LINUX

COMMANDS
CHEAT SHEET
ANDREI DUMITRESCU
V1.01
HEEELLLOOOOO!

I’m Andrei Neagoie, Founder and Lead Instructor of the Zero To Mastery Academy.

After working as a Senior Software Developer over the years, I now dedicate 100%
of my time to teaching others in-demand skills, help them break into the tech
industry, and advance their careers.

In only a few years, over 1,000,000 students around the world have taken Zero To
Mastery courses and many of them are now working at top tier companies like Apple,
Google, Amazon, Tesla, IBM, Facebook, and Shopify, just to name a few.

This cheat sheet, created by our Linux Instructor (Andrei Dumitrescu) provides you
with the key Linux commands that you need to know and remember.

If you want to not only learn Linux but also get the exact steps to build your own
projects and get hired as a Developer or DevOps Engineer, then check out our
Career Paths.

Happy Learning!
Andrei

Founder & Lead Instructor, Zero To Mastery

Andrei Neagoie
Linux Commands Cheatsheet
The Linux Terminal
Getting Help in Linux

MAN Pages
Use
man command to view the manual for a command.

man ls
Example:
The man pages are navigated usingless
the command with shortcuts:

h : Get help withinless .

q : Quit less .

enter : Show next line.

space : Show next screen.

/string : Search forward for a string.

?string : Search backward for a string.

n /
N : Next/previous appearance of the search term.

Checking Command Type

rm

type rm
: Check is a shell built-in or an executable file.
if

Example:rm is a shell
iscd/usr/bin/rm
built-in.

type cd : Check
if

Example:cd is a shell builtin

Getting Help for Shell Built-in Commands

help command : Get help for shell built-in commands.

Example:help cd

Linux Commands 1
Cheatsheet
: Get help for executable commands.
command --help

Linux Commands 2
Cheatsheet
Example:rm --help

Searching Man
uname in all man pages.
Pages
man -k uname : Search
for

: Search for "copy files" in man pages.

man -k "copy files"

apropos passwd
: Search passwd related man pages.
for

Keyboard Shortcuts
TAB TAB: Display all commands or filenames starting with writ ten
letters.
CTRL + L: Clear the current line. CTRL + D: Close the shell.
CTRL + U: Cut the current line.
CTRL + A: Move cursor to start of the line. Ctrl + E: Move cursor
to the end of the line. CTRL + C: Stop the current command.
CTRL + Z: Sleep the running program. CTRL + ALT + T: Open a
terminal.

Bash History
history : Display the history.

history -d 100 : Remove a specific line from history.

history -c : Clear the entire history.

echo $HISTFILESIZE : Print the number of commands saved in the history file.

echo $HISTSIZE : Print the number of history commands saved in memory.

!! : Rerun the last command.

!20 : Run a specific command from history.

!-10 : Run the last nth command.

!abc : Run the last command starting with

abc .

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Cheatsheet
!abc:p : Print the last command starting with.
abc

CTRL + R : Reverse search through history.

: Record date/time of each command (add to

HISTTIMEFORMAT="%d/%m/%y %T "

~/.bashrc for persistence).

Getting Root Access (sudo, su)

sudo command : Run a command as root (for sudo or wheel group).
users in

sudo su : Become root temporarily.

sudo passwd root : Set the root password.

passwd username : Change a user's password.

su : Become root (if root has a password).

Linux Paths
Paths
Absolute: Starts with
/

Relative: Relative to the current location

. : Current working directory

.. : Parent directory

~ : User's home directory

Changing Directories
cd : To user's home directory

cd ~ : To user's home directory

cd - : To the last directory

cd /path_to_dir : To path_to_dir

pwd : Print the current working directory

Installing Tools

Linux Commands 4
Cheatsheet
sudo apt install tree
: Installs tree command
the
Using
Tree
tree directory/ : Example:tree .

