**All these questions are important but you have to go through your full syllabus for

achieving good marks **

1. An event that diverts the CPU to handle a different task temporarily is called:

(a) Deadlock

(b) Interrupt

(c) Paging

(d) Stack Overflow

2. Which type of memory is used to increase the speed of data access between CPU and main memory?

(a) ROM

(b) Virtual Memory

(c) Cache Memory

(d) EEPROM

3. Which of the following registers holds the address of the next instruction to be executed?

(a) Stack Pointer

(b) Instruction Register

(c) Program Counter

(d) Accumulator

4. The instruction to load a constant value directly into a register is an example of:

(a) Register Mode

(b) Immediate Mode

(c) Indirect Mode

(d) Indexed Mode

5. What is the main purpose of a multiplexer in digital circuits?

(a) To store data

(b) To perform arithmetic operations

(c) To select one input from multiple inputs

(d) To decode instructions

6. The term Cycle Stealing is associated with:

(a) Cache Memory

(b) Interrupts

(c) DMA

(d) Virtual Memory

7. A micro-operation is:

(a) A complex program

(b) A type of instruction set

(c) A low-level hardware operation on data stored in registers

(d) A machine-level language command

8. In 2's complement system, what is the result of adding -5 and -3?

(a) 1000

(b) 1110

(c) 1010

(d) 1100

9. The binary equivalent of the decimal number 29.625 is:

(a) 11101.101

(b) 11011.101

(c) 11100.111

(d) 10111.110

10. Which bus is bidirectional and carries actual data in a computer system?

(a) Address Bus

(b) Control Bus

(c) Data Bus

(d) Input Bus

11. What does SISD stand for in computer architecture?

(a) Single Instruction Single Data

(b) Standard Instruction Standard Device

(c) Simple Input Simple Device

(d) Single Interface Single Device

12. A pipeline hazard that occurs due to dependency on a previous instruction is known as:

(a) Control hazard

(b) Data hazard

(c) Structural hazard

(d) Logical hazard

1. An exception condition in a computer system caused by an event external to the CPU is known as:

(a) Halt

(b) Process

(c) Interrupt

(d) None of these

2. Cache memory is implemented using:

(a) Dynamic RAM

(b) EEPROM

(c) EPROM

(d) SRAM

3. The major objective in choosing a page replacement policy is to:

(a) Minimize hit ratio

(b) Reduce page size

(c) Maximize hit ratio

(d) None of these

4. Whenever the CPU detects an interrupt, it:

(a) Saves the current state

(b) Discards it

(c) Depends on the system

(d) Finishes it first

5. The purpose of cache memory in a computer is to:

(a) Ensure fast booting

(b) Reduce load on CPU registers

(c) Replace static memory

(d) Speed up memory access

6. Where are the results of arithmetic and logical operations stored?

(a) Accumulator

(b) Cache Memory

(c) ROM

(d) Instruction Register

7. The 8085 has a total of how many registers?

(a) 10

(b) 11

(c) 12

(d) None of these

8. The minimum time elapsed between two read requests is:

(a) Access time

(b) Cycle time

(c) Turnaround time

(d) Waiting time

9. The CPU activates the high-impedance state to inform DMA that buses are in:
(a) Bus request

(b) Bus grant

(c) Cycle stealing

(d) None of these

10. Which of the following buses is bi-directional?

(a) Address bus

(b) Control bus

(c) Data bus

(d) Address-Data bus

11. The 8085 instruction to transfer data in immediate mode is:

(a) MOV

(b) MVI

(c) LOAD

(d) None of these

12. A multiplexer is also known as a:

(a) Encoder

(b) Data selector

(c) Decoder

(d) Register

13. 9’s complement of 546700 is:

(a) 483270
(b) 453299

(c) 32955

(d) 669290

14. Number of multiplexers needed for 8 registers of 16 bits each:

(a) 8

(b) 16

(c) 4

(d) 2

15. Components of a multiprocessor system include:

(a) CPU

(b) Memory

(c) I/O

(d) All of these

16. CISC stands for:

(a) Clock Instruction Set Computer

(b) Complex Instruction Set Computer

(c) Control Instruction Set Computer

(d) None of these

17. PC (Program Counter) points to:

(a) Address of present instruction

(b) Address of next instruction

(c) Previous instruction

(d) Topmost stack element

18. ROR is a:

(a) Program control instruction

(b) Shift instruction

(c) Logical instruction

(d) Data transfer instruction

19. DMA stands for:

(a) Digital Memory Access

(b) Direct Memory Access

(c) Digital Memory Array

(d) Dual Memory Arithmetic

20. A processor performing fetching and decoding during execution is known as:

(a) Cache

(b) Parallel processing

(c) Pipelining

(d) All of these

21. In zero-address instruction format, operands are stored in:

(a) Register

(b) Stack

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) Push down and stack

22. Physical memory is divided into sets of finite size called:

(a) Frame

(b) Pages

(c) Blocks

(d) Vectors

23. Which addressing mode provides operand as part of the instruction?

(a) Direct

(b) Immediate

(c) Indirect

(d) Relative

24. The control unit in CPU mainly:

(a) Performs arithmetic operations

(b) Stores instructions

(c) Performs logic operations

(d) Generates control signals

25. Which bus is used to transfer actual data in the system?

(a) Address bus

(b) Control bus

(c) Data bus

(d) Status bus

Short Answer / Conceptual Questions

1. What is a micro-operation?
2. Convert the infix expression A * B + C * D - E * F into postfix notation.
3. What is the full form of SISD?
4. What are input/output devices connected to the computer called?
5. Define Hazard in pipeline processing.
6. Explain the Von-Neumann architecture with a diagram.
7. What are the components of the 8085 microprocessor?
8. How are MEMR, MEMW, IOR, and IOW signals generated from the 8085 microprocessor?
9. Differentiate between Harvard and Von-Neumann architectures.
10. What is the role of a system bus and data bus? How do they differ from an address bus?
11. Describe the function of the control unit in a CPU.
12. What is the function of the ALU?
13. Explain how the stack pointer and program counter work in 8085.
14. Define the function of the accumulator in 8085.
15. What are machine cycles in 8085? Describe them.
16. Memory Hierarchy & Cache
17. What is the principle of locality of reference in cache memory?
18. What are the differences between L1 cache and L2 cache?
19. Explain the function of RAM and ROM with proper diagrams.
20. What is virtual memory? How is it implemented?
21. Describe the role of associative memory in cache.
22. What is the difference between static and dynamic RAM?
23. Explain memory-mapped I/O and I/O-mapped I/O.
24. What is memory hierarchy and why is it important?
25. Assembly Language Programming
26. Write an assembly language program to add two numbers.
27. Write an assembly program to subtract two 8-bit numbers in 8085.
28. Explain how a loop is implemented in assembly language.
29. How is data moved between registers and memory in assembly?
30. Explain the role of instructions like MVI, MOV, ADD, and SUB in 8085.
31. Instruction Execution & Timing
32. Briefly describe an instruction execution cycle with a proper timing diagram.
33. What are opcode fetch, memory read, and memory write cycles?
34. Explain T-states and machine cycles in 8085.
35. What is the function of the instruction register?
Addressing Modes

1. Differentiate between direct and indirect addressing with a diagram.

2. Explain immediate and register addressing modes.
3. What is indexed addressing? Where is it used?
4. Performance & Hazards
5. What are the different types of hazards in instruction execution? How are they avoided?
6. Explain structural, data, and control hazards with examples.
7. What are pipelining and its benefits?
8. What is branch prediction and how does it help performance?
Control Units & Registers

