5/27/25, 10:04 AM 100+ Spring Boot Interview Questions and Answers for 2025

100 Spring Boot interview questions and answers for 2025

If you're wondering how to get a job in top US firms? Or how to hire the best Spring
Boot developer. Then this comprehensive list of Spring Boot interview questions and
answers is for you. We have curated the top 10 Spring Boot interview questions for
experienced professionals that will help you find your dream remote job or candidate.

Apply as Spring Boot developer

Last updated on May 27, 2025

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Spring Boot is a refined Java application framework that provides a simplified and flexible method
for constructing robust and scalable systems. As its popularity grows, so does the demand for
skilled developers familiar with the framework. If you're a job seeker preparing for an interview or
even a hiring manager exploring hiring software engineers, it's important to be well-versed in the
framework.

We'll be exploring the top 100 Spring Boot interview questions that will be useful for novices and
seasoned professionals looking to land a Spring Boot developer job. The same questions can be

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used by recruiters seeking Spring Boot experts.

Table of contents

Basic Spring Boot interview questions and answers (40)

Intermediate Spring Boot interview questions and answers (30)

Advanced Spring Boot interview questions (30)

BASIC SPRING BOOT INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is Spring Boot, and how does it differ from Spring Framework?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot is a framework designed to simplify the development of Spring-based

applications. It builds upon the Spring Framework, providing a convention-over-
configuration approach and auto-configuration capabilities.

Unlike the Spring Framework, which requires explicit configuration, Spring Boot aims to
minimize boilerplate code and provides defaults for various components. This makes
it easier to get started with Spring-based applications.

2. Explain the benefits of using Spring Boot for application development.

Hide Answer

Some benefits of using Spring Boot for application development include:

Simplified setup and configuration through auto-configuration and starter

dependencies.

Reduced boilerplate code, enabling developers to focus more on application logic.

Embedded server support, allowing applications to be run as standalone JAR files.

Enhanced testability through the provision of t est utilities and annotations.

3. What are the key features of Spring Boot?

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Hide Answer

Key features of Spring Boot include:

Auto-configuration: Automatically configures Spring-based applications based on

dependencies and defaults.

Starter dependencies: Pre-packaged dependencies that simplify the setup of specific

application features or technologies.

Developer tools: Tools that enhance developer productivity such as automatic

application restarts and live reload.

Actuator: Provides endpoints for monitoring and managing applications at runtime.

4. Explain the concept of Spring Boot starters and provide an example.

Hide Answer

In the context of Spring Boot, Starters are a set of convenient dependency

management providers that one can include in a Spring Boot application. Starters are
a collection of dependency descriptors, which can help simplify your dependency
management.

For instance, if you want to get started with Spring JPA, you just have to include the
spring-boot-starter-data-jpa dependency and everything required for it (like
Hibernate, Spring Data, etc.) will be added to your application.

Here's an example of what the Spring Boot Starter for JPA might look like in a pom.xml
file:

By including this dependency, Spring Boot provides all the required dependencies for
creating a JPA application.

5. What is the purpose of the @SpringBootApplication annotation?

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Hide Answer

The @SpringBootApplication annotation is a convenience annotation provided by

Spring Boot. It serves as the entry point for the Spring Boot application. It combines
three commonly used annotations: @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration, and
@ComponentScan.

With @SpringBootApplication, developers can enable auto-configuration, component

scanning, and configuration properties in a single step.

6. What is the default port number for a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

The default port number for a Spring Boot application is 8080. However, you can
change it by specifying the desired port number in the application's configuration file
(e.g., application.properties or application.yml) using the property server.port.

7. How can you enable the auto-configuration feature in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

Auto-configuration is enabled by default in Spring Boot. It leverages the classpath

and the defined dependencies to automatically configure the application. Spring
Boot analyzes the dependencies and uses their presence to configure various
components such as data sources, web servers, and messaging systems.

If needed, you can disable specific auto-configuration classes or customize the

configuration by providing your own beans.

8. Explain the concept of starters in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

Starters in Spring Boot are a set of dependencies that make it easier to configure and
use specific features or technologies in an application. They encapsulate the required
dependencies and configurations, allowing developers to add them to their projects
with minimal effort.
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For example, the spring-boot-starter-web starter includes all the necessary

dependencies for building web applications including the Spring MVC framework,
embedded web server, and JSON support.

9. How does Spring Boot handle external configuration?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot provides multiple ways to handle external configurations. It supports

property files (application.properties or application.yml) that can be placed in various
locations including the classpath, file system, or external directories.

Spring Boot also supports environment variables, command-line arguments, and the
use of profiles for different deployment environments. The configuration values can
be accessed using the @Value annotation or by binding them to Java objects using
the @ConfigurationProperties annotation

10. What is the purpose of the application.properties (or application.yml) file?

Hide Answer

The application.properties or application.yml file is used for external configuration in a

Spring Boot application. It allows developers to specify various properties and their
values to configure the application.

These properties can control various aspects of the application such as server port,
database connection details, logging configuration, and much more. The properties
file can be placed in the classpath or other predefined locations, and Spring Boot will
automatically load and apply the configuration during application startup.

11. Describe the Spring Boot auto-configuration mechanism.

Hide Answer

The Spring Boot auto-configuration mechanism automatically configures the Spring

application based on the dependencies present in the classpath. It uses the concept

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of conditionals to determine which beans and configurations should be enabled or

disabled.

By analyzing the classpath and the available configuration, Spring Boot can provide
sensible defaults and reduce the need for explicit configuration. This makes it easier
to start and configure a Spring application.

12. What is the purpose of the @Component annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @Component annotation is a core annotation from the Spring Framework and is
also used in Spring Boot. It is a generic stereotype annotation used to mark a class as
a Spring-managed component.

