTION COSINES OF A LINE
If a directed line L passing through the origin makes angles 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 with X , Y and Z axes
respectively, called direction angles, then cosine of these angles i,e 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 are called
direction cosines of the directed line L.

NOTE: 1. Direction cosines are denoted by 𝑙 , 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 respectively i,e

𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾.
2. Direction cosines of a line are unique.
3. When the ray OP makes angles 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 with the rays OX , OY and OZ respectively, then the ray OQ
makes angles 𝜋 − 𝛼, 𝜋 − 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋 − 𝛾 respectively. Therefore,the d.c’s of the ray OQ are
cos(𝜋 − 𝛼) , cos (𝜋 − 𝛽) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos (𝜋 − 𝛾) i,e −𝑙 , −𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑛.
We can take the d.c’s of either the ray OP or the ray OQ, as the direction cosines of the line L.
4. Since, X-axis makes angles 00 , 900 , 900 with three coordinate axes.
Therefore, d.c’s of x-axis are 1 , 0and 0. Similarly, d.c’s of y-axis and z-axis are 0 , 1 , 0 and 0 , 0 , 1
respectively.
5. 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1
6. The direction cosines of a line joining the points P(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1
Q(x2 , y2 , z2 ) are , and .
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄

Where PQ = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2 .

DIRECTION RATIOS OF A LINE

Any three numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line are called the direction
ratios of the line. They are denoted by a , b and c.
NOTE: 1. For any line if a , b and c are direction ratios of a line, then ka, kb and kc , k≠0 , is also a set of
direction ratios. So, for any line there are infinitely many sets of direction ratios.
2. Let a ,b , c be the direction ratios of a line and let 𝑙 , 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 be the direction cosines of the line, then
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑙 = ± √𝑎2 , 𝑚 = ± √𝑎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = ± √𝑎2 .
+𝑏2 +𝑐 2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
Where the sign positive or negative to be taken throughout.
3. The direction cosines of a line joining the points P(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
Q(x2 , y2 , z2 ) are 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 and 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 .
Equation of a line through a given point and parallel to a given vector

VECTOR FORM: Let l be the line which passes through a point A and parallel to the vector ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏.
Let 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ be the position vector of A with respect to the origin O.
Let 𝑟⃗⃗ be the position vector of an arbitrary point R on the line l.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is parallel to ⃗⃗⃗
Then , 𝐴𝑅 𝑏.

𝐴𝑅 = 𝜆 ⃗⃗⃗
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 , where 𝜆 is some real number.

⟹ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑅 – ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝜆𝑏

⟹ 𝑟⃗⃗ – 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝑏

⟹ 𝑟⃗⃗ = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ ………………….(i)

⃗⃗⃗ + 𝜆𝑏
This is the vector equation of the line l.
CARTESIAN FORM: Let the coordinates of A be (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and the direction ratios of the line be a , b
and c. Let (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧) be the coordinates of any point R.

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂
Then , 𝑎

𝑟⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂

⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂
Now , substituting these values in (i) , we get

𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂).

= (𝑥1 + 𝜆𝑎)𝑖̂ + (𝑦1 + 𝜆𝑏)𝑗̂ + (𝑧1 + 𝜆𝑐)𝑘̂

𝑥−𝑥1
Then, 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝜆𝑎 ⟹ 𝜆 = 𝑎
𝑦−𝑦1
y= 𝑦1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⟹ 𝜆 = 𝑏
𝑧−𝑧1
z =𝑧1 + 𝜆𝑐 ⟹ 𝜆 = 𝑐

Eliminating 𝜆, we ge
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
= = .
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

This is the cartesian equation of the line.

40
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
Equation of a line passing through two points:

⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗

VECTOR FORM: Let a line passes through two points A and B whose position vectors are 𝑎 𝑏
respectively w. r. t the origin O.
Let P be any point on the line with position vector 𝑟⃗⃗ .

∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 is collinear with ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵

∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 , where 𝜆 is a scalar.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 𝑂𝐴
⟹ 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆(𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ – 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )

⟹ 𝑟⃗⃗ – 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ – 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ )

⟹ 𝑟⃗⃗ = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ – 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗ + 𝜆(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ ). …………..(i)

This is the vector equation of the line.

CARTESIAN FORM:
Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) be the coordinates of A and B respectively.
Let (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧) be the coordinates of any point on the line.

