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Digital Logic & Computer Organization and Architecture

The document outlines the key topics and concepts covered in a course on digital logic and computer organization and architecture. The course aims to teach students about number systems, basic computer components, processor organization, memory organization, and parallel processing. It covers number representation systems like binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal, as well as coding schemes and logic gates. The document also discusses digital circuits, computer organization, and the von Neumann model of computer architecture.

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Mamta Borle
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293 views39 pages

Digital Logic & Computer Organization and Architecture

The document outlines the key topics and concepts covered in a course on digital logic and computer organization and architecture. The course aims to teach students about number systems, basic computer components, processor organization, memory organization, and parallel processing. It covers number representation systems like binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal, as well as coding schemes and logic gates. The document also discusses digital circuits, computer organization, and the von Neumann model of computer architecture.

Uploaded by

Mamta Borle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL LOGIC &

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND


ARCHITECTURE
Course Outcomes
 To learn different number systems and basic
structure of computer system.
 To demonstrate the arithmetic algorithms.
 To understand the basic concepts of digital
components and processor organization.
 To understand the generation of control signals
of computer.
 To demonstrate the memory organization.
 To describe the concepts of parallel processing
and different Buses.
Module 1
Computer Fundamentals
 Introduction to Number System and Codes
 Number Systems: Binary, Octal, Decimal,
Hexadecimal.
 Codes: Grey, BCD, Excess-3, ASCII, Boolean
Algebra.
 Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EX-OR
 Overview of computer organization and
architecture.
 Basic Organization of Computer and Block Level
functional Units, VonNeumann Model
Digital Systems
 Digital Circuits –use binary signals(0 and 1)
 Digital Systems e.g. Microprocessor, Logic
circuits, computers etc.
1.1 Introduction to Number System and
Codes
 Number system defines the set of values to represent
quantities.(set of digits)
 Conversion of Numeric, alphabets, special characters to
binary is called as coding scheme(Encoding).

Name Base(Radix)r Digits( 0 to(r-1) )


 Binary 2 0 to (2-1)=0 & 1
 Octal 8 0 to (8-1)=0,1,2,3…,7
 Decimal 10 0 to (10-1)=0,1,…,9
 Duodecimal 12 0 to (12-1)=0,1,..,9,A,B
 Hexadecimal 16 0 to (16-1)=0,1,…,9,A,…,F
Number Systems
 7392=7000+300+90+2
=7* 103 +3* 102 +9* 101 +2* 100

Number Systems and Code

Weighted Unweighted

eg. Binary eg. Grey code

Octal Excess-3

BCD etc. etc.


Number Systems
 Binary
 Octal
 Decimal
 Hexadecimal
Binary Number systems
 O to (r-1) where r is base
 For Binary number system r=2
 So 0 to (2-1) =0 and 1(bits)
 eg. 1 0 1 0 1= 1*24 + 0*23+ 1*22 +0*21 +1*20
 eg. 1 0 1 0 1.1 1= 1*24 + 0*23+ 1*22+0*21+1*20
+1*2-1 +1*2-2
MSB and LSB
 MSB-Most Significant Bit
 LSB-Least Significant Bit
 eg. 1 0 1 0 1 = 21

MSB LSB
Replace LSB with 0 = 1 0 1 0 0=20
Replace MSB with 0 =0 0 1 0 1=5
Bits
 Bit is smallest unit of data
 1 Nibble= 4 Bits (Used to represent BCD and
HEX)
 1 Byte= 8 bits
 1 word=18 bits=2 bytes
 1 Double word=32 bits=4 bytes
Number System Conversions
CONVERSION AMONG BASES

• The possibilities:

Decimal-10 Octal-8

Binary-2 Hexadecimal-16
EXAMPLE

(25)10 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
BINARY TO DECIMAL

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
OTHERS TO DECIMAL
 (a3a2a1a0. a-1a-2)r ( )10
 (a3* r3+a2* r2 +a1* r1 +a0* r0 . a-1* r-1+a-2* r-2 )=( )10

 e.g (1 0 1 0 1.1 1)( )10


BINARY TO DECIMAL

• Technique
• Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right
• Add the results
EXAMPLE
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x = 1
20
1 x = 2
0 x 21 = 0
1 x = 8
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 32

24
4310

25
OCTAL TO DECIMAL

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
OCTAL TO DECIMAL

(a3a2a1a0. a-1a-2)r ( )10


(a3* r3+a2* r2 +a1* r1 +a0* r0 . a-1* r-1+a-2* r-2 )=( )10

Technique

• Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the bit


• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the
right
• Add the results
EXAMPLE

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

(a3a2a1a0. a-1a-2)r ( )10


(a3* r3+a2* r2 +a1* r1 +a0* r0 . a-1* r-1+a-2* r-2 )=( )10

• Technique
• Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right
• Add the results
EXAMPLE

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12


B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

• Technique
• Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent
binary representation
EXAMPLE

10AF16 = ?2
Four digit binary number ->8 4 2 1

1 0 A(10) F(15)

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
DECIMAL TO ANY BASE (r)

• Technique
• To convert decimal to any other base r , divide integer
part by r and multiply fractional part by r.
DECIMAL TO BINARY

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
DECIMAL TO BINARY
 Technique
 To convert decimal to binary, divide integer part by 2 and
multiply fractional part by 2.
DECIMAL TO Octal
 Technique
 To convert decimal to binary, divide integer part by 8 and
multiply fractional part by 8.
DECIMAL TO Hexadecimal
 Technique
 To convert decimal to binary, divide integer part by 16 and
multiply fractional part by 16.
OCTAL TO BINARY

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
OCTAL TO BINARY

• Technique
• Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
BINARY TO OCTAL

• Technique
• Make group of 3 bits and find the octal number
representation.
HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

• Technique
• Convert each octal digit to a 4-bit equivalent
binary representation
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

• Technique
• Make group of 4 bits and find the HEX number
representation
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

• 132 8 = (?) 16
• Octal ↔ Binary ↔ Hex

0010110102 = 5
A 16

1 3 2 0101 1 01
0

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