Components are auto-detected by Spring and can be used for dependency injection
and component scanning. The @Component annotation serves as a base annotation
for more specific annotations like @Repository, @Service, and @Controller.

13. Explain the difference between @Component, @Repository, @Service, and

@Controller annotations in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

@Component: It is a generic stereotype annotation used to mark a class as a Spring-

managed component. It is a broad and generic term that can be used for any type of
Spring-managed component.

@Repository: It is a specialized form of @Component used to indicate that a class is a

repository or data access component. It typically encapsulates database operations
and exception translation.

@Service: It is a specialized form of @Component used to indicate that a class is a

service component. It encapsulates business logic and is often used as an
intermediate layer between controllers and repositories.

@Controller: It is a specialized form of @Component used to indicate that a class is a

web controller component. It handles incoming requests, performs business logic,
and prepares the response to be sent back to the client.

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14. What is the role of the @Autowired annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @Autowired annotation is used for dependency injection in Spring Boot. When
applied to a field, setter method, or constructor, it allows Spring to automatically
resolve and inject the required dependencies.

By using @Autowired, developers don't need to manually instantiate and wire

dependencies. Spring Boot scans the application context for beans matching the
required type and injects them automatically.

15. How can you implement logging in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

In a Spring Boot application, logging is typically implemented using a logging

framework such as Logback or Log4j2. Spring Boot provides a default logging
configuration out of the box.

You can configure logging levels, appenders, and log formats using the
application.properties or application.yml file. Additionally, you can include the desired
logging framework dependencies in your project's build configuration and use the
framework's APIs to perform logging within your application code.

16. What is the purpose of the SpringApplication.run() method?

Hide Answer

The SpringApplication.run() method is used to bootstrap and launch a Spring Boot

application. It is typically invoked from the main method of the application's entry
point class.

The run() method initializes the Spring application context, performs auto-
configuration, starts the embedded server, and starts the application lifecycle. It
returns an instance of the ApplicationContext, allowing access to the application
context and its beans.

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17. What is Spring Boot CLI?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot Command Line Interface (CLI) is a command line tool that you can use to
run and test Spring Boot applications from a command prompt. It provides a fast way
to get Spring applications up and running. The CLI incorporates spring scripts into the
unix-based shell to launch the boot applications.

Some of the advantages of using Spring Boot CLI are:

It allows you to write your application using Groovy, which is a more succinct and
expressive alternative to Java.

It automatically includes useful external libraries whenever possible. For example, if

you're writing a web application and importing classes such as @RestController,
the CLI will automatically provide a dependency for Spring MVC.

You can use various commands for different operations like run (to run the
application), test (to test the application), jar (to create a jar file), init (to create a
basic Java or Groovy project), etc.

18. How does Spring Boot handle data validation?

Hide Answer

In Spring Boot, data validation can be performed using various mechanisms. One
common approach is to use the validation annotations provided by the Bean
Validation API, such as @NotNull, @Size, and @Pattern, on the fields of model objects.

By including the necessary validation annotations, Spring Boot automatically

validates the input data and generates validation errors. These errors can be handled
using BindingResult or Errors objects. Additionally, custom validation logic can be
implemented by creating custom validation classes and methods.

19. What is the purpose of the @RequestMapping annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

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The @RequestMapping annotation is used to map HTTP requests to specific handler

methods in a Spring Boot application. It is applied at the method or class level to
define the URL patterns that should trigger the execution of the annotated method.

@RequestMapping allows developers to specify various attributes, such as the HTTP

method (GET, POST, etc.), request parameters, headers, and more to further refine the
mapping.

20. How does Spring Boot integrate with containerization platforms like Docker and
Kubernetes?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot integrates seamlessly with containerization platforms like Docker and
Kubernetes. You can package a Spring Boot application as a Docker image by
creating a Dockerfile that includes the necessary dependencies and configurations.

The image can be built and deployed to a containerization platform like Docker
Swarm or Kubernetes. Spring Boot also provides features like externalized
configuration and health indicators which can be leveraged by container
orchestration platforms for efficient management and scaling of the application.

21. Explain the concept of message-driven microservices using Spring Boot and
Apache Pulsar.

Hide Answer

Message-driven microservices using Spring Boot and Apache Pulsar leverage the
publish-subscribe messaging pattern to enable loosely coupled and scalable
communication between microservices. Apache Pulsar acts as the messaging
system, and Spring Boot provides the necessary abstractions for consuming and
producing messages.

With Pulsar's messaging features and Spring Boot's integration, you can implement
event-driven architectures where microservices communicate asynchronously
through messages. This ensures decoupling and fault tolerance.

22. What is the purpose of the @Value annotation in Spring Boot?

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Hide Answer

The @Value annotation is used to inject values from properties files, environment
variables, or other sources into Spring-managed beans. It can be applied to fields,
methods, or constructor parameters.

With @Value, developers can easily access and use configuration properties or other
values within their application code. The values can be specified directly or
referenced using SpEL (Spring Expression Language) expressions.

23. Describe the role of the CommandLineRunner and ApplicationRunner interfaces

in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

In Spring Boot, the CommandLineRunner and ApplicationRunner interfaces are used

for performing specific tasks during the application startup process. When
implemented, these interfaces provide a callback method (run()) that gets executed
once the application context is initialized.

They are particularly useful for performing tasks like data initialization, cache
population, or other one-time setup operations. The main difference between them is
that CommandLineRunner receives the application's command-line arguments as a
parameter, while ApplicationRunner receives an ApplicationArguments object.

24. How can you implement pagination in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

To implement pagination in a Spring Boot application, you can utilize features

provided by libraries like Spring Data JPA or Spring Data MongoDB. They offer built-in
support for pagination through the use of Pageable objects and repository methods.

You can retrieve a subset of data from a larger dataset by specifying the page
number, page size, and sort criteria. The result is typically returned as a Page object
that contains the requested data along with metadata such as total elements, total
pages, and more.

