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WEB unit 1 - Web essentials notes

Web essentials (Anna University)

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SYLLABUS TABLE OF CONTENTSS

Web Essentials
UNIT I
-

(IT3401) (1 1) to (1 34)
Chapter1 Website Basics

1.1 Internet Overview . -*.************* *****************.*************** .1 2

NITI WEBSITE BASICS
1.1.1 What is Web Technology ?. . ****es-***********.*** ***********
.1-7
Naie
Overview- Fundarnental networkconcepts Web Protocols URL - Dornain
-

Iritermet computer 2
-************************ ******************
Website-Client-side 1.1.2 Concept of Internet. *******************************************

Web Browsers and Web Servers Work1ng pnncipie of a Website Creatnga

-

.1 -2
1.1.3 Concept of World Wide Web ********************************** **** **********
and server-side scnpting (Chapter - 1)
.. 1 3
1.1.4 Internet or Www ?. ********
*** ******* ** ***

3
UNIT II WEB DESIGNING 1.2 Fundamental Computer Network Concepts. ****************************

3
Form Elements Input types and Media elements CSS - Selectors, Box Model 1.2.1 Definition of Computer Network.
HTML
User Interface 1 5
Texi Efects, Aimations, Multuple Column Layoui, 1.2.2 Switch..********************* *

Backgrounds and Borders,

*****

5
Chapter 2) 1.2.3 Router. *******************************"******
******"******
1 6
* *** *******
1.2.4 * **.*****
* *******
nuD..

CLIENT-SIDE PROCESSING AND SCRIPTING b

UNIT III 1.2.5 Computer Network Types ..
* ******* ****** **

Functions
Operators Literals
-

Statements 6
introduct:on Variables and Data Types -

1.2.6 IP Address.. ********* *****************

***************************-*-**-

JavaScnpt Validation-
*******

Event handling,
Bu:lt in Objects
-

Regular Expression, Exccpticns, ************ *

1-7
Obyects ATays 1.3 Web Protocols.. *************************
-

**- * **

-9
JavaScnpt Debuggers.(Chapter 3 Message
***

1.4 HTTP Requestand Response *************

- 13
PHP
UNIT IV >ERVER SIDE PROCESSING A.ND SCRIPTING 1.4.1 Featuresof HTTP Protocol
********************

. 1 - 14

Constants Operators
Flow Cortroland Looping 1.5 URL.
*********************************"*************'***********
- ***************************

PHP Vanables -
PHP -

Werk1ng principle of PHP Email Basics-

Ema1!with ******* s**** * ********************************* ****** **
.1--15
File Uploading 1.6 Domain Name ..
Filellandling
-

Functons
AuTays Stnngs Databases with PiP. (Chapler -4) .. 1 - 18

aftachnents -
PHP and HTMIL
-

Simple PlIP scripts - 1.7 Web Browsers..

***************************************************************

1- 19
Browser..
by Web
******************************************

1.7.1 Functions Defined

CONNECTIVITY
DATABASE 1 19
UNIT V SERVLETS AND 1.7.2 Web Browser Architecture..
..........2..... ........... .. -*.************************

POSTactions Sessions
*****

GET and
Java Servlet
Architecture- Servlet Life cycle- Form Simple database 12*******'********* *** ***7* T
..1-21
Servlets. 1.8 Web Servers..
-

applications
*********************

mteractive
JDBC Creation of simple 22
********************************************************-******
Database conmectivity
Cookies- 1.8.1 Apache. *********************** *
************

.1-22
ppications (Chapter S) ********************************************************************** ****************************** ***********

1.8.2 1IS. ..1 - 22

*****************************
***-
1.8.3 Database Server .. n
....*****************
*ssmo*-****-

....1-25
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S B NARAN 1.9 Working Principle

**************
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2- 66 3.6 Input and Output Statements *** *********************** 3-9

2.12 Text Properties.. ***************************************
******"******************************. ***************.

2.12.1 Font Families. *************************** .2 66 3.6.1 The document.write.. -9

*********** **** ****

..2 67 3.6.2 Popup Box. ******************************"******************"*** "***** 10

2.12.2 Font Sizes..
********************************************************************************** ***

3.7 Control
2.12.3 Font Variants. ***************** ****************************************
..2-68
Statements..
****** .3 13
- 68
2.12.4 Font Styles. 3.8 Literals. ..3- 22

2.12.5 Font Weights.. .2-69

**********************************************************************************.
3.9 Functions... ************** ***°**
.3-23

2.12.6 Font Shorthands. *******************"**********************************

.2-71
3.9.1 ReturningValue from the Function .. 3-24
***********************************************************

2.12.7 Text Decoration. 2-72 ...3 25

. *nmsansnee*.******************************************** 3.9.2 Passingthe Parametersto the Function.*********************************** ****
2.12.8 Alignmentof Text. 2-73
3.9.3 Passing an Array to the Function ..3-26
...
**********************************************
2.13 Box Model. 2-75 *******************.**************************** .3400
3.9.4 Global Functions of JavaScript.
2.13.1 Borders.. * ************. 75 .. 3- 43
*********
3.10 Arrays ***************.
************************************************************"********

2.13.2 Margins and Padding.. .2 30

* ****************************************************************** 3.10.1 Array Declaration .3-43
.. *******************************************

2.14 Backgrounds. ***************** 83 3.10.2 Array Initialization... 3 44

** ************** ******************************** ***

*************
.. 2- 87 3.10.3 Two Dimensional Array.. ..3 47
2.15 Borders...
2.16 Text Effects..
****.****************************************** ******** **
2 90 3.11 Document Object Modeling. 3-52

********
2 96 3.11.1 Modifying Element Style .. ********************************************** ..3 53
2.17 Animations..
****************'** ******
*

..3 54
2.18 Muitiple Column Layout... **** ***********************
2-98 3.11.2 AccessingElements usingDOM.
** 3 55
******"****
2 101
3.11.3 ModifyingElements usingDOM. *******************************************

2.19 User Interface..

edcE.....*********************** *****************

2.20 Two Marks Questions with eD***********************************************

2-106
3.12 Objects.. ***'************
3 - bI

S
3.13 Built-in Object.. ********************************************************** .3- 63
UNITIII 3.13.1 Math Objects. ************************************************************************************
******3 - 63

3.13.2 Number Objects. 3 64

Chapter 3 Client-Side Processing and Scripting (3 1) to (3 128) **********************************************************************

3.13.3 Date Objects.. 3 65

3.1 Javascript Introduction.
****************....

************************* ***********
3.13.4 BooleanObjects. ************************************************************************************ ...3- 67
3.1.1 Writing First JavaScript... ******************************************************"************ .. . . . .
*

3.13:5 StringObjects. *****************i ************************************* **** * 68

3-5
3.2 Identifier,Keywords and Comments... ************************

3.13.6 Window Object... .3 - 71.

*****************************
3-65
3.3 DataTypes.. ********************************
3.14 Regular Expression... * 374
******************* *****"*.**********ú****
3.4 Variables.. * *******************
**********""********"***

3.14.1 Finding Non MatchingCharacters.. ************

..3 76

3.5 Operators. ************************************* **** *** 3-7 3.14.2 Enteringthe Range of Characters. ****************** ********************* 3 77

3 8 3.14.3 Matching Digits and Non Digits. ****************************seorsoro.. . .. 3 -

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3-9 UNIT I
UNIT V
3 9

10 Chapter 5 Servlets and Database Connectivity (5- 1) to (5 62)

13 5.1 Servlets.. *********************************************************************.

