Basic Electrical Engineering (BEEE101L)

Presented By
Dr. Maddela Chinna Obaiah
Assistant Professor (Sr)
School of Electrical Engineering
Module 1: DC circuits

 Basic circuit elements and sources

 Ohms law
 Kirchhoff ’s laws
 Series and parallel connection of circuit elements
 Node Voltage Analysis, Mesh Current Analysis
 Thevenin's and