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25. Explain the concept of bean scopes in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

Bean scopes define the lifecycle and visibility of Spring-managed beans in a Spring
Boot application. The following are the commonly used bean scopes:

Singleton (default): Only one instance of the bean is created and shared across the
entire application context.

Prototype: A new instance of the bean is created each time it is requested.

Request: A new instance of the bean is created for each HTTP request. It is only
applicable in a web application context.

Session: A new instance of the bean is created for each user session. It is only
applicable in a web application context.

Custom scopes: Spring Boot allows defining custom bean scopes by implementing
the Scope interface and registering them in the application context.

26. What is the purpose of the @Qualifier annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @Qualifier annotation in Spring is used to disambiguate bean references when

we have multiple beans of the same type defined in the Spring container. It is used in
scenarios where a given type has more than one implementation and we need to
inject a specific implementation.

By default, Spring uses the by-type autowiring mechanism. This means that if we
have more than one bean of the same type, Spring will throw a
NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException because it won't know which one to autowire.

The @Qualifier annotation can be used in conjunction with @Autowired to specify

which exact bean should be wired, by providing the name of the bean as the qualifier
value.

27. How does Spring Boot handle exception logging and error handling?

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Hide Answer

In Spring Boot, exception logging and error handling can be configured using various
mechanisms. Spring Boot automatically provides a default error page that displays a
standardized error message for unhandled exceptions.

However, you can customize the error-handling behavior by implementing exception

handlers using the @ControllerAdvice annotation and handling specific exceptions in
dedicated methods.

Additionally, you can configure logging frameworks to capture and log exceptions
with desired levels of detail and appenders.

28. Describe the purpose and usage of the @RestControllerAdvice annotation.

Hide Answer

The @RestControllerAdvice annotation is a specialized form of the @ControllerAdvice

annotation in Spring Boot. It combines the functionality of @ControllerAdvice and
@ResponseBody, making it convenient for implementing global exception handling in
RESTful APIs.

By using @RestControllerAdvice, you can define exception handlers that handle

exceptions thrown by any @RequestMapping or @RestController method within the
application. The exception handlers can return error responses in JSON or other
supported formats.

29. What is the purpose of the @ConfigurationProperties annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @ConfigurationProperties annotation is used to bind external configuration

properties to Spring-managed beans. By annotating a bean class with
@ConfigurationProperties and specifying a prefix, you can map properties with
matching names to the fields or setter methods of the bean.

Spring Boot will automatically bind the values from the configuration sources to the
corresponding bean properties. The annotation simplifies the retrieval and usage of
configuration properties within your application.

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30. Describe the purpose and usage of the @DynamicPropertySource annotation in

Spring Boot testing.

Hide Answer

The @DynamicPropertySource annotation in Spring Boot testing allows you to

dynamically define and modify configuration properties during the test execution.
You can use this annotation in conjunction with the TestPropertyValues class to set or
override properties based on dynamic values or test conditions.

This provides flexibility in configuring the environment for testing and allows you to
simulate different scenarios or configurations during testing.

31. What is the purpose of the @TransactionalEventListener annotation in Spring

Boot?

Hide Answer

The @TransactionalEventListener annotation in Spring Boot lets you listen to

transactional events and perform actions based on those events. You can use this
annotation on methods that should be invoked when a specific transactional event
occurs such as before or after a transaction is committed or rolled back.

The @TransactionalEventListener annotation provides a convenient way to handle

domain-specific logic or side effects based on transactional events in a Spring Boot
application.

32. What is the purpose of the @Scheduled annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @Scheduled annotation is used to configure scheduled tasks in a Spring Boot

application. Applying this annotation to a method enables you to specify the
schedule at which the method should be executed.

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The schedule can be defined using various options such as fixed-rate, fixed-delay, or
cron expressions. Spring Boot automatically detects and executes the scheduled
methods based on the specified schedule.

33. Describe the role of the @Profile annotation in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

The @Profile annotation is used to activate or deactivate specific configuration

components or beans based on the current environment or profile in a Spring Boot
application. Annotating a class or method with @Profile and specifying the desired
profile name lets you control when that component or bean should be active. This
allows you to have different configurations for different deployment environments
such as development, testing, or production.

34. What is the purpose of Spring Boot's dynamic reloading and how does it work?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot's dynamic reloading feature allows you to make changes to the
application code or resources without the need to restart the entire application. It
improves development productivity by automatically reloading the modified classes
or resources on the fly.

The dynamic reloading feature uses class reloading mechanisms provided by the
underlying JVM, such as Java Instrumentation API or custom class loaders, to reload
the changed classes while preserving the application's state.

35. Explain the concept of externalized logging in Spring Boot using Logback or
Log4j2.

Hide Answer

Externalized logging in Spring Boot allows you to configure and customize logging
behavior without modifying the application code. Logback or Log4j2 can be used as
the underlying logging framework.

The configuration is typically done in an external configuration file, such as

logback.xml or log4j2.xml, which can be placed in the classpath or specified using the

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logging.config property. The externalized logging configuration file provides flexibility

in defining log levels, appenders, formatters, and other logging-related properties.

36. What is the purpose of the @ModelAttribute annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @ModelAttribute annotation is used in Spring Boot to bind request parameters or

form data to method parameters or model attributes. It can be applied to method
parameters or method return values.

When applied to method parameters, the @ModelAttribute annotation binds the

incoming request parameters or form data to the corresponding method
parameters. When applied to method return values, it binds the method's return value
to a model attribute, making it available in the view for rendering.

37. Explain the concept of reactive messaging with Spring Boot and Apache Kafka
Streams.

Hide Answer

Reactive messaging with Spring Boot and Apache Kafka Streams enables the building
of real-time streaming applications that react to events and reactively process data
streams. Spring Cloud Stream provides abstractions to integrate Spring Boot
applications with Kafka Streams.

