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Programming Practice in C

This document provides various C programming examples focusing on recursion, arrays, and string manipulation. It includes code snippets for tasks such as converting decimal to binary, finding GCD, calculating factorial, generating Fibonacci series, and manipulating arrays (finding max/min elements, reversing, sorting, merging, etc.). Additionally, it covers string operations like checking for palindromes and counting vowels and consonants.

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RAMALAKSHMI K
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views28 pages

Programming Practice in C

This document provides various C programming examples focusing on recursion, arrays, and string manipulation. It includes code snippets for tasks such as converting decimal to binary, finding GCD, calculating factorial, generating Fibonacci series, and manipulating arrays (finding max/min elements, reversing, sorting, merging, etc.). Additionally, it covers string operations like checking for palindromes and counting vowels and consonants.

Uploaded by

RAMALAKSHMI K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Practice in C

Recursion: (2: 2:2025)


1)Decimal to Binary convertion
#include <stdio.h>
int convertor(int n){
if(n==0) return 0;
convertor(n/2);
printf("%d",n%2);
}
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a number ");
scanf("%d",&n);
convertor(n);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a number 8
1000
2)GCD of two numbers
#include <stdio.h>
int gcd(int a,int b){
if(b==0) return a;
return gcd(b, a%b);
}
int main() {
int n,m;
printf("Enter two numbers ");
scanf("%d %d",&n,&m);
printf("The GCD of a numbers %d %d is %d",n,m,gcd(n,m));
return 0;
}
Enter two numbers 6 2
The GCD of a numbers 6 2 is 2
3) Factorial of a number
#include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0) return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", num, factorial(num));
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a number: 5
Factorial of 5 is 120
4)Fabinacci Series
#include <stdio.h>
int fibonacci(int n) {
if (n == 0) return 0;
if (n == 1) return 1;
return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}
int main() {
int n, i;
printf("Enter the number of terms: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Fibonacci Series: ");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", fibonacci(i));
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the number of terms: 5
Fibonacci Series: 0 1 1 2 3
5)Reverse of a string
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void reverseString(char str[], int start, int end) {
if (start >= end) return;
char temp = str[start];
str[start] = str[end];
str[end] = temp;
reverseString(str, start + 1, end - 1);
}
int main() {
char str[100];
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str);
reverseString(str, 0, strlen(str) - 1);
printf("Reversed string: %s\n", str);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a string: Ramalakshmi
Reversed string: imhskalamaR
6)Sum of Digits
#include <stdio.h>
int sumOfDigits(int n) {
if (n == 0) return 0;
return (n % 10) + sumOfDigits(n / 10);
}
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
printf("Sum of digits: %d\n", sumOfDigits(num));
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a number: 12345
Sum of digits: 15
7)Power of a number
#include <stdio.h>
int power(int base, int exp) {
if (exp == 0) return 1;
return base * power(base, exp - 1);
}
int main() {
int base, exp;
printf("Enter base and exponent: ");
scanf("%d %d", &base, &exp);
printf("%d^%d = %d\n", base, exp, power(base, exp));
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter base and exponent: 2 4
2^4 = 16

Array: (5th feb)