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂
Then , 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 𝑥2 𝑖̂ + 𝑦2 𝑗̂ + 𝑧2 𝑘̂

𝑟⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂

Now , substituting these values in (i) , we get

𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ + 𝜆{(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂}

𝑥 − 𝑥1
Then , 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝜆(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) ⟹ 𝜆 = 𝑥
2 − 𝑥1

𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝜆(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) ⟹ 𝜆 = 𝑦
2 − 𝑦1

𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑧 = 𝑧1 + 𝜆(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) ⟹ 𝜆 = 𝑧
2 − 𝑧1

Eliminating , we get
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
=𝑦 =𝑧 .
𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 2 − 𝑦1 2 − 𝑧1

ANGLE BETWEEN THE LINE

Let 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 be the two liones in space.
𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏
Let 𝜃 be the acute angle between the lines.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .𝑏
𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Then, cos 𝜃= ||𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ||𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ||
1 2

CARTESIAN FORM:
If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the lines
41
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= = . ………………….. (i)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑦 − 𝑦2 𝑧 − 𝑧2
and = = . ………………….. (ii)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

where 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 and 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are the direction ratios of the lines (i) and (ii) respectively

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
Then , Cos 𝜃 = | |.
√𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 √𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2

If direction cosines of the two lines are given i,e l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2

Then , cos 𝜃 = |𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 |.
CONDITION OF PERPENDICULARITY:

If the lines are perpendicular, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑏1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = 0 or 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0.
CONDITION OF PARALLELISM:

If the lines are parallel, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 , for some scalar 𝜆.
𝑏1 = 𝜆𝑏
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3
Or, 𝑏1 = =
1 𝑏2 𝑏3

SKEW LINES: Two straight lines which are neither parallel nor intersecting are called skew lines.
SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SKEW LINES:
Let 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be two lines whose equations are

𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1

𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏

and 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2

𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏
Where ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 are the position vectors of the points A

and B on 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 respectively and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑏1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 are the vectors
𝑙1 and 𝑙2 respectively.

Let 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to both ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ be the shortest distance vector between 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 . Then , 𝑃𝑄 𝑏1 and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 .

∵ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 is perpendicular to both ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 .

∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
𝑏2 ∥ 𝑃𝑄

Let 𝑛̂ be the unit vector along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑄 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏
Then , 𝑛̂ = ± |𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
1 𝑏 | 2

From the fig. , we have

PQ = projection of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 on ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 .

= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 . 𝑛̂

42
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏
= ±(𝑎 𝑎2 ). |𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2
𝑏 | 1 2

(𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ).(𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎 𝑏2 )
=± ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × 𝑏
|𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |

Since, the distance PQ = d is always positive

(𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ).(𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎 𝑏2 )
∴d=| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1 × 𝑏2 | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES

Let the two lines 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be given by

𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1

𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏

and 𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2

𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏
where S is a point on line 𝑙1 with position vector
𝑎1 and T is a point on the line 𝑙2 with position
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑎2 and ⃗⃗⃗
vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 is the direction of each line.
If PQ is the distance between the lines then
PQ = TR = ST sin 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ | |𝑆𝑇×𝑏 |
= |𝑆𝑇 ⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝑏
|𝑆𝑇

|(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 )×𝑏
= ⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑏

Exercise 1
1. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (4 , -5 , 6) and parallel to vector
9𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂.
2. Find the equation of the line passing the point ( 1 , -2 , 2) and parallel to the line
𝑥−5 𝑦+4 1−𝑧
= = .
2 3 4
3. Find the equation of the line passing through (1 , 2, - 3 )and parallel to the vector
2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ - 4𝑘̂ in both vector and cartesian form.
4. Find the vector equation of a line passing through a point with position vector
2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and parallel to the line joining −𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂. Also, find its cartesian
equation.
5. Find the equations of the line joining the points
(i) P(0 , 2 , 3) and Q(1, 0, 1)
(ii) P(0, 2, 5) and Q(1, 3, - 3) in cartesian and vector form.
6. Find the angle between the two straight lines
(i) 𝑟⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ + 𝜇(6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂).
(𝑖𝑖) ⃗⃗𝑟 = (3 + 𝜆)𝑖̂ + 2(1 + 𝜆)𝑗̂ + 2(1 − 2𝜆)𝑘̂ and 𝑟⃗⃗ = 3𝜇𝑖̂ + (5 + 2𝜇)𝑗̂ − (2 + 6𝜇)𝑘̂.
𝑥−1 2−𝑦 𝑧 𝑦−4 𝑧−2
7. Find the angle between the lines = = −4 and 𝑥 + 3 = = .
2 1 3 −1

