Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2

Institute of Mathematics University of the Philippines-Diliman

1 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

sin x dx or cos x dx

Recall sin x dx = cos x + C sin2 x dx = 1 1 1 (1 cos 2x) dx = x sin 2x + C 2 2 4

2 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

sin x dx or cos x dx
Consider Note that sin3 x = sin2 x sin x = (1 cos2 x) sin x = sin x cos2 x sin x Thus, sin3 x dx = sin x cos2 x sin x dx. sin3 x dx.

Let u = cos x, du = sin x dx. Therefore, sin3 x dx = 1 1 1 u2 du = u + u3 + C = cos x + cos3 x + C 3 3

3 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

sinm x dx, m N m is odd

split off a factor of sin x express the rest of the factors in terms of cos x, using sin2 x = 1 cos2 x use the substitution u = cos x, du = sin x dx

m is even
use the half-angle identity 1 sin2 x = (1 cos 2x) 2

4 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

cosm x dx, m N m is odd

split off a factor of cos x express the rest of the factors in terms of sin x, using cos2 x = 1 sin2 x use the substitution u = sin x, du = cos x dx

m is even
use the half-angle identity 1 cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x) 2

5 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example 1. Evaluate cos5 x dx

cos5 x dx

= = =

cos4 x cos x dx cos2 x

2

cos x dx =

1 sin2 x

cos x dx

1 2 sin2 x + sin4 x cos x dx

Let u = sin x,

du = cos x dx. cos5 x dx = = = 1 2u2 + u4 du 2 1 u u3 + u5 + C 3 5 2 1 sin x sin3 x + sin5 x + C 3 5

6 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Trigonometric Integrals
Example 2. Evaluate cos2 x sin3 x dx.

A. Integrals of the form sinm x cosn x dx

cos2 x sin3 x dx

= cos2 x sin2 x sin x dx = = cos2 x 1 cos2 x sin x dx cos2 x sin x dx du = sin xdx = u2 du + u4 du cos4 x sin x dx

let u = cos x

1 1 1 1 = u3 + u5 + C = cos3 x + cos5 x + C 3 5 3 5
7 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

cosm x sinn x dx n is odd

split off a factor of sin x express the rest of the factors in terms of cos x, using sin2 x = 1 cos2 x use the substitution u = cos x, du = sin x dx

8 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example 3. Evaluate cos3 x sin2 x dx.

cos3 x sin2 x dx

= cos2 x sin2 x cos x dx = = 1 sin2 x sin2 x cos x dx sin2 x cos x dx du = cos xdx = u2 du u4 du sin4 x cos x dx

let u = sin x

1 1 1 1 = u3 u5 + C = sin3 x sin5 x + C 3 5 3 5
9 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

cosm x sinn x dx m is odd

split off a factor of cos x express the rest of the factors in terms of sin x, using cos2 x = 1 sin2 x use the substitution u = sin x, du = cos x dx

both m and n are even

use the half-angle identities 1 1 cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x) and sin2 x = (1 cos 2x) 2 2 use the rule for cosm x dx

10 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

cos x sin x dx
Example 4. Evaluate sin2 x cos4 x dx.

sin2 x cos4 x dx = = = = 1 cos 2x 2 1 cos 2x 2

sin2 x (cos2 x)2 dx

2

1 1 + cos 2x cos2 2x cos3 2x dx 8 1 1 + cos 4x = 1 + cos 2x (1 sin2 2x) cos 2x dx 8 2 1 sin 2x 1 sin 4x 1 sin3 2x = x+ x+ sin 2x +C 8 2 2 4 2 3
11 / 27

1 + cos 2x 2 1 + cos 2x 2

dx
2

dx

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example. Evaluate tan3 2x dx.

tan 2x tan2 2x dx

= =

tan 2x sec2 2x 1 dx tan 2x sec2 2x dx tan 2x dx

let u = tan 2x, du = 2 sec2 2x dx = = = 1 1 u du ln | sec 2x| + C 2 2 1 2 1 u ln | sec 2x| + C 4 2 1 1 tan2 2x ln | sec 2x| + C 4 2

12 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

tanm x dx, m N, m 2 split off a factor of tan2 x and write this as tan2 x = sec2 x 1 use the substitution u = tan x, cotm x dx, m N, m 2 split off a factor of cot2 x and write this as cot2 x = csc2 x 1 use the substitution u = cot x, du = csc2 x dx du = sec2 x dx

13 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example. Evaluate cot4 3x dx.

cot2 3x cot2 3x dx

= = = =

cot2 3x csc2 3x 1 dx cot2 3x csc2 3x cot2 3x dx cot2 3x csc2 3x csc2 3x + 1 dx cot2 3x csc2 3x dx + 1 cot 3x + x + C 3

let u = cot 3x, du = 3 csc2 3x dx = = = 1 1 u2 + cot 3x + x + C 3 3 1 3 1 u + cot 3x + x + C 9 3 1 1 3 cot 3x + cot 3x + x + C 9 3