1)Max element in the array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[5],i;
printf("Enter 5 elements ");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
int max=arr[0];
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
if(arr[i]>max){
max=arr[i];
}
}
printf("The largest element in the array is %d",max);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 5 elements 5 1 26 45 2
The largest element in the array is 45
2)Smallest element in the array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[5],i;
printf("Enter 5 elements ");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
int min=arr[0];
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
if(arr[i]<min){
min=arr[i];
}
}
printf("The smallest element in the array is %d",min);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 5 elements 55 78 3 5 0
The smallest element in the array is 0
3)Sum of the elements in the array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[5],i;
printf("Enter 5 elements ");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
int sum=0;
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
sum+=arr[i];
}
printf("The sum of the element in the array is %d",sum);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 5 elements 5 8 3 2 9
The sum of the element in the array is 27
4)Reverse the array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[5],i,a[5];
printf("Enter 5 elements ");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("Reversed array");
for(i=4;i>=0;i--){
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
}
}
Output:
Enter 5 elements 1 3 5 7 9
Reversed array 9 7 5 3 1
5)Search for an element
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[5],i,search,found=0;
printf("Enter 5 elements ");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("Enter the element you want to search ");
scanf("%d",&search);
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
if(arr[i]==search){
printf("The element %d is precent %d in the location",search,i+1);
found=1;
}
}
if(!found){
printf("Element not present");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 5 elements 4 9 8 7 6
Enter the element you want to search 7
The element 7 is precent 4 in the location
6)Array sorting
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[5],i,search,found=0,j;
printf("Enter 5 elements ");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<5-1;i++){
for(j=0;j<5-i-1;j++){
if(arr[j]>arr[j+1]){
int temp=arr[j];
arr[j]=arr[j+1];
arr[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("Sorted array ");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 5 elements 9 7 3 5 6
Sorted array 3 5 6 7 9
7)Merge array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr1[5]={3,6,1,2,7},arr2[5]={15,8,16,9,10},merge[10],i,j;
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
merge[i]=arr1[i];
}
for(j=0;j<5;j++){
merge[i+j]=arr2[j];
}
printf("Merged array ");
for(i=0;i<10;i++){
printf("%d ",merge[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Merged array 3 6 1 2 7 15 8 16 9 10
8)Second largest element in the array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[7],i,j;
printf("Enter the 7 elements of a array ");
for(i=0;i<7;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<7-1;i++){
for(j=0;j<7-i-1;j++){
if(arr[j]>arr[j+1]){
int temp=arr[j];
arr[j]=arr[j+1];
arr[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("The second largest element in the array is %d",arr[5]);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the 7 elements of a array 55 6 5 50 9 4 6
The second largest element in the array is 50
9)Most Frequent element in the array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[7],i,j,maxcount=0,frequent,count;
printf("Enter the 7 elements of a array ");
for(i=0;i<7;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<7;i++){
count=0;
for(j=0;j<7;j++){
if(arr[i]==arr[j]){
count++;
}
}
if(count>maxcount){
maxcount=count;
frequent=arr[i];
}
}
printf("The most frequent element is %d and it occured %d times in the
array",frequent,maxcount);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the 7 elements of a array 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
The most frequent element is 2 and it occured 4 times in the array
10)Remove the duplicates from an array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[10]={1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2,1,2},out,in,count;
printf("After removing the duplicates ");
for(out=0;out<10;out++){
count=0;
for(in=out+1;in<10;in++){
if(arr[out]==arr[in]){
count++;
}
}
if(count==0){
printf("%d ",arr[out]);
}
}
return 0;
}
Output:
After removing the duplicates 1 2
11)Rotate an array to left by K position
#include <stdio.h>
int rotateArray(int arr[],int n, int pos){
int i,temp[n];
for(i=0;i<pos;i++){
temp[i]=arr[i];
}
for(i=0;i<n-pos;i++){
arr[i]=arr[pos+i];
}
for(i=0;i<pos;i++){
arr[n-pos-i]=temp[i];
}
}
int main() {
int arr[20],n,pos=3,i;
printf("Enter the number of elements in the array ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
rotateArray(arr,n,pos);
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
printf("%d ",arr[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the number of elements in the array 8
12345678
45632178
12)Intersection of two array
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr1[20],arr2[20],i,j,n;
printf("Enter the number of elements in the array ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter array 1 elements ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr1[i]);
}
printf("Enter array 2 elements ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
scanf("%d",&arr2[i]);
}
printf("Intersection of the array is ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
for(j=0;j<n;j++){
if(arr1[i]==arr2[j]){
printf("%d ",arr1[i]);
break;
}
}
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the number of elements in the array 7
Enter array 1 elements 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Enter array 2 elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Intersection of the array is 1 3 5 7
13)Missing elements in the array
#include <stdio.h>
int missingElement( int arr[],int n){
int sum=0;
int total=(n*(n+1))/2;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
sum+=arr[i];
}
return total-sum;
}
int main() {
int arr[5]={1,2,3,5},i,n=5;
printf("The missing element is %d ",missingElement(arr,n));
return 0;
}
Output:
The missing element is 4
14)Merge two sorted array
#include <stdio.h>
void mergeArray(int arr1[], int arr2[], int n1, int n2, int merged[]){
int i=0, j=0,k=0;
while(i<n1 && j<n2){
if(arr1[i]<arr2[j]){
merged[k++]=arr1[i++];
}
else{
merged[k++]=arr2[j++];
}
}
while(i<n1){
merged[k++]=arr1[i++];
}
while(j<n2){
merged[k++]=arr2[j++];
}
}
int main() {
int arr1[4]={1,3,5,7},arr2[4]={2,4,6,8};
int n1=sizeof(arr1)/sizeof(arr1[0]);
int n2=sizeof(arr2)/sizeof(arr2[0]);
int merged[n1+n2];
int m=n1+n2;
mergeArray(arr1, arr2, n1, n2, merged);
printf("Merged sorted array ");
for(int i=0;i<m;i++){
printf("%d ",merged[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Merged sorted array 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
18th feb
String
1)Length of the string
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int length=0;
char str[50];
printf("Enter the string ");
scanf("%s",&str);
while(str[length]!='\0'){
length++;
}
printf("The length of the string is %d",length);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the string Ramalakshmi
The length of the string is 11
2)Check the string is palindrome or not
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main() {
char str[30];
printf("Enter the string ");
scanf("%s",&str);
char str1[30];
strcpy(str1,str);
int len=strlen(str);
int start=0,end=len-1;
while(start < end){
char temp=str[start];
str[start]=str[end];
str[end]=temp;
start++;
end--;
}
if(strcmp(str,str1)==0){
printf("The string is palindrome");
}
else{
printf("The string is not palindrome");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the string madam
The string is palindrome
3)Count the vowels and Consonents in the string
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main() {
char vowels[5]={'a','e','i','o','u'};
char str[30];
int Vcount=0,Ccount=0;
printf("Enter the string ");
scanf("%s",&str);
for(int i=0;i<strlen(str);i++){
for(int j=0;j<5;j++){
if(str[i]==vowels[j]){
Vcount++;
}
}
}
int len=strlen(str);
Ccount=len-Vcount;
printf("The vowels count is %d\n",Vcount);
printf("The Consonents count is %d",Ccount);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the string mango
The vowels count is 2
The Consonents count is 3

