Week # 01

Lecture # 1 & 2

Data Communication & Network

Powerpoint Templates
Course Overview
Course Instructor : Muhammad Aqeel

Lecture Timings
Thursday: 11:30 ---01:30
 Data Communications
and Networking, 4th edt.
 Author: Behrouz A.
Forouzan
 Textbook: William
Stallings, Data and
Computer
Communication, 8th Edt.
Course Overview

Grading Criteria:
 Homework
 Quizzes
 Term Paper/Final Project + Presentation
 Class participation
 Midterm
 Final Exam
Course Overview
Topics that we are planning to cover:
 Fundamentals of data communications & Networks
 Network Models (System Architecture)
 TCP/IP
 OSI
 Data Transmission Basics
 Digital and analog data/signals
 Transmission impairments
 Digital Transmission
 Analog Transmission
 Modulation schemes
 Data encoding schemes
 Multiplexing
 Spread Spectrum
Course Overview

Topics that we are planning to cover:

 Transmission Media
 Guided Media
 Unguided Media
 Switching
 Circuit Switched Networks
 Packet Switching
 Structure of a Switch
 Data Link Layer
 Nodes, links, services, sub-layers
 Addressing
 Error Detection and Correction
 Data Link Control
 Services (Framing, flow and error control, ...)
 Protocols (HDLC, PPP)
Course Overview

Topics that we are planning to cover:

 Data Link Layer
 Medium Access Control Methods
 Wired (Ethernet) and Wireless LANs
 Virtual LANs
 Network Layer
 Services & Performance
 IPV4 Addresses
 Network Layer Protocols (IP, ...)
 Routing Protocols
 Next Generation IP (IPv6)
 Transport Layer Protocols (UDP,TCP)
 Quality of Service (QoS)
 Secure communication system (Network Security)
 ISPs
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
These lecture slides contain material from slides prepared
by Behrouz Forouzan for his book Data Communication
and Networking (4th edition).
Week 1: Course Plan

 Fundamentals of data communications

 Characteristics
 Components
 Data Representation
 Data Flow
 Data Comm. History
 Fundamental of Networks
 Network Criteria
 Physical Structure
 Network Types (LAN,MAN,WAN,...)
 Internet History
 Internet Standards & Administration
Definition of Data Communication
“Data Communication is the exchange of
information from one entity to the other using a
transmission medium”.

As you can clearly notice, the definition of Data

Communication, although simple, leaves many
questions unanswered:

Exchange ??????
Information ?????
Entities ???????
Transmission ????
Medium ????
Definition of Data Communication
Data Communication
 When we communicate, we share information
 Information sharing can be LOCAL or REMOTE
 Between individuals
 LOCAL communication occurs face to face
 REMOTE communication occurs over a long
distance
 Telecommunication means communication at a
distance: telephony, telegraph and television
 Data refers to information presented in whatever
form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data
Definition of Data Communication
Earlier definition of Data Communication can be
easily modified as:
 Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable
Data Communication System
For Data Communication to occur, the
communicating devices must be a part of a
communication system made up of some specific
kind of hardware (Physical equipment) and software
(Programs)
This type of a system is known as a “Data
Communication System”
Characteristics of Data
Communication System

