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Thermochemistry Notes For Finals

Specific heat (C) refers to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C. A bomb calorimeter can be used to measure the energy released during a combustion reaction. The question provides the mass and specific heat of water and uses data on the combustion of glucose to calculate the final temperature of the water. The summary includes the key steps: (1) calculating heat released by the glucose combustion reaction, (2) using q=mcΔT to calculate the heat absorbed by water, and (3) determining the final temperature of the water.

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165 views

Thermochemistry Notes For Finals

Specific heat (C) refers to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C. A bomb calorimeter can be used to measure the energy released during a combustion reaction. The question provides the mass and specific heat of water and uses data on the combustion of glucose to calculate the final temperature of the water. The summary includes the key steps: (1) calculating heat released by the glucose combustion reaction, (2) using q=mcΔT to calculate the heat absorbed by water, and (3) determining the final temperature of the water.

Uploaded by

thehandshake
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Specific heat (C): Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1oC. [H2O4.

184 J/g/k] q= mCT q= heat released or absorbed by solution m= mass of substance C= specific heat capacity (for water= 4.184 j g-1 K-1) T= Tf- Ti (change in temperature) Note: mass= density x volume (this is handy) Bomb Calorimeter- used for measuring energy released in a combustion reaction. Question: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20(g) Hcombustion =-2808 KJ What is the final temperature of 50.0g of H2O in the calorimeter if 54.0g of glucose was combusted? The initial temperature of 25.0oC n(glucose)= 54/180= 0.3 mol glucose Hreleased rxn= 0.3 glucose x 2808KJ= 842.4KJ Now, Habsorbed by water= mcT 842400= (50.0)(4.184)( T) T= 4.03 Tfinal= 25+4.03= 29.03 Calculation component for Calorimetry: A. B. C. D. E. Heat absorbed by solution: [q= mCT] Heat absorbed by Calorimeter: [q= C x T] Total heat produced by the reaction: [q (total)= A +B] Enthalpy= Negative of heat produced in reaction ( - C) Molar enthalpy= [Enthalpy] / [moles of substance reacted]

Enthalpy (H): Heat content of a system at constant pressure Changes in energy (H) Hrxn= Hproducts- Hreactants Reactions releasing heat (EXOTHERMIC), H <0 Reactions absorbing heat (ENDOTHERMIC), H>0

Thermochemical Equations: - Balanced chemical equations that include physical states of all reactants and products of the energy change (H) 1. (Hformation >0) Ca(s) + C(s) + 3/2 O(g) CaCO3 (s) Na(s) + Br2(l) + 3/2 O2(g) NaBrO3(s) 2. Hcombustion <<0 Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) C8H18(l) + 25/2 O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l) 3. Hdissociation H2(g) 2H(g) ; HCl(g) H(g) + Cl(g) 4. Hatomisation O2(g) O(g) 5. Hionisation First ionization enthalpy: atom(g) ion(+) (g) + e(-) (g) Second ionization enthalpy: ion(+) (g) ion(2+) (g) + e(-) (g) 6. Electron Affinities Atom(g) + e (-) ion(-) (g) O2(g) + e(-) O (2-) (g) Phase Transitions: 1. Solid Liquid H (fusion) = standard enthalpy of fusion or melting 2. Liquid gas H (vaporization)= standard enthalpy of vaporization 3. Solid gas H (sublimation)= standard of enthalpy of sublimation. Hess Law: States that the energy of a chemical reaction is the same regardless of the number of steps needed or the reaction mechanism. (H= ?)

Spontaneous: A physical or chemical change that occurs with no outside intervention of ordinary conditions (some energy may be supplied). - All exothermic rxns arent spontaneous: H2O(s)H2O(l) (H=+) endo. Spontaneity depends on a combination of : 1. Enthalpy (H) 2. Entropy (S) Heat of Formation (Hof) - Change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1mol of the compound in their standard states. - Free elements in their standard states: (Hof)= 0.0KJ Heat of Fusion (Hfusion) - Energy needed for one gram of a solid to melt without any change in temperature. Heat of Vaporisation (Hvaporitation) q=mcT - Energy needed for one gram of a liquid to vaporize (boil) without a change in pressure. Phase diagram calculation: Q. How much energy will it take to heat 10.0g ice from -15 to 15oC? [C=4.184 for water) Solution: conduct q to each phase change and then add up the qs. Can use Hess law OR

Gibbs Free Energy (G)combined enthalpy/entropy function that determines spontaneity of process or the amount of energy that is left after a rxn occurs. Gibbs energy (G) the energy available to do work G= H TS G<0 (spontaneous) G>0 (non-spontaneous) H= exothermic H= endothermic T= is the thermodynamic temperature (K or) H= enthalpy of the system (KJ) S= entropy of the system (KJ/K)

1st Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of energy. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics -Heat always flows from hot to cold objects never cold to hot.

3rd Law of Thermodynamics: -Entropies of all perfectly crystalline substances approach a common value as the temperature apporaches zero (OK). Entropy: - Measure the amount of disorder in a system. - Nature tends towards disorder, as time elapses (entropy increases) - Energy is required to decrease entropy/order.

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