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Grammar Notes Power Point

This document provides an overview of the main parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It defines each part of speech, provides examples and classifications, and covers related concepts like sentence structure, tenses, and homonyms that are commonly confused.

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MrsAndersonLHSS
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600 views

Grammar Notes Power Point

This document provides an overview of the main parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It defines each part of speech, provides examples and classifications, and covers related concepts like sentence structure, tenses, and homonyms that are commonly confused.

Uploaded by

MrsAndersonLHSS
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nouns- person, place, thing or idea

Basics:
Common (not specific)- dog, cat, president, teacher
Proper (specific)- Charlie, Milo, President Obama, Mrs. Anderson
Singular (one)- cat, moose, child, mouse
Plural (more than one)- cats, moose, children, mice

Getting Fancy:
Compound nouns (two nouns combined)- basketball,
great-aunt, jellybean, high school
Collective Nouns (a group= singular)- audience, crowd,
family, everyone
 Possessives (Mine, Mine): show
ownership
Singular
 without s: Sarah’s, cat’s, girl’s
 with s: Jesus’, bass’
Plural
 without s: women’s, mice’s
 with s: cats’, girls’
Pronouns-
a word used in place of a noun, don’t repeat!
 Example: John walked John’s dog into John’s backyard.
 With Pronouns: John walked his dog into his backyard.
 “antecedent”- word that the pronoun is replacing

1. Personal
• 1st person: I, me, we, us
• 2nd person: you
• 3rd person: he, him, she, her, it, they, them
2. Possessive- shows ownership (no apostrophe)
 Yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, whose, mine, my,
your, etc.

3. Reflexive- points back to a noun or pronoun


 -self, -selves
 John bought himself an iPod.
 They all enjoyed themselves at the party.

4. Intensive- adds emphasis! (Could be removed


and still makes sense)
 -self, -selves
 Herman himself ate the pie.
 I saw Tommie Frazier myself.
 I’ll do it myself.
5. Demonstrative- used to demonstrate
(pointing a finger)
 This, That, These, Those

6. Relative- begins a subordinate clause


(fragment that attaches to a describing
sentence)
 Only these 5: that, which, who, whom, whose

7. Interrogative- question (interrogate)


 These 5: what, which, who, whom, and whose
8. Indefinite: refer to something, but no
specific antecedent (not defined)
 Each, one, someone, everyone, several, few,
many, all, most, some, none, etc.
Adjectives-
describe a noun or a pronoun
(give it flavor)

 They answer these questions:


What kind? red nose, gold ring
How much? more sugar, little effort
Which one? second place, purple chair
How many? several kids, six children
5 Kinds of Adjectives
1. Common adjectives- describe nouns or
pronouns
- strong man, green plant, pretty child

2. Proper adjectives- formed from proper


nouns (using a proper noun to describe
something)
- California vegetables, Florida oranges,
Mexican food
3. Compound adjectives- made up of more
than one word
- far-off country, teenage person

4. Articles- a, an, the (the is definite- it


refers to something specific, a/an are
indefinite- they refer to general things)
- the dog vs. a dog
5. Indefinite adjectives- don’t specify the
amount of something, they describe
general quantities. (Check to see if there is
a noun nearby).
- all, either, another, few, any, many, both,
more, each, most, several
Verbs-
name an action or describe a state of being

 Action Verbs: tell what the noun does


 transitive (needs a noun)- Susan dropped the ball. The boy
dribbled it.
 Ask who? Or what? After verb, if answered then it’s transitive
 Intransitive- Who called? I screamed.

 Linking Verbs: state of being (be, feel, grow, seem,


smell, remain, appear, stay)
 You smell good. I feel happy. She looks sad.

 Helping Verbs:
 “to be” (do, has, shall, will, can, may)
 You can borrow my jacket.
 Infinitives:
to + verb
to run, to walk, to like

 Verb Phrases:
I will have to go. I do want a hot dog.