The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on

Delivery of data to the correct destination
Accuracy: data must be delivered accurately (as it is)
 Timeliness: data must be delivered on time
Real time transmission of audio and video data
Jitter is variation in arrival time of data
Adata communication system must transmit data to the
correct destination in an accurate and timely manner
Components Of Data
Communication System
Any system is made up of more than one component. Similarly,
a data communication system is made up of 5 components:
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Message
4. Transmission Medium
5. Protocol
Components Of Data Communication
System
Sender is the device which sends the data messages. It can
be a computer, workstation, telephone handset etc.
Receiver is the device which receives the data messages. It
can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset etc.
Message is the information to be communicated. Popular
forms of information include text, pictures, audio, video etc.
Medium is the physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver. Some examples include twisted-pair wire,
coaxial cable, radio waves etc.
Protocol is a set of rules that governs the data
communications. It represents an agreement between the
communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may
be connected but not communicating. It determines what is
communicated, how it is communicated and when it is
communicated.
Components of Data Communication System
Data Representation
Forms of Information
 Text (represented as a bit pattern (0s or 1s))
 Different set of bit patterns are designed to
represent text symbols and each set is called a
code
 Coding: process of representing symbols
 Unicode currently prevailing system uses 32
bits to represent a symbol
 ASCII constitutes first 127 characters of
Unicode
 Numbers (represented as a bit pattern (0s or 1s))
 A number is directly converted to a number to
simplify math operations
 No code like ASCII is used to represent
numbers
Data Representation
Forms of Information
 Images (also represented by bit patterns)
 Composed of a matrix of pixels (picture elements)
 More pixels, better resolution, more memory
 Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern
 Audio
 recording or broadcasting of sound or music
 Different from text, numbers, or images (by nature )
 Continuous, not discrete
 Video
 recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie
 can either be produced as a continuous entity (e.g., by a
TV camera), or
 can be a combination of images, each a discrete entity,
arranged to convey the idea of motion.
 Can be changed to a digital or an analog signal
Data Flow
Communication between two devices
 Simplex
 One way communication
 One device can only transmit, other can only receive
 Keyboards (introduces inputs), monitor (accepts output)
 Use of entire capacity in one direction
 Half-duplex
 each station can both transmit and receive, but not at
the same time
 used in cases where there is no need for communication
in both directions at the same time
 Use of entire capacity for each direction
 Walkie-Talkies
Data Flow
Communication between two devices
 Full-duplex
 both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously
 Sharing of capacity between signals in both
directions
 Used when communication in both directions
is required
 Telephone network
History of Data Communication
Telegraph 1837 Samuel Morse
Telephone 1876 Alexander Graham Bell

1970’s:
Although development of databases, languages, operating systems, and
hardware was strong from 1950s to 1970s, large-scale data communication
systems did not emerge until the 1970s.

This was stimulated by 3 major developments:

 Large-scale integration of circuits reduced cost and size of terminals and

communication equipment
 New software systems that facilitated the development of data
communication networks
 Competition among providers of transmission facilities reduced the cost of
data circuits
History of Data Communication

TODAY’S EVERCHANGING & BUSY WORLD

 Today’s fast world demands better, secure and most of all FAST ways
of communication
 Gone are the days when you had to wait a couple of weeks to get a
letter from USA

 Why wait ONE week when you can get the information you require
in just a split of a second, using what we know by the name of “Data
Communication”.
NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected

by communication links.
A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of
sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.
Other way, a network is the interconnection of a set of devices
capable of communication
Device can be a host/end system (such as computer desk
computer, laptop, cellular phone) or can be a connecting device
such as router (connects a network to other networks), a switch
(connects devices together), a modem (changes the form of data)
A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium which can
transport a signal carrying information
Network Criteria
 Performance
◦ Measured in many ways
 Transmit time: amount of time required to for a message
to travel from one device to another
 Response time: elapsed time between an inquiry and
response
◦ Depends on a number of factors
 Number of users
 Type of transmission medium
 Hardware capabilities and efficiency of the software
◦ Evaluated in terms of delay and throughput
 We need more throughput and less delay
Network Criteria
 Reliability
◦ Measured by the failure rate of network components,
availability (the time taken by a link to recover from
failure), and network’s robustness
◦ Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
◦ Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users
Physical Structures
 Type of Connection
◦ A network is two or more devices connected through links.
◦ A link is a communications pathway that transfers data from one device
to another.
◦ Imagine any link as a line drawn between two points (For visualization
purposes ).
◦ For communication to occur, two devices must be connected in some
way to the same link at the same time.
◦ Two possible types of connections
◦ Point to Point: single transmitter and receiver
 Provides dedicated link between two devices
◦ Multipoint: multiple recipients of single transmission
 More than two specific devices share a single link
 Spatially shared: if several can use the link simultaneously
 Temporally shared: If users use the link in turns (timeshared)
Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
Physical Structures

 Physical Topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out

physically
◦ Two or more devices connect to a link and two or more links
form a topology
◦ Topology is geometric representation of the relationship of all
the links and nodes (devices connected to one another through
links)
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

How many duplex mode links needed?