: Print only directories

tree -d .
tree -f . : Print absolute paths

The ls Command
Usage:ls [OPTIONS] [FILES]

Listing Directories
,
ls ls . : Current directory

ls ~ /var / : Multiple directories

Option
s
: Long listing
l
a : All files (including hidden)

1 : Single column

d : Directory information

h : Human-readable sizes

S : Sort by size

X : Sort by extension

-hide : Hide specific files

R : Recursive listing

i : Inode number

Disk Usage
du -sh ~ : Size of home directory

Linux Commands 5
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File Timestamps and Date
ls -lu : Access timeatime
( )

ls -l , ls -lt : Modification timemtime

( )

ls -lc : Change timectime

( )

stat file.txt : All timestamps

ls -l --full-time /etc/ : Full timestamps

Modifying Timestamps with Touch

touch file.txt : Create or update timestamps

touch -a file , touch -m file : Modify atime or mtime

touch -m -t 201812301530.45 a.txt : Specific date/time

touch -d "2010-10-31 15:45:30" a.txt

: Both atime and mtime
touch a.txt -r b.txt : Copy timestamps
Date and Calendar
date : Current date/time

cal
, cal 2021 , : Calendars
cal 7 2021
: Previous, current, next month
cal -3
date --set="2 OCT 2020 18:00:00" : Set date/time

Sorting with ls
ls -l : Sorted by
name
, newest first
ls -lt : Sorted bymtime

ls -ltu : Sorted byatime

: Reverse order
ls -ltu --reverse

Viewing Files (cat, less, more, head,

tail, watch)

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Displaying File
Contents
cat filename: Display content

cat -n filename : Line numbers : Concatenate

cat filename1 filename2 > filename3

Less Shortcuts
h : Help

q : Quit

enter : Next line

space : Next screen

/string : Search forward

?string : Search backward

/ : Next/previous search result

n N

Tail and Head

tail filename : Last 10 lines

tail -n 15 filename : Last 15 lines

tail -n +5 filename : Starting with line 5

tail -f filename : Real-time updates

head filename : First 10 lines

head -n 15 filename : First 15 lines

Monitoring Commands
watch -n 3 ls -l : Refresh every 3 seconds

Working with Files and

Directories
Creating and Updating Files

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Cheatsheet
: Create
touch filename a new file or update timestamps.

Creating Directories
mkdir dir1 : Create a new directory.

: Create
mkdir -p mydir1/mydir2/mydir3 nested directories.

The cp Command
Copy files and
directories:
to file2 .
cp file1 file2 : Copy file1

: Copy to another directory with a different name.

cp file1 dir1/file2
cp -i file1 file2 : Prompt before overwrite.

cp -p file1 file2 : Preserve permissions.

cp -v file1 file2 : Verbose output.

cp -r dir1 dir2/ : Recursively copy directories.

cp -r file1 file2 dir1 dir2 dest_dir/ : Copy multiple items to a destination.

The mv Command
Move or rename files and directories:

mv file1 file2 : Rename a file.

mv file1 dir1/ : Move to a directory.

mv -i file1 dir1/ : Prompt before overwrite.

mv -n file1 dir1/ : Prevent overwriting.

mv -u file1 dir1/ : Update based on modification time.

mv file1 dir1/file2 : Move and rename.

mv file1 file2 dir1/ dir2/ dest_dir/ : Move multiple items.

The rm Command
Remove files and directories:

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rm file1 : Remove a file.

rm -v file1 : Verbose removal.

rm -r dir1/ : Remove a directory.

rm -rf dir1/ : Force removal without prompt.

rm -ri file1 dir1/ : Prompt for each removal.

Secure File Deletion

shred -vu -n 100 file1: Securely overwrite and remove a file.

Piping and Command Redirection

Piping Examples
ls -lSh /etc/ | head : View the top 10 largest files.

ps -ef | grep sshd

: Check if sshd is running.

ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -n 3 : Top 3 processes by memory.

Command
Redirection
Redirect output and errors:

ps aux > processes.txt

: Output to a
file.
tail
id >>-n : Append
10 /var/log/*.log
users.txt output. 2> errors.txt
> output.txt : Separate output and errors.

tail -n 2 /etc/passwd /etc/shadow > all.txt 2>&1 : Redirect all to one file.

cat /var/log/auth.log | grep "fail" | wc -l : Count occurrences.

Finding Files with locate and find

locate
sudo apt install plocate : Install plocate .

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sudo updatedb: Update the database.

: Find
locate filename a file by name.

locate -i filename : Case insensitive search.

locate -b '\\filename' : Exact name search.

locate -r 'regex' : Regular expression search.

locate -e filename : Check file existence.

:
which command Show command path.

fin
d
Search with various options:

find ~ -type f -size +1M : Files over 1MB.

Options include type , name , iname , size , perm , links , atime , mtime , ctime ,
user , and group .

Searching for Text Patterns with grep

Usage:grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN FILE

Options
n : Print line number.

i : Case insensitive.

v : Invert match.

w : Match whole words.

a : Include binary files.

R : Recursive search.

c : Count matches.

C n : Context display (n lines around the match).