4)Convert to uppercase and lowercase


#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main() {
char str[30];
printf("Enter the string ");
scanf("%s",&str);
for(int i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++){
if(str[i]>='a' && str[i]<='z'){
str[i]=str[i]-32;
}
}
printf("Uppercase: %s\n",str);
for(int i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++){
if(str[i]>='A' && str[i]<='Z'){
str[i]=str[i]+32;
}
}
printf("Lowercase: %s\n",str);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the string ram
Uppercase: RAM
Lowercase: ram
5)Concatenation of two string
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main() {
char str[30], con[60], str1[30];
printf("Enter two string ");
scanf("%s%s",&str,&str1);
int len=strlen(str);
for(int i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++){
con[i]=str[i];
}
for(int i=0;str1[i]!='\0';i++){
con[len]=str1[i];
len++;
}
printf("Concatenation of two string is %s ",con);
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter two string rama
lakshmi
Concatenation of two string is ramalakshmi
6) Check two strings are same
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main() {
char str[30], str1[30];
printf("Enter two string ");
scanf("%s%s",&str,&str1);
int flag=1,i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0' && str1[i]!='\0'){
if(str[i]!=str1[i]){
flag=0;
break;
}
i++;
}
if(str[i]!='\0' || str1[i]!='\0'){
flag=0;
}
if(flag){
printf("The two strings are same");
}
else{
printf("The two strings are not same");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter two string ram
ram
The two strings are same
7) Reverse the string
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main() {
char str[30];
printf("Enter two string ");
scanf("%s",&str);
int start=0,end=strlen(str)-1;
while(start < end){
char temp=str[start];
str[start]=str[end];
str[end]=temp;
start++;
end--;
}
printf("The reverse of the string is %s",str);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter two string ramalakshmi
The reverse of the string is imhskalamar
8)Remove the spaces in the string
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[50],str1[50];
int j=0;
printf("enter a string: ");
scanf("%[^\n]s",&str);
for(int i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++){
if(str[i]!=' '){
str1[j]=str[i];
j++;
}
}
str1[j]='\0';
printf("String after removing the spaces %s",str1);
return 0;
}
Output:
enter a string: hi hellohi hello
String after removing the spaces hihello
9)Count number of words in the sentence
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[50];
int count=0;
printf("enter a string: ");
scanf("%[^\n]s",&str);
for(int i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++){
if(str[i]==' '){
count++;
}
}
printf("The number of words in the string is %d",count+1);
return 0;
}
Output:
enter a string: Hi hello welcome to the great karikalan magic show
The number of words in the string is 9
10)Find the first non repeating character in the string
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[50];
int count,flag=0,i,j;
printf("enter a string: ");
scanf("%[^\n]s",&str);
for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++){
count=0;
for(j=0;str[j]!='\0';j++){
if(str[i]==str[j]){
count++;
}
}
if(count==1){
printf("The first non repeting charector in the string is %c",str[i]);
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag==0){
printf("There is no first non repeating charecter in the string");
}

