Class 9th

Short Notes

MATHEMATICS
Chapter -12 STATISTICS
1. Statistics
Statistics may be defined as the science of collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.

2. Statistical Data
Statistical data are of two types:
(i) primary data (ii) secondary data.
Primary Data When an investigator collects data himself with a definite plan or design in his (her) mind, it is called
primary data.
Secondary Data: Data which are not originally collected rather obtained from published or unpublished sources are
known as secondary data.

3. Presentation of Data
The raw data can be arranged in any one of the following ways:
(i) Serial order or alphabetical order
(ii) Ascending order
(iii) Descending order

4. Frequency
The number of times an observation occurs in the given data, is called the frequency of the observation.

5. Frequency Distribution
(i) Discrete frequency distribution.
(ii) Continuous or grouped frequency distribution.

Discrete Frequency Distribution

The process of preparing this type of distribution is very simple. The construction of a discrete frequency distribution
from the given raw data is done by the use of the method of tally marks. In the first column of the frequency table we
write all possible values of the variable from the lowest to the highest.
Example: Following example of the number of children in 20 families:
1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4, 5, 2, 4, 2, 2, 1, 3, 3, 2, 5

The data may be put in the form of a discrete frequency distribution as follows:
No. of children Tally Bars Frequency
1 5
2 6
3 4
4 3
5 2

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 Note: The above method of condensing the raw data is convenient only where the values in the raw data are largely
repeating and the difference between the greatest and the smallest observations is not very large.
Continuous Or Grouped Frequency Distribution: If the number of observations in data is large and the difference
between the greatest and the smallest observations is very large, then we condense the data into classes or groups.
Example: For the following data, draw a histogram and a frequency polygon:
Let the marks obtained by 30 students of a class in a test be
39, 25, 5, 33, 19, 21, 12, 48, 13, 21, 9, 1, 10, 8, 12, 17, 19, 17, 41, 40, 12, 46, 37, 17, 27, 30, 6, 2, 23, 19.
Marks (Class intervals) Tally Bars Number of students
(frequency)
0-10 6
10-20 11
20-30 5
30-40 4
40-50 4
6. Two methods of classifying the data according to the class intervals:
(i) 'exclusive' method (ii) 'inclusive' method,

(i) Exclusive Method

• When the class intervals are so fixed that the upper limit of one class is the lower limit of the next class it is known as
the exclusive method of classification.
• In this method the upper limit of a class is not included in the class. Thus, in the class 0 − 10 of marks obtained by
students, a student who has obtained 10 marks is not included in this class. He is counted in the next class 10-20.
Example:
Wages (₹) No. of workers
1000-1100 125
1100-1200 150
1200-1300 200
1300-1400 250
1400-1500 175
1500-1600 100
Total = 1000

(ii) Inclusive Method

• In this method the classes are so formed that the upper limit of a class is included in that class.
Example: The following example illustrates the method.
Wages (₹) No. of workers
1000-1099 125
1100-1199 150
1200-1299 200
1300-1399 250
1400-1499 175

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1500-1599 100
Total = 1000
Inclusive to Exclusive method Conversion:
c c
• If a – b is a class in inclusive method, then in exclusive method it becomes a – –b+
2 2
where, c = (lower limit of a class) – (upper limit of previous class)
• In the above example on inclusive method the difference between the lower limit of a class and the upper limit of the
1 1
preceding class is 1 i.e., c = 1. Therefore, we subtract from the lower limit of each class and add in the upper limit
2 2
of each class to make it continuous.
• The adjusted classes would then be as follows:
(Inclusive to exclusive)
Wages (₹) No. of workers
999.5-1099.5 125
1099.5-1199.5 150
1199.5-1299.5 200
1299.5-1399.5 250
1399.5-1499.5 175
1499.5-1599.5 100

Class mark:
• The mid- value of a class is called the class mark.
lower limit + upper limit
Class mark =
2
Class size:
• The difference between the upper and the lower class limits.
h = (upper limit of a class) – (lower limit of class)

Range:
• The difference between the highest and lowest values of the observations is called range.
Range
• No. of class intervals =
Class size

Graphical Representation of Statistical Data:

• Bar Graphs
• Histogram
• Frequency polygon

(1) Bar Graph

• A bar graph is a pictorial representation of the numerical data by a number of bars (rectangles) of uniform width erected
horizontally or vertically with equal spacing between them.
• Each rectangle or bar represents only one value of the numerical data and so there are as many bars as the number of
values in the numerical data.
• The height or length of a bar indicates on a suitable scale the corresponding value of the numerical data.

