Refraction of light

Light travels along straight lines in transparent medium

•

☒ What happens when light enter from one transparent

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼
medium to another ?

•
Bottom of the tank
containing water appears raised .

Printed letters when them

appear raised
glass slab kept
•

on
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
.

𝓘𝓷 Pencil appears displaced at

immersed in
glass tumblr
•

2𝓓
interface of air and water .

that direction
→ These indicate
light changes when it
goes
from medium to another
.
one .

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 I ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
•

if we replace medium with another medium , shift changes .

When
travelling obliquely from one medium to another
•

direction of
propagation of light changes .

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 This phenomenon is known as Refraction .

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
2 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
"

Laws of refraction RR

µ
med 2 7

med 1
nF
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼
IR

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
111 Incident Ray , Refracted Ray ,
Normal to the interface
𝓘𝓷
of two transparent media at pt of
.
incidence all lie in
2𝓓
a same plane .

(2) Snell's Law → Ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 3 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
of angle of refraction is a constant for a
light of given
colour and
given pair of media .

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 Sini = Constant

Sinn

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
Refractive index of second medium with respect to first
𝓘𝓷 medium .

2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠.

Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
4 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Refractive index
•

amount of bending of light depends on refractive index

of medium

RI
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 is a
physical quantity relating speed of propagation
•

of light in different media

A.
.

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
•

Light travels fastest in

𝓘𝓷 vacuum taint -
3×108 Mls
2𝓓
.

Light travelling from me dl to

Rz
•

med 2 .
Constant =
hz , =
v1
V2

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 5 . ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
h2, 12 v1
= =

N, V2

if medium 1 is vacuum ,
RI of med 2 w v. t
-

vacuum is known

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼
as absolute RI of medium .

C- { speed of light vacuum}

nz = in

V2
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 C-
nm =

2𝓓
Um

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
6 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Relative Terms .

Ice Rock salt

R D

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 Ice Ain

D R

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 Medium RI denser medium
with
greater is known
optically
•

as
2𝓓
•
Medium with less RI is known as optically rarer medium .

Denser medium less

velocity
Raven medium
. velocityᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ ᴬᴺᴰ ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
→ More .

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 7 P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m ͎ t͎ i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a ͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Optically denser medium
may not possess greater mass
•

density .

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 Ex : Kerosene is optically denser than water

has less mass

density than water .

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 8 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Sini =
n=
Sinn M

Sinn =
☐ ✗ Sini

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 hz

anglet , Sinlanqleltn
Kasem i. same
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 Sinn Sini n >i
I >a >
2𝓓
hz

denser → raven →
away from normal .

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠.

Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
9 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
(cased ☐ a Sinn < Sini nai
N2

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 Raven → Denser → Towards the normal .

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 10 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Refraction through rectangular glass slab
Main Sin F-
✗
leg ✗ Sinn ,

Uq ✗ Sinn, =
Main ✗ Sinn,

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 I, =
V2
•
When
light goes from air to
glass ,

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
it shifts towards normal .

again goes from

𝓘𝓷 When it
glass to
•

2𝓓
air
,
it shifts away from normal .

incident and emergent ray are

ray

parallel Li Le
.
=
.
.

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 It ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

① Towards
6=2×108 mls
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
②
1.5=312-108
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓
③ ✓
④✓

⑤ Udiamond = 3×-108 mls .

2- 42

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
12 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Refraction by spherical lens
•

transparent material -
bound by 2 surface -
one on both

surfaces are
spherical
lens with
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼•
both surfaces bulging outwards → double convex lens

•
thicken at middle , thinner at ends
✓

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
•
both surfaces curved inwards -

𝓘𝓷 double concave lens .

2𝓓
•
thicker at ends ,
thinner at middle .

•
Center of two spherical surfaces are

called centre of curvature of tens (c)

.
.

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 13 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Line
joining GIG →
Principal Axis .

Central part of lens →

optical Centre lol .