Extracting ASCII Characters from Binary Files

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strings binary_file : Examplestrings /bin/ls .

VIM - Text Editor

Modes
Command Mode: Default on
entry. Insert Mode: Editing text.

Last Line Mode: Save/exit commands.

Config File
VIM settings:~/.vimrc .

Commands
i
, I , , , : Enter Insert Mode.
a A o

:w!
, :q! , , : Save/quit commands in Last Line Mode.
:wq! :e!

x
, dd , , , , , , : Editing commands in Command Mode.
ZZ u G $ 0 ^

/string
, ?string , n , N : Search commands in Command Mode.

vim -o file1 file2 : Open files in stacked windows.

vim -d file1 file2 : Highlight differences.

Navigatio
n
: Switch between files.
Ctrl+w

Account Management

## Account Management
/etc/passwd # users and info:
/etc/shadow # users' passwords
/etc/group # groups

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Cheatsheet 0
## User Commands
useradd [OPTIONS] username # Create user.
usermod [OPTIONS] username # Modify user.
userdel -r username # Delete user.

## Group Commands
groupadd group_name # Create group.
groupdel group_name # Delete group.

## Examples
useradd -m -d /home/john -c "C++ Developer" -s /bin/bash -G s
udo,adm,mail john # Example of creating a user.
usermod -aG developers,managers john # Example of modifying a
user.

Monitoring Users

## Commands
who -H # User info. #
id User info. #
whoami User info.
w # System usage.
uptime # System usage.
last # Login history.
last -u username # Login history for a specific user.

File Permissions
Understanding Permissions
Legen (user) (group (others (all) (read) (write),
d: , ), ), , ,
u g o a r w x
(execute), (no access).
Displaying
Permissions

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Cheatsheet
ls -l /etc/passwd : View file permissions.

stat /etc/shadow : Detailed permission stats.

Changing Permissions
chmod u+r filename : Add read to user.

chmod u+r,g-wx,o-rwx filename : Adjust multiple permissions.

chmod ug+rwx,o-wx filename : Set multiple permissions.

chmod ugo+x filename : Add execute to all.

chmod a+r,a-wx filename : Modify all permissions.

Absolute Mode
chmod 777 filename : Set all permissions for all.

chmod 755 filename : Read & execute for group and others.

chmod 644 filename : Read-only for group and others.

Special Permissions
SUID:chmod u+s executable_file .

SGID:chmod g+s projects/ .

Sticky Bit:chmod o+t temp/ .

UMASK
Display:umask . umask new_value

Set new chown -R new_owner file .

value:
R
Ownership ec .
ur
.
chown new_owner file
si
v
chgrp new_group file
e:
Owner: chown new_owner:new_group file

Group:

Both:

Linux Commands 12
Cheatsheet
.

ssh -p 22 username@server_ip
t
ssh -p 22 -l username server
ername
ssh -v -p 22 username@server
r detailed information

# Ubuntu
sudo systemctl status ssh# C
sudo systemctl stop ssh# Sto

Linux Commands 13
Cheatsheet
File Attributes
Display:lsattr filename .

Change:chattr +-attribute filename .

Processes
Process Viewing
type rm : Check ifrm is built-in or executable.

ps : Processes in current terminal.

ps -ef
, ps aux , ps aux | less: System processes.

ps aux --sort=%mem | less: Sort by memory usage.

ps -ef --forest : ASCII process tree.

ps -f -u username : Processes by user. : Check for .

pgrep -l sshd , , ps
pgrep -f sshd -ef | grep sshd

pstree , : Hierarchical process

pstree -c
sshd
tree.

Dynamic Real-Time View

top : Start system monitor.

top
shortcut h for space for d for delay, etc.
s: help, refresh,

top -d 1 -n 3 -b > top_processes.txt : Top in batch

Instal htop mode. for an interactive view.
l

Killing Processes ,
pkill process_name killall process_name

kill -l : List
signals.

kill pid , kill -SIGNAL pid1 pid2 ...

kill -2 pid , kill -HUP pid

Linux Commands 14
Cheatsheet
: Send specific signal.

: Kill by name.
: Send signals.

: Kill using .
kill $(pidof process_name) pidof

Linux Commands 15
Cheatsheet
Background and Foreground Management
command & : Run in background.

jobs : List jobs.

Ctrl + Z : Stop process.

fg %job_id : Resume in foreground.

bg %job_id : Resume in background.

nohup command & : Immune to hangups.