• While constructing bar graphs the following points should be kept in mind:
(i) The width of the bars should be uniform throughout.

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(ii) The gap between one bar and another should be uniform throughout.
(iii) Bars may be either horizontal or vertical. The vertical bars should be preferred because they give a better look.
Example: Represent the given data by a bar graph
Academic Year 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-2001
Number of students 50 75 125 150 200

(2) Histogram
• A histogram or frequency histogram is a graphical representation of a frequency distribution in the form of rectangles
with class intervals as bases and heights proportional to corresponding frequencies such that there is no gap between
any two successive rectangles.
• A histogram is a two-dimensional diagram.
• Construction of a histogram for the following frequency distribution separately:
(i) A continuous grouped frequency distribution with equal class-intervals.
(ii) A continuous grouped frequency distribution with unequal class-intervals.
(iii) A frequency distribution in which mid-points of class-intervals are given.
• A grouped frequency distribution in which class-intervals are given in inclusive form.

(2.1) Construction of a histogram of a continuous grouped frequency distribution with equal class-intervals.
• Algorithm
STEP I: Take a graph paper and draw two perpendicular lines, one horizontal and one vertical, intersecting at O (say).
Mark them as OX and OY.
STEP II: Take horizontal line OX as X-axis and vertical line OY as Y-axis.
SIEP III: Choose a suitable scale along X-axis and represent class-limits.
STEP IV: Choose a suitable scale along Y-axis and mark frequencies along Y-axis.
STEP V: Construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and respective frequencies as heights.

Mark: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

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No. of Students 4 10 16 22 20 18 8 2
(Frequency):
Represent this date in the form of histogram.

Number of students 22
20
16
12
8
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Marks

(2.2) Construction of a histogram of a continuous grouped frequency distribution with unequal class intervals:
• In drawing the histogram of the above frequency distribution, we adjust the frequencies as given in the following
algorithm.
• Algorithm:
STEP I: Take a graph paper and draw two perpendicular lines, one horizontal and one vertical, intersecting at O (say).
Mark them as OX and OY.
STEP II: Take horizontal line OX as X-axis and vertical line OY as Y-axis.
SIEP III: Choose a suitable scale along X-axis and represent class-limits on it.
STEP IV: Determine a class-internal which has the minimum class size. Let the minimum class size be h.
STEP V: Compute the adjusted frequencies of each class by using the following formula:
h
Adjusted Frequency of a class = × Frequency of the class.
class size
These adjusted frequencies are the heights of each rectangle of histogram but widths will be according to class limits.
STEP VI: Choose a suitable scale for Y-axis and mark adjusted frequencies along Y-axis.
STEP VII: Construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and respective adjusted frequencies as heights.

Example:
Weekly wages (in ₹): 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-40 40-60 60-80

No. of workers 7 9 8 5 12 12 8
(Frequency):

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y
10

8
Number of workers
6

0 10 15 20 25 30 40 60 80 x
Weekly wages (in ₹ )
(2.3) Construction of a Histogram when Mid-Points of Class-Intervals are Given
• Algorithm:
SIEP I: Compute the difference between second and first mid-point. Let it be h.
STEP II: Divide the difference h by 2.
h h
STEP III: Subtract from first mid-point to get the lower limit of first class and add to first mid-point to get the
2 2
upper limit of first class.
STEP IV: Repeat first three steps for all other mid-points.
After ascertaining the lower and upper class limits of different classes from the given midpoints, we construct the
histogram by the procedure explained earlier.