With @StreamListener annotations, you can consume Kafka topics as reactive

streams and perform processing operations using the reactive programming model.
This approach facilitates the development of scalable and resilient streaming
applications.

38. Describe the purpose and usage of the @Transactional(propagation =

Propagation.NESTED) annotation.

Hide Answer

The @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NESTED) annotation is used to define

a nested transactional scope in a Spring Boot application. When a method is

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annotated with this annotation, a nested transaction is created within the current
transaction.

The nested transaction behaves as an independent transaction and can be rolled

back separately from the outer transaction. If the nested transaction fails, only the
changes made within the nested transaction are rolled back, while the outer
transaction remains unaffected.

39. What is the purpose of the @DataJpaTest annotation in Spring Boot testing?

Hide Answer

The @DataJpaTest annotation is used to configure and customize the testing

environment for JPA repositories in a Spring Boot application. When applied to a test
class, it sets up an in-memory database, configures Spring Data JPA, and loads only
the necessary components for testing JPA repositories.

@DataJpaTest provides a lightweight and isolated environment for testing JPA-

related functionality without requiring a full application context or a real database
connection.

40. Describe the purpose and usage of the Spring Boot Admin Server for monitoring
and managing applications.

Hide Answer

The Spring Boot Admin Server is a tool that provides a web-based interface for
monitoring and managing multiple Spring Boot applications in a centralized manner.
It collects and displays various metrics, health statuses, and other information about
the registered Spring Boot applications.

The Admin Server allows you to view and manage application details, monitor JVM
metrics, and receive alerts on specific conditions. It simplifies the monitoring and
management of Spring Boot applications in a production environment.

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INTERMEDIATE SPRING BOOT INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS

1. Differentiate between Spring MVC and Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

Spring MVC is a framework for building web applications using the Model-View-
Controller (MVC) architectural pattern. It provides features for handling requests,
managing controllers, rendering views, and managing data flow.

Spring Boot, on the other hand, is an opinionated framework built on top of Spring that
aims to simplify the setup and configuration of Spring applications. It provides out-of-
the-box defaults and auto-configuration, reducing the need for manual configuration
and boilerplate code.

2. What is the role of the @RestController annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @RestController annotation is used to define a RESTful controller in a Spring Boot

application. It combines the functionality of the @Controller and @ResponseBody
annotations, simplifying the process of building RESTful APIs by automatically
serializing the return values of methods into JSON or XML responses.

3. How can you implement exception handling in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

Exception handling in Spring Boot can be implemented using the @ControllerAdvice

annotation. By creating a class annotated with @ControllerAdvice and defining

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methods annotated with @ExceptionHandler, you can handle specific exceptions and
return appropriate responses.

You can also use the @ResponseStatus annotation to specify the HTTP status code for
the response.

4. Explain the concept of dependency injection in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

Dependency injection is a core concept in Spring Boot. It allows objects to be loosely

coupled by providing their dependencies from external sources. Spring Boot uses
inversion of control (IoC) and the dependency injection pattern to manage
dependencies.

Spring Boot automatically resolves and injects the required dependencies at runtime
by annotating classes with appropriate annotations such as @Autowired.

5. How does Spring Boot support database operations?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot provides excellent support for database operations through its
integration with Spring Data JPA. By defining entities and repositories, you can
perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on databases with minimal
boilerplate code.

Spring Boot automatically configures the database connection and transaction

management, and provides powerful querying capabilities.

6. Describe the role of the Spring Boot Actuator.

Hide Answer

Spring Boot Actuator is a feature that provides insight into the runtime of a Spring
Boot application. It offers a set of production-ready endpoints that expose
information about application health, metrics, environment, logging, and more.

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The Actuator enables monitoring and management of the application, making it

easier to understand and troubleshoot in production environments.

7. How can you implement caching in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

Caching in a Spring Boot application can be implemented using the @Cacheable,

@CacheEvict, and other cache-related annotations provided by the Spring
Framework. Adding these annotations to methods lets you cache the results and
improve performance. Spring Boot integrates with popular caching providers like
Ehcache, Hazelcast, and Redis.

8. What is the purpose of the @Scheduled annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @Scheduled annotation is used to schedule the execution of a method at fixed

intervals or specific times. It allows you to define cron expressions or fixed delay/initial
delay values. Spring Boot automatically triggers the annotated method based on the
specified schedule, making it suitable for performing recurring tasks such as data
synchronization or sending periodic notifications.

9. How can you enable cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) in a Spring Boot
application?

Hide Answer

To enable CORS in a Spring Boot application, you can use the @CrossOrigin
annotation at the controller level or globally configure CORS using a
WebMvcConfigurer bean. The annotation allows you to specify the allowed origins,
HTTP methods, headers, and other CORS-related settings. Enabling CORS ensures that
web browsers can make requests to your application from different domains.

10. Explain the concept of profiles in Spring Boot.

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Hide Answer

Profiles in Spring Boot allow you to define different configurations for different
environments or scenarios. By using the @Profile annotation on classes or methods,
you can specify which profiles should be active for the corresponding beans or
configurations.

Profiles enable you to have different property values, component configurations, or

dependencies based on the active profile. This facilitates easy deployment and
testing across different environments.

11. Explain the concept of the Spring Boot Actuator and its major features.

Hide Answer

Spring Boot Actuator provides a set of production-ready features and endpoints that
help monitor and manage a Spring Boot application.

Its major features include health checks, which provide information about the
application's health; metrics, which gather and expose various runtime metrics; info,
which displays custom application information; logging, which allows changing log
levels at runtime, and many more endpoints for managing and understanding the
application in a production environment.

12. How can you integrate Spring Security in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

To integrate Spring Security in a Spring Boot application, you need to add the
appropriate dependencies and configure security settings. Spring Security provides
comprehensive authentication and authorization mechanisms.