- 2
Website Basics
5.1.1 Need and Advantages.******************* 5-
22 ********************************************** **********

4
3 5.2 Java Servlet Architecture... *******************'*************************************************"*****

4 5.3 Servlet Life Cycle.. .5-9

**********************************"************* ****
Syllabus
Web Protocols URL Doman
5.4 Servlet APl... .. .* ********.****.************************************ 9 Internet Overview Fundamentalcomputer network concepts Website
Name Web Browsers and Web Servers -Workingprincipleof a Website Creat.ng a

10
5.4.1 The javax.servletPackage...
*****************************************.******************s*n**************

Cllent-side and server-side scripting.

- 10
5.4.1.1 Intertaces . i . rertmon****************************

**********) - 12

5.4.1.2 lasses......* ** *neennngo**...*.*********.**.*****

****e****e.aenaevn**********
5.4.2 The javax.servlet.http Package..
*****************************************
*******3-13

Contents
5-13
5.4.2.1 Intertace... ********** ******************************************.***.************************************* 1.1 Internet Overview
***********************"*************************************************| 15
Computor Notwork Concepts
5.4.2.2 Casses.. 1.2 Fundamental
5 1 16 DeC.-09,71,Way-74,.. Marks 8
5.5 Form GET and POST Actions..****************
.

Web Protocols. ...

....

***
**********

1.3 ...
26 June-09, May-12,13,14
5.6 SessIons. snnn*.**..**.o*.
*********** ************************* ******* ***** *****'*********

1.4 HTTP Request and Response Message.

26 Marks 8
Session ID..
"******"********************i*******
"***************************** ******** ** **-* .. Dec.-12, 13,. ************************
***

5.6.1 Session Management using

5 30 Dec.-11,.. ****.*.. *****
..

. Marks 8
5.7 Cookies...... *******************************************"*****""****************************

1.5 UKL ...***ssrnu*ss********** *****'***********

5 - 0
for Cookies 1.6 Domain Name
Support
****************************h******"***************************

5.7.1 Servlet
********************************************************************** *

1.7 Wob Browsers

5.7.2 Examples.
.. 5-37 May-10,12,13,18,19,. Marks13
************"*********** 1.8 Web ServerS. .snso
******"**********

5.8 Database Connectivity..

*******************************"**

***************s ********************************"**
.5-38

Working Principle of a Website

Query Language using MysQL 1.9
...

5.8.1 Structured
***********"************************************************************
...-43
May-1 *.********r*nn* *** Marks 7
5.8.2 JDBC Perspectives .. 1.10 Crealtinga Wobsite.
. 44

Clent-Sideand Server-SideScripling
********"*************************""*************

S.8.2.1 How JDBC Works 1.11

5.8.2.2 Difference between JDBC and ODBC -.-.
***************************"

*******************"*********************** * *
44 1.12 Two Marks Quostions with Answers
5.8.2.3 Uses of JDBC .sasan
..5-45
********************* *********

5.8.3 Creation of Simple

Interactive Applicaitons.
.5-46
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HIOD Siny121aise Applications...

************ *********************************

,5-55
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Wcbsite Basi:s TFeb Essentials

iWebEssentiais I-3 Vebsite B7sics
114 Internet or Www?
1.1 Internet Overview Tne term intemet and WWW often Jsed
Is interchangeably.but these are two different terms.
1.1.1 What is Web Technology ? The internet is collection of
computers and otber devices (such as printers, scanners etc.)
connected together whereas World Wide Web
Web technology is a technology that acts as an interface between web client and web server. It (WWW is collection of software and

includes markup languages, programming interfaces, online presentation tools. Java applets. CoITespondingprotocols used to access the resources over the network.
The world wide web contains
video editing toois and so on. huge amount of documents. images and other resources whici. can

be accessed using the hyper inks. 0

.The commonly used client side scripting languayes are HTML. JavaScript, Css, XML and so
on.
.Thus people use internet through the Web.

.The commonly used server side technoiogies are ASP, JSP, Java Servlets, PHP and so o. 1:2 FundamentalComputer Network Concepts
1.1.2 Concept of Internet 1121 Definition of Computer Network
Definition: Intemet is globalsystem in which millions of computers are connected together. t is The computer network can be dafined as a grcup of ccmpulers and other devices isuch as printers,
basicaly a netvorkofnetworks. Scanners, routers) connected teJether in crder to send or recaive data.

share and can communicate with each other. To have

Using internetmany people can resources
Each of these devices in the computer netwcrk is called node. In computer netrwork each node is
must be
intemet service one must go to the service providers. That means your computer
connected by a wire through which the data can be noved in the form of electromagnetic waves.
connected to the Intemet Service Providers (ISP) through phone-line modem or DSL.
However there is amother teninology which is commonly used irn computer network and ie.
owned internet service providers from which we can hire the intermet
There are some privately host. The host is synonym to the compu:er node, however ther:-is one clear difference between
services. node and host. Node refers to any device on the computer nerwork and host refers to the tully
functional general-purpose computer
1.1.3 Concept of World Wide Web A computer network comprises the followinz com.pcnents:
and corresponding protocols used to
Definition: Wide Web (www) is collections of software
World A minimum of at least 2 20mputers

access the resourcesoverthe network. Cables that connect the camputers to each other, although wireless communication is

information in hich various documents containing becoming more commcn

The world wide web is a system
information write the infomation A network interface deviee on each computer. . his is called a network interface card or
together. User can access this
or
infomation are interlinked
browsers
stored on the web pages and through web NIC .
via computers. This information is typicaily
A 'Switch' used to swilch the data from one point to another
we can access these web pages.
Network operating syster softwere
The web pages may contain the infornation in the form of text, audio, video,.images and
You can create a computer network by hooking all the computers in ycur college together with
graphics. We can navigate berween the web pages using hyperlinks.
at the European cables and installing a spe:ial network interface curd(an el2ctror.iccircuit card that resides
.The concept of wwW was introduced by Sir Tim Berners-Lee the contractor inside your computer popularly called as NIC) in ezch computerso you have a place to plug in
Switzerland in 1980. Hé built a personal
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN),
that each new page of the cable. Then you set up ycur computer soperating-system softwar: to establish networking.
and used hypertext so
and software models
database of people Each node in the network haS some u1q e address. These addresses help to identify the
information was linked to an existing page.
computer quickly. Addresses are assigned defterently on different kinds of networks. These

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4 WebsiteBasies Web Essentials 1-5 bsite Basic

Web Essentials
the coresponding network. M.2.2 Switch
organizations that are setting up
addresses are assigned by the but not for
that is easy for computers to workwith,
Typically these
addresses are numeric
Switch is a device used to connect the PC
humans to remember.
to network. The switch is a device which is

responsible for managing bandwidth on the

Example: 192.168.0.165

that humans can more casilyremermber than numbers. network. In other words, switches are
Some networks also providenames
www.vtubooks.com coresponding to some specific numericaddress. The typical actually capable of switehing the data from
Example: one port directly to the other without wasting
shown below
scenario of computer network is as
the bandwidth of the entire network attached
Fig. 1.2.3 Switch
to that switch.

1.2.3 Router
or more computers or other electronic
NIC A router, is an electronic device used to connect two
NIC
NIC allows several
devices to each other, and usually to the Internet, by wire or radio signals. This
the Internet at the same time. The networking
computers to communicate with eachother and to

using router can viewed as follows.

