ME 3115: Instrumentation and Control

Presented by
Dr. Md. Rokunuzzaman

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 1
Outline

 Course Objectives
 Course Plan
 Course Evaluation
 Learning Objectives
 Introduction to control systems
 Classification of control systems
 References/Resources

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Course Objectives
Instrumentation
At the End of the Course you will be able to
 Characterize different types of sensors
 Analyze Data acquisition systems for sensors
 Design different control systems
 Evaluate stability of control systems Control
 Apply instrumentation and control in Fluidics

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Course Plan
Class No. Topics

1 Introduction, Classification of control system

2 System modeling : Mechanical systems, Electrical systems
3 System modeling : Fluid systems, Thermal systems
4 Online CT 1 (Introduction, System Modeling)
5 Block diagram, Transfer function
6 Transient and steady state response
7 Frequency response analysis
8 Root locus method
9 Stability analysis
10 Online CT 2 (Stability Analysis)
11 Different types of controllers, compensation techniques
12 Introduction to digital control and fuzzy logic
13 Fluidics-principles and applications

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Course Evaluation
Assessment method Marks

Online CT 10
Assignment 10
Attendance 08

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Learning Objectives

At the End of the Class you will be able to

 Understand control system
 Classify control system

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Introduction to Control Systems

a. Early elevators
were controlled by hand ropes
or an elevator operator. Here a
rope is cut to demonstrate the
safety brake, an innovation in
early elevators (#Bettman/
Corbis); b. One of two modern
Duo-lift elevators makes its way
up the Grande Arche in Paris.
Two elevators are driven by one
motor, with each car acting as a
counter balance to the other.
Today, elevators are fully automatic,
using control systems to
regulate position and velocity.

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Definition of Control Systems

A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the
purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given a specified input.

Figure 1.1 shows a control system in its simplest form, where the input represents a desired
output.

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Example of Control Systems
For example, consider an elevator. When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the
elevator rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for
passenger comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an input that represents our desired
output, shown as a step function in Figure 1.2.
The performance of the elevator can be seen from the elevator response curve in the figure.
Two major measures of performance are apparent: (1) the transient response and (2) the steady-
state error. In our example, passenger comfort and passenger patience are dependent upon the
transient response. If this response is too fast, passenger comfort is sacrificed; if too slow,
passenger patience is sacrificed. The steady-state error is another important performance
specification since passenger safety and convenience would be sacrificed if the elevator did not
properly level.

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Reasons for building Control Systems

i.Power Amplification (Gain)

– Positioning of a large radar antenna by low-power rotation of a knob
ii.Remote Control
– Robotic arm used to pick up radioactive materials
iii.Convenience of Input Form
– Changing room temperature by thermostat position
iv.Compensation for Disturbances
– Controlling antenna position in the presence of large wind
disturbance torque

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Components of Control Systems

i.System, plant or process

– To be controlled
ii.Actuators
– Converts the control signal to a power signal
iii.Sensors
– Provides measurement of the system output
iv.Reference input
– Represents the desired output

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Basic elements of control systems

Disturbance

Controlled Manipulated
Set-point Error Signal Variable
or
Reference Actual
input + + Output
+
+ Controller Actuator + Process
-

Sensor
Feedback Signal

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Classification of control systems
Control systems can be classified into two categories:
i. Open-loop control system
ii. Closed-loop feedback control system
• An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the
process directly without using feedback.
Desired Output Actuating
Process Output
Response Device
• A closed-loop feedback control system uses a measurement of the
output and feedback of the output signal to compare it with the desired
output or reference.
Desired
Output Comparison Controller Process Output
Response

Measurement

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Open loop Vs Closed loop
Open loop Closed loop
1. Simple in construction and ease of 1. Complex and difficulty in maintenance
maintenance
2. Used when input is known previously and 2. Used only when unpredictable 　 disturbances
no disturbances are present and/or unpredictable variations in system
components are present
3. Since there is no feedback, system needs 3. feedback makes the system response relatively
accurate controller, which implies costly insensitive to external disturbances and internal
equipment. variations in system parameters. Thus the system
is inexpensive.
4. No stability problem 4. Stability is a major problem
5. Less components are necessary 5. Needs more components
6. Convenient when output is hard to measure 6. Convenient when output is easy to measure.
or measuring the output precisely is
economically not feasible.
7. Recalibration is necessary for good quality 7. No calibration is necessary . Feedback signal
output. helps to maintain stable output.

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Examples: Missile Launcher System

Open-Loop Control System

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Closed-Loop Feedback Control System
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Examples: Turntable Speed Control
• Application: CD player, computer disk drive
• Requirement: Constant speed of rotation
• Open loop control system:

• Block diagram representation:

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• Closed-loop control system:

• Block diagram representation:

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Vehicle Control System

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Autopilot Control System

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
References:

• Lecture Notes
• Control Systems Engineering-Norman, S. Nise-Sixth Edition or latest
• Modern Control Engineering- Katsuhiko OGATA- Fifth Edition or latest
• Automatic Control Systems- F. Golnaraghi & Benjamin C. Kuo- Latest edition

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