You can configure security rules using Java configuration or annotations, define user
roles and permissions, and customize authentication providers, such as in-memory
authentication, database-backed authentication, or integration with external identity
providers.

13. Describe the role of the @Transactional annotation in Spring Boot.

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Hide Answer

The @Transactional annotation is used to mark a method or class for transaction

management in Spring Boot. It ensures that the annotated method or all methods
within the annotated class are executed within a transactional context.

The @Transactional annotation manages the transaction boundaries, rollback

behavior, and other transactional aspects to ensure data consistency and integrity.

14. How does Spring Boot handle internationalization (i18n) and localization (l10n)?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot automatically resolves the appropriate message based on the user's
locale, making it convenient to build multi-language applications. It provides support
for internationalization and localization through properties files and the use of the
MessageSource interface.

By defining message bundles for different locales and configuring the message
source, you can easily retrieve and display localized messages in your application.

15. What is the purpose of the @RestControllerAdvice annotation?

Hide Answer

The @RestControllerAdvice annotation combines the functionalities of

@ControllerAdvice and @ResponseBody annotations. It is used to define a global
exception handler for RESTful controllers in a Spring Boot application.

Annotated classes can contain exception-handling methods annotated with

@ExceptionHandler which handles exceptions thrown within any @RestController in
the application. These methods can return custom error responses or perform other
actions based on the exception type.

16. Explain the concept of Spring Data REST and its advantages.

Hide Answer

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Spring Data REST is a project built on top of Spring Data, it takes the features of Spring
HATEOAS and Spring Data to build Spring MVC-based RESTful services with less code.
With Spring Data REST, you can leverage your Spring Data repositories and convert
them into full-featured RESTful services with ease.

Some of its advantages are:

Rapid Development: With Spring Data REST, a great deal of your HTTP resource
implementation time can be saved. It's quick and easy to build a RESTful service with
full CRUD functionality.

Data Access: It leverages Spring Data's repositories and provides seamless, RESTful
access to your data model.

HAL Browser: Spring Data REST includes support for the HAL Browser, allowing users to
navigate, create, update, and delete resources directly from their web browsers.

Search Support: It has built-in support for searches. Custom repository methods are
automatically exposed as HTTP resources.

17. How can you implement file upload and download functionality in a Spring Boot
application?

Hide Answer

File upload and download functionality can be implemented in a Spring Boot

application by configuring multipart file handling. By using the MultipartFile object as
a method parameter, Spring Boot automatically binds uploaded files to it.

For file download, you can return the file as a response with appropriate headers.
Additionally, you can leverage storage services like Amazon S3 or Azure Blob Storage
for file storage and retrieval.

18. Describe the purpose and usage of the @Async annotation in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

The @Async annotation is used to indicate that a method should be executed

asynchronously. When a method is annotated with @Async, Spring Boot runs it in a
separate thread from a task executor, allowing the caller to continue execution
without waiting for the asynchronous method to complete.

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This annotation is useful for offloading time-consuming tasks, improving

performance, and providing a more responsive user experience.

19. What is the role of the embedded servlet container in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The embedded servlet container in Spring Boot allows you to run web applications
without the need for a separate web server. It provides a lightweight servlet container,
such as Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow, that is embedded within the application.

Spring Boot automatically configures and starts the embedded servlet container,
simplifying the deployment and execution of web applications.

20. How can you implement request and response logging in a Spring Boot
application?

Hide Answer

Request and response logging in a Spring Boot application can be implemented

using filters or interceptors. Creating a custom filter or interceptor lets you intercept
incoming requests and outgoing responses and log their details, such as headers,
payloads, and other relevant information.

Spring Boot allows you to register these filters or interceptors in the application's
configuration, enabling centralized logging across the application.

21. Explain the concept of reactive data access in Spring Boot using Spring Data
R2DBC.

Hide Answer

Reactive data access in Spring Boot allows you to build non-blocking and efficient
applications that handle a large number of concurrent requests. Spring Data R2DBC
provides reactive database access by integrating with R2DBC (Reactive Relational
Database Connectivity).

It enables you to perform asynchronous database operations using reactive

programming paradigms, such as Flux and Mono, providing better scalability and

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responsiveness compared to traditional blocking database access.

22. How can you perform asynchronous messaging using Spring Boot and
RabbitMQ?

Hide Answer

Asynchronous messaging using Spring Boot and RabbitMQ can be achieved by

integrating the Spring AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) library. By
configuring the RabbitMQ connection details and using the appropriate annotations
and components, you can send and receive messages asynchronously.

Spring Boot provides abstractions like @RabbitListener for message consumption and
RabbitTemplate for message production. They make it easy to implement
asynchronous messaging patterns like publish-subscribe and request-reply.

23. Describe the purpose and usage of the @Conditional annotation in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

The @Conditional annotation in Spring Boot allows you to conditionally activate or

deactivate beans or configurations based on specific conditions. By annotating a
bean or configuration class with @Conditional and providing a condition class
implementing the Condition interface, you can control whether the bean or
configuration should be created and registered based on runtime conditions. This
enables flexible configuration based on environment, properties, or other factors.

24. What is the purpose of the @SpringBootTest annotation in Spring Boot testing?

Hide Answer

The @SpringBootTest annotation is used to bootstrap a Spring Boot application

context for testing purposes. It allows you to load the entire application context,
including all configurations and beans, during integration tests.

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@SpringBootTest provides features like auto-configuration, dependency injection,

and easy access to application-specific components, enabling comprehensive
testing of Spring Boot applications.

25. Explain the concept of Spring Boot's actuator health checks and customizing
health indicators.

Hide Answer

Spring Boot's actuator health checks are endpoints provided by the Actuator that give
insights into the application's health. By default, health indicators check the overall
system health. You can customize them by implementing the HealthIndicator
interface and registering them with the application context.