Router is an intelligent device used to connect heterogeneous networking.

NIC
NIC
NSB
Intetne
Fig.1.2.1 Computernetwork
Ter
The network address is made of 4 bytes
131.108.2.1
separated by dots for example
or 3) corespond
First three bytes (either 1, 2
to network
address and remaining three
or ) are used Jor host

L
byres(i.e. last 3,2
machine.

lIn computer networking, a NIC provides the

a
between a computer.and
hardware interface Rcuter

network adapter
network. A NIC basically is
at Network Interface
Card (NIC)
hardware. Ethernet supports transfersS
data Fig.1.2.2

rate of l0 Megabits per second (Mbps).To

the we normally use a Network Interface Card (NIC).
Fig.1.2.4 Networkingwith router
connect Ethernet cables to a computer,

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Estids 1luute Busi'

Ctass B NNHI Madium sre vrganiations use thrs

124 Hub ildre ssin
à devoe ar OOnNvting ultiple twistoi pair or Ethemet
repeater hud
s
A 2eer hud
or Cass C Relauely sinall organrations use this
NNNH 192 to 23
singie netnOrk seyent. A hud simply mveives
des gecder ard uaking
thrm *t as a
all other
eluss
these packets out to
elrtncal sgTnal snd brakasts Class D This elass tddress is used for mulivust
ets rerANS the
uins
goups
Cluss E 240 254 This elass addressing is nserved tor
enpermental purpase.
Network Types
1.2.5 Computer area to
es in a riattveiy small svgrphica. Here N stands fornetwork unber ard H siands to host number. For mstnce m class C ti
LoAra Neraurks (LANS) allous alnple
sari euas such as tile seners thre octets are resenved fer network address andlas S-bits denote host adress
ds nd esS Lnd to
ans
a devices personal ot us. It IP address is assigned to the devices partieipating r computer network. The IP protocol makes
PeseiNE NatweràsPANS) s UN
r vnarting the ovpurr
netmurs of laptops nobile phenes
ers e are f30 e.
Tae PAs r i develep use otthisaddress for communieation berween wo cemputers. U'sngIP addness particular nede
can be identified in the netvork.

LAS aCTUSS DOTaal telephene lines (ænd other 13 Web Protocols AU:Dec09.11.May 14,Marks 8
ie: Netaeis WANS ne rT
Vanious proOcois used n intemetworking are -

(1) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

enchang line. Cenerally.
LAS ephene
e `et The file transfer protoool sets the nules for transfeningfiles between computers
1When user wants to downloud a file from the serr r FTP is used.
FTP uses o connections between clhent and serv er. One comection is used for acrual data
126 P Adcress
divides into transfer and other is used for control in^ormaticn (1sed for comnands). This separation ot
logical aides tht is
Tis adis is called IP
adress data and commands makes the FTP more efficien.
*ari ei*bos -e
Each bit in the ctet has binary
i= : ts sei by dots
aiss s pei GUI

Control connectcn
Eiiiiso er_eries zcwork numbr nd best number Control process
e Psiiss * Control process

Data transfer processS Data transfer process

Data transer conrecton

Client Server
Fig. 125
Fig. 1.3.1 Two connections used in FTP processing
When client makes a request for particular file download then using the data transfer
connection actual data gets transmitted from server to the client.
D ard E.
Te 5 sses eseé ce o zzns vz A. B. C.
.At the same time server keeps track of how nuch data is sent so far and how much is

Purpose remaining.This tracking can be done using the centrol transfer connection.
IP addres Rarg
Hence during the file downloading/up.oading we can see a message about how many bytes
are geting transferred and how much tine is remaining.
Chs
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(2) HTTP (6) TCP

The Transmission Control Protocol is used for.

The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (f1TTP) is a request/response protocol.
it is a communication protocol uscd to transfer the information on local area nerwork and 1. Safe delivery of data
World Wide Web (Www). 2. Error dctection

It is the nerwork protocol used virnuallyail filcs and other data (colilectivelycalled
to deliver 3. Assurance of the correct sequencingof data being received
because before send1nz he data this
resources) on the World Wide Web, whether they're 1ITML files, image files, query results, .This protocol is called connection oriented protocol
protocol requires that two computers have cstablished
connections.
or anything clsc. Usually, HTTP takes place through TCP/AP
sockets.
of data by breakng it ir to strearn of
the The TCP allows the transmission of arb1trary amount
It is also called as a statcless protocol because this protocol is not able to mantain
separate IP packets.
previous conversation/information.
numbercd so that it could be rcasscmbled propcrly at ar vals Along
[hese IP packcts are

in order whethher the

(3) SNMP with the data an acknowledgement is also sent/received 1o
kno
cnables network
Sinple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a protocol which reliable connection has occuITed or not.

administrators 1o manage netvork devices and to diagnose ncuork problenis.

(7) UDP
supervisor nd agents.
The netvork managcment systein is based on two main1 clements a
is a connectionless protocol withiout ny c Tor dctectio.
The U>er datagram piotocol
requests for netwOrk
the lerminal at whiclh the network admin1strator
C The superviso1 Is Sacility.
used for s1mp!y transniussion of data.
1a1gernent This protocol is

ihai TCP
dcvices to however this is much faster
each interface connecting the managvd The UDP is known as an unreliable protocol
The agents ie found at the level of
information on the differcnt objecis (stuch as

thhe ncwork. With thc help of these agents (8) IP

nfonnation
switch, hub, rovteis) can be collected.
Intcmet Protocol (IP) is a network laycr protocol which ofaddrzssing
consists

this infornation the comnunication berwcen uniqucly addressed computcr

(4) SMTP
uscd for
Using
which is Cxtcnsiv cly possible.
NJail Transser Protocol (SITP) is a sinple protocol
Simple
remote servers.
transfer of c-inails to Reviow Questions
It is an asynchronous protocol,
because ii allows delayed delivery ofnessage
agent the SMTP
scnds and vecincs the euls., various Interuet protocolsjusedfor clicnt server communication.
ransfer ngent and user . Explhnn the
AUS Dec.09%Marks8May-14,Marks8
ofmail
With the help
in detail.
AU: Déc11, Marks83
(5) POP3 NMicrosolt 2. Explain TCPIIP
local cimail clients (such
is

Protocol version 3 (POP3) 1s uscd by

Post Office
1.4 HTTP Request and Response Message
Outlook Exprés) receivers end and has no work at the scneler's
cnd AUJue 09,May 12-1314,Dec-12,13.Marks8
works only at the that it follows the request response
model.
The
POP3 protocol recejver's POP and a scver POP 1.e.
The basie feature of HTTPprotocol is

client POP i.c. address bar. This

giving the URL in th:
a
he POP protoçol has ivo parts, wilh receiver's
request for desircd
web page by
receivcr opens TCP coniiectim
The clicnt makes a
to the web
scCIever's enail sericr. The clicnt i.c. the and then web server gives the response
name and passiwojd. is subnitted to the wveb server
first by using the user
request
POP scrver. This ciicnt must be authenticated
the required web page.
browser by retuniing
Then the chent can receive the emails fronm the ailbox.

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1-10 Website Basics Website Basics

Web Essentials Web Esr entials
1. HTTP Request Message Structure (ii)Request-URI
Thebasicstructureofrequestmessageis given by following general form- The Uniform Resource ldentifier (URI) is a string used to identify the names or resources

<Start linee> on the Internet.

