MySQL Performance Tuning

Sumi Ryu
Senior Sales Consultant

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Program Agenda

 Basics: Hardware, Storage Engines and Versions

 Server Tuning
 Index, Query and Schema Optimization
 MySQL Performance Schema Introduction
 MySQL Enterprise Monitor and Query Analyzer

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Choosing Hardware

 Up to 64 CPU cores (MySQL 5.6 and above)

 RAM
 Linux, Solaris, Windows http://www.mysql.com/support
 Disks
– Fast HD (10-15k RPM SATA)
– RAID 10, Battery Backed Write Cache (RAID controller)
– SSD (for higher throughput) -- MySQL 5.6
 Redundant Network and Power
 Slaves = Master
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MySQL Storage Engines

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MySQL Engines
Tuning Decision

Pluggable Storage Engines

Memory, Index and Storage Management
InnoDB MyISAM NDB

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InnoDB

 Transactional and fully ACID compliant

– Crash Recovery
– Multi-version Concurrency Control (MVCC)
– Row-level Locking
 Data and Index in Memory
 In 5.6, InnoDB Provides
– Equivalent Read Performance
– Full-Text Search Indexes
– Improved Partitioning for Load Speeds

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MyISAM
 MyISAM Traditional Use Case:
– High Reads
– No Transactions or No Crash Recovery
– Table-level Locking
– Geospatial Support (RTREE Indexes)

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MySQL Versions

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MySQL Version – A Tuning Decision

2008 2009 2010 2012

Up to 4 Cores Up to 16 Cores Up to 32 Cores 48 + Cores

MySQL 5.0 (Sun Micro) (Oracle) MySQL 5.6
MySQL 5.1 MySQL 5.5
(InnoDB Plugin)

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MySQL 5.6: Scalability

 Users can fully utilize latest generations of hardware and OS

 Scales as data volumes and users grow
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Server Tuning

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Tuning Rules
 Never make a change in production first
 Have a good benchmark or reliable load
 Start with a good baseline
 Only change 1 thing at a time

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Tuning Rules -- continued

 Monitor the results

– Query performance - query analyzer, slow query log, etc.
 throughput
 single query time
 average query time
– CPU - top, vmstat
– IO - iostat, top, vmstat, bonnie++
 Document and save the results

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Benchmarks
 Make your own
– Can use general query log output
– JMeter, LoadRunner, Visual Studio

 mysqlslap http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/mysqlslap.html
 supersmack http://vegan.net/tony/supersmack/
 mybench http://jeremy.zawodny.com/mysql/mybench/

 SysBench http://sysbench.sourceforge.net/
 DBT2 http://osdldbt.sourceforge.net/

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MySQL VARIABLES
SYSTEM VARIABLES STATUS VARIABLES
 SYSTEM: datadir aborted_clients
– my.cnf/my.ini general-log connections
– Some Dynamic
innodb_buffer_pool_size created_tmp_disk_tables
– Some Session/Global
max_connections threads_created
 STATUS:
port uptime
– Session/Global
… …

 http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/server-system-variables.html
 http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/server-status-variables.html

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MySQL Status
Status Variables WATCH
 max_used_connections

 TUNE: System Variables

 MONITOR: Status Variables

 SHOW [GLOBAL|SESSION] STATUS

mysql>SHOW global status like ‘max_used_connections’
 “WATCH” box identifies status variables

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Defaults and Configuration Files

 5.6
– Updated Defaults for Modern Systems
– Auto-sized Variables
 Prior to 5.6
– Out-of-date Configuration File Samples
 example: my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf
 Advice:
– Consider 5.6 Defaults
– Re-evaluate older config file entries

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InnoDB Tuning
WATCH
 Innodb_buffer_pool_reads
 Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests
 innodb_buffer_pool_size
 80% of Available Memory
 mysql>show status like 'Innodb_buffer%' ;

 innodb_log_file_size = ~512MB 5.5+

 recovery time vs. performance
 high writes

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InnoDB Tuning -- next-level
Depends on Your Workload

 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit ( caution )
 1 sync to file (fsync) on each commit
 0/2 may lose 1 second of data
 innodb_flush_method=O_Direct
– depends on workload and hardware
 innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 8
– 5.5 and 5.6 only

