Subject:

Subject:Operating
OperatingSystem
System Class:
Class:
TYCM
TYCM

CHAPTER : 2
Operating System Structures
 Operating System Services
 System Calls
 Concept, Types and Uses
 Operating System Structure
 Simple, Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel.
 System Components
 Process Management, Main Memory
Management, File Management, I/O System
management, Secondary storage
management.
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01
WINTER
Operating System Services
₳ Program execution – system capability to load a program
Template
into memory and to run it.
₳ I/O operations – since user programs cannot execute I/O
operations directly, the operating system must provide some
means to perform I/O.
₳ File-system manipulation – program capability to read,
write, create, and delete files.
₳ Communications – exchange of information between
processes executing either on the same computer or on
different systems tied together by a network. Implemented
via shared memory or message passing.
₳ Error detection – ensure correct computing by detecting
errors in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, or
in user programs.
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01
Additional Operating System Services
Cont…

Additional functions exist not for helping the user,

but rather for ensuring efficient system operations.
1. Resource allocation – allocating resources to
multiple users or multiple jobs running at the
same time.
2. Accounting – keep track of and record which
users use how much and what kinds of computer
resources for account billing or for accumulating
usage statistics.
3. Protection – ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled.

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System Calls 02
 System calls provide the interface between a running
program and the operating system.
 Generally available as assembly-language
instructions.
 Languages defined to replace assembly language for
systems programming allow system calls to be made
directly (e.g., C, C++)
 Three general methods are used to pass parameters
between a running program and the operating
system.
 Pass parameters in registers.
 Store the parameters in a table in memory, and the table
address is passed as a parameter in a register.
 Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the program,
and pop off the stack by operating system
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Passing of Parameters
As A Table 02 Cont…

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MS-DOS Execution
1. Process Control 02 Cont…

 Process Control
 End, abort process
 Load, execute process
 Create process,
terminate process
 Get process attribute,
set process attribute
 Wait for time
 Wait event, signal event
 Allocate and free
memory

At System Start-up Running a Program

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Other types of system Calls 02 Cont…

 File Management
 Create, Delete, Open, Close, Read-Write-reposition.
 Get file attribute, set file attribute
 Device Management
 Request device, release device
 Read, write, reposition
 Get device attribute, set device attribute
 Logically attach or detach devices
 Information Maintenance
 Get Time or date, set time or date
 Get system data, set system data E.g. Current user, version no.
of OS, amount of free memory
 Get process, file, or device attribute.
 Set process file or device attribute
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MS-DOS Simple System Structure 03
 MS-DOS – written to
provide the most
functionality in the least
space
 not divided into modules
 Although MS-DOS has
some structure, its
interfaces and levels of
functionality are not well
separated

Fig: MS-DOS Structure

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UNIX System Structure 03
WINTER
Cont…

Template

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Layered Approach 03 Cont…

 Modularization
 Abstract and encapsulated implementation of an OS
 The operating system is divided into a number of layers
(levels), each built on top of lower layers. The bottom layer
(layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user
interface.
 With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses
functions (operations) and services of only lower-level
layers.
 Ease of Debugging
 Each layer hide certain data structure, operations &
hardware of higher level layer
 Need careful definition and interaction of each layer
 Less efficient because of overhead to system call
 E.g. OS/2, windows NT
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An Operating System Layer 03 Cont…

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OS/2 Layer Structure 03 Cont…

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Microkernel System Structure 03 Cont…

 Moves as much from the kernel into “user” space.

