INTERNET OF THINGS

THE FOURTH
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution?
● Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the Geneva-based WEF,
published a book in 2016 titled "The Fourth Industrial Revolution" and coined
the term at the Davos meeting that year.
● Schwab argued a technological revolution is underway "that is blurring the
lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres."
● Simply put, the Fourth Industrial Revolution refers to how technologies like
artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and the internet of things are
merging with humans' physical lives. Think of voice-activated assistants,
facial ID recognition or digital health-care sensors.
● Schwab argued these technological changes are drastically altering how
individuals, companies and governments operate, ultimately leading to a
societal transformation similar to previous industrial revolutions.
The first three industrial revolutions
● Zvika Krieger, the head of technology policy and partnerships at WEF, told
CNBC that there is a common theme among each of the industrial
revolutions: the invention of a specific technology that changed society
fundamentally.
● The First Industrial Revolution started in Britain around 1760. It was powered
by a major invention: the steam engine. The steam engine enabled new
manufacturing processes, leading to the creation of factories.
● The Second Industrial Revolution came roughly one century later and was
characterized by mass production in new industries like steel, oil and
electricity. The light bulb, telephone and internal combustion engine were
some of the key inventions of this era.
● The inventions of the semiconductor, personal computer and the internet
marked the Third Industrial Revolution starting in the 1960s. This is also
referred to as the "Digital Revolution."
Difference between Third and Fourth Revolution
● Fourth Industrial Revolution is different from the third for two
reasons: the gap between the digital, physical and biological
worlds is shrinking, and technology is changing faster than
ever.
● For evidence of how quickly technological change is spreading,
observe the adoption of the telephone. It took 75 years for 100
million people to get access to the telephone; the gaming app
"Pokemon Go" hooked that many users in less than one month
in 2016.
The Issues and Concerns
● Some experts warn of a "winner-take-all economy," where high-
skilled workers are rewarded with high pay, and the rest of workers
are left behind.
● A 2018 report by investment firm UBS found billionaires have driven
almost 80 percent of the 40 main breakthrough innovations over
the past four decades.
● In 2016, Schwab predicted inequality would be the greatest societal
concern associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
● "There has never been a time of greater promise, or one of greater
potential peril"
What is IoT?
● The Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to the billions of
physical devices around the world that are now connected
to the internet, collecting, sharing and analyses of data.
● Thanks to cheap processors and wireless networks, it's
possible to turn anything, from a pill to an aeroplane to a
self-driving car into part of the IoT
Definition
The Internet of Things is the network of physical devices that combine IP
connectivity with software, sensors, actuators, and other electronics to directly
integrate the physical world into our computer-based systems, resulting in
efficiency improvements and economic benefits.

Simpler Definition:

The Internet of Things is a network of Internet connected devices that

communicate embedded sensor data to the cloud for centralized processing.
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The Current and Future Impact of IoT
The IEEE has compiled data and makes the following claims about its current and
future impact:

● In 2015, the global wearables market had already increased 223% from the
previous year (and data on Statista shows it increasing by another 243%
between 2015 and 2022)
● By 2020, 250 million vehicles will be connected to the Internet
● IoT will add 15 trillion dollars to the global economy over the next 20 years
● There will be 50 billion Internet-connected devices by the year 2020.
Benefits of IoT
The interconnection of these multiple embedded devices will be resulting in
automation in nearly all fields and also enabling advanced applications. This is
resulting in improved accuracy, efficiency and economic benefit with reduced
human intervention. The major benefits of IoT are:

● Improved Customer Engagement

● Technical Optimization
● Reduced Wastage
● Integrate and Adapt Business Model
● Better Business Decision
IoT involves two essential components
A device-side (made up of individual devices) A cloud-side that gathers data and provides
that acts as a data source resources for analyzing it
IoT Enabling Factors
● Miniaturization
● Connectivity
● Advanced power sources and power management
● Inexpensive processors, sensors, and actuators
● Cloud-based processing
● Ubiquitous computing
Components of IoT architecture
End-to-end IoT
Example IoT Devices
Software Required
Where we started

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Value Proposition

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Layers of IoT

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Challenges to IoT

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Past, Present and
Future of IoT

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Applications of IoT

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IoT Example: The Refrigerator
A refrigerator is just a thing, so it can be anything besides a computer.

If it's a computer, we're not calling that a thing, but anything besides a computer.

Now the next thing you do is you add to that some type of computational
intelligence (Micro controller).

So that's intelligent refrigerator. But maybe you wouldn't call that Internet of
Things, cuz it's not actually networked yet. Then, to top it off, you add Internet
connectivity.

It's got some kind of computation inside and it's got a network connection which
means it can use all sorts of other resources that are not local.
IoT Example: What the IoT Refrigerator can do
You can have IoT fridge detect that you are low on butter and then just order that,
and then the next morning, butter will appear on your doorstep.

You can search for low food prices.