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/innodb-parameters.html

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MyISAM Tuning WATCH
 Key_read_requests
 Key_reads
 Key_buffer_size

 Caches
– key_buffer_cache – 25% of Available Memory
– System Cache – 75% of Available Memory
 Multiple Key Buffers
 Pre-load Key Buffers
 Details:
– http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/myisam-key-cache.html

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General Server System Variables
Commonly Tuned WATCH
 %opened%
 %thread%
 table_open_cache  Threads_created

– 5.6 changed default from 400-2000

 thread_cache_size
– goal Threads_created ~ thread_cache_size

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General Server System Variables
Query Cache WATCH
 Only Use If  qcache_hits
 qcache_inserts
– Identical Queries and Data  qcache_not_cached
– Very Few Inserts/Updates/Deletes  qcache_total_blocks
 qcache_free_memory
 Caches Query and ResultSet
– 0 or OFF
– 1 or ON Cache all unless SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE
– 2 or DEMAND cache none unless SELECT SQL_CACHE

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General Server System Variables
Temporary Tables – Caution  RAM WATCH
 created_tmp_tables

 tmp_table_size  created_tmp_disk_tables

– Maximum size for “in memory” tables

– Memory vs. MyISAM (on disk)
 If temporary table >
– tmp_table_size or max_heap_table_size or
– BLOB/TEXT
Converts to MyISAM table on disk

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/internal-temporary-tables.html

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System Variables -- Caution
Depends on Workload or Query WATCH
Bigger is Not Always Better  %opened%
Uses Memory Per Thread or JOIN  %thread%
 Threads_created
 soft_buffer_size
– sorting for group by and order by
– If 100M = 100M of RAM per sort
– mixed results in lab
– 2M -> 256K in 5.6
 Advice
– leave default or thoroughly test
– set dynamically

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System Variables – Caution -- Continued
Depends on Workload or Query WATCH
Bigger is Not Always Better  Select_full_join
Uses Memory Per Thread or JOIN

 join_buffer_size
– joins that don’t use indexes
– minimum allocated per join per thread
 Advice
– leave default
– set dynamically
– benchmark
– tune query

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Summary
Definitely Tune: Caution
 InnoDB Buffer Pool  sort_buffer_size

 Key Buffer Cache (MyISAM)  join_buffer_size

Tune and Evaluate:  read_buffer_size (MyISAM)

 innodb_log_file_size  read_rnd_buffer_size

 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit
 innodb_flush_method
 innodb_buffer_pool_instances (5.5, 5.6+)
 table_open_cache
 thread_cache_size
 query cache (turn off?)
 tmp_table_size (per session)

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Summary – 5.6 Defaults
Less Tuning Required 5.5->5.6
Definitely Tune: Caution
 InnoDB Buffer Pool  sort_buffer_size 2MB->256K

 Key Buffer Cache (MyISAM)  join_buffer_size 128K->256K

Tune and Evaluate:  read_buffer_size (MyISAM)

 innodb_log_file_size 5M->48M  read_rnd_buffer_size

 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit
 innodb_flush_method
 innodb_buffer_pool_instances 1->8
 table_open_cache 400->2000 – https://blogs.oracle.com/supporting
 thread_cache_size 0->8+max_con/100 mysql/entry/server_defaults_chang
es_in_mysql
 query cache
 tmp_table_size
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Indexes, Queries and
Schemas

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InnoDB vs. MyISAM Indexes

 InnoDB “Clustered” Indexes

– Primary Key Includes Data
– Secondary Keys Append Primary Key
 Data Retrieved From Primary Key
 MyISAM
– Primay Key Points to Physical Data
– Secondary Key Points to Physical Data

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Implications

 InnoDB
– Fast Primary Key Lookups and Range Scans
– Specify a Primary Key
– Keep Primary Keys Small
– Auto-Increment
– Covering Index (All Data to Satisfy Query Is in Index)
 MyISAM
– Covering Index

SELECT fname, lname FROM customer WHERE lname=‘Jones’;

