CONVERSION FACTORS To Convert Length inches inches feet feet feet feet yards yards miles (U.S.

statute) miles (U.S. statute) miles (U.S. statute) miles (U.S. statute) meters meters meters nautical miles Area square inches square inches square feet square feet square meters square miles square yards Volume cubic inches cubic inches cubic feet cubic feet cubic feet cubic meters liters quarts (U.S. liquid) U.S. gallons U.S. gallons U.S. gallons barrels (petroleum) Imperial gallons milliliters Time seconds seconds *Exact value xviii To millimeters feet inches meters yards miles (U.S. statute) feet miles (U.S. statute) feet yards meters nautical miles feet yards miles (U.S. statute) miles (U.S. statute) Multiply by 25.4* 0.0833 12* 0.3048* 0.3333 0.0001894 3* 0.0005682 5280* 1760* 1609 0.868 3.281 1.094 0.0006214 1.152

square centimeters square feet square inches square meters square feet square yards square feet

6.452 0.006944 144* 0.09290 10.76 3,097,600* 9*

cubic centimeters cubic feet cubic inches cubic meters U.S. gallons cubic feet quarts (U.S. liquid) liters barrels (petroleum) cubic feet Imperial gallons U.S. gallons U.S. gallons cubic centimeters

16.39 0.0005787 1728* 0.02832 7.481 35.31 1.057 0.9463 0.02381 0.1337 0.8327 42* 1.201 1*

minutes hours

0.01667 0.0002778

To Convert seconds minutes minutes minutes hours hours hours Mass or Weight pounds pounds pounds pounds tons (short) tons (metric) tons (long) kilograms tonnes (metric tons) Energy calories calories Btu (British thermal units) Btu joules joules Velocity feet per second feet per second feet per second meters per second meters per second miles per hour miles per hour knots knots knots Density pounds per cubic foot grams per cubic centimeter grams per cubic centimeter kilograms per cubic meter *Exact value

CONVERSION FACTORS (continued) To days seconds hours days seconds minutes days

Multiply by 0.00001157 60* 0.01667 0.0006944 3600* 60* 0.04167

kilograms short tons long tons metric tons pounds pounds pounds pounds kilograms

0.4536 0.0005* 0.0004464 0.0004536 2000* 2205* 2240* 2.205 1000*

Btu joules calories joules calories Btu

0.003968 4.187 252.0 1055 0.2388 0.0009479

meters per second miles per hour knots feet per second miles per hour meters per second feet per second meters per second miles per hour feet per second

0.3048 0.6818 0.5921 3.281 2.237 0.4470 1.467 0.5148 1.151 1.689

grams per cubic centimeter pounds per cubic foot kilograms per cubic meter grams per cubic centimeter

0.01602 62.42 1000* 0.001

xix

CONVERSION FACTORS (continued)

To Convert Pressure pounds per square inch (absolute) (psia) psia psia psia pounds per square inch (gauge) (psig) millimeters of mercury (torr) millimeters of mercury (torr) inches of water kilograms per square centimeter inches of water kilograms per square centimeter atmospheres kilograms per square centimeter atmospheres bars kilonewtons per square meter (kN/m2) bar kilonewtons per square meter (kN/m2) bar

To

Multiply by

kilonewtons per square meter (kN/m2) atmospheres inches of water millimeters of mercury (torr) psia psia kN/m2 psia millimeters of mercury (torr) kN/m2 atmospheres kN/m2 psia psia kN/m2 psia atmospheres atmospheres kilograms per square centimeter

6.895 0.0680 27.67 51.72 add 14.70 0.01934 0.1333 0.03614 735.6 0.2491 0.9678 101.3 14.22 14.70 100* 0.1450 0.9869 0.009869 1.020

Viscosity centipoises pounds per foot per second centipoises centipoises poises grams per centimeter per second newton seconds per square meter

pounds per foot per second centipoises poises newton seconds per square meter grams per centimeter per second poises centipoises