A star topology connecting four stations
A bus topology connecting three stations
A ring topology connecting six stations
A hybrid topology:
a star backbone with three bus networks
Categories of Networks

 Local Area Networks (LANs)

◦ Short distances
◦ Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
◦ Long distances
◦ Provide connectivity over large areas
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
◦ Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
An isolated LAN connecting
12 computers to a hub in a closet
WANs: a switched WAN and
a point-to-point WAN
A heterogeneous network made of
four WANs and two LANs
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

◦ a network with a size between a LAN and a WAN
◦ normally covers the area inside a town or a city
◦ designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have
endpoints spread over a city or part of city
◦ A good example of a MAN is the part of the telephone
company network that can provide a high-speed DSL
line to the customer
◦ Another example is the cable TV network that originally
was designed for cable TV, but today can also be used
for high-speed data connection to the Internet.
THE INTERNET

An internet is two or more networks that can communicate

with each other . The most notable internet is called
Internet (composed of thousands of interconnected
networks)

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
INTERNET HISTORY

Stand-alone computers till mid 60s were unable to

communicate with one another
ARPA (in DoD) was interested to find a way to connect
computer to facilitate their funded researchers for sharing
findings
Reducing cost and efforts
In 1967 in a small meeting, ARPA presented its idea for
ARPANET (a small network of connected computers)
1969: ARPANET’s idea became reality when four nodes at
four different Universities were connected
INTERNET HISTORY

Main idea of TCP was given by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1972
Soon after, TCP was divided into two protocols, TCP and IP
commonly known as TCP/IP
1983: authorities abolished the original ARPANET protocol and
TCP/IP became official protocol for ARPANET
Running of TCP/IP is necessary if one wants to use the Internet to
access a computer on a different network
INTERNET TODAY

The Internet today is made up of many wide- and local-area

networks joined by connecting devices and switching stations.
It is difficult to give an accurate representation of the Internet
Internet users use the services of ISPs (International, national,
regional, local)
Run by private companies instead of Govts.
The Internet today is a set of pier that provide services to the whole
world
Invention of new applications has made the Internet so popular
INTERNET TODAY

World Wide Web: Invented in 1990s has added the commercial

application to the Internet
 Multimedia: advances in multimedia applications such as VoIP
(telephony), video over IP (skype), view sharing (YouTube)
Has increased number of users and amount of time each user
spends on the network
Hierarchical organization of the Internet
protocols, Standards and Administration

 Protocols
◦ a set of rules that govern data communications. It determines what is
communicated, how it is communicated and when it is communicated
 The key elements of a protocol are
◦ Syntax
 Structure or format of the data
 Indicates how to read the bits
◦ Semantics
 Interprets the meaning of the bits
 Knows which fields define what action
◦ Timing
 When data should be sent and what
 Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received
protocols, Standards and Administration

Standards are essential

 in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for
equipment manufacturers and
 in guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data and
telecommunications technology and processes

 Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government

agencies, and other service providers to ensure the kind of
interconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace and in international
communications
 Data communication standards
◦ De facto: by fact or convention (not approved but adopted)
◦ De jure: by law or regulation
protocols, Standards and Administration

Standards Organizations
 Standards are developed through the cooperation of
◦ standards creation committees (ISO, ITU-T, CCIIT, ANSI, IEEE,
EIA)
 Forums (work with universities and users to test, evaluate, and standardize
new technologies and present their conclusions to the standard bodies): , and
 government regulatory agencies (FCC in USA)
protocols, Standards and Administration

 An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification and

formalized regulation that must be followed
 specification attains Internet standard status through a strict procedure
 A specification begins as an Internet draft, a working document (a
work in progress) with no official status and a 6-month lifetime.
 Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities, a draft may be
published as a Request for Comment (RFC)
 Each RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to all
interested parties.
 RFCs go through maturity levels and are categorized according to
their requirement level.
protocols, Standards and Administration

RFCs maturity levels RFCs requirement levels

 Proposed standard  Required
 Draft standard  Recommended
 Internet standard  Elective
 Historic  Limited use
 Experimental  Not recommended
 Informational
protocols, Standards and Administration

Internet Administration
 Internet Society (ISOC): provide support for the Internet
standards process and promotes research and other scholarly
activities related to the Internet
 Internet Architecture Board (IAB): technical advisor to the
IOSC with main purpose to oversee the continuing development
of TCP/IP and serves in a technical advisory capacity to
research members. Its two primary components
◦ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): forum of working groups
collected into areas and each area concentrates on a specific topic like
applications, protocols, routing, security, network management etc
◦ Internet Research Task Force: forum of working groups which
focuses on long-term research topics related to Internet protocols,
applications, architectures and technology