POST AND TELECOMMUNICATION INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PART 1
OVERVIEW OF

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

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OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

What is a telecommunication network?

Telecommunications Networks
Telecommunications

are the means of electronic transmission of information over distances. The information may be in the form of voice telephone calls, data, text, images, or video. Today, telecommunications are used to organize more or less remote computer systems into telecommunications networks. These networks themselves are run by computers. A telecommunications network is an arrangement of computing and telecommunications resources for communication of information between distant locations.

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Telecommunications Networks
A telecommunications network includes: Terminals for accessing the network Computers that process information and are interconnected by the network Telecommunications links that form a channel through which information is transmitted from a sending device to a receiving device. Telecommunications equipment that facilitates the transmission of information. Telecommunications software that controls message transmission over the network.

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Types of telecommunications networks

Types of telecommunications networks On the distance dimension; Wide area networks (WAN) is a broad-band computer network that spans a large geographical area (they serve greater distance).
Used by multinational companies. WANs transmit and receive information across cities and countries. Some WANs are commercial, regulated networks while others are

privately owned (Ex: AT&T or Sprint). Some others are public in terms of their management, resources and access. One such public WAN is the Internet.

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Types of telecommunications networks

Types of telecommunications networks (contd) Local Area Networks (LANs)- A LAN connects two or more communicating devices within a short distance (One building or several buildings in close proximity).
It allows all computer users to connect with each other to share

information and devices, such as printers. In an office a LAN can give users fast and efficient access to a common collection of information while also allowing the office to pool resources, such as printers.
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)- They serve a large city.

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Types of telecommunications networks

Types of telecommunications networks (contd) Virtual Private Networks (VPN): VPN is a private wide-area network that connects an organization's LAN and users to another through a public network, usually the Internet. A VPN provides long-distance connections virtually free of direct charges. A VPN handles the security and it uses the Internet as its main network, but relies on firewalls and other security features of its Internet and Intranet connections. VNP is a means for allowing access to a private networks e-mail, shared files or intranet via an Internet connection.

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Telecommunications Links
Telecommunications links may be implemented with

various communication media, with a corresponding variety of characteristics. The main feature of a medium is its potential transmission speed, also known as channel capacity, which for data transmission purposes is expressed in bits per second (bps). An alternative measure of transmission channel capacity is bandwidth - the range of signal frequencies that can be transmitted over the channel. Two potential media are employed to implement:
Wireless transmission Wire transmission
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Telecommunications Links
Six

potential media are telecommunication links:

employed

to

implement

Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber Optics cable

Terrestrial Microwave
Satellite Transmission Radio Transmission

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Telecommunications Links
Wire transmission: Twisted pair:
Consists of copper wire twisted in pairs. It connects a telephone to its telephone jack in most homes It is an older transmission medium. Used to transmit analog phone conversations but can be used for digital

communication as well. Relatively slow for transmitting data. Inexpensive. Widely available.

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Telecommunications Links
Coaxial cable:

Consists of thickly insulated copper wire.

Used by cable TV companies, bring television signals into the

home.

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Telecommunications Links
Fiber optics fiber:
Has the greatest capacity of the telecommunications media.
A fast, light and durable transmission medium. Can transfer large volume of data. More expensive, harder to install. Many long-distance companies use it.

Can carry digital signals as well as analog signals.

SIGNAL

LASER

CABLE

PHOTO DETECTOR

SIGNAL

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Telecommunications links

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Telecommunications Links
Wireless transmission: sends signals through air or space

without being tied to a physical line. Common technologies for wireless data transmission include;
Microwave:
Used for long-distance transmission.

Uses the atmosphere as the medium through which to transmit signals.

Can carry high-volume data. Expensive. Requires no cabling.

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Telecommunications Links
Communication satellites :
The transmission of data using orbiting satellites.
Cost effective for transmitting large quantities of data over very long

distances. Typically used for communications in large, geographically dispersed organizations that would be difficult to tie together through cabling media. Very expensive. Signals weaken over long distances. It is useful for only 7-10 years.

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Telecommunications Links
Telecommunications media

MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION

UPLINK

DOWNLINK

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Telecommunications Links
Cellular phones : Work by using radio waves to communicate with

radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic area called cells. It transmits voice or data. It is for mobile voice and data communications. Pagers: A wireless transmission technology in which the pager beeps when the user receives a message. Used to transmit short alphanumeric messages.