The URI is a combinationof URL and UFN.
<Header fields>
The URL stands for Urifonm Resource Locator and URN stands for Uniform Resourcc

<Blank Line> Name

of the or itenm
The web address denotes the URL and specific name place or a person
<Message Body> denotes the URN. For es ample

start Line> un: ISBN 978-81-8431-123-2

specifies the address of some book.
These pats
The start line consists ofthreeparts which are separatedby a single space. are-
lf the URIis written in the fom of http: then it is both an URI and URL but there are some

i) Request method ii) Request-URI ii) HTTP version other URI which can also be used as URL. For example

Various methods used for making the enlisted in the follow.ng

i) Request Method : request are
URL ntended server

table be located on FTP server

ftp://fip.mywebs;te.com/index.txt File can

ITTP method Deseription telnet://mywebsite.org Telhet server

specificd URI and is
GET The GET method is used to retrieve informationfrom a
Matl box
assumed to be a safe, repeatable operation by browsers. mailto:[email protected]
Web seiver
and the http://www.mywebsite.com
POST The POST method is used to request the seryer for desired web páge
request made is accepted as a new subordinate of the resource identified. (ii) HTTP Version: The frst HTTP version was HTTP/0.9 but the official
version of HTTP was
and cannot be ETTP/1.1
The POST method is used for operationsthat have sidc ceffects
For
safcly repeated. transfening money, from one bank account to
example, Header Field> and <Message Body>
another has side effcets and should not be repeated without explicit approval The host header filed is associated with the http request.
by the user. The header fields are in the form of ficld name ancd field value.
is that the server
HEAD The HEAD method is identical to GET. The only difference Thus typical structure of http request is given be following example
-

meta-information
should not return a messagc-body in the response. The Start Lino
a HEAD request should be
contained in the HTTP headers in response to

similar to the information sent in response to a GET request. GET /pub/MwW/HTTP/1.1

Host:wwW.vtubooKS.com
accept:text.htmi,video/x-mng.image/png, nageljpeg
be used to check the
OPTION This method supports for the specified URL. I can accep-language en-us,dn Headar Fields
*"instead of a specifis resource. connection:keep-alve
functionalityof a web server by requesting keep-alive:500
content-length:10
PUT This method uploads a representationof the specified
resource. -Blank Line
hello world

This method is usetiul in deleting the speciflied resource

DELETE
cchoes back the
TRACE When request is made using TRACE method the server Messagebody
servers are adding
received requestso that a olient can see what intermediate

Fig. 1.4.1 HTTP request message structure

or changing in the rcquest.
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W'eb Essentials 12
404 Not Found The requested resource is not prescnt curently but maybe
2. HTTP Response Messago Structure
is given by following gencral fonm
-
ayailablein future.
The basic structure of responsC message
<Status llne> S00 Intenmal ServerIt is a gencericerrormessagethatappeorsdueto software
ETor internal failure.
<Headet selds>
<Honder Fiolds>

The header field in response message is similar to that of request message.

<Blank Lne>

<Mossogo Body>
<Message Body> The message body consists of response message
<Status Iine>
For exanple
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Status line is similar to the stait line in the rcquest message. It consists of three ficlds.
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2019 07:59.01 GMT
Scrver: Apache/2.0.50 (Unix) mod_perl/1.99 10 Perl/v5.8.4
HTTP version Statuscode reasonplhrase 3.8
The HTTP version denotes the HTTP version such as HTTP/1.1.The status code is a numenc mod ssl/2.0.50OpenSSL/0.9.7d DAV/2 PHP/4
Last-Modified:Mon, 23 Feb 2009 08.32.41 GMT
code mdicating the type of response.The reason phrase is in the lext string fonm and presents the Azcept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 2010
infornnation about the status code.
Content-Type: text/html
Forexample- <IDOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//w3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN >

HTTP /1 1 200 OK<

<html>... <html>

The response header fields arc enlisted in followng table

Reason phrase
HTTP version Status code
Header ficldDescription.
used status codes. It represents the date and tirie at whiclh the response is generated.
Following table explains some comnionly Dat
The naune of the server whieh is responding.
Status code Reason phrase Description Scrver
This is a standa:d response for successfül equest: which the responsc is last modified.
200 OK Last-nodified|The date and time at

fulnllcd and is unit which uscd by the client to accept the range request.
201 Created It shoas thai the rcquest is a new resóurce
Accept-ranges | It specifies the s

being created. For exanple if there is a large document and only a single web page is

cumently nccded then tlis speeities he accept-range.

Whhen tlie request is acceited for processing but is tio
202 Acccpted
processed yet is denoted by dhis stOIs code.
Protocol
301 Moved Te RI for requested
resourte i5
ioved at soine another 14.1 Features of HTTP
communication protocol used between web browser and web server.
pemancntly location. I. It is a

That ciient inakes the

40 Unauthonzed The requestedd resource is protected by some passiwordond 2. This protocol is based on request-response messaging. imcans request

of desired web page and then the server responds it by sending the requested resource
the ttscr Iias not providedany passvvord.
403 Forbiclden is present on the server but the server 3. It,is a stateless protocot.That means HTTP protocol can not remember the previous user's
The requesied resource

| is o avle to respond it infomation nor it remembers the number of tines the uscr has visited particular website.

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i - 15 Website Basies
Website Basics
Peb Essentials -14 human not remember numbers very
But use of IP address as URL 1s not preferred becaus: can

of plain text in fairly readable form.

4. The request-response message cosists easily but they can remember names easily.
cache control. This is an advanced feature of HTTP. Most of the
The HTTP protocol has a

web browsers automatically store(Cache) the recently visited web pages. This is very uscful Absolute and Relative URL

web page that has been visited already then it .The absolute URL is a URL which directly pcint to a exactly spccifiesexact
file. It location of a
feature because if the user requests the same
the intemet. Each absolute URL is unique. For example
-

requesting the web and bringing it file or directory on

be displayed from the cache memory instead of
server
can
http://www.technicalpublications.org/home.aspx
from there. For
The relative URL points to the file or a directory n relation to the present directory.
example
Review Questions Consider the absolute address which refers an image mother.jpz

Write short note on HTTP protocol .

AU June-09,Marks 6 http://www.mywebsite.com/myphotos/mothe:jpg
address the reiative address will be
-

Explain the structure of HTTP request and response messages.

For the above given absolute
AU May12,Dec.12,13Mark3 ../myphotos/mother.jpg
Write and explain HTTP request messageformat. AU:May:13,Marks That means from the current URL the directory myphotos will be
searched for the image

and response between client/server and explain it. directory which is the root

headerformat of request up one

4. Write the The two percids.. nstruct the server to move
AUR May 14;Marks8 uother.jPg.
at mother-jpg. Thus using
directory, then enter myphotos directory (myphotos) and finally point
15 URL
AU Dec 11, Marks 8 relative URL writing of long path name can se avoided.

address for the file that has to be accessed over

The Uniform Resource Locator(URL) is unique

the internet.
Review Question
some website we enter it's URL in the address bar of the
web browser.
of relative URL with exa:nple.
AODec 1 Marks8
When we want to access Explain the use

specify its URL in the address

www.google.com then we must
we want to
exanmple if
access
For
T:6 Domain Name
bar as shown textua!
remember numencal information but it is simple to remember the
It is very difficult to
information. address
Consider that we want to access Priyanka's PC, then accessing it using the IP
Here rather if we have the address
http/www.google.com www.192.168.0.101 is definitely not cemfortable.
address is very
then accessir:g and re nemberinz Priyanka's PC
omain name senver
[email protected]
name oi tne protocot

HTML file can also be simple. called domain names.

file such as some text file image file
or or sorne
which uscd to identify computer within a network are
However any other The names are

contains name of the protocoi such as http:// Thus domain the name given to a network for human reterence
specified. The URL For example
name is

The URL may contain the narme

of the protocol as such as ftp. 92 168 0 101

ftp://frpfunet.fiipub/standards/RFC/rf¢2166.txt slashes.
colon and two forward Netwers
identitier and the resource name are separated by a
The protocol
given below.
The syntax of uriting URL is as

protoco:usemame@hostname
path filename Fig. 16.1
also be use. for example,
name servers IP addresses can
Sometimes instead of domain
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Web Esuentials
Veb Eweuttals 1-16 Websíte
BOsics

. Heuce in DNS, instead of using the P address nane of the Conmputcr is uspd to access it. Bu
can be the same. Hence to uniqucly identify your computer the
nane must be
two names

referred using DNS hierarchy.