Custom health indicators allow you to monitor specific aspects of the application's
health such as database connectivity, external service availability, or custom health
checks.

26. How can you secure REST APIs in a Spring Boot application using JSON Web
Tokens (JWT)?

Hide Answer

You can secure REST APIs in a Spring Boot application using JSON Web Tokens (JWT)
by integrating Spring Security and JWT libraries. Spring Security provides mechanisms
for authentication and authorization, while JWT facilitates token-based
authentication.

By configuring Spring Security filters, implementing authentication and authorization

providers, and validating JWT tokens, you can protect your REST APIs and control
access based on user roles and permissions.

27. Describe the purpose and usage of the @EntityScan annotation in Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

The @EntityScan annotation is used to specify the base packages to scan for entity
classes in a Spring Boot application. When using JPA (Java Persistence API) with
Spring Boot, @EntityScan helps the JPA provider locate and manage entity classes.

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By default, Spring Boot scans the package of the application's main class and its sub-
packages. However, if entity classes are located in different packages, you need to
use @EntityScan to include those packages.

28. What is the purpose of the @Retryable annotation in Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

The @Retryable annotation is used to specify that a method should be retried if it fails
due to specified exceptions. Adding @Retryable and configuring the desired retry
behavior enables Spring Boot to automatically retry the method when exceptions
occur.

This can be useful for handling transient errors, such as network timeouts or
temporary resource unavailability, and ensuring the successful execution of critical
operations.

29. Explain the concept of auto-reconfiguration in Spring Boot and its limitations.

Hide Answer

Auto-reconfiguration in Spring Boot is a feature that automatically configures certain

components and dependencies based on the classpath and available resources. It
simplifies the configuration process by detecting and configuring components like
data sources, messaging brokers, and caches.

Auto-reconfiguration has limitations when it comes to complex or custom

configurations. It may not always provide the desired configuration out of the box. In
such cases, manual configuration may be required.

30. How can you implement distributed caching in a Spring Boot application using
Hazelcast or Redis?

Hide Answer

To implement distributed caching in a Spring Boot application with Hazelcast or Redis,

you can leverage the respective cache providers' integration libraries. Configuring the
cache manager and cache-related settings lets you enable distributed caching.
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Spring Boot simplifies the setup and configuration process by providing auto-
configuration support for both Hazelcast and Redis. Additionally, you can annotate
methods with cache-related annotations like @Cacheable or @CacheEvict to cache
and retrieve data efficiently.

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ADVANCED SPRING BOOT INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

1. How can you create a Spring Boot application using Gradle?

Hide Answer

To create a Spring Boot application using Gradle, follow these steps:

Set up a new Gradle project or add Spring Boot dependencies to an existing Gradle
project.

Make sure you have the required plugins configured in the build.gradle file, such as
the org.springframework.boot and io.spring.dependency-management plugins.

Define the necessary dependencies in the dependencies section of the build.gradle

file. Specify the desired Spring Boot starter dependencies.

Create the main application class and annotate it with @SpringBootApplication.

Implement the application logic within the main application class or other
components.

Use the Gradle command line or an IDE plugin to build and run the application.

2. How can you customize the default error pages in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

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To customize the default error pages in a Spring Boot application, you can create an
error page template or controller method that handles the error. Defining an error
template with the appropriate name and placing it in the
src/main/resources/templates/error directory enables Spring Boot to automatically
render that template for the corresponding error status code.

Alternatively, you can create a controller method with @ExceptionHandler annotation

to handle specific exceptions and return a custom error response.

3. How can you create a Spring Boot application using Maven?

Hide Answer

To create a Spring Boot application using Maven, follow these steps:

Set up a new Maven project or add Spring Boot dependencies to an existing Maven
project.

Ensure that the project's dependencies include the spring-boot-starter-parent as

the parent project.

Define the necessary dependencies in the project's pom.xml file, such as spring-
boot-starter-web for web applications.

Create the main application class and annotate it with @SpringBootApplication.

Implement the application logic within the main application class or other
components.

Use the Maven command line or an IDE plugin to build and run the application.

4. How can you implement security in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

Security can be implemented in a Spring Boot application by adding the appropriate

dependencies, such as spring-boot-starter-security, and configuring the security
settings. This can be done by creating a security configuration class that extends
WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter and overriding its methods to define authentication
and authorization rules.

Additionally, you can customize the login page, handle logout, and secure specific
endpoints using annotations like @EnableWebSecurity and
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@EnableGlobalMethodSecurity.

5. What are the different deployment options for a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot applications can be deployed in various ways including:

Standalone JAR: Packaging the application as a self-contained executable JAR file

with an embedded servlet container like Tomcat or Jetty.

WAR deployment: Packaging the application as a traditional WAR file and deploying it
to a servlet container.

Docker: Containerizing the application using Docker and running it on Docker

containers.

Cloud platforms: Deploy the application to cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, or Google
Cloud using platform-specific deployment options such as AWS Elastic Beanstalk or
Azure App Service.

6. Describe the process of creating a RESTful API using Spring Boot.

Hide Answer

To create a RESTful API using Spring Boot, you can follow these steps:

Define your domain model and business logic.

Create a Spring MVC controller class and define handler methods annotated with
@RequestMapping or other mapping annotations.

Implement the required CRUD operations within the handler methods using
appropriate annotations like @GetMapping, @PostMapping, etc.

Customize the request and response handling with annotations such as

@RequestBody to map request payloads and @ResponseBody to define the
response body.

Configure additional features like exception handling, input validation, and security,
if required.

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Run the Spring Boot application and the API endpoints will be accessible based on
the mappings defined in the controller.

7. How does Spring Boot integrate with messaging systems such as RabbitMQ?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot provides integration with messaging systems like RabbitMQ through the
Spring AMQP project. To integrate RabbitMQ with a Spring Boot application, you can
include the spring-boot-starter-amqp dependency and configure the necessary
properties in the application's configuration file (application.properties or
application.yml).