14 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

sec x dx or csc x dx
Example. Evaluate sec4 x dx.

sec4 x dx

= = =

sec2 x sec2 x dx 1 + tan2 x sec2 xdx sec2 x dx + tan2 x sec2 xdx

= tan x + let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx = tan x + = tan x +

tan2 x sec2 xdx u2 du tan3 x +C 3

15 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

secn xdx n is even

split off a factor of sec2 x. express the rest of the factors in terms of tan x, using sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x use the substitution u = tan x, du = sec2 xdx.

cscn xdx n is even

split off a factor of csc2 x. express the rest of the factors in terms of cot x, using csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x use the substitution u = cotx , du = csc2 xdx

16 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

sec x dx or csc x dx
Example. Evaluate sec3 x dx.

Note that sec3 x = sec x sec2 x. By IBP , Let u = sec x du = sec x tan x dx sec3 x dx , , dv = sec2 x dx v = tan x dx tan x(sec x tan x) dx sec x tan2 x dx (sec2 x 1) sec x dx sec3 x dx + sec x dx

= sec x tan x = sec x tan x = sec x tan x = sec x tan x

sec3 xdx sec3 xdx

= sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C 1 = (sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) + C 2

17 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

secn xdx n is odd

split off a factor of sec2 xs use IBP with dv = sec2 x dx and u to be the remaining factors

cscn xdx n is odd

split off a factor of csc2 x use IBP, with dv = csc2 x dx and u to be the remaining factors

18 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example. Evaluate tan3 4x sec4 4x dx.

tan3 4x sec4 4x dx

= = =

tan2 4x sec3 4x sec 4x tan 4x dx sec2 4x 1 sec3 4x sec 4x tan 4x dx sec5 4x sec3 3x sec 4x tan 4x dx du = 4 sec 4x tan 4x dx 1 u5 u3 du 4 1 u6 u4 +C 4 6 4 1 1 sec6 4x sec4 4x + C 24 16
19 / 27

let u = sec 4x, = = =

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

tanm x secn x dx m is odd

split off a factor of sec x tan x express the rest of the factors in terms of sec x using the identity tan2 x = sec2 x 1 use the substitution u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx

cotm x cscn x dx m is odd

split off a factor of csc x cot x express the rest of the factors in terms of csc x using the identity cot2 x = csc2 x 1 use the substitution u = csc x, du = sec x tan x dx

20 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example. Evaluate tan3 4x sec4 4x dx.

tan3 4x sec4 4x dx

= = =

tan3 4x sec2 4x sec2 4x dx tan3 4x 1 + tan2 4x sec2 4x dx tan3 4x sec2 4x dx + tan5 4x sec2 4x dx

let u = tan 4x, = = =

du = 4 sec2 4x dx 1 u3 + u5 du 4 1 u4 u6 + +C 4 4 6 1 1 tan4 4x + tan6 4x + C 16 24

21 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

tanm x secn x dx n is even

split off a factor of sec2 x express the rest of the factors in terms of tan x using the identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x use the substitution u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

tanm x secn x dx n is even

split off a factor of csc2 x express the rest of the factors in terms of cot x using the identity csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x use the substitution u = cot x, du = csc2 x dx

22 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

tan x sec x dx or cot x cscn x dx

Example. Evaluate cot2 x csc x dx.

cot2 x csc x dx

= = =

(csc2 x 1) csc x dx (csc3 x csc x) dx csc3 x dx ln | csc x cot x|

1 1 csc x cot x + ln | csc x tan x| + C 2 2

Recall:

csc3 x dx =

1 1 = csc x cot x ln | csc x cot x| + C 2 2

23 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

tanm x secn x dx m is even and n is odd

express the even power of tan x in terms of sec x using the identity tan2 x = sec2 x 1 use the rule for secm x dx

cotm x cscn x dx m is even and n is odd

express the even power of cot x in terms of csc x using the identity cot2 x = csc2 x 1 use the rule for cscm x dx

24 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Recall sin mx cos nx sin mx sin nx cos mx cos nx 1 [sin(m + n)x + sin(m n)x], 2 1 = [cos(m + n)x cos(m n)x], 2 1 = [cos(m + n)x + cos(m n)x]. 2 =

25 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example. Evaluate cos 3x cos 5x dx.

cos 3x cos 5x dx

= = = =

1 (cos(3x + 5x) + cos(3x 5x)) dx 2 1 (cos 8x + cos 2x) dx 2 1 1 1 sin 8x + sin 2x + C 2 8 2 1 1 sin 8x + sin 2x + C 16 4

26 / 27

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric Integrals

secn x dx or cscn x dx

Example. Evaluate sin 7x cos 3x dx.

sin 7x cos 3x dx

1 (sin(7x + 3x) + sin(7x 3x)) dx 2 1 = (sin 10x + sin 4x) dx 2 1 1 1 = cos 10x cos 4x + C 2 10 4 1 1 = cos 8x cos 4x + C 20 8

27 / 27