Before understandingthis hicrarchylet us list out some commonlyused domain namcs-

Domain nanes Purpose Com 90V org 8du

Commercial orgunízation
reditt
yahoo gma
GOverninent organizalions
Lt9c

edu Educational instihutes/organization Parth Anand. Arun Anuradha

ece

Intemational orginizalion Fig. 1.6.3 Domain name space

net Nelwork group

Working of DNS
-(Refer Fig. 1.6 4)
Nun profit organization There are two tasks that can be carried out by DNS servers

convert domain names to lP addresses.

and then requesting the programs to
ilitary group/organizations I. Accepting to P
mil to convert domain nares
the other DNS servers
2. Accepting and then requesting
Sub domain name used to refer India
addresses. then it
Sub doman nane used to refer Uniled Kingdom Suppose PC A is interested in knowing the IP address of technicalpublications.org The
uk database of domain names.

DNS server. This DNS server maintains huge

nearest
used to reler Japan
contacts
within this database and if the IP
Sub domain name
is searched
P entry domain
name technicalpublications.org
the domain
the IP address is retunmed PC A. if
name is found then
1.6.2. address for corresponding DNS server is
.Refer Fig. I.6.1 and Fig. The intemet logically there in the DNS servér
then name of another

to locate the computer uniqucly. name requested by you is not

is
name space is used then the error message
The domain invalid domain name
for
If the request is nmade
somne
formm. suggested.
the doniain nanmes in an hierarchical
arranges Chitre lec.com
Pnyarka techncal com 120.10.1 68 returned.

192.165 . 01 sddiess of techn cai

Requess iP
oubicai.cns org
Sends a message

(Message is sent to
and not to
FCA
120.10.1.68 It is 210 243.50.55

Chitra.tec com) *

domaln names Compuler

1.6.2
Communication using DNS
Fig. Then.each server
in and so on..

DNS such as com, org, edu, mil, et, uk,

some top level and Fig.1.6.4Working of DNS
There are
then sub-sub-domains so, o1n.,.
into sub-domains
domain name is further divided traced out with the
can be uniquely
http://www.cse.tec.ac.in

or example the complete path for

space. (Refer Fig. 1.6.3)
help of doinain name

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Web Essentials 1-18 Websire Ba:ics
1.7 Web Browsers MA Functions Defined by Web Browser

.Web client is a kind of software that runs on the clients machine. Various functions of web browser are

This software sends the HTTP request to the server and then processes the HTTP respomse. . Refomats the URL and sead a valid HTTP 1equest.
the fom of domain The web
2. When user gives the addres of paricular web site it 1s in name.
.Various foms of web client software are -

browser coverts the DNS to corespondirg IP address.

(1)Web browsers
The web browser establisles a TCP cornection with the Web browser while processingthe
(2) Browsers running on mobile phones
User's request.
(3) Software robots which crawl on the web for retrievingthe informmation 4. The web browsers send the HTTP request to the web server.
(4) User agents which assists the user in browsingthe web. and returns the desired
The web server processes the HTTP request sent by the web browser
Web browser is a kind of software which is basicallyused to use resourceson the web. the client's machine displays this web
web page to the client ma:hine. The web bzowser on

Over the networks, two computers communicate with each other. In this communication, when
page in appropriate format
request is made by one computcr then that computer is called a client and when the request gets
served by another computer then that computer is calledserver. Thus exchange of information N7-2 Web Browser Architecture
takes place via Client-Server communication.
The web browserarchitectureis represenied by following Fig.1.7.l
-

When user wants some web document then he makes the request for it using the web browser.
The browsers are the programs that are running on thc clients' mchines. The request then gets User interface

served by the server and the requested page is then returned to the client. It is getting displayed

to the client on the web browser.

Data
The commonly used web browsers are () Intemet explorer (1) Mozila Fircfox (ii) Netscape BIowserengire persistence
Navigator(iv) Opera (v) Google Chrome (vi) Safari.
Web browser supports variety of protocols but the most commonly used protocol on :he web
browser is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP). This protocol is typically used when browser Rendering ergine
communicates with the server.

JavaSciot User inte face

Networking nterrater: aCKend
---

Title bar
Fig. 1.7.1 Architect.are of web browser

Monu bar browser arclitec fo. lows

The main components of ture are as -

weo

Firefox 3.5 Client

Area
User Interface:
Navigalion Voy r.aat' 7
toolber interface interact: with the browser engine.
o Using the user user

book mark
The user interface contains, Acdress bar, back/forward button,
menu
o

and so on. The page requested by the user is displayed in this user interface

Status barj-

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20 Website Bosics
bfitlals 1.8 Web Servers AU:May-10,12.13.18.19,Marks13
which the web browser submits the request o:'
wcb page
BrowserEngine. Vcb server is a special type of server to

intcrface communicated to which is desired by the clicnt.

o It conta1ns the nechanism by wlich the nput of user is

Microsot.
the Rendering Enpine. There are some popularly used web servers such as Apache and IIS from
to
o The browser eng1ne is respons1ble for qucry1ng the rendenng eng1ne according
Functions of web server
Vanous user interfaces.
Various functions of web server are-

Rendering Engine . The web servers accepts the requests from the web browsers.
o t1s responsible for displaying the requested contcnts on the screen.
2 The user request is processed by the web server.

for
o The sender1ng engine interprcts the IHTML, XML and JavaScnpt that compnses
3. The web servers respond to the users by providing the services which they demand over

the given URI and generates the layout that is displayed in the user nter face.
the web browsers.
o The man conponent of renderng cgine is HTMI Parser. The job of the HTML 4 The web servers serve the web based applications.
parser is to parse the HTML nmarkup into a pursc trec.
into the IP addresses.
The DNS ranslate the domain names
o It is nportunt to note that Chrome, urike most browsers, holds multuple instances scip exchanpe
6 The servers verify given address exists, find necessary files run appropriate
of the rendermg engine - one for each tab, Each lab is a separate process the browser
cookies if necessary and retuns back to
o Different browsers use ditferent rendering cng1ncs - Internet Explorer uses Tident,
7. Some servers actively participate in session handling techniques
Firefox uses Gecko, Safar1 uses Webkat, Chrome and Opera uses WcbKit.

Working Principle of Web Server

Networking:
The functuonal1ty of netwoskng s 1o retrie ve the URL using comon internet When user submits a request for a web page, he/she is actually demand1ng for a fag: present on

protocols such as HTTP and F TP the web server.