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Analog and Digital Communications

Types of Signals: Analog and Digital Information travels through a telecommunications system in the form of electromagnetic signals. Signals are represented in two ways: analog and digital signals. An analog signal is a continuous waveform that passes through a communications medium; used for voice communications. A digital signal is a discrete rather than continuous, waveform. Most computers communicate with digital signals. All digital signals must be translated into analog signals before they can be transmitted in an analog system. The device that performs this translation is called a modem (Modem is an abbreviation for MOdulation/DEModulation). A modem translates a computers digital signals into analog form for transmission over ordinary telephone lines, or it translates analog signals back into digital form for reception by a computer
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OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model

OSI Overview
OSI Overview
OSI - layered framework for the design of network systems that allows

communication across all types of computer systems. The OSI 7 Layers. ( Brief functional overview. ) Vertical and horizontal communication between the layers using interfaces. (defines what information and services should the layer provide to the layer above it. ) Data Encapsulation
PDU conception each protocol on the diff. layer has its own format. Headers are added while a packet is going down the stack at each layer.

Trailers are usually added on the second layer.

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OSI Overview

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Comparison with TCP/IP

Comparison with TCP/IP Pretty similar to OSI TCP/IP has less layers(four) Main difference in layers is after layer 4

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The OSI Layers

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Application layer(Layer 7)
Application layer(Layer 7)
Applications and Services run on it
Enables human network to interface the underlying data network Applications on that layer (E-mail clients, web browsers, Chats, etc.)

top-stack applications (As people are on the top of the stack) Applications provide people with a way to create message Application layer services establish an interface to the network Protocols provide the rules and formats that govern how data is treated Protocols on the destination and the host must match

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Application layer(Layer 7)

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Presentation layer(Layer 6)
Presentation layer(Layer 6)
Coding and conversion of Application layer data to ensure that data from

the source device can be interpreted by the appropriate application on the destination device. Compression of the data in a manner that can be decompressed by the destination device. Encryption of the data for transmission and the decryption of data upon receipt by the destination. This is the layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation Sometimes distinction is made between the presentation and application layers.

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Presentation layer(Layer 6)

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Session layer(Layer 5)
Session layer(Layer 5)
Functions at this layer create and maintain dialogs between source and

destination applications Authentication Permissions Session Restoration (Checkpoint or recovery)

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Session layer(Layer 5)

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Transport layer(Layer 4)
Transport layer(Layer 4) Tracking the individual communication between applications on the source

and destination hosts Segmenting data and managing each piece Reassembling the segments into streams of application data Identifying the different applications Conversation Multiplexing Segments Connection-oriented conversations Reliable delivery Ordered data reconstruction Flow control TCP Web Browser UDP Video Streaming Applications

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Transport layer(Layer 4)

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Network layer(Layer 3)
Network layer(Layer 3)
Addressing (IPV4)
Encapsulation (Inserts a header with source and destination IPs) Routing (Move a packet over the Internet) Decapsulation (Open the packet and check the destination host)

IP is connectionless

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Network layer(Layer 3)

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Data link layer(Layer 2)

Data link layer(Layer 2) It is the role of the OSI Data Link layer to prepare Network layer packets for transmission and to control access to the physical media. Allows the upper layers to access the media using techniques such as framing Controls how data is placed onto the media and is received from the media using techniques such as media access control and error detection Frame - The Data Link layer PDU Node - The Layer 2 notation for network devices connected to a common medium Media/medium - The physical means for the transfer of information between two nodes Network - Two or more nodes connected to a common medium The Data Link layer is responsible for the exchange of frames between nodes over the media of a physical network.

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Data link layer(Layer 2)

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Physical layer (Layer 1)

Physical layer (Layer 1)
The role of the Physical layer is to encode the binary digits that represent

Data Link layer frames into signals and to transmit and receive these signals across the physical media that connect network devices.
Copper cable Fiber Wireless

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Physical layer (Layer 1)

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Q&A

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Center of Consultancy and Technology Transfer

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Telephone: 84 4 3 756 0832/ 84 4 3 754 4486 Fax : 84 4 3 756 0833 Email [email protected], [email protected]
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