0.0006720 1488 0.01* 0.001* 1* 1* 1000*

*Exact value xx

CONVERSION FACTORS (continued) To Convert Thermal Conductivity Btu per hour per foot per oF Btu per hour per foot per oF watts per meter-kelvin kilocalories per hour per meter per oC kilocalories per hour per meter per oC Heat Capacity Btu per pound per oF Btu per pound per oF joules per kilogram-kelvin calories per gram per oC Concentration (in water solution) parts per million (ppm) parts per billion (ppb) milligrams per liter micrograms per liter milligrams per cubic meter grams per cubic centimeter grams per cubic centimeter pounds per cubic foot Temperature degrees Kelvin (oK) degrees Rankine (oR) degrees centigrade (oC) degrees Fahrenheit (oF) degrees centigrade (oC) degrees Fahrenheit (oF) Flow cubic feet per second U.S. gallons per minute Universal Gas Constant (R) 8.314 joules per gram molekelvin 1.987 calories per gram mole-kelvin *Exact value xxi To Multiply by

watts per meter-kelvin kilocalories per hour per meter per oC Btu per hour per foot per oF watts per meter-kelvin Btu per hour per foot per oF

1.731 1.488 0.5778 1.163 0.6720

calories per gram per oC joules per kilogram-kelvin Btu per pound per oF Btu per pound per oF

1* 4187 0.0002388 1*

milligrams per liter micrograms per liter ppm ppb grams per cubic centimeter milligrams per cubic meter pounds per cubic foot grams per cubic centimeter

1* 1* 1* 1* 1X10-9 1X109 62.42 0.01602

degrees Rankine (oR) degrees Kelvin (oK) degrees Fahrenheit (oF) degrees centigrade (oC) degrees Kelvin (oK) degrees Rankine (oR)

1.8* 0.5556 first multiply by 1.8, then add 32 first subtract 32, then multiply by 0.5556 add 273.2 add 459.7

U.S. gallons per minute cubic feet per second

448.9 0.002228

CONVERSION FACTORS (continued) To Convert 1.987 Btu per pound mole per oF 10.73 psia-cubic feet per pound mole per oF 82.057 atm-cubic centimeters per gram mole-kelvin 62.361 millimeters mercury liter per gram mole-kelvin Amount of Oil Volume Barrels Gallons Tons of Fuel Oil #1 Tons of Fuel Oil #2 Tons of Fuel Oil #4 Tons of Fuel Oil #5 Tons of Fuel Oil #6 Weight Pounds Tons Gallons of Fuel Oil #1 Gallons of Fuel Oil #2 Gallons of Fuel Oil #4 Gallons of Fuel Oil #5 Gallons of Fuel Oil #6 To Multiply by

Gallons Barrels Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons Tons Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Actual Capacity in Gallons Per Lineal Foot Standard Pipe Diameter Gallons (inches) Per Foot 0.5 0.0150 0.75 0.0275 1.0 0.0445 1.25 0.0780 1.50 0.1060 2.0 0.1750 2.50 0.2500 3.0 0.3840 3.5 0.5150 4.0 0.6640 4.5 0.8300 5.0 1.0400 6.0 1.500 8.0 2.612

42.0 0.0238 280-290 267-280 263-265 253-260 246-250 0.0005 2000 6.879 to 7.085 7.128 to 7.490 7.538 to 7.587 7.686 to 7.891 7.998 to 8.108

xxii

CONVERSION FACTORS (continued) Temperature Conversions

Co 0oC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Co

32 oF 33.8 35.6 37.4 39.2 41.0 42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2 50.0 51.8 53.6 55.4 57.2 59.0 60.8 62.6 64.4 66.2

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 37.8 Formula for oC to oF:

68.0 69.8 71.6 73.4 75.2 77.0 78.8 80.6 82.4 84.2 86.0 87.8 89.6 91.4 93.2 95.0 96.8 98.6 100.0

Formula for oF to oC: (oF-32) x 5/9 = oC (oCx9/5) + 32 = oF To Convert from API Gravity to specific gravity at 60o F API Gravity = (141.5/(S.G. @ 60oF)) - 131.5

See Section 9 - Perry's Handbook of Chemical Engineering Specific Gravity @ 60oF = 141.5 API Gravity + 131.5

xxiii

CONVERSION FACTORS (continued)

Miscellaneous # # # # # One (1) gallon of water weighs 8.33 pounds and contains 231 cubic inches. A cubic foot of water contains 7.5 gallons, 1728 cubic inches, and weighs 62.5 pounds. To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the height of the column (in feet) by 0.433. A gallon of gasoline weighs 5.49 to 5.83 pounds. A cubic foot of gasoline weighs 41.09 to 43.59 pounds.

xxiv