43
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
8. The cartesian equation of a line is 3x + 1=6y – 2 =2z – 3 . Find the direction ratios of the line
and write down the vector equation of the line through ( 2, -5, 3) which is parallel to the given
line.
9. Determine the equation of a line passing through (1 , 2, -4) and perpendicular to the two lines
𝑟⃗⃗ = 8𝑖̂ − 19𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂ + 𝜆(3𝑖̂ − 16𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗⃗ = 15𝑖̂ + 29𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂).
10. Find the equation of a line passing through (-1, 3, -2) and perpendicular to the two lines
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥+2 𝑦 −1 𝑧+1
= = 3 and = = .
1 2 −3 2 5
𝑥− 1 𝑦 −2 𝑧−3 𝑥− 1 𝑦 −1 𝑧 −6
11. If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular, find the value of k.
−3 2𝑘 2 3𝑘 1 −5
1− 𝑥 7𝑦 −14 𝑧−3 7−7𝑥 𝑦 −5 6−𝑧
12. Find the value of p so that the lines = = and = = are at right angles.
3 2𝑝 2 3𝑝 1 5
13. If a line has direction ratios 2 , - 1 , - 2 , determine its direction cosines.
14. Find the diorection cosines of the line passing through the two points (- 2, 4 , - 5) and (1 , 2 , 3).
15. Show that the line through the points (1, - 1, 2), (3, 4, -2) is perpendicular to the line through
the points (0 , 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).
16. Find the equation of a line parallel to x- axis and passing through the origin.
17. Find the shortest distance between two lines whose equations are given as
(i) 𝑟⃗⃗ = 4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) and ⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝜇(2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂).
(ii) 𝑟⃗⃗ = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (𝑡 − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 𝑡)𝑘̂ and 𝑟⃗⃗ = (𝑠 + 1)𝑖̂ + (2𝑠 − 1)𝑗̂ − (2𝑠 + 1)𝑘̂.
𝑥− 1 𝑦+7 𝑧+2 𝑥− 3 𝑦 −4 𝑧+2
(iii) = = and = =
1 3 2 −1 2 1
18. Find the distance between the lines whose equations are given as
(i) 𝑟⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝜇(4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂).
(ii) 𝑟⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) and ⃗⃗𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ + 𝜇(2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂).

CHAPTER 12: LINEAR PROGRAMMING ( 6 MARKS )

Ex 12. 1 (All)
CHAPTER 13: PROBABILITY( 10 Marks)

BAYES’ THEOREM: If E1 , E2 , E3…… En are n non empty events which constitute a partition of sample
space S and A is any event of non zero probability, then
𝑃(𝐸𝑖 )𝑃(𝐴|𝐸𝑖 )
P(Ei |A) = ∑𝑛 , i=1,2,3,…n
𝑗=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑗 )𝑃(𝐴|𝐸𝑗 )

Q1. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers , 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers.
The probability of an accident involving a scooter , a car driver and a truck driver are 0.01,0.03 and
0.15 respectively. One of the insured meet with an accident. What is the probability that he is a
scooter driver ?
Q2. By examining the chest X-ray, probability that TB is dectected when a person is actually suffering
from it is 0.99. The probability that the doctor diagnoses incorrectly that a person has TB on the basis
of X-ray is 0.001.In a certain city 1 in 1000 persons suffers from TB. A person is selected at random
and is diagonosed to have TB. Find the probability that he actually has TB.

44
Tutor: Joychandra Soibam
Joy of Maths Tutorial Centre ( Kongba Nandeibam Leikai, Imphal East, Leirak no. 4)
Q3. In a bolt factory, machines A,B andC manufacture 60%,25% and15% of the total bolts. Of the total
of their output 1%,2% and 1% are defective bolts . A bolt is drawn at random from the total
production and found to be defective . What is the probability that it is manufactured by machine B?
Q4. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack , two cards are drawn
and are found to be both diamonds . Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond?
Q5. A girl throws a dice. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of
heads . If she gets 1,2,3 or 4, she tosses a coin two times and notes the number of heads obtaind. If she
obtained exactly two heads, what is the probability that she throws 1,2,3 or 4 with the dice ?
Q6. In a test , an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer to a multiple choice question
1
with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 3 and the probability that he copies the
1 1
answer is 6 . The probability that his anwer is correct, given that he copied it , is 8 .F ind the probability
that he knew the answer to the question. given that he correctly answered it ?
Q7. There are three candidates for the position of principal A, B and C. The chances of their selection
are in the proportion 4:2:3 respectively . The probability that A , if selected, will introduce co-
education in the college is 0.3. The probability of B and C doing the same are respectively 0.5 and 0.8.
What is the probability that there will be co-education in the college ? Also, find the probability that
principal B introduce co-education in the college?
Q8. Bag A contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag B contains 4red and 5 black balls . Two balls are
transferred at random from bag A to bag B and then a ball is drawn from bag B . The ball so drawn
from bag B is found to be red in colour . Find the probability that both the transferred balls were
black?
Q9. A letter is known to have come either from TATANAGAR or CALCUTTA . On the envelope only the
two consecutive letters TA are visible. What is the probability that the letter has come from (i)
Calcutta (ii) Tatanagar ?

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Tutor: Joychandra Soibam