Example:
Marks (mid-points): 150 160 170 180 190 200
No. of students 8 10 25 12 7 3

Marks (mid-points): 145-155 155-165 165-175 175-185 185-195 195-205

No. of students 8 10 25 12 7 3

28
24
Number of students

20
16
12
8
4
0 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 X
Marks

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(2.4) Construction of Histogram when Class Intervals are given in inclusive form i.e. Class Intervals are not
continuous.
• Algorithm:
To convert a given frequency distribution into a continuous frequency distribution, we follow the following steps:
STEP I: Compute the difference between the lower limit of second class interval and upper limit of first class interval.
Let the difference be h.
h h
STEP II: Subtract from the lower limits of each class and add to the upper limits of each class.
2 2

Example:
Age group: 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34
No. of Females 300 980 800 580 290

To convert given frequency distribution into a continuous frequency distribution.

Age group: 9.5-14.5 14.5-19.5 19.5-24.5 24.5-29.5 29.5-34.5
No. of Females: 300 980 800 580 290
Y
1000

800
Number of female

600

400

200

0 9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 X

Age group
(3) Frequency Polygon
• Frequency polygon is another method of representing frequency distributions graphically.
• Frequency polygon of a given frequency distribution can be drawn in two ways.
(i) By using histogram.
(ii) Without using histogram.

(3.1)frequency polygon by using a histogram:

• Algorithm
STEP I: Obtain the frequency distribution and draw a histogram representing it.
STEP II: Obtain the mid-points of the upper horizontal side of each rectangle.
SIEP III: Join these mid-points of the adjacent rectangles of the histogram by dotted line segments.
STEP IV: Obtain the mid - points of two class - intervals of zero frequency i.e., on X-axis, one adjacent to the first, on
its left and one adjacent to the last, on its right.
These class-intervals are known as imagined class intervals.
STEP V: Complete the polygon by joining the mid-points of first and last class intervals to the mid-points of imagined
class-intervals adjacent to them.

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Example: For the following data, draw a histogram and a frequency polygon:
Marks: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
No. of Students: 5 10 4 6 7 3 2 2 3 9

(3.2) To construct a frequency polygon without using the histogram

• Algorithm
STEP I Obtain the frequency distribution.
STEP II Compute the mid-points of class intervals i.e., class marks.
STEP III Represent class marks on X-axis on a suitable scale.
STEP IV Represent frequencies on Y-axis on a suitable scale.
STEP V Plot the points (xi, fi), where xi denotes class mark and fi corresponding frequency.
STEP VI Join the points plotted in step V by line segments.
STEP VII Take two class intervals of zero frequency, one at the beginning and the other at the end. Obtain their mid-
points.
These classes are known as imagined classes.

Example: For the following data, draw a frequency polygon:

Age (in years): 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18

Frequency 2 4 6 8 9 6 5 3 1

10
9 (9,9)
(7,8)
8
7
6 (5,6 ) (11,6)
Frequency

5 (13,5)
4 (3,4)
3 (15,3)
2 (1,2) (17,1 )
1
(–1,0) (19,0)
1 3 5 7 9 111315 1719
Age (in years)

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Measures of Central Tendency
The commonly used measures of central tendency (or averages) are : (i) Arithmetic mean (AM) or simply mean (ii)
Geometric Mean (iii) Harmonic Mean (iv) Median (v) Mode.

(1) Arithmetic Mean of Individual Observations or Ungrouped Data

Definition: If x1, x2, x3, …., xn are n values of a variable X, then the arithmetic mean or simply the mean of these values
is denoted by X and is defined as
x + x 2 + x 3 + ..... + x n
X= 1
n