Give you a good idea for food for you tomorrow is this type of meal that you've had
in the past.

IoT device should have a simple interface, have computational intelligence and be
connected to the internet.
IoT Devices vs Computers
IoT Device has a main function separate from Computation

● Cars drive, Phone make calls, TVs displays shows

● Computation is a means to an end

Computers main function is to compute, they are general purpose machines

IoT Devices are Special Purpose Devices, software and hardware are efficient for
the task - but inefficient for other tasks
Technological Trends that lead to IoT
● Cost of hardware has decreased allowing to be added to devices
● Smaller size and lesser weight needed to incorporate computation into
devices
● Computation ability has increased tremendously
● Internet is available everywhere
● Wireless Access (4G, Wi-Fi) has become cheap and ubiquitous, 5G on the
way (No physical cables required)
● Data transmission cost is fairly low, internet bandwidth is high
● Cloud computing is being used extensively (IoT devices are a window to
these cloud services)
● Rise of Open Source Software (Rust, Web Assembly, Docker, Kubernetes,
etc.)
IoT Devices are a Window to Cloud Services
Google Assistant and Alexa (processing is done on the cloud)

Netflix (Movie is not sitting on your phone but are in the cloud)

IoT devices give access to huge databases and computation resources on the
cloud
IoT Hardware: IP Enabled Devices
IoT Hardware: Sensors and Smart Sensors
IoT Hardware: Non-IP Enabled Devices
Example of Sensors Available
● Temperature
● Humidity
● Energy
● Compass
● Pressure
● Sonar
● Light and UV
Edge Computing makes it possible that
the IoT device is no longer dependent on
the internet connection and can function
as a standalone network node.
Voice Revolution
Voice control is most suitable in the following IoT
use cases
● Home automation
● Automobiles
● Health Care
● Entertainment
Voice Assistants Are Taking Over Consumer IoT
No industry felt the heat of the voice assistant battle more than Consumer IoT
(CIoT), in which voice assistant integrations became the primary focus for any
CIoT product-centric company.

Imagine a future in which every command is at the tip of your tongue. When you
wake up. your bathroom mirror can report your schedule for the day. During
breakfast, you can ask the coffee machine for a latte, extra foam. On the train,
your watch will tell you just how late you’ll be to work. In the office, your printer will
pipe up, asking for more ink, please.
Entry point into the IoT’s has been Amazon and
Google’s smart speakers
For many consumers, the entry point into the Internet of Things has been Amazon
and Google’s smart speakers.

Voice control is one of the primary drivers of smart home market growth with the
number of home voice devices projected to reach 275 million by 2023 in USA
alone.
Google wants to ‘see’ as well as
‘hear’ your surroundings
IoT Open Source Software
MCU: Bare Metal Programming with Embedded Rust

Edge/Gateway: Rust, JavaScript (Node.js) and

WebAssembly Microservices running on Linux Raspbian,
Docker, Kubernetes, MQTT and KubeEdge

Cloud: Rust, JavaScript (Node.js), and WebAssembly

Microservices running on Linux Ubuntu, Docker, Kubernetes,
Serverless and Kafka
Rust: Performance with Safety
System Requirements for RUST Programming.

Processor : Core to Duo or Core i5 / i7 3rd or 4th Gen.

Operating System: Windows 8, 8.1 or 10.

Linux Ubuntu (recommended) or Mac.

RAM: Minimum 8GB (recommended).

SSD minimum size 120GB (recommended) and HDD (acceptable).

Software Requirements for RUST Programming.

Windows or Linux or Mac:

1. First download Rust Setup from https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install

2. Then download Visual Studio Code from

https://code.visualstudio.com/download

3. Then download C++ build tools from https://www.microsoft.com/en-

us/download/details.aspx?id=48159&WT.mc_id=rss_alldownloads_devresources

4. Then finally refer the book to learn some coding https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/

Hardware which is used : Microcontroller
The STM32F3DISCOVERY allows users
to easily develop applications with the
STM32F3 Series based on ARM®
Cortex®-M4 mixed-signal MCU. It
includes everything required for
beginners and experienced users to get
started quickly.
It includes an ST-LINK/V2 or ST-
LINK/V2-B embedded debug tool,
accelerometer, gyroscope and e-
compass ST MEMS, USB connection,
LEDs and push-buttons. Price $16 in
USA, and $24 on Ali Express.
Hardware which we will use: Field Gateway/Edge
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+

1.4GHz 64-bit quad-core

processor, dual-band wireless
LAN, Bluetooth 4.2/BLE,
faster Ethernet, and Power-
over-Ethernet support (with
separate PoE HAT)

Price in USA $35

Hardware which is used: Node MCU
NODE MCU

NodeMCU is an open source

IoT platform. It includes
firmware which runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from
Espressif Systems, and
hardware which is based on
the ESP-12 module.
Have a look on a video which will definitely clears
the idea of the term IOT