Networking
Getting Network Interface Information
ifconfig : Enabled interfaces.

ifconfig -a , ip address show : All interfaces.

ifconfig enp0s3 , ip addr show dev enp0s3 : Specific interface.

: Only IPv4
ip -4 address info.
: L2 info, including MAC.
ip -6 address
ip link show , : Only IPv6
info. : Default gateway.
route , ip link show dev enp0s3

route -n , ip route show

systemd-resolve --status
: DNS servers.
Setting Network Interfaces
: Disable interface.
ifconfig enp0s3 down , ip link set enp0s3 down
: Enable interface.
ifconfig enp0s3 up , ip link set enp0s3 up

ifconfig -a
, ip link show dev enp0s3 : Check
status. : Set IP.
ifconfig enp0s3 192.168.0.222/24 up , ip address add 192.168.0.112/24 dev enp0s3

: Secondary IP.
ifconfig enp0s3:1 10.0.0.1/24

Linux Commands 16
Cheatsheet
route del default gw ip route del default ip route add default via

, , : Default
gatewa
ifconfig enp0s3 hw ether , ip link set dev enp0s3 address : Change MAC.
y.

Netplan for Static Network Configuration on Ubuntu

1. Stop/Disable NetworkManager.

2. Create/Modify YAML /etc/netplan

in .

3. Apply config:sudo netplan apply .

4. Verify: ifconfig , route -n .

ssh -p 22 username@s
t
ssh -p 22 -l usernam
ername
ssh -v -p 22 usernam
r detailed informati

# Ubuntu
sudo systemctl statu
sudo systemctl stop

OpenSSH Configuration and

Management
Installation

# Ubuntu
sudo apt update && sudo apt install openssh-server openssh-cl
ient

# CentOS
sudo dnf install openssh-server openssh-clients

Linux Commands 15
Cheatsheet
Server Connection

ssh -p 22 username@server_ip# Connect using default SSH por

t
ssh -p 22 -l username server_ip # Connect with a specific us
ername
ssh -v -p 22 username@server_ip # Connect in verbose mode fo
r detailed information

# Ubuntu
sudo systemctl status ssh# Check SSH status
sudo systemctl stop ssh# Stop SSH service

Linux Commands 16
Cheatsheet
sudo systemctl restart ssh # Restart SSH service
sudo systemctl enable ssh# Enable SSH to start on boot
sudo systemctl is-enabled ssh# Check if SSH is enabled on b
oot

# CentOS
sudo systemctl status sshd# Check SSH status sudo systemctl
stop sshd# Stop SSH service sudo systemctl restart sshd #
Restart SSH service
sudo systemctl enable sshd# Enable SSH to start on boot sudo
systemctl is-enabled sshd# Check if SSH is enabled on
boot

Security Configuration
Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and then apply changes by

restarting SSH: Change port: Port 2278

Disable root login: PermitRootLogin no

Restrict user access: AllowUsers user1

user2 Configure firewall to filter SSH
access

Enable Public Key Authentication, disable password-

based login Use SSH Protocol 2 only

Set client session intervals and max attempts for security

Remember to consult the man man sshd_config ) for detailed configuration

page ( options.

File Transfer Techniques with

SCP and RSYNC
SCP Usage

Linux Commands 17
Cheatsheet
# Copy local file to remote host scp a.txt
scp -P 2288 a.txt # Custom port

# Copy from remote to local

scp -P 2290 [email protected]:~/a.txt .

# Copy entire directory to remote

scp -P 2290 -r projects/

RSYNC Commands

# Sync local directory to local backup

sudo rsync -av /etc/ ~/etc-backup/

# Mirror directory, deleting extraneous files from dest

sudo rsync -av --delete /etc/ ~/etc-backup/

# Exclude files during sync

rsync -av --exclude-from='~/exclude.txt' /source/ /dest/

# Sync over SSH with custom port

sudo rsync -av -e 'ssh -p 2267' /etc/
~/etc-backup/

Exclude Patterns Example

# exclude.txt could include patterns like:

*.avi music/ abc.mkv

Linux Commands 18
Cheatsheet
# Exclude specific file types during transfer rsync -av --
exclude='*.mkv' /source/ /dest/

WGET for File Download

# Install wget
sudo apt install wget # Ubuntu
sudo dnf install wget # CentOS

# Basic file download

wget <https://example.com/file.iso>

# Resume incomplete download

wget -c <https://example.com/file.iso>

# Download with bandwidth limit

wget --limit-rate=100k <https://example.com/file.iso>

# Download multiple files

wget -i urls.txt # urls.txt contains list of URLs

# Recursive download for offline viewing of a website

wget -mkEpnp <http://example.org>

Use these commands to efficiently copy files and directories across

systems and for downloading content from the internet, ensuring
data synchronization and
maintaining web accessibility.

