UNIT-I

Computer Hardware and Number System

Swati Godha
1

Computer
Computer is a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed. It is also known as data processor because it not only computes in the usual sense but also store, process and retrieve data as and when desired.

Swati Godha

Swati Godha

Basic Organisation of a Computer System

Primary Memory

Input Units

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Output Units

Swati Godha

Basic Components of Computer Hardware

Swati Godha

Input Unit
It accepts data and information from outside world. It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable form. It supplies the converted instructions and data to computer system for further processing.

Swati Godha

Output Unit
It accepts the results produced by a computer in coded form. It converts these coded results to human acceptable form. It supplies the converted results to outside world.

Swati Godha

Storage Unit
It stores
Data and instructions required for processing. Intermediate results for processing. Results for output.

Swati Godha

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Often referred to as the brain of the computer. Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system. The two major components of the CPU are:
Control Unit (CU) : manages and coordinates the operations of all other components of the computer system. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) : calculations are performed and all comparisons are made. It is the place where actual execution of instructions takes place.

Swati Godha

Input Technologies/ Input Devices

Computer cannot understand our language because it understands only machine language and it can be possible using some devices called input devices. When we work with computer we need to enter data and instructions to the computer using these devices. These devices convert data and instructions to a form that can be recognized by the computer.
Swati Godha
10

Types of Input Devices

Keyboard Point and draw devices Scanner Digitizer Electronic cards based devices Speech recognition devices Vision based devices
Swati Godha
11

Keyboard
It is the most commonly used input device. They allow data entry into a computer system by pressing a set of keys neatly mounted on a key board .

Swati Godha

12

Point and Draw Devices

These input devices are used to rapidly point to and select a graphic icon or menu item from multiple options displayed on a screen. Many of these devices can also be used effectively to create graphic elements on the screen such as lines, curves and freehand shapes.

Swati Godha

13

Commonly used point and draw devices are:

Mouse Track ball Joy stick Electronic pen Touch screen

Swati Godha

14

Mouse
It is a most popular point and draw device. A mouse is a small hand held device that that rolls on a small bearing and has buttons on the top.

Swati Godha

15

Track ball

It has the roller ball placed on the top along with the button which is used to move the graphic cursor on the screen.

Swati Godha

16

Joystick
The stick is moved to position the graphic cursor. The button placed on it is clicked to make the selection.

Swati Godha

17

Electronic Pen
A user holds the pen and point with it directly on the screen to select from the displayed menu items or icons. A user can also draw graphics directly on the screen with it.

Swati Godha

18

Touch Screen
A touch screen enables a user to choose from available options by simply touching the desired icon or menu item displayed on a computers screnn with his finger.

Swati Godha

19

Data Scanning Devices

Used for direct data entry into a computer system from source documents. Commonly used scanning devices are:
Image scanner OCR OMR Bar Code Reader MICR
Swati Godha
20

Image Scanner
It translates paper documents into an electronic format that can be stored in a computer. Input documents may be typed text, pictures, graphics or even hand written material.

Swati Godha

21

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

It is a scanner equipped with character recognition software. It is used for inputting text documents and storing them in a form suitable for doing word processing of the documents.

Swati Godha

22

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

It is a scanner capable of recognizing a prespecified type of mark made by pencil or pen. In objective type test the answer sheets are fed directly to a computer for grading with the use of an optical mark reader.

Swati Godha

23

Bar Code Reader

It is a scanner used for reading bar-coded data. It may be a hand held scanner. It is used particularly for unique identification of all types of goods, books, postal packages, tags etc.

Swati Godha

24

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

It is used by banking industry for faster processing of large volume of cheques. It also ensures accuracy of data entry because most of the information is pre-printed on the cheque and is fed to a computer directly.

Swati Godha

25

Digitizer
Used for converting pictures, maps and drawings into digital form for storage in computers. This enables recreation of the drawing from stored information and easy incorporation of changes in the drawing, whenever required. Commonly used in the area of Computer Aided Design (CAD) by architects and engineers to design cars, buildings, medical devices, robots, mechanical parts etc.
Swati Godha
26

Electronic Card reader

These are small plastic cards having encoded data appropriate for the application for which they are used. For ex: ATM cards

Swati Godha

27

Speech Recognition Device

It allows a person to input data to a computer system by speaking to it. For example it is used for authentication of a user by a computer system based on speech input.