2 web page, the web server responds this Icquest by

o The network1ng is respons1ble to handle the intcmet conmunicatuon and security When web browser submits the request for
the web browser of the chent's mach1ne.
issues sending back the requested page to

o The network componcnt imaý use the cache for retrieved docunients This leaturc is

useful for increas1ng the response ime Requ:tf

web pg

JavaScriptlnterpreter eb Bioser Sanes the e Ser

o The interpreter executes the JavaScript code which is embedded in a web page. et pate

User InterfaceBackend Fig. 1.8.1 Web browser and server communication

o Its basically used to draw the vidgets ike combo boxes and windows. Step 1: Web client requests for the desired web page by providing the IP addre ss :f the
Data Persistence website

oThis is a small database created on local dnves of the computer where the browser Step 2: The web server locates the desired wcb page on the website and responds by sending
Is nstalled back the requested page. If the page doesn't exist, it will send back the appropriate
The datu storage nanages user data such as book marks. cookics, and preterences. crror page.

Step 3: The web browser receives the page and renders it as required

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IVeb Essentials 1:23 IW'ebsiteBasics
1.8.1 Apache
When consideringdatabases in the client-servermodel. the datebast server may be the back-end
.It is an excellentserver becauseof its two importantfeatures : Reliability and Efficieney.
of the database application (the instance), or it may be the hardvare computer that hosts the
Secondly it is more popular because it is an open source software. That means it is freely instance. Sometimes,it may even refer to the comibinat1on of bcth hardware and software.
available to anybody. Apache web server is best suitable for UNIX systems but it can also be The database server holds the Database Managemerit System (DBMS) and the databases. Upon
used on Windows box.
them
requests from the client machines, it searches the database for selected records and passes
The apache web server can be configured as per the requirements using the file httpd.conf. This back over the network.
file is present in the Apache software package. A database server is useful for organizations that tave lot of data to deal with on a regular

frequently, it
basis. If you have clicnt-server architecture whe:e the cients need process data too
1.8.2 1Is
is better to work wth a databJse server.
The Internet Information Services or Internet 1nformation Server is a kmd of web s2rvcr be used
databas2 server. Any ype of computer can
All database functions are
contiolled by the
provided by Microsoft. In large
as database server. It may be rnicrocomputer,minico:1uputeror rnainframe computer.
This server is most popularon Windows platform. organization networks, the mainframe coniputers are u::cd as server.

cf rhe DBMS.
Followingare some differences betweenApache and IIS servers The Database servermanagestherecoverysecurity :ervices
security and serverhides the DBMS
t provides concurent access control. It provides better
Sr: No. Apache web server TIS web server
Several u:ers can access the database
from clients. It provides the muiti-user environment.
1. Apache web server is useful on both i1S web server is used on Windows the
simultaneously. All the data is stored on the data server therefo:e, ihe DBA can easily create
Unix based systems and on Windows platfor.
backup of the database.
platfonm. Examples of proprietarydatabe:se servers include Oracle. DB2, Informix,
and Microsoft sQL

2 It is an open source prodiuct. It is a vendor specific product and can be Server. Examplesof free software database servers incude 2osigresCL. (Rcfer Fig. 1.8.2.) C
used on windows products only. Client Tier Middle Tier EIS Ticr

For ISscryer, the behaviour is DatabasSe

The Apache web server can
be HTTPT
Web Applation server
controlled by editing the contiguration controlled by: modifying the window Server Serve SQL
Browser HIML
file httpd.conf based management programs called IIS
Servlets
snap in. -We can- access IS snap-in
Fig. 1.8.2 Server architecture
through the,
Control-Panel->Administrative Tools. Comparisonamong various types of servers

Sr. No. Application Server Veb Server

1.8.3 Database Server . A server that exposes business logic to A server that fandles HTTP protocol.

and software used to run a database,

The tem database server may refer to both hardware client applications through various
according to the context. .
protocols including HTTP.
database applicatión, following the
As software, database is the back-end portion of a
a server
Application server is ased to serve web Wec server is used to serve web based
raditional client-server model. This back-end portion is sometimes called the instance.
based applications and enteprise based applications.fie servletsand JSP)
the used to host the database. When mentioned in this applications(i.e servlets, JSP and EJB etc).
h may also refer to physical computer
dedicated that hosts the database.
context, the database server is typically a higher-endcomputer Applicationservers ray contain a web
server inlemally.
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Febsite Busics
124 Principle of a Website
Web Essentauls M9 Working
files
Kecping HTML, PHP, ASP,
cte
To deliver various applicationsto another of Web Site Design
3 browscrs to view M91 Features
device, it allows everyone in the network available for the web we>site for your
while designing tihe
the web, leatures that nced to be considered
when a user accesses the site on There are many
to run solwvare off of the' same machine. mentioned below-
clients. business. Some of these feanures arc
handles HTTP requests from
-
It makes use of Servlets
and JSP. 1. Quality Web
Content :

It makes use of distributcd transacion and', For business websites.

content should
reliable fashion.
Pcople desire infomnation in fast and
EJB' need display high quality picnires
type of web sites
to
informmation. These
Resource utilization is low. mclude iportant
Resource uilization is high. testimonials.
of their products, and
the highlight for clicnt
Databuse Server
Sr. No.
Web Servcr 2. Clear,User-friendlyNavigation: uceded
the infonnation
bas its own specific schene allows visitors to quickly find
The database server
navigation
Web server makes use of the languages like A user-fricndly m:lude easy-to-
and
query language and given logical. simple,
progmm language
or find
of the protocols must be easy to
PHP. ASP, JSP. It makes hnportaiilinks
use

then a search box IS Suggeded to make

i
FTP and HTTP. understand labels. If there is a plethora of' content,
such es
with the storing within a webste.
Dalabase server dcals spec1lic pagcs
the static and faster to rcach nmore
Wcb server is used to save
or
data of a computcr
and managing the
dynamic content and pages of websites. Professiona! Web Design :
3. Simple and
compiiter programs. is an excellent example ot
and professional. Google
web The wcb sile design must be simple
mänage thie
is
Database sciver can
distribution of cortents and graphics
web based balanced
Web server enly pertorms
based, enterpnise
based or business such a kee wehsites snple
sie To
Also. one
and clear fonts is alsc necesSary.
contrasting colours
SeryiccS based sevices at the same tine requircd. The use of slightly a upprcpriute
with either spacing or images
blocks oftext
DB2 are should br:ak up sizeable
Intermet Oracle. SAP, MySQL and
Apache HTTP Server. Microsoft database
some conuion exan1ples of 4. Webpage Speed :
Google Web Ti:e website with heavy
Information Seavices (ls), quickly, when visitmg a website.
server. lose patience
and Sun Java System Veb Pcople miherently m:st take care of
Server (GWS) lime to load. A web designconmpany
and vdeo takes more

examples of web server gaphics. attdio 'web

Server are
desirable specd of the site

ll the conrollng factos that will maintann the

Review Questfons . Search Engine Optimization:

to attract
AUEMay:19.Marle visitors. and ne methcd

npplicntion seriwr nut datalbase

serte.
AMCl-des1gned,website generilly will receivemany
. Conprr ad contrast
AU-May 10:Maris visitois s scarch engme optinization. This allows the insertion
o searc keywords m

the i1S iveb

server.
2 Evplainbifly
web serrer.
AU:Mav12,Maiks websiteciontent.an appiopriate link profile, social media signals.