1. Explain the role of the program counter, stack pointer, and address register.
2. What are control signals? How are they generated?
3. Derive the control gates associated with the program counter (PC) in a basic computer.
4. Discuss the difference between hardwired and microprogrammed control units.
5. Arithmetic Algorithms & Binary Operations
6. Multiply (20) and (-19) using Booth's algorithm with register size 6.
7. Find the 10's complement of 54670.
8. Convert binary number 1101010 into hexadecimal.
9. Convert the decimal number 156 into binary and octal.
10. Add two binary numbers using 2’s complement.
Data Transfer & I/O

1. Draw and explain the typical RAM and ROM chip.

2. Discuss two methods of asynchronous data transfer: strobe and handshaking.
3. Discuss any 5 input-output instructions.
4. Explain the concept of Direct Memory Access (DMA).
5. Computer Classification & Booting
6. What is a bootstrap loader? Explain its functionality.
7. Discuss Flynn's classification of computers based on parallel processing.
8. Draw the flowchart and hardware for signed magnitude addition and subtraction.

Memory and Cache Systems

1. What are hit ratio and miss ratio in memory systems?

2. Explain memory access time and its significance
3. Describe different types of cache mapping techniques (Direct, Associative, Set-Associative).
4. Compare paging and segmentation.
5. Discuss the organization and working of cache memory.
6. What is virtual memory? How is it implemented
7. Explain memory interleaving with an example.
8. Compare direct and set associative mapping techniques.
9. Describe CAM (Content Addressable Memory).
10. Explain the concept of memory hierarchy.
11. Pipelining and Processing
12. What do you mean by the speed-up ratio in pipelining? Explain with an example
13. Define efficiency and throughput in a pipeline system.
14. Explain arithmetic pipelining and illustrate with an example.
15. What is parallel processing? Explain with suitable examples
16. Explain the concept of instruction pipelining.
17. Discuss a pipeline unit for floating-point addition and subtraction.
18. Describe sequential, pipelined, and parallel execution with suitable diagrams.
19. Consider a pipeline with stages of 60, 50, 90, and 80 ns and latch delay 10 ns. Calculate pipeline
cycle time, non-pipelined execution time, and speed-up ratio.
20. Explain vector processing and its use in matrix multiplication.
21. What is the difference between RISC and CISC architectures?
22. 8085 Microprocessor and Assembly Programming
23. How many addressing modes are there in the 8085 microprocessor? Describe each.
24. What are SIM and RIM instructions in the 8085 microprocessor?
25. Describe various data transfer schemes in microprocessors.
26. Write an assembly language program to add two 8-bit numbers.
27. Explain subroutine call and return with examples.
28. Write a program using stack operations (PUSH, POP) in 8085.
29. Describe the instruction format in microprocessors.
30. Differentiate between register stack and memory stack.
31. Write the micro-operations for PUSH and POP operations.
32. What are the types of interrupts? Explain with examples.
33. Booth’s Algorithm and Binary Arithmetic
34. Explain Booth's multiplication algorithm with a flowchart.
35. Multiply (-5) and (4) using Booth’s algorithm with register size 4.
36. Perform binary multiplication: 0011010 × 001100
37. Perform binary subtraction: 0011010 - 001100
38. Perform binary division: 101010 ÷ 000110
39. What is arithmetic overflow? Give an example.
40. Explain address sequencing in microprogrammed control.
41. Explain the reverse polish notation with an example.
42. Convert the expression X = (A + B / C)(DE - F) using:

43. Two-address

44. One-address

45. Zero-address instructions

46. Change Y = A[B + (CD)] / (EF) to Reverse Polish Notation using stack.

Instruction Cycle and Addressing

1. What is an instruction cycle? Draw and explain its flowchart with timing diagram.
2. Explain different types of addressing modes.
3. What is the difference between direct and indirect addressing modes?
4. What are the elements of a machine instruction?
5. What is rise instruction format?
6. Floating Point and Data Representation
7. What are the rules for converting decimal to floating-point?
8. Explain IEEE 754 single-precision format.
9. Convert 39887.5625 to IEEE 32-bit floating point format.
10. Discuss stack registers and their use.
11. Describe asynchronous data transfer and its importance.