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Chromium: +2 Hexaaqua Chromium (Ii) Ion (CR (H O) ) Hexaaqua Chromium (Iii) Ion (CR (H O) ) Dichromate CR O Chromate Cro

Chromium can exist in several oxidation states including Cr2+, Cr3+, Cr4+, and Cr6+. [Cr(H2O)6]2+ is blue, [Cr(H2O)6]3+ is green/violet, CrO42- is yellow, and Cr2O72- is orange. Chromium(II) ethanoate is a stable red-colored neutral octahedral complex. Chromium compounds act as catalysts by changing oxidation states or adsorbing other substances on their surface to lower activation energy. Heterogenous catalysts involve surface reactions of adsorption, reaction, and desorption. Catalytic converters use platinum metals to catalyze car exhaust conversions. Some

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491 views

Chromium: +2 Hexaaqua Chromium (Ii) Ion (CR (H O) ) Hexaaqua Chromium (Iii) Ion (CR (H O) ) Dichromate CR O Chromate Cro

Chromium can exist in several oxidation states including Cr2+, Cr3+, Cr4+, and Cr6+. [Cr(H2O)6]2+ is blue, [Cr(H2O)6]3+ is green/violet, CrO42- is yellow, and Cr2O72- is orange. Chromium(II) ethanoate is a stable red-colored neutral octahedral complex. Chromium compounds act as catalysts by changing oxidation states or adsorbing other substances on their surface to lower activation energy. Heterogenous catalysts involve surface reactions of adsorption, reaction, and desorption. Catalytic converters use platinum metals to catalyze car exhaust conversions. Some

Uploaded by

Sherey Fathimath
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chromium

Oxidation
Example Formula Colour
State

Hexaaqua chromium (II)


+2 ion [Cr(H2O)6]2+ Blue

Hexaaqua chromium (III)


Green /
+3 ion [Cr(H2O)6]3+
violet
Dichromate Cr2O72- Orange
+6
Chromate CrO42- yellow
• Addition of zinc and HCl to potassium
chromate(VI) solution

CrO4 2- Cr2O7 2- Cr3+ Cr2+

+6 +6 +3 +2
H2O2 oxidizes Cr3+ to Chromate(IV)
(alkaline medium)
Oxidation :
Cr3+ + 8OH- → CrO4 2- + 4H2O + 3e

Reduction
H2O2 + 2e → 2OH-

Overall
2Cr3+ + 10OH- + 3H2O2 → 2CrO4 2- + 8H2O
Addition of dilute acid converts chromate(IV)
ions to dichromate(IV) ions

Yellow Orange
Dichromate ions can be reduced to Cr3+ ions by
reducing agents like Fe2+ and I- ions
• Oxidation of Fe2+
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e
• Reduction
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

• Overall
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 6Fe3+
Orange Green
Preparation of chromium(ll) ethanoate

• Cr2(CH3CO2)4(H2O)2
• Chromium (ll) ion is stable in red
colored chromium(ll)ethanoate
• It is a neutral octahedral complex
with four CH3COO- and two H2O
as ligands
Diagram of Apparatus and
• When tap funnel is opened HCl runs into the
Equation flask and reacts with Zn
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) -> ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)

• The H2 reduces orange dichromate (vi)

• When the solution is blue, tap funnel is closed


and the pressure of H2 builds up

• Contents of the flask are forced up the tube


and into the boiling tube containing sodium
ethanoate

Brick red solid is filtered, washed


And dried in an atmosphere of
nitrogen
Diagram of Apparatus and • When tap funnel is opened HCl runs
Equation into the flask and reacts with Zn
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) -> ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)

• The H2 reduces orange dichromate (vi)

• When the solution is blue, tap funnel is closed and the pressure of H2 builds up
Contents of the flask are forced up the tube and into the boiling tube containing sodium
ethanoate
Catalytic activity

• Function as catalysts because of their:

– Ability to change oxidation state


OR
– In the case of metals, to ADSORB other
substances onto their surface and activate
them in the process
Catalysts

Homogenous Heterogenous
Homogenous
• Catalyst in the same physical phase as the
reactants
• E.g.
Peroxodisulphate ion

2 steps:
Autocatalysis by Mn 2+

• Autocatalysis: product of a reaction acting as


a catalyst for the process
• These reactions start slowly, but then speeds
up as the catalytic product is formed
2MnO4-(aq) + 5C2O42-(aq) + 16H+(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O(g)
Heterogenous
• Catalyst in a different physical state from the
reactants
• Reaction occurs on the surface of the solid
catalyst where there are ACTIVE sites

• Surface catalysis occurs in 3 steps:


1.Adsorption
2.Reaction occurs/happens
3.Desorption
Adsorption
 Reactant molecules are
adsorbed on to the active
sites of metal surface.

 The catalyst form weak


bonds with the molecules

 This weakens the bond


between the reactant
molecules(hence lowers
activation energy)
Reaction occurring
Rate of reaction increases by
one of the following ways
 Adsorption weakens the bond
(lowers activation energy).

• Reactant molecules rearrange


themselves,(correct
orientation) so that they can
react and hence have more
successful collisions
3. Desorption
• the product molecules break away.
• This leaves the active site available for a new set of
molecules to attach to and react
Catalytic Converters

• They use expensive metals like platinum,


palladium and rhodium as the heterogeneous
catalyst.
• These reactants form bond with the active
sites of the catalyst. If any other molecule bind
irreversibly to the active site of catalyst, the
catalyst is said to be poisoned and will no
longer work.
Transitional metals in the treatment of
cancer.

READ PAGE 191 BLUE BOOK FOR


MORE INFORMATION
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASSES

READ PAGE 192 OF BLUE BOOK

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