S.Exyloin in detanl the functiousof AU:MayEISMarks12

and web seroer.

Explnn the capabilties ofveb client AU May-19,Marks

erth nent sketcin.
kins principle ofwcb
server
Lplatu the uvs

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IWebsitc Basics
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-
Web Essentials Web Essentials
6. Visual appeal
6. Web Compatibility aesthetic in nature. There are

The web applications are most visual and most dy1amic and
A web site should easily renderon various resojutions, screen sizes, and browsers, and with appeal. These factors re
contribute to visual
various factors that
the increasing popularity of mobile devices, websites should function properly on thes: color co-ordination, the balance of text,
Look and fecl of the content, interface layout,
types of devices. mechanism and so on.
graphics and other media, navigation

H.9.2 Web Site Design Issues 7. Compatibility

such as
and contigurations
application can be used in variety of environment
web
suggestedfollowing design goals tor the design -

Jean Kaiser has The web

browsers.
and various
diflerent browsers, intemet connection types, operaiing systems
1. Simplicity
It is a general tendency of web designers to provide lot of animations,huge amount cf .10 Creating a Website
This makes the web design enomous and it shouli need to design thie web
in formation, extreme visuals and so on.
for a web site design we
Web Site is a collection of Web pages.Hence
be avoided. The web application must be moderate and simple.
pages.
social media buttons and so on.

2. Identity Each Web page may containtexts, photos, videos, such as

written in scripting language
Web be based the narure of the web application.It is driven by the
objective Technically, Web Page is special type of document
a
design must on a

of the web application,category of user using ir. A web engineer must work to establish an o HTML

identity for the web applicationthrough the desizn. o CSS

3. Consistency o JavaScript
The contents of the web application should be constructed consistently. For example: text o PHP

style should be the all the text document of the web application.
fomatting, font same over o And so on

ident1cal over all the web

Similarly, the graphics design, color scheme aad style must be Web pages are written for web browVsers. The web browsers are the programs like
lnternet

Architectural design should produce the templates using which

pages of the web application. These browsers have a simple but crucially important
the Explorer, Googie Chrome, and Safari.
the consistent hypermedia structure can be formed. Interface design should define perfectly formatted result.
display. Navigation mechanism must job: they read the web pagedocument and display the
consistent modes of interaction, navigationand content

be used consistently across web application elements. Definition of Web Site : Web Site is a collection of web pages that are grouped together to
achieve certain task under single domain name.
4. Robustness
That means Why people visit web site ?
always expects robust contents and functions of the web application.
do
The users
is missing Generally,people look at websites for two prinmary reasons
any required functionalityshould not be missing at al, If any function or content
or insufficient then that web application will fai.. information. This could be anything
. The most important reason is to find the required
5. Navigability from a student looking for images for a school project, to finding the latest stock quotes,

consisten:. The design of navigationsshould intuitive address of the nearest restaurant and so oa.
The navigation should be simple and for getting the
any novice user should be in position to make use of
and predictablein nanure. That means a
downioad
complete a task. Visitors may want to buy the larest best-seller,
a
2. To
navigation links without any help.
soltware program, or partic1pate in an online discussion about a favorite hobby.
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1-29
1.10.1Steps for Creatingthe Web Site Content: The qualityof your site's content will play an important role in it's succes.
Following steps are followed for creating a web site Content is everything that your pages will contain, such as text, images, video and nore
tke content
Suppose you wmsh to publish some Bclore you start designing or building pages, you should have a clear stratcgy for
web page on the intemet then followingstepscanbe
Followed that those pages will contain.

Step 1: Web Site Creation Stop 5:Uploading Files

the web
Create a web pages using suitable
scripting language. To publish a web site on the web, you must send the web pages created by you on

If any image is associated with this web page then convert dhis image into appropriate format server using a File Transfer Protocol(FTP). Usng some soltware such as Microsoft Visual
GIFF format is Studio or Adobe Drcamweaver onc can upload the files on the web server.
(JPEG or
preferable).Embed this image appropniatelyin this web page.
Step 2: Choose the Web Hosting Service 110.2 Testing the Web Site
Web hosting commpany hosts your web pages on web server Thus your web Testing must be performed throughoutthe development of web Even after creatung the web
site.
sitc will be
avatlable to any one who knows your URL. site, it must be tested for as web pages are present live on the web. Various factors for tesiung the
Most web web site after publishing are
hostingcompaniesofler hosting services for both personal and bus1ness use.
The web host provides you with Internet access, cmail accounts, and space for 1. Multiple Browser: It is necessary to display the web site on as nany web browsers as
a personalor
business web site possible to ensure that the contents of the web site are consistentlydisplayed and the
work done is portable
If yon are
build1ng a web site for business use, your web host can reyister a
personalued 2. Multiple Operating Systenms : I Is necessary to display the web site on difterent
domain for your web
name
site
operating systems
Small Web sitesaround 15-20 pages of contcrnts)do not need much more than I or 2 MB of 3. Connection Sperd: Do not rely on the same connection specd when test1ng your web
server space that hold all the HTML pages and Graphics. Your web host1ng package should site, specially if you work in a corporate envinonment where the connection o the
pronde at least MB of space so your web page has room to grow Intemet usually is faster than the average user's Also test the download iime fcr different
Step 3: Registering Domain Name connection speed.

Dornain nanme s an alas thai points to actual location of your web site on Web server .Device Types : Test the web site on the computers having different screen
siz it is

necessary to ensure that pages are displayed consistently on all screen s1ze
Domain names are managed by the Intemet Corporation for As1gned Nanies and
. Links: Use a link validation tool to cnsure that all of your links connect to a lve page
Numberst ICANNr ICANN has agreements with a number of vendors to provide doniun
name registration scrvices. Link validation tools arc built into many ITML editors and are available as stand alone
tools. Many web sites also offer validatron, includung the WCs link velidator at
Step 4: Planning your web site valjdator,w3.org/checklink
When planang your website, you will need to make a number of iniportant decisions 6. Security Testing : This step is necessary to test the security vulneraoilit.es in

Type: The rype or informationalsite,asite for a ápplication runing on the web site Security is an important part of any web
ofsite you need. Is this a news
conpauy o
service, a non-profit or cause-driven site, an Ecommerce shop, etc. Ench of these kinds of developmentplan
site has
slightly different focus that will influence its design.
a
Review Questlon
Navigation design : Navigationmeans ndication that how users will move aroundyour site
affects its infornation architecture as well as the overal
usability of that site Plan out the . Explain the process of developing a web upplration and hostuug on the wveb server
pages a site, create a stemap, and develop a navigational structure fron there.
AU:May-18. Marks 7
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS an up-thrust for knowtodge TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS an up-thrustlor knowledge
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Webute Basie
Wcb issentials
Wehsne Basics
Web Essentals Marks Questions with Answers
1.12 Two
1.11 Client-Side and Server-Side Scripting
with Its application ttsage.
AUEM&y-o9
Q.1 List any two types of web servers

Client side scripting languages and server side another one 1s ope
types of scripting languages cnor spccilie and
-

There arc two i5

types of web serve"s one
Ans. Ihere are two
web server
and exainple of opensource
scripting languages.
5Ource. I he example of vendor specific web
server
is S,
Client Side Scripting Languages -

1SApache can be uscd on both Unix

to server. he lis web server is uscc on Windows and Apzche web server

The client side scr1pting is uscd to create the web pages as a rcquest or response

web browser. and Windows platform.