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Index Best Practices

 Avoid Unnecessary Indexes

mysql > SHOW CREATE TABLE tablename
 Avoid Duplication
– index key123 (col1,col2,col3)
– index key12 (col1,col2) <- Not needed!
– index key1 (col1) <-- Not needed!
 Indexes should be 16 bytes/chars or less
 Large Strings or URL
– Separate Column with MySQL MD5 to Create Hash Key Column

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Schemas
 Smaller is Better
– Don’t set VARCHAR to 255 by Default
– Temp Tables and Caches Expand to Full Size
 Use VARCHAR instead of BLOB
– MEMORY engine for GROUP BY and ORDER BY
 PROCEDURE ANALYSE()
– http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/procedure-analyse.html
 InnoDB Primary Keys

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Queries
 The IN clause in MySQL is very fast!
– Select ... Where idx IN(1,23,345,456)
 Keep column alone on left side of condition
 Select ... Where func(idx) = 20 [index ignored]
 Select .. Where idx = otherfunc(20) [may use index]
 Avoid % at the start of LIKE on an index
– Select ... Where idx LIKE(‘ABC%’) can use index
– Select ... Where idx LIKE(‘%XYZ’) must do full table scan

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Queries -- Continued WATCH
 select_scan (full table scan)
 select_full_join (joins w/o Indexes)

 Enable Slow Query Log

– Use: log_queries_not_using_indexes
 Use mysqldumpslow :

 http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/slow-query-log.html
 http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/mysqldumpslow.html

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Explain Plan Can Help with Tuning

• Order that the tables are accessed

• Indexes used

• Estimated number of rows accessed per table

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM …

EXPLAIN FORMAT = JSON SELECT * FROM …

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Explain Plan
• Cost: 239 * 4145 * 1 = 990655

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Explain – Workbench and JSON

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Add Index

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• The original cost was 239 * 4145 * 1 =
Optimized 990,655
• The new cost is 1 * 1 * 1 = 1

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Type Column
Access or Join Types

Positive Possible Issue

 eq ref – unique key/primary to reference  ALL table scan (depends on table size)
value  INDEX (unless “using Index in EXTRA
 const, system –turn part of query into column”
constant
 Null – table or index not even accessed
 ref – match single value, non-unique
index, ref_or_null = possible extra step
 range – WHERE .. BETWEEN, >

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/explain-output.htm

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Extra Column

Positive Possible Issue

 Using Index  Using temporary
 Using index for group by  Using filesort
 Using Where
 Good – Using Index

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/explain-output.html#explain-extra-information

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MySQL Performance
Schema

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Performance Schema -- Configuration

 Enabling/Disabling Performance Schema

– Within my.cnf add:
[mysqld]
performance_schema=on

 Enable individual Instruments:

– Within my.cnf add:
[mysqld]
--performance_schema_instrument='wait/synch/cond/%=counted’
– off/false/0 = Disabled
– on/true/1 = Enabled & Timed
– counted = Enabled & Counted, rather than Timed
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/performance-schema.html

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Most Common Queries

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Last 10 Statements

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Files by File I/O

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Statements with Temporary Tables

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MySQL Enterprise Monitor

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Global Tuning Advisor

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Automated Rules

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Query Analyzer

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Specific Tuning Advice

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Correlation to Queries

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Enterprise Monitor Architecture
Agent

Service Manager

Enterprise
Dashboard

Repository

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Summary

 Basics: Hardware, Storage Engines and Versions

 Server Tuning
 Index, Query and Schema Optimization
 MySQL Performance Schema Introduction
 MySQL Enterprise Monitor and Query Analyzer

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Resources
 MySQL Training Course – MySQL Performance Tuning
http://education.oracle.com/pls/web_prod-plq-
dad/ou_product_category.getPage?p_cat_id=159
 View Performance Tuning Webinars
– http://www.mysql.com/news-and-events/on-demand-webinars/
 MySQL Performance Forum
– http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?24
 Download MySQL 5.6
– http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/
 Try MySQL Enterprise Monitor:
– http://www.mysql.com/trials/
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© 2011
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Copyright – Proprietary
© 2013, Oracle and/or and
its affiliates. All Confidential
rights reserved.
The presentation is intended to outline our general product direction. It is
intended for information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into
any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any material, code, or
functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing
decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or
functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at the sole
discretion of Oracle.

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