NETSTAT and SS Usage

# Display all ports and connections sudo netstat -tupan
sudo ss -tupan

Linux Commands 1
Cheatsheet 8
# Check if port 80 is open netstat -tupan | grep :80

LSOF Commands
# List open files
lsof

# Files opened by a specific user

lsof -u username

# Files opened by a specific command/process

lsof -c sshd

# Open files for TCP ports in LISTEN state

lsof -iTCP -sTCP:LISTEN
lsof -iTCP -sTCP:LISTEN -nP

Use these commands to monitor network connections, check for open

ports, and view files opened by users or processes, especially for
security and
troubleshooting.

Nmap Scanning Guide

# SYN Scan (root required)
nmap -sS 192.168.0.1

# TCP Connect Scan

nmap -sT 192.168.0.1

# Scan All Ports

nmap -p- 192.168.0.1

Linux Commands 1
Cheatsheet 9
# Scan Specific Ports
nmap -p 20,22-100,443,1000-2000 192.168.0.1

# Service Version Detection

nmap -p 22,80 -sV 192.168.0.1

# Ping Scan Network

nmap -sP 192.168.0.0/24

# Skip Host Discovery

nmap -Pn 192.168.0.0/24

# Exclude Specific IP from Scan

nmap -sS 192.168.0.0/24 --exclude 192.168.0.10

# Output Scan to File

nmap -oN output.txt 192.168.0.1

# OS Detection
nmap -O 192.168.0.1

# Aggressive Scan
nmap -A 192.168.0.1

# Read Targets from File & Output to File without DNS Resolut
ion
nmap -n -iL hosts.txt -p 80 -oN output.txt

Only scan your own networks and systems, or those you have
explicit permission to test. Unauthorized scanning can be illegal.

Software Management with DPKG and

APT
DPKG
View .deb file info:
dpkg --info package.deb

Linux Commands 2
Cheatsheet 0
Install from .deb:
sudo dpkg -i package.deb

List installed programs:

dpkg --get-selections dpkg-query -l

or dpkg-query -l | grep ssh

Find by name:

List package files:

dpkg -L openssh-server

Find owning dpkg -S /bin/ls

package: Remove
sudo dpkg -r package

package:

Purge package:
sudo dpkg -P package

APT
Update index:
sudo apt update

Install/update:sudo apt install apache2

List upgradable:
sudo apt list --upgradable

Full upgrade:sudo apt full-upgrade

Remove:sudo apt remove package

Purge:sudo apt purge package

Auto remove sudo apt autoremove

dependencies:sudo apt
Clean
clean

cache:

List all sudo apt list

packages:sudo apt list | grep nginx

Search:

Show package sudo apt show nginx

info: List sudo apt list --installed

installed:

Task Scheduling using Cron

Linux Commands 21
Cheatsheet
crontab -e # Edit crontab crontab -l # List tasks crontab -r #
# Schedule Format:
* * * * * command # Every minute
15 * * * * command # Hourly
30 18 * * * command # Daily
3 22 * * 1 command # Weekly
10 6 1 * * command # Monthly @yearly command # Yearly @reboot
command # At reboot

Getting System Hardware Information

General Hardware

lshw # Full hardware info

lshw -short # Short format
lshw -json # JSON format
lshw -html # HTML format

CPU Information

lscpu # CPU details

lshw -C cpu # Hardware-specific CPU details
lscpu -J # JSON format

Memory Information

dmidecode -t memory # RAM specs

dmidecode -t memory | grep -i size dmidecode
-t memory | grep -i max
free -m# Memory usage

PCI and USB Devices

Linux Commands 22
Cheatsheet
lspci es # PCI buses and connected devic
lspci | grep -i wireless
lspci | grep -i vga
lsusb
lsusb -v # USB controllers and devices
# Verbose output

Storage Devices

lshw -short -C disk

fdisk -l # List disks
fdisk -l /dev/sda
lsblk # Block devices list

Network Devices

lshw -C network
iw list # Wi-Fi cards
iwconfig # Wi-Fi configuration
iwlist scan # Wi-Fi networks scan

System Information via /proc

cat /proc/cpuinfo # CPU info

cat /proc/meminfo # Memory info
cat /proc/version # System version
uname -r # Kernel version
uname -a # All system info

Battery Power

acpi -bi # Battery info

Linux Commands 23
Cheatsheet
acpi -V # All ACPI info

Working with Device Files (dd)

# Backup MBR
dd if=/dev/sda of=~/mbr.dat bs=512 count=1

# Restore MBR
dd if=~/mbr.dat of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1

# Clone partition
dd if=/dev/sda1 of=/dev/sdb2 bs=4M status=progress

Use these commands to check hardware specifications and perform

operations with device files safely.