These pages arc displayed to the user on
AU: Dec 09
is HTTP called stateless protocol?
For example - HTML, CSS, JavaScript,PHP Q.2 Why as

nor it remembers
Ans.: The HTTP protocol cun not remember:he previoususer'sinfonnation
ServerSide Scripting Languages the pårticular veb page. That it can not means

the uscr VIsited

of tines has
side scripting is uscd to create the web pages that Lhe number protocol.
Server Side Scripting Languages -The server Hence HTTP is called statcless
rememberthe previous states
provide some services.These seripts generally run on web servers.
web ? Explain its functionalities. AUDEC 09
Q.3 What is a server
of
For exanple - ASP, JSP, Servlet. PHP which che web srowser submits the request
Ans.: Web server is a spec'al type of serv"o
l>, Apache.
Difference between Client Side Scripting and Server Side Scripting wet page which is desired by the client. For 2xample
web browser.
th: request of the user hich it siub.nits using the
Web server processes
Server Side Seripting Client Side Seripting information The
Sr. access the databa se systen1 and fatche the rcquired
Somctimcs the wcb servers
iNo. tro'wser.
and sent to the user in his/her 'web
used to create tdhe web reqired web page is compiled
The server side seripting is used to The client side seripting is of message log. AUEMaE
of web server logs and list the contents a

request or response to server. These pages Q.4 State the use

create the web pages that provide pages as a
the
records the inforimation abo:t the server activity. It stores
are displayedto, the user on web browser. Ans. Web server log
some services.
th2 h web server may produce more

http request processed by

server.
infommation about cvery
2. These scripts generallyrun on web These seripts generallyrun on web browser.
than one message logs.
servers. fomation and other information
log contauns variety d debugging
Every message
processing of these scripts takes place on the end mloTnation is p1 Cset in the message log -

5. A user's request is fulfilled by The

generated by web application.ollowing
code is transferred from
running a script direetly on the users computer. The source
A. Host name or 1P addre:s ofthe client nichine nakang the equest.
the web server to the users computer over the internet
web server to generate dynamic B Name of the user.
HTML pages. This HTML is then and run directly in the browser.
C Date and tume of response along with the time zon.

sent to the client browser.

D Start line of HTTP request.
Uses : Making interactive web pages, for interacting
4. Uses: Processingof user request, E. HTTP status code of resjonse.
such as cookies or local
accessing to databases. with temporary storages F. Number of bytes sent in body of responsc.
the
storage, sending request
to server aiai getting header?
Q.5 What is the use of cache control in HTTP respose
response and displaying that response in wab brciwser.
Ans. Cache is used as a temporary repository. Useof cathe improves the performance. Many
Example PHP, ASP.NET, nearly Example : HTML, CSS,JavaScript(primarily) web browsers store web pages viewed by the client in the cac he memory. This brings efliciency
all the programming languages n browsing the web page. The cache control te.p the user ta display the web page quickly.
including C+, Java and CH.
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i¥est:Busic
Web Ersentehs -J if'cbsttcBasics iW'cbEssentiais
schemes have iff :r:at foms
a6 List some basic internet protocols AU May-13 The schcme specifics thc communication protocol. Different
of addrcsses
Ans. Following are sone basIc Intemet protocols.
Vanous schemcs that are used are http, ftp., gopher. file, mailto, ncws and so o

http fip sntp 1vpop

is used ?
Example: http./www.tcchnicalpublicationsin/ndex aspx
handling thr nails which protocol
o.1 For
Q.12 Define URI. AUEMay 11
Ans. There are commonly used protocols for handiing the cmails Smple Marl Transfcr
rwo
string used to ident1fy the
nas or resourccs
Ans.: The Uniform Resource Identifier (UR) 15 a

1s a mple protocol which

Is used to transfer cmails to remote servers.Anothct
Protocol (SMTP) URI combination of URL and URN. The URL stands for Uniform
Officc Ptotocol Version 3. This protocol works only at the Icceners
on the Internet. Thc is a

denotes the
protocol POP3 e. Post URN stands for Unifom Resource Name The web nddr:<s
is i
Resource Locator and
work at the sendcr's cnd tem denotes the URN. For exanp c
end and has no
URL and spec1fic nanme of the place or a
person or

as Give the functlonalities of IP protocol um.ISBN 978-81-8431-123-2

functional1t1cs providcd by Intcnet Protocol

Ans Thcre are tvo

and
specifics the address of somc book
low into packets of standardized size
denotes the scheu'e ard the part
Decoinposition of the inital mlomatron
Every URI consists of two pat1s, the part befoie the colon
.

the schcme. The URIs are case inscnsilive butl gene ally antten in
ressembinng of data 2 tlie destunatron after colon depends upon
both URI and URL
The piotocol
Internet routes hc packet through successIve nctworks. from the soUrcc
lower case.If the URI is written in the förm ofhttp. then it is an

uchne o the destnation which can be 1dentilied by ts iP address Q13 What is GET and POST request
?

froni specificd LRI TH: POST

is used to retrieve the mlonnation
a
Q.9 What is the dilierence between WVW and Internct? Ans. The GET nethod
ethod
suppo-ed o be e
the serverfor ctesiredweh page.This Is a

Internet the tiwo dilf.renl terms The Intemet Is a collection nicthod is used to rcquest
Ans Th: W WWd ae

together whercas WVW Is

corputers ancd othcr det ices such a*
p:mters. sconi:1s cte connected
of reticvingthe mfomiation
over the network
collect:o1 o soltwarc and coTespond'ng pio'ocoB uncd to access the resources Q.14 What is www ?
and other and 20Tespend1ng
(WWIW) contams huge 2mount of documents, mages The WWW World Wide Wcb which is a collection of software
Wo.ld Wide Web Ans. Is a
Thus
web. resources over the net:ork. The WWW contaus Iuge anount of
rescurces which can be accessed usmg the bypeshiks Pcople usc Intemet through protoccis uscd io iccess the
other which can be accessed using hyperlink:. Tous Internet
ol web brouser.
documents, images, and resources

Q10 Explain any two unctionalitics

can be uscd througlh tie web.
Ans. Vanous huictions of Wcb bronscr ane
Q15 What is TCP?
Refornat the URL and send a ald HTTP rqucst
Control Protocol This is the conn>ctior oriented
Ans. 1'he TCP stands for Transmussion
of particular website it is n the fonn of domain name.
2 When gives the addhess
user two nachnes Us1ng TCP the niessage gcs Irar sfered in

IP address.
piotocol hich help im communiculng
to conesponding
The ueb browser converis the DNS an orderly manner
with the eb biowser w ide
3 The web brorser establ1shes a TCP onncction
Q.15 List any four common browsers. AU:Dec-11
Safari
processng the uscr s rcqucst
Ans.: The common browsers are Internet Explorer. Moz1jla Firelox. GoogleChruine,
the ueb servcr.
The n eb browscrs serd the HTTP request to
Q.17 State the uses of Internet protocol. ALULE May-12
Q11 What is URL ? Write different parts of URL Ans.: Following are the tises.of Intçmietprotocols-
Ans. Thc gencial format of URL 15
1) The Intcmet protocol is used to decompose the initial infonnation flow into packets of
Schene Address these reassembled back.
the standard size. At he destination packets are
that of data is
po>s1ble to
Thatis ) The Internet protocol packets so
routes the data transinission

the inachine havingdesiredIP addres.

protocol huscrnamcla hostnamc/path/filcnanic

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