 Tense:
Past I walked I ran I had
Present I walk I run I have
Future I will walk I will run I will have
Adverbs-
describe a verb, adjective, or other adverb

 They answer these questions:


When? left yesterday, begin now
Where? fell below, move up
How? happily sang, danced badly
To what extent? partly finished, eat completely

** most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an


adjective
Some non-“ly” adverbs

afterward already almost back


even far fast hard
here how late long
low more near never
next now often quick
rather slow so soon
still then today tomorrow
too when where yesterday
 To describe a verb: Experiments using
dynamite must be done carefully.
 To describe an adjective: Charles had an
unbelievably huge appetite.
 To describe another adverb: They sang so
clearly.
Conjunctive adverbs:
transition words, they link ideas
accordingly
again
for example
furthermore
however
next
finally
then
Prepositions-
link a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence

 Rules:
usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical
relationship of its object to the rest of the
sentence as in the following examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
 a noun/pronoun always follows a
preposition

 Prepositional phrase= begins with a


preposition, ends with a noun/pronoun
Noun/Pronoun called the “object of the
preposition”
Sentence with Preposition Structure:

(Art) Noun Verb Preposition (Article) (Adjective) Noun.

The dog ran through the busy park.


Charlie ran around town.
The monster ate under the large, wooden table.
A gorilla climbed into the tiny, brown car.
More examples:
 You are slower than a herd of turtles
stampeding through peanut butter. (2)
 If it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would
get done. (1)
 The bird was stuck on the wing of the plane. (2)
 She walked in the door with a bag full of
groceries for her kids. (4)
 Last night, Carrie left with her briefcase on her
way to the dinner date she had with some
friends. (4)
Key Words:

Independent Clause: complete sentence


(doesn’t rely on anything for explanation)
“I went to the store.”

Dependent Clause: incomplete


sentence/fragment (doesn’t make sense
alone)
“Out of the blue.”
Conjunctions- connect words or groups
of words and show how they are related
1. Coordinating- link words/groups
* ONLY: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so [FANBOYS]
EX: Meddle not in the affairs of dragons, for thou art
crunchy and taste good with ketchup.

2. Correlative- link similar words and groups in


pairs
* ONLY: both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not
only…but also, whether…or
EX: He lost both his socks and his shoes.
3. Subordinate- link a complete sentence
(indep. clause) to a fragment (dep. clause)
*after, although, as long as, because, even
though, so, so that, whenever, until…
EX: We won the game because of you.
Interjections- show strong emotion- set
off with a comma or an exclamation mark
 Examples:
Oh! You scared me!
Wow! You look great!
Holy cow, that’s an old watch!
Sentence Structure

A sentence must have:


1. Subject- noun or pronoun
2. Predicate- verb or verb phrase
3. Complete thought
Subject Predicate
You ran home.
New York City is called the big apple.
The basketball player made ten baskets.
Sentence Structure Key

S= Complete Sentence

s= Incomplete Sent./


Fragment
4 Types of Sentences:
1. Simple- one subject + one predicate (either could
be compound)
Ex: We eat food all day.
Ex: David Letterman and Jay Leno host talk shows
and have expensive cars.

S
S. S.
2. Compound- 2 or more complete
sentences combined using a coordinating
conjunction or semicolon
Ex: The rain was really heavy so I stayed
home.

S;S.
S [conj] S.
3. Complex- 1 complete sentence + 1 or more
fragments using a subordinating conjunction
Ind. Conj. Dep.
Ex: Parallel lines never meet until you bend one of them.

S;s.
S [conj] s.
4. Compound-Complex- at least 2 complete
sentences + 1 fragment
Ind. Dep.
Ex: I planned to drive to work, but I couldn’t
Ind.
until the mechanic repaired my car.

S+S+s [conj. , ;]
Tough Grammar

Homonyms= words pronounced the same,


but have a different meaning

There/ Their/ They’re


There= place Ex: I’m going there.
Their= people Ex: I’m going to their house.
They’re= they are Ex: They’re going home.
Principal/ Principle
Principal= person who runs a school
The Principal is on the loud speaker.
Principle= a belief or value
It’s the principle of the issue that concerns
me.
Two/ To/ Too
Two= number (noun)
I have to take two dogs to the park, too.
To= infinitive verb/ preposition
I have (to take) two dogs to the park, too.
Too= also (put also in its place to decide)
I have to take two dogs to the park, too.
Other Tough Grammar to Use:
Are/Our
Are= You are going. (verb)
Our= It is our job. (Pronoun, people)

Then/Than
Then= time, sequence
Then we’ll leave.
Than= comparison
It’s better than anything.

Definitely vs. Defiantly


Its vs. It’s

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