Service Management
# Analyze boot process
systemd-analyze
systemd-analyze blame

# List active units systemctl

list-units
systemctl list-units | grep ssh

# Service status
sudo systemctl status nginx.service

# Stop service
sudo systemctl stop nginx

# Start service
sudo systemctl start nginx

Linux Commands 24
Cheatsheet
# Restart service
sudo systemctl restart nginx

# Reload service config sudo systemctl

reload nginx
sudo systemctl reload-or-restart nginx

# Enable service at boot

sudo systemctl enable nginx

# Disable service at boot

sudo systemctl disable nginx

# Check if service is enabled at boot

sudo systemctl is-enabled nginx

# Mask service
sudo systemctl mask nginx

# Unmask service
sudo systemctl unmask nginx

Ubuntu

sudo systemctl status ssh # Check SSH service status #

sudo systemctl stop ssh sudo Stop SSH service
systemctl restart ssh sudo # Restart SSH service
systemctl enable ssh # Enable SSH to start on boot
sudo systemctl is-enabled ssh # Check if SSH is enabled on
boot

CentOS

Linux Commands 25
Cheatsheet
sudo systemctl status sshd # Check SSHD service status
sudo systemctl stop sshd sudo # Stop SSHD service
systemctl restart sshd sudo # Restart SSHD service
systemctl enable sshd ot # Enable SSHD to start on bo
sudo systemctl is-enabled sshd
n boot # Check if SSHD is enabled o

Security
Configuration . Apply changes by

To configure security settings, edit

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

restarting SSH. Key configurations

include: Change SSH port:

Port 2278

Disable root login:

PermitRootLogin no
Restrict
user access to specified users only:

AllowUsers user1 user2

Configure firewall to filter SSH access

Enable Public Key Authentication and disable password-

based login Use SSH Protocol 2 only

Set client session intervals and maximum attempts for increased security

Note: Consult the man page

man (
sshd_config ) for detailed configuration options.

Bash Programming
Bash Aliases

Linux Commands 26
Cheatsheet
alias # List all aliases
alias name='command' # Create an alias
unalias name # Remove an alias

Useful Aliases

alias c='clear'
alias cl='clear; ls; pwd' alias root='sudo su'
alias ports='netstat -tupan'
alias sshconfig='sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config'
alias update='sudo apt update && sudo apt dist-upgrade -y && sudo
apt clean'

Interactive File Manipulation

alias cp='cp -i' alias mv='mv -i' alias rm='rm -i'

Bash Variables

variable="value" echo # Define a variable

$variable declare -r # Reference a variable
const=100 unset # Define a read-only variable
variable # Unset a variable
env | grep PATH # Find an environment variable
export PATH=$PATH:~/bin # Modify the PATH variable

Special Variables

$0, $1, $2, ..., ${10} # Script name & positional argument
s

Linux Commands 27
Cheatsheet
$# "$*" # Number of positional arguments
gle string # All positional arguments as a sin
$?
# Exit status of the last command

Program Flow Control

if [ condition ]; then command; fi#

Basic if statement
if [ condition ]; then command; else other_command; fi # If-else
statement
if [ condition ]; then command; elif [ condition ]; then... # If-
elif-else statement

Test Conditions

# Numeric comparisons: -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, -ge # File

checks: -s, -f, -d, -x, -w, -r
# String comparisons: =, !=, -n (not zero), -z (is zero) #
Logical operators: && (and), || (or)

Loops and Functions

for i in {1..5}; do echo "Loop $i"; done # For

loop
while [ condition ]; do command; done e # Whil
loop
case "$variable" in pattern) command;; esac # Case
statement
function name() { command; } tion # Func
definition
name() { command; } # Alte
rnative function syntax

Linux Commands 28
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name # Call
a function

Command Examples

crontab -e # Edit crontab file

crontab -l # List crontab entries
crontab -r # Remove crontab entries

Combine these constructs to write effective bash scripts for task

automation and system management.

Linux Commands 29
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