You can use the RabbitTemplate class to send messages to RabbitMQ and consume
messages using @RabbitListener annotations on appropriate methods.

8. Explain the concept of Spring Boot Data JPA and provide an example.

Hide Answer

Spring Boot Data JPA is a sub-project of Spring Data that provides enhanced support
for JPA (Java Persistence API)-based repositories in Spring Boot applications. It
simplifies the implementation of the data access layer by automatically generating
the boilerplate code for common database operations.

For example, by defining a JPA entity class and extending JpaRepository, you can get
CRUD operations for that entity without writing any additional code. You can also
define custom queries using method name conventions or @Query annotations

9. How can you handle large file uploads in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

To handle large file uploads in a Spring Boot application, you can configure the
maximum file size limit in the application's properties file by setting the
spring.servlet.multipart.max-file-size and spring.servlet.multipart.max-request-size
properties to appropriate values. Additionally, you can use the MultipartFile

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parameter in the controller method to receive the uploaded file and process it as
needed.

10. What is the purpose of Spring Boot Actuator endpoints?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot Actuator endpoints provide insights into the internals of a Spring Boot
application such as health status, metrics, environment information, and more. These
endpoints expose management and monitoring capabilities over HTTP or other
protocols, allowing you to monitor and manage the application in production.
Actuator endpoints can be customized and secured based on the specific
requirements of the application.

11. Explain the concept of Spring Boot Actuator metrics and monitoring.

Hide Answer

Spring Boot Actuator metrics allow you to collect and monitor various application
metrics such as HTTP request counts, response times, JVM memory usage, and
database connection pool metrics.

Actuator metrics are collected by integrating with metrics libraries like Micrometer
and can be exposed through various endpoints such as /actuator/metrics. These
metrics can be visualized using monitoring tools like Prometheus, Grafana, or the
built-in Actuator endpoints.

12. How can you implement microservices architecture using Spring Boot?

Hide Answer

To implement a microservices architecture using Spring Boot, you can follow these
steps:

Identify the different business capabilities and boundaries of your application.

Design and develop each microservice as a separate Spring Boot application,

encapsulating a specific business capability.

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Use lightweight communication mechanisms like REST or messaging for inter-

service communication.

Implement service discovery and registration using tools like Netflix Eureka or
HashiCorp Consul.

Apply fault tolerance and resilience patterns like circuit breakers (Hystrix) and
distributed tracing (Sleuth) for better reliability.

Deploy and manage microservices using containerization platforms like Docker

and orchestration tools like Kubernetes.

13. Describe the role of the Spring Cloud Netflix stack in a Spring Boot application.

Hide Answer

The Spring Cloud Netflix stack provides integration with various Netflix OSS
components to simplify the development of distributed systems in a Spring Boot
application. It includes modules like Eureka for service discovery, Ribbon for client-
side load balancing, Hystrix for fault tolerance, and Zuul for API gateway functionality.
These components enable developers to build scalable and resilient microservices
architectures by providing out-of-the-box solutions for common distributed system
challenges.

14. What is the purpose of Spring Boot DevTools and how does it enhance
development productivity?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot DevTools is a set of developer tools that enhance the development
experience for Spring Boot applications. It provides features like automatic
application restart on code changes, live reloading of static resources, and enhanced
logging during development.

DevTools helps in reducing the development turnaround time by eliminating the need
for manual restarts and providing quick feedback on code changes.

15. How can you implement distributed tracing in a Spring Boot application using
Spring Cloud Sleuth?

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Hide Answer

To implement distributed tracing in a Spring Boot application with Spring Cloud

Sleuth, you can include the necessary dependencies like spring-cloud-starter-sleuth.
Sleuth integrates with popular distributed tracing systems like Zipkin or Jaeger.

Once configured, Sleuth automatically adds trace and span identifiers to the
application's logs and propagates them across different services. This allows you to
trace the flow of requests across multiple services and analyze performance
bottlenecks.

16. Explain the concept of reactive programming in Spring Boot with Spring WebFlux.

Hide Answer

Reactive programming in Spring Boot with Spring WebFlux is based on the Reactive
Streams specification and enables non-blocking, event-driven programming for
building scalable and resilient applications.

Spring WebFlux provides an alternative to the traditional Servlet-based programming

model and allows developers to handle requests asynchronously using reactive types
like Mono and Flux. This approach is well-suited for handling high concurrency and
building reactive systems that can handle a large number of concurrent connections
with limited resources.

17. How does Spring Boot integrate with Apache Kafka for event-driven
architectures?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot provides integration with Apache Kafka through the Spring Kafka project.
You can include the spring-boot-starter-kafka dependency to get started.

Spring Kafka provides abstractions to produce and consume messages from Kafka
topics using the KafkaTemplate and @KafkaListener annotations, respectively.
Additionally, Spring Kafka integrates with Spring Boot's auto-configuration to simplify
the configuration of Kafka-related properties.

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18. Describe the purpose and usage of Spring Boot's caching abstraction.

Hide Answer

Spring Boot's caching abstraction provides a convenient way to cache the results of
expensive operations, reducing the response time and improving application
performance. By using annotations like @Cacheable, @CachePut, and @CacheEvict,
you can easily cache method results based on specified cache names or keys.

The caching abstraction supports various cache providers, such as Redis or Ehcache,
and can be easily configured using the application's properties file.

19. How can you perform database migrations in a Spring Boot application using
Flyway or Liquibase?

Hide Answer

Include corresponding dependencies (flyway-core or liquibase-core) to perform

database migrations in a Spring Boot application using Flyway or Liquibase. By
placing the migration scripts in the classpath (src/main/resources/db/migration),
Flyway or Liquibase will automatically execute the scripts during application startup.

These migration scripts allow you to manage database schema changes, versioning,
and data initialization in a controlled manner.

