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Numbering Scheme For Two Motion Selector: Electronic Switching Systems

This document discusses electronic switching systems and crossbar switching. It covers numbering schemes, common control systems, touch tone dialing, crossbar configurations including non-blocking, blocking, and transfer line support schemes. The key technologies discussed are crosspoint switching matrices, methods for establishing connections, and reducing the number of switching elements to make crossbar switching more practical and cost-effective.

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Veerayya Javvaji
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205 views

Numbering Scheme For Two Motion Selector: Electronic Switching Systems

This document discusses electronic switching systems and crossbar switching. It covers numbering schemes, common control systems, touch tone dialing, crossbar configurations including non-blocking, blocking, and transfer line support schemes. The key technologies discussed are crosspoint switching matrices, methods for establishing connections, and reducing the number of switching elements to make crossbar switching more practical and cost-effective.

Uploaded by

Veerayya Javvaji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Switching Systems

Numbering scheme for two motion selector


Contacts
Level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 00
9 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 90
9 8 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 80
8
7 7 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 70
6 6 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 60
5
4 5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 50
3 4 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 40
2
1 3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 30
0 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 20
1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10
Electronic Switching Systems

A Multi-exchange Network in Strowger


Electronic Switching Systems
• Direct Control System
• A level is reserved in each strowger exchange for
outgoing calls.
• The corresponding outlets are connected to a
specific neighbor exchange.
A call from A to F
• Called subscriber: 1457
• Route 1: A-B-C-J-F dialing sequence: 01-04-03-01-
1457
• Route 2: A-I-H-G-F dialing sequence: 02-05-01-02-
1457
Electronic Switching Systems

Difficulties faced by direct control

• Identification number of a subscriber is route


dependent;
• A user must have knowledge of the topology of
the network and the outlet assignments in each
exchange.
• Depending on from which exchange the call
originates, the number and its size vary for the
same called subscriber
Electronic Switching Systems

How to overcome these difficulties in a


Strowger exchange?
• The routing is done by the exchange
instead of dialing.
• A uniform numbering scheme is used.
Uniform Numbering scheme
• Exchange identifier + Subscriber line
identifier
Electronic Switching Systems

Common control
Fundamental features
• A user is assigned a logical number which is
independent of the physical line number used
to establish a connection to him.
• The logical address is translated to actual
physical address for connection establishment
by an address translation mechanism.
• Call processing takes place independent of
the switching network.
Electronic Switching Systems

Common control
Diagram of Common Control Subsystem
• Call processing subsystem
 Digit receiver and storage register
 Register Sender
 Initial translator
• Final translator
• Charging circuits
• Operation Control
• Maintenance circuits
• Event monitor
Electronic Switching Systems

Control Functions
 Event Monitoring
 Events at line units
 Events at Trunk junctors
 Events at interexchange
signaling receiver/sender
units
Electronic Switching Systems

Control Functions
• Call Processing
 Digit receiver and storage register: receive and store
the dialing number from calling party.
 Initial translator (office code translator): determine the
route for the call through the network, charging
method/rate.
 Final translator (subscriber code translator):determine
the line unit to which a call must be connected and
category of the called line.
 Register sender: transfer the route digit and dialed digit
using proper signaling.
Electronic Switching Systems

Control Functions

• Charging
 Depends on the type of subscriber
 Depends on the service of the subscriber
• Operation and Maintenance
 Controlling of the switching network
‘Map-in-memory’ & ‘Map-in-Network’
 Administration & Maintenance exchange
equipment, subscriber lines, trunks
Electronic Switching Systems

Touch Tone Dial Telephone


• Disadvantages of Rotary dial Telephone
 Low dialing rate
 Limited usage
 Limited signaling capacity
• Development of Touch tone dial phone
 Developed in 1950s
 Applied in 1964.
• Touch dial arrangement
 DTMF: Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
Electronic Switching Systems
Electronic Switching Systems
Electronic Switching Systems