(1.1) Properties of Arithmetic Mean

 i=1 ( x i – X ) = 0 . i.e. the algebraic sum of deviations
n
Property 1: If X is the mean of n observations x1, x2, …, xn then
from mean is zero.
Property 2: If X is the mean of n observations x1, x2, …, xn then the mean of the observations.
x1 + a, x2 + a, …, xn + a is X + a. i.e., if each obscuration is increased by a, them the mean is also increased by a.
Property 3: If X is the mean of x1, x2,…,xn then the mean of ax1, ax2,…,axn is a X , where a is any number different
from zero i.e. if each observation is multiplied by a non-zero number a, then the mean is also multiplied by a.
x1 x 2 x 3 x X
Property 4: If X is the mean of n observations x1, x2, x3,…,xn, then the mean of , , ...., n is , where a is
a a a a a
any non-zero number. i.e. if each observation is divided by a non-zero number, then the mean is also divided by it.
Property 5: If X is the mean of n observations x1, x2, …, xn then the mean of
x1 – a, x2 – a, …, xn – a is X – a, where a is any real number.

(1.2) Arithmetic Mean of Grouped Data or Discrete Frequency Distribution

In a discrete frequency distribution, the arithmetic mean may be computed by any one of the following methods:
(i) Direct Method
(ii) Short-cut Method
(iii) Step Deviation Method

(1.2.1) DIRECT METHOD

Definition If a variate X takes values. x1, x2, …, xn., with corresponding frequencies f1, f2, f3, …, fn respectively, then
arithmetic man of these values is
f x + f x + ... + f n x n
X= 1 1 2 2
f1 + f 2 + ... + f n
 i =1 fi = f1 + f2 + … + fn
n
where N =

Example 1: Find the mean of the following distribution:

x: 4 6 9 10 15
f: 5 10 10 7 8
Solution: Calculation of Arithmetic Mean
xi fi fixi
4 5 20
6 10 60
9 10 90
10 7 70
15 8 120
N = Σfi = 40 Σf1x1 = 360

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fi x i 360
Mean = X = = =9.
fi 40

(2) MEDIAN
Definition Median of a distribution is the value of the variable which divides the distribution into two equal parts i.e.,
it is the value of the variable such that the number of observations above it is equal to the number of observations below
if.
Median of An Ungrouped Data (Or Individual Observations)
If the values xi in the raw data are arranged in order of increasing or decreasing magnitude, then the middle, most
value in the arrangement is called the median.
Thus, for the ungrouped data x1, x2, …,xn the median is computed by using the following algorithm.

• Algorithm:
STEP I: Arrange the observations in ascending or descending order of magnitude.
SIEP II: Determine the total number of observations, say, n
STEP III: If n is odd, then
th
 n +1
Median = Value of   observation
 2 
th th
n n 
Value of   observation + Value of  + 1 observation
If n is even, then Median = 2 2 
2
Example 1: Find the median of the following data:
25, 34, 31, 23, 22, 26, 35, 28, 20, 32
Solution Arranging the data in ascending order, we get
20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35
Here, the number of observations n = 10 (even).
th th
 10   10 
Value of   observation + Value of  + 1 observation
 Median =  2  2 
2
Value of 5th observation + Value of 6th observation
 Median =
2
26 + 28
 Median = = 27
2
Hence, median of the given data is 27.

Example 2: Find the median of the following values.

37, 31, 42, 43, 46, 25, 39, 45, 32
Solution: Arranging the data in ascending order, we have
25, 31, 32, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46
Here, the number of observations n = 9 (odd)
th
 9 +1
 Median = Value of   observation
 2 
= Value of 5th observation = 39

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(3) Mode:
Mode is the value occurs most frequency in a set of observation and around which the other items of the set cluster
density.
• Algorithm
STEP I Obtain the set of observations.
STEP II Count the number of times the various values repeat themselves. In other words, prepare the frequency
distribution.
STEP III Find the value which occurs the maximum number of times i.e., obtain the value which has the maximum
frequency.
STEP IV The value obtained in step III is the mode.

Example1: Find the mode from the following data:

110, 120, 130, 120, 110, 140, 130, 120, 140, 120,
Solution: Arranging the data in the form of a frequency table, we have the modal value is 120.
Value Tally bars Frequency
110 || 2
120 |||| 4
130 || 2
140 || 2

(4) Relation between mean, mode & median:

Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean.

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