20. Explain the concept of externalized configuration in Spring Boot and its benefits.

Hide Answer

Externalized configuration in Spring Boot allows you to configure the application using
external properties files, environment variables, or command-line arguments. This
approach decouples the application configuration from the code, making it more
flexible and easier to manage.

The externalized configuration enables the application to be deployed in different

environments without modifying the code. Spring Boot provides a standardized and
flexible way to read and use these external configurations.

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21. How can you implement distributed session management in a Spring Boot
application using Spring Session?

Hide Answer

To implement distributed session management in a Spring Boot application using

Spring Session, follow these steps:

Include the necessary dependencies for Spring Session and a session store
implementation like Redis or Hazelcast.

Configure the session store details, such as the connection properties, in the
application's configuration file (e.g., application.properties or application.yml).

Enable Spring Session support by annotating your configuration class with

@EnableRedisHttpSession (for Redis) or @EnableHazelcastHttpSession (for
Hazelcast).

Spring Session will automatically handle session creation, serialization, and

synchronization with the session store, allowing session data to be shared across
multiple instances of your application.

22. How can you implement serverless functions using Spring Boot and AWS
Lambda?

Hide Answer

You can use the spring-cloud-function-adapter-aws dependency to implement

serverless functions using Spring Boot and AWS Lambda. You can deploy Spring Boot
applications as serverless functions on AWS Lambda by creating a function bean and
configuring the AWS Lambda handler.

The adapter takes care of the integration between Spring Cloud Function and AWS
Lambda, allowing you to develop serverless functions using the familiar Spring Boot
programming model.

23. How can you implement method-level security in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

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To implement method-level security in a Spring Boot application, you can use the
@PreAuthorize or @PostAuthorize annotations provided by Spring Security. Here's an
example:

Configure Spring Security in your application by including the necessary

dependencies and configuration.

Annotate the methods that require security checks with @PreAuthorize or

@PostAuthorize.

Specify the desired security expressions in the annotations to define the required
conditions for method invocation.

Spring Security will evaluate the expressions and allow or deny access to the
methods based on the configured security rules.

24. How can you implement server-sent events (SSE) in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

To implement server-sent events (SSE) in a Spring Boot application, you can use the
SseEmitter class provided by Spring Framework. Here's an example of how to
implement SSE:

Create a controller method that returns an SseEmitter object.

In this method, use the SseEmitter to send events to the client.

Use the send() method of SseEmitter to send events periodically or based on

specific triggers.

Set appropriate headers, such as Content-Type and Cache-Control, for SSE

support.

Register the SseEmitter as a handler method in your controller.

25. How can you integrate Spring Boot with OAuth 2.0 for secure authentication and
authorization?

Hide Answer

You can use the Spring Security OAuth2 module to integrate Spring Boot with OAuth
2.0. By configuring the appropriate OAuth 2.0 provider details and defining the client

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registration properties, Spring Boot can handle the authentication and authorization
flow.

You can secure your endpoints by applying Spring Security annotations like
@PreAuthorize or by using declarative configuration. This integration enables secure
authentication and authorization using OAuth 2.0 standards.

26. How can you implement data caching in a Spring Boot application using the
Spring Cache Abstraction?

Hide Answer

To implement data caching in a Spring Boot application, you can leverage the Spring
Cache Abstraction. Follow these steps:

Enable caching support by annotating your configuration class with

@EnableCaching.

Add the desired cache implementation library, such as Ehcache or Caffeine, as a

dependency.

Annotate the methods that should be cached with @Cacheable and specify the
cache name or key.

Configure the cache properties, such as eviction policies and time-to-live, in the
cache implementation's configuration file or using Spring Boot's properties.

27. How can you configure a custom error page in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

To configure a custom error page in a Spring Boot application, you can create a
custom error controller and map it to a specific URL or error status code. Here's an
example:

Create a class implementing the ErrorController interface.

Annotate the class with @Controller and, optionally, with @RequestMapping to

specify the mapping URL or error status code.

Implement a method that handles the error and returns the desired error page
view or response.

Register the custom error controller as a bean in the application context.

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Optionally, configure the error page mapping in the application.properties or

application.yml file using properties like server.error.path or
server.error.whitelabel.enabled.

28. How can you implement distributed tracing in a Spring Boot application using
OpenTelemetry?

Hide Answer

To implement distributed tracing in a Spring Boot application using OpenTelemetry,

you can include the necessary OpenTelemetry dependencies such as open
telemetry-API and an OpenTelemetry exporter. Configuring the exporter lets you send
trace data to a distributed tracing system like Jaeger or Zipkin.

OpenTelemetry automatically instructs the application to capture and propagate

trace information across different services, allowing you to trace the execution path
of requests in a distributed system.

29. How can you implement asynchronous processing in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

Spring Boot provides support for asynchronous processing through the use of the
@Async annotation and the TaskExecutor interface. To implement asynchronous
processing, follow these steps:

Configure a TaskExecutor bean in your application's configuration. This bean

defines the thread pool or executor service used for executing asynchronous tasks.

Annotate the methods that need to be executed asynchronously with the @Async
annotation.

Invoke the annotated methods from other parts of your application. The invocation
will return a Future object which can be used to obtain the result of the
asynchronous task or monitor its progress.

30. How can you enable HTTPS in a Spring Boot application?

Hide Answer

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To enable HTTPS in a Spring Boot application, you need to configure the appropriate
SSL certificate and modify the application's configuration. Here are the general steps:

Obtain an SSL certificate and private key.

Configure the certificate and private key in the application's configuration, such as
application.properties or application.yml, using properties like server.ssl.key-store
and server.ssl.key-password.

Set the server.ssl.enabled property to true to enable HTTPS.

Optionally, configure other SSL-related properties like the SSL protocol and cipher
suites.

Restart the application for the changes to take effect.

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