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Linux Commands

The document provides a comprehensive list of essential Linux commands categorized into ten sections: File and Directory Management, File Viewing and Editing, Process Management, Disk Management, Networking, User and Group Management, System Information and Monitoring, Archiving and Compression, Package Management, and System Services and Daemon Management. Each section includes specific commands along with brief descriptions of their functions. This serves as a quick reference guide for users to manage files, processes, networking, and system services in a Linux environment.

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2 views7 pages

Linux Commands

The document provides a comprehensive list of essential Linux commands categorized into ten sections: File and Directory Management, File Viewing and Editing, Process Management, Disk Management, Networking, User and Group Management, System Information and Monitoring, Archiving and Compression, Package Management, and System Services and Daemon Management. Each section includes specific commands along with brief descriptions of their functions. This serves as a quick reference guide for users to manage files, processes, networking, and system services in a Linux environment.

Uploaded by

albertarjun1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linux Commands

1. File and Directory Management


ls – List directory contents
cd – Change directory
pwd – Print working directory
cp – Copy files and directories
mv – Move or rename files and directories
rm – Remove files or directories
mkdir – Make directories
rmdir – Remove empty directories
touch – Change file timestamps or create empty files
find – Search for files in a directory hierarchy
locate – Find files by name
tree – Display directories in a tree-like format
chmod – Change file permissions
chown – Change file owner and group
chgrp – Change group ownership
stat – Display file or file system status

2. File Viewing and Editing


cat – Concatenate and display file content
tac – Concatenate and display file content in reverse
more – View file content interactively (page by page)
less – View file content interactively (scrollable)
head – Output the first part of a file
tail – Output the last part of a file
nano – Text editor (terminal-based)
vim/vi – Advanced text editors
emacs – Text editor
grep – Search text using patterns
sed – Stream editor for filtering and transforming text
awk – Pattern scanning and processing language
cut – Remove sections from each line of files
sort – Sort lines of text files
uniq – Report or omit repeated lines

3. Process Management
ps – Report a snapshot of current processes
top – Display Linux tasks
htop – Interactive process viewer (advanced top)
kill – Send a signal to a process, typically to terminate
killall – Terminate processes by name
bg – Resume a suspended job in the background
fg – Bring a job to the foreground
jobs – List active jobs
nice – Run a program with modified scheduling priority
renice – Alter priority of running processes
uptime – Show how long the system has been running
time – Measure program running time

4. Disk Management
df – Report file system disk space usage
du – Estimate file space usage
fdisk – Partition table manipulator for Linux
lsblk – List information about block devices
mount – Mount a file system
umount – Unmount a file system
parted – A partition manipulation program
mkfs – Create a file system
fsck – File system consistency check and repair
blkid – Locate/print block device attributes

5. Networking
ifconfig – Configure network interfaces
ip – Show/manipulate routing, devices, and tunnels
ping – Send ICMP Echo requests to network hosts
netstat – Network statistics
ss – Socket statistics (faster than netstat)
traceroute – Trace the route packets take to a network host
nslookup – Query Internet name servers interactively
dig – DNS lookup utility
wget – Non-interactive network downloader
curl – Transfer data with URLs
scp – Secure copy files between hosts
ssh – Secure shell for remote login
ftp – File Transfer Protocol client

6. User and Group Management


useradd – Add a user to the system
usermod – Modify a user account
userdel – Delete a user account
groupadd – Add a group to the system
groupdel – Delete a group
passwd – Change user password
chage – Change user password expiry information
whoami – Print the current logged-in user
who – Show who is logged in
w – Show who is logged in and what they’re doing
id – Display user and group information
groups – Show user’s groups

7. System Information and Monitoring


uname – Print system information
hostname – Show or set the system’s hostname
uptime – How long the system has been running
dmesg – Boot and system messages
free – Display memory usage
top – Display Linux tasks
vmstat – Report virtual memory statistics
lscpu – Display information about the CPU architecture
lsusb – List USB devices
lspci – List PCI devices
lshw – List hardware configuration

8. Archiving and Compression


tar – Archive files
tar -czf archive.tar.gz /path/to/directory – Compress files
using gzip
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz – Extract gzipped tarball
tar -cf archive.tar /path/to/directory – Create a tarball
tar -xf archive.tar – Extract tarball
zip – Package and compress files into a ZIP archive
unzip – Extract files from a ZIP archive
gzip – Compress files using the gzip algorithm
gunzip – Decompress files compressed with gzip
bzip2 – Compress files using the bzip2 algorithm
bunzip2 – Decompress files compressed with bzip2
xz – Compress files using the xz algorithm
unxz – Decompress files compressed with xz

9. Package Management (Depends on Distribution)


Debian-based (e.g., Ubuntu)
apt-get – APT package handling utility

apt-get install <package> – Install a package


apt-get update – Update package list
apt-get upgrade – Upgrade installed packages
apt-get remove <package> – Remove a package
apt-cache – Query APT cache

apt-cache search <package> – Search for a package


apt-cache show <package> – Show package details

Red Hat-based (e.g., CentOS, Fedora)


yum – Package manager for RPM-based systems

yum install <package> – Install a package


yum update – Update installed packages
yum remove <package> – Remove a package
dnf – Next-generation package manager (Fedora, CentOS 8+)

dnf install <package> – Install a package


dnf update – Update installed packages
dnf remove <package> – Remove a package

General Commands
rpm – RPM package manager

rpm -i <package.rpm> – Install an RPM package


rpm -e <package> – Remove an RPM package
dpkg – Debian package manager

dpkg -i <package.deb> – Install a Debian package


dpkg -r <package> – Remove a Debian package

10. System Services and Daemon Management


systemctl – Control the systemd system and service manager

systemctl start <service> – Start a service


systemctl stop <service> – Stop a service
systemctl restart <service> – Restart a service
systemctl enable <service> – Enable a service to start on boot
systemctl disable <service> – Disable a service from starting
on boot
systemctl status <service> – Check service status

service – Older service management command (used in


nonsystemd systems)
service <service> start – Start a service
service <service> stop – Stop a service
service <service> restart – Restart a service
service <service> status – Check service status

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