 Remove all non-essential components from kernel
 Provides communication facility and coordination
 All new services are added to user space
 Communication takes place between user modules (Client
Program) and services using message passing.
 Benefits:
- easier to extend a microkernel
- easier to port the operating system to new architectures
- more reliable (less code is running in kernel mode)
- more secure and reliable
 E. g. True64, QNX

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Windows NT Client-Server
03
Structure
WINTER
Cont…

Template

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Monolithic Structure 03 Cont…

Most primitive form of the OS, Practically no

structure
Characterized by a collection of procedures that can
call any other procedure
All procedures must have a well-defined interface
Does not allow information hiding (private functions
for procedures)
Services provided by putting parameters in well-
defined places and executing a supervisory call. eg.
CP/M and MS-DOS

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Monolithic Structure 03 Cont…

Basic structure
 Main program that invokes requested service procedures
 Set of service procedures to carry out system calls
 Set of utility procedures to help the service procedures
User program executes until
 program terminates
 program makes a service request
 a time-out signal occurs
 an external interrupt occurs
Problems with monolithic structure
 Difficult to maintain
 Difficult to take care of concurrency due to multiple users/jobs

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Monolithic Structure 03
Cont..

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04
WINTER
Common System Components Cont…

₳ Process Management
₳ Template
Main Memory Management
₳ File Management
₳ I/O System Management
₳ Secondary Management

 Additional Components:
₳ Networking
₳ Protection System
₳ Command-Interpreter System

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Process Management 04 Cont…

A process is a program in execution. A process needs certain

resources, including CPU time, memory, files, and I/O devices,
to accomplish its task.
E.g. compiler, a word processing program, print command etc.
A program is passive and process is active part of execution.
System and user processes
When a process terminates the OS will reclaim any reusable
resources.
The operating system is responsible for the following activities
in connection with process management.
Process creation and deletion.
process suspension and resumption.
Provision of mechanisms for:
process synchronization
process communication

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Main-Memory Management 04 Cont…
 Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own
address. It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by
the CPU and I/O devices.
 For a program to be executed it must be mapped to absolute
address and loaded into memory
 Instruction must be in memory for the CPU for execution.
 Main memory is a volatile storage device. It loses its contents in
the case of system failure.
 The operating system is responsible for the following activities
in connections with memory management:
 Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used
and by whom.
 Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes
available.
 Allocate and deallocate memory space as needed.

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0
File Management 04 Cont…

 A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.

Commonly, files represent programs (both source and object
forms) and data.
 Most visible component of an OS.
 Files can be store on several type of physical media.
 The operating system is responsible for the following activities in
connections with file management:
 File creation and deletion.
 Directory creation and deletion.
 Support of primitives for manipulating files and directories.
 Mapping files onto secondary storage.
 File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.

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I/O System Management 04 Cont…

The I/O system consists of:

 A buffer system
 Speed mismatch
 Different data transfer sizes
 Copy semantics
 A cache system- Fast memory
 A spool system-holds output for a device
 A general device-driver interface

Drivers for specific hardware devices

only the device driver knows the peculiarities of the
specific device to which it is assigned

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04
WINTER
Secondary-Storage Management Cont…

 Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile and too

small to accommodate all data and programs permanently,
Template
the computer system must provide secondary storage to
back up main memory.
 Most modern computer systems use disks as the principle
on-line storage medium, for both programs and data.
 The operating system is responsible for the following
activities in connection with disk management:
 Free space management
 Storage allocation
 Disk scheduling
 It is very efficient because of frequent use.
 High speed

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Networking (Distributed Systems) 04 Cont…

 A distributed system is a collection of

processors that do not share memory or a clock.
Each processor has its own local memory.
 The processors in the system are connected
through a communication network.
 Communication takes place using a protocol.
 A distributed system provides user access to
various system resources.
 Access to a shared resource allows:
 Computation speed-up
 Increased data availability
 Enhanced reliability
.
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Protection System 04 Cont…

Protection refers to a mechanism for

controlling access by programs, processes, or
users to both system and user resources.
The protection mechanism must:
distinguish between authorized and
unauthorized usage.
specify the controls to be imposed.
provide a means of enforcement.

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Command-Interpreter System 04 Cont…
 One of the most important systems programs for an Operating
system is Command Interpreter.
 Many commands are given to the operating system by control
statements which deal with:
 process creation and management
 I/O handling
 secondary-storage management
 main-memory management
 file-system access
 protection
 Networking
 Command Interpreter is the interface between the user & the OS
 The program that reads and interprets control statements is called
variously:
 command-line interpreter
 shell (in UNIX)
Its function is to get and execute the next command statement.

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END

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