return 0;
}
Output:
enter a string: ramalakshmi
The first non repeting charector in the string is r
11) Find the substring present in the string or not
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100],sub[50];
int i,j,found=0;
printf("Enter the string and substring ");
scanf("%s %s",&str,&sub);
for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++){
j=0;
while(str[i+j]!='\0' && sub[j]!='\0' && str[i+j]==sub[j]){
j++;
}
if(sub[j]=='\0'){
found=1;
break;
}
}
if(found){
printf("The substring is present in the string");
}
else{
printf("The substring is not present in the string");
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the string and substring ramalakshmi hmi
The substring is present in the string
12)Remove the duplicate characters from the string
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char str[100],sub[100];
int i,j,k=0;
printf("Enter the string ");
scanf("%s",&str);
for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++){
isDup=0;
for(j=0;j<k;j++){
if(str[i]==str[j]){
isDup=1;
break;
}
}
if(!isDup){
sub[k]=str[i];
k++;
}

}
sub[k]='\0';
printf("The string after removing the duplicates is %s",sub);
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the string ramalakshmi
The string after removing the duplicates is ramlkshi
Linked List
Traverse a linked list
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next;
};
void printList(struct Node* head) {
struct Node* temp = head;
while (temp != NULL) {
printf("%d -> ", temp->data);
temp = temp->next;
}
printf("NULL\n");
}

int main() {
struct Node* head = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
struct Node* second = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
struct Node* third = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
head->data = 10;
head->next = second;
second->data = 20;
second->next = third;
third->data = 30;
third->next = NULL;
printList(head);
free(head);
free(second);
free(third);
return 0;
}
Output:
10 -> 20 -> 30 -> NULL
Insert at the beginning in the linked list
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next;
};
struct Node* insertAtBeginning(struct Node* head, int newData) {
struct Node* newNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
newNode->data = newData;
newNode->next = head;
return newNode;
}
void printList(struct Node* head) {
struct Node* temp = head;
while (temp != NULL) {
printf("%d -> ", temp->data);
temp = temp->next;
}
printf("NULL\n");
}
int main() {
struct Node* head = NULL;
head = insertAtBeginning(head, 30);
head = insertAtBeginning(head, 20);
head = insertAtBeginning(head, 10);
printList(head);
return 0;
}
Output:
10 -> 20 -> 30 -> NULL
1. REMOVE DUPLICATES IN AN ARRAY
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n;
cout << "enter the size of array ";
cin >> n;
vector<int> arr(n);
unordered_set<int> seen;
for(int &num:arr){
cin >> num;
}
for(int num:arr){
if(seen.insert(num).second){
cout << num << " ";
}
}
return 0;
}
2. FIND Kth LARGEST AND Kth SMALLEST ELEMENT IN ARRAY
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n,k;
cout << "enter the size of array ";
cin >> n;
vector<int> arr(n);
for(int &num:arr){
cin >> num;
}
cout << "Enter the value of k ";
cin >> k;
sort(arr.begin(),arr.end());
for(int num:arr){
cout << num;
}
cout << endl;
cout << "Kth largest element is " << arr[n-k] << endl;
cout << "Kth smallest element is " << arr[k-1];
return 0;
}
3. Move all Zeroes to the End of the Array
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n,pos=0;
cout << "enter the size of array ";
cin >> n;
vector<int> arr(n);
for(int &num:arr){
cin >> num;
}
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
if(arr[i]!=0){
swap(arr[i], arr[pos]);
pos++;
}
}
for(int n2:arr){
cout << n2;
}
return 0;
}
4. Rotate Array by N Elements
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int arr[6]={2,3,4,5,6,7};
int n=1;
int size=sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
rotate(arr, arr+n, arr+size);
for(int num:arr){
cout << num << " ";
}
return 0;
}
5. Sort the array in reverse order
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
vector <int> arr;
arr={2,3,4,5,6,7};
int size=arr.size();
sort(arr.begin(), arr.end());
reverse(arr.begin(), arr.end());
for(int num:arr){
cout << num <<" ";
}
}
6. Max count of zero and one
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
void maxone(vector<int> & arr, int size){
int maxcount=0, currentcount=0,i;
for(i=0;i<size;i++){
if(arr[i]==1){
currentcount++;
maxcount=max(maxcount,currentcount);
}
else{
currentcount=0;
}
}
cout << "max one " << maxcount;
}
void maxzero(vector<int> & arr, int size){
int maxcount=0, currentcount=0,i;
for(i=0;i<size;i++){
if(arr[i]==0){
currentcount++;
maxcount=max(maxcount,currentcount);
}
else{
currentcount=0;
}
}
cout << "max zero " << maxcount;
}
int main() {
vector <int> arr;
arr={1,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0};
int size=arr.size();
maxzero(arr, size);
maxone(arr, size);
}
7. Sort array in wave form
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
vector <int> arr;
arr={3,5,2,6,1,7,8,9};
int size=arr.size();
sort(arr.begin(), arr.end());
for(int num:arr){
cout << num <<" ";
}
cout << endl;
for(int i=0;i<size;i+=2){
int temp=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[i+1];
arr[i+1]=temp;
}
for(int num:arr){
cout << num <<" ";
}
return 0;
}
8. Pattern prints
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n,i,j;
cin >> n ;
char ch='A';
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
for(j=1;j<=i;j++){
cout << ch <<" ";
}
ch++;
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