Effective diameter of circular outline of spherical lens is

called
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 aperture .

Aperture << L Radius of curvature { Thin lens} .

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
14 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Image formation in lens using ray diagrams

Ray of light 11 to PA after refraction

convex lens → Pass through F

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 Concave lens → Appear to diverge from F.

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
15 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Ray of light passing through F, → convex

appear to meet 1=2 → concave

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 → 11 to PA .

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 16 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Ray of light through 0 will pass without deviation .

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 17 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Image formation by lens { Convex lens}
t

ConcaveM#wn
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
I 8 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓 Magnifying glass

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 19 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 20 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Sign convention for spherical lens
All distances are measured from optical centre of lens

convex lens f → +

concave lens
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 f → -

i
same
'

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
.

𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 21 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Lens formula and magnification

÷ ti ¥
-

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼
m=
In =

In

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 22 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
f- -15cm y= -10cm .
u= ?
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼I I
-3=+2
=L
÷ ti Ii
-

- =

I u
f

{ u= -30cm }
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
m=z= ¥0
1
=

2𝓓 3

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
23 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
h -_
2cm f- =
+10cm U= -15cm

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 { a- +30cm}
I -tu=¥ I To 1=1,5 ,¥= -310
=

# =L 4- ?÷
= h' = -4cm
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 Real
2𝓓
Invented

Magnified .

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
24 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
Power of a lens

degree of convergence or
divergence of light rays
achieved
by a lens is expressed in terms of Power .

It is
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 defined as Reciprocal of focal length .

P= I
f- (in ml
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 51 unit -

Diopthe (D)
2𝓓
P ( convex lensI → t PCconcave lens I → -

Peg = Pit Pat Post Pu -

-
- - - -

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
25 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
(3)
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼 f- = -2m

D=
-12=-0.5-13
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 26 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
✓ ✓ ✓ ✗

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 27 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
#

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 28 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼
Magnifying glass → convex lens → 0C btw 0 and F)

→ shout focal length .

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
29 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
*
- -

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷 yes , image will be formed .

𝓘𝓷
intensity will decrease because less light rays will be
2𝓓
present .

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 30 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
h 5cm
-_

,
U= -25cm
,
f- = +10cm

I tu=¥ I to Tito ¥= ¥
"

F-
em
- -

f-
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼
' "

501-3
§
h h
10/3
I
=
m= =
= -

[ -

2g

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 Real / Invented / Diminished
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 31.

Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
f- =
-15cm
,
* =
-10cm

titi ; ÷ iiÉ÷=÷
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

{ u= -30cm}

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠.

Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
32 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
F- -

2D

1=-2
f-
𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

f- = -0.5m

𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
f- =
-50cm ( concave)

𝓘𝓷
2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ .Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 33 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
F- IED

tf
=
IED

𝓚𝓲𝓷𝓮𝓶𝓪𝓽𝓲𝓬𝓼

f- 1
=
100-0 on

1.5 15
𝓜𝓸𝓽𝓲𝓸𝓷
𝓘𝓷 f- { convex / }
250cm converging
=

2𝓓

ρꪖᧁꫀ ꪀꪮ ℙ𝕒𝕘𝕖 ℕ𝕠 .
Qᵁᴬᴰᴿᴬᵀᴵᶜ
34 ᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
P𝕷𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙
͎ er͎ m
͎ ͎ u-t͎ a i᭙ꪮ᥅ᛕ
͎ t͎ ᴬᴺᴰ ͎ ͎Cꪖꪀᦔ ͎ b𝚂𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍
͎ o͎ ͎n͎ ͎&ᴵᴺᴱQᵁᴬᵀᴵᴼᴺˢ
𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖑𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 ꫀꪀꫀ᥅ᧁꪗ
͎ o&͎m𝕽𝖊𝖋𝖗𝖆𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓
͎in͎ a
͎ t͎ i͎ o͎ ͎n͎
÷
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