Design Considerations
• Choice of code
 Imitation of code signal by speech and
music should be difficult.
• Band Separation
 Easy to recognize a specific frequency
 Easy to regulate
 Reduce the probability of false
response
Electronic Switching Systems

Design Considerations
Choice of frequencies
 Attenuation and delay distortion characteristics of the
telephone network circuits
Choice of power level
 High enough for reliability
 Power level should be planned according to attenuation
characteristics of the channel
Signaling duration
 Longer duration is helpful to combat talk-off, but
inefficient.
 Dialing habit
Electronic Switching Systems

Delay Characteristics

Attenuation Characteristics
Electronic Switching Systems

Principles of Crossbar Switching


Basic idea
 To provide a matrix of (n x m) sets of
contacts with only (n + m) activators or less
to select one of the (n x m) sets of contacts.
Crosspoint Switching matrix
 Horizontal & Vertical wires
 Contact points
 Horizontal & Vertical bars
 Electromagnets
Electronic Switching Systems

3X3 Crosspoint Switching


Electronic Switching Systems

Crosspoint Switching matrix


Establishment of a connection
• Scheme1
 Step1:Energize horizontal bar
 Step2:Energize vertical bar
 De-energize horizontal bar
• Scheme2
 Step1:Energize vertical bar
 Step2:Energize horizontal bar
 De-energize vertical bar
Electronic Switching Systems

Crossbar Switch Configurations


Non blocking Crossbar configuration
 N2 switching elements for N subscribers.
 N/2 simultaneous conversations.
 Crosspoint used depends on the calling
Electronic Switching Systems

6X6 Cross point Matrix


Electronic Switching Systems

Crossbar Switch Configurations


Modified Non blocking Scheme
 Diagonal Cross point Matrix N(N-1)/2
elements
 The number of elements is the same as that
of full-connected network.
Connection establishment
 Energize the corresponding horizontal bar
 Energize the corresponding vertical bar
Electronic Switching Systems

Diagonal Crosspoint Matrix


Electronic Switching Systems

Crossbar Switch Configurations


Comments on nonblocking schemes
 Large number of switching
elements
 Difficult to implement in practice
 Not cost-effective
Solution:
 Blocking crossbar switching
Electronic Switching Systems

Crossbar Switch Configurations


Blocking crossbar switches
 Aiming to reduce the number of crosspoint switches.
 Category: Single stage / Multistage
 Methodology:
Two subscribers share one vertical bar
 Number of bars reduced
 Number of crosspoint switches remains the same.
 All subscribers share a number of vertical bars
 Numbers of bars and crosspoint switches reduced
Electronic Switching Systems
Blocking crossbar switches
Scheme 1
• 2NK switches
 N denotes the number of subscribers
 K is the number of simultaneous connections
• Operate four bars to establish a connection (e.g. A-B).
 Energize horizontal bar A
 Energize free vertical bar P
 De-energize horizontal bar A
 Energize horizontal bar B
 Energize free vertical bar P’ (associated with P)
 De-energize horizontal bar B
Electronic Switching Systems
Blocking Crossbar Switch
Electronic Switching Systems
Blocking crossbar switches
Scheme 2
 NK switches
 N denotes the number of subscribers
 K is the number of simultaneous connections
 Operate three bars to establish a connection
(e.g. A-B).
 Energize horizontal bar A and B
 Energize free vertical bar P
 De-energize horizontal bar A and B
Electronic Switching Systems
Electronic Switching Systems

Transfer line support


Locally nonblocking and externally blocking
Electronic Switching Systems

Transfer line support


Blocking both locally and externally
Electronic Switching Systems

Crosspoint Technology
• The cost of crossbar system increases in
proportion to the number of crosspoints.
• Challenges
 Reduction of the size of a crosspoint
 Reduction of the cost of a crosspoint
 Improvement of switching time

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