2
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n,i,j,num=1;
cin >> n ;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
for(j=1;j<=i;j++){
cout << num <<" ";
num++;
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

3. #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n,i,j,num=1;
cin >> n ;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
for(j=1;j<=n-i;j++){
cout <<" ";
}
int num=i;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++){
cout << num<<" ";
num++;
}
num-=2;
for(j=1;j<i;j++){
cout << num << " ";
num--;
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

4) #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n = 5;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
cout << " ";
}
for (int j = 0; j < (2 * (n - i) - 1); j++) {
cout << "* ";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
5 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int n = 5;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n - i - 1; j++) {
cout << " ";
}
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
cout << "* ";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

6 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int n = 5;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 2 * i; j++) {
cout << " ";
}
for (int j = 0; j < n - i; j++) {
cout << "* ";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
7 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int n = 5;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (i == 0 || i == n - 1 || j == 0 || j == n - 1)
cout << "* ";
else
cout << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Linked list
1. Insert and display1
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
struct node{
int data;
node* next;
};
void insert(node*& head, int data){
node* newnode=new node();
newnode->data=data;
newnode->next=NULL;
if(head==NULL){
head=newnode;
return;
}
node *temp=head;
while(temp->next!=NULL){
temp=temp->next;
}
temp->next=newnode;
}
void display(node * head){
node * temp=head;
while(temp!=NULL){
cout << temp->data << "->";
temp=temp->next;
}
}
int main() {
node * head=NULL;
insert(head,10);
insert(head,20);
insert(head,30);
insert(head,40);
cout << "The linked list elements are ";
display(head);
return 0;
}
Output:
The linked list elements are 10->20->30->40->
2. Insert at beginning
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
struct node{
int data;
node* next;
};
void insertBegin(node*& head, int data){
node* newnode=new node();
newnode->data=data;
newnode->next=head;
head=newnode;
}
void display(node * head){
node * temp=head;
while(temp!=NULL){
cout << temp->data << "->";
temp=temp->next;
}
}
int main() {
node * head=NULL;
insertBegin(head,10);
insertBegin(head,20);
insertBegin(head,30);
insertBegin(head,40);
cout << "The linked list elements are ";
display(head);
return 0;
}
Output:
The linked list elements are 40->30->20->10->

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