Swati Godha

28

Vision Input System

It allows a computer to accept input by seeing an object. Used mainly in factories for designing industrial robots used for quality control. For example, a robot used for quality control may inspect objects and separate those not meeting certain quality control specifications.

Swati Godha

29

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Swati Godha

30

CPU
Converts data into information Control center Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions Three parts
Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers

Swati Godha

31

Control Unit CU
Directs the computer system to execute stored program instructions Communicates with other parts of the hardware

Swati Godha

32

Arithmetic / Logic Unit ALU

Performs arithmetic operations

Performs logical operations

Swati Godha

33

Arithmetic Operations
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Swati Godha

34

Logical Operations
Evaluates conditions Makes comparisons Can compare
Numbers Letters Special characters

Swati Godha

35

Registers
Special-purpose High-speed Temporary storage Located inside CPU
Instruction register
Holds instruction currently being executed

Data register
Holds data waiting to be processed
Holds results from processing
Swati Godha
36

Storage Unit
Two types of storage are:
Primary Storage/ Main Memory Secondary Storage/ Auxiliary Memory

Swati Godha

37

Primary Storage
It is a temporary storage area built into a computer hardware. Instructions and data of a program reside in this area mainly when the CPU is executing the program. Different types of main memory are:
RAM ROM PROM EPROM Cache Memory
Swati Godha
38

Random Access Memory (RAM)

It is volatile (complete loss of stored information if power is interrupted) the computers primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU

Swati Godha

39

Read Only Memory (ROM)

It is non volatile in which data is stored permanently. It is of two types:
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM): it cannot be altered. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM): can be reprogrammed to store new information.

Swati Godha

40

Cache Memory
It is an extremely fast and small memory between CPU and main memory. Its access time is closer to the processing speed of CPU.

Swati Godha

41

Secondary Storage/ Auxiliary Memory

It is non volatile. It has low cost per bit stored. It generally has an operating speed far slower than that of primary storage.

Swati Godha

42

Swati Godha

43

Mass storage devices

are storage systems having storage capacity of several trillions of bytes of data. Commonly used types of mass storage devices are:
Disk array using a set of magnetic disk. Automated tape library using a set of magnetic tapes. CD-ROM juke box using a set of CD-ROMs.
Swati Godha
44

Storage Hierarchy

Swati Godha

45

Output Technologies/ Output Devices

It accepts data from a computer and translates them into a form suitable for used by outside world. There are two types of output:
Soft-copy output: it is not produced on a paper or some material that can be touched and carried for being shown to others. Hard-copy output: it is produced on a paper or some material that can be touched and carried for being shown to others.
Swati Godha
46

Types of Output Devices

Monitors Printers Plotters Screen image projector Voice response system

Swati Godha

47

Monitors
Monitors are the most popular output device used today for producing soft copy output. They display the generated output on a television like screen.

Swati Godha

48

Printers
Printers are the most popular output devices used today for producing hard copy output. Different types of printers are:
Dot-matrix printers Inkjet printers Drum printers Chain/band printers Laser printers

Swati Godha

49

Dot-matrix printers
Dot-matrix printers are character printers that form characters and all kinds of images as pattern of dots.

Swati Godha

50

Inkjet printers
Inkjet printers are character printers that form characters and all kinds of images by spraying small drops of ink on paper.

Swati Godha

51

Drum printers
Drum printers are line printers that print characters by striking a set of hammers on an inked ribbon and paper placed against a solid cylindrical drum with characters embossed on its surface in the form of circular bands.

Swati Godha

52

Chain/band printers
Chain/band printers are line printers that print characters by striking a set of hammers on an inked ribbon and paper placed against a metallic chain/band on which all characters set supported by the printer are embossed.

Swati Godha

53

Laser printers
Laser printers are page printers that produce very high quality output by forming characters and all kinds of images with very tiny ink particles.

Swati Godha

54

Plotters
Plotters are an ideal output device for architects, engineers, city planners and others who need to generate high-precision, hardcopy graphic output of widely varying sizes.

Swati Godha

55

Screen Image Projector

It is an output device used to project information from a computer on to a large screen so that a group of people can view it simultaneously.

Swati Godha

56

Voice Response System

It enables computers to talk to their users. They are of two types:
Voice reproduction system: produces audio output by selecting an appropriate audio output from a set of pre recorded audio responses. Speech synthesizer: it converts text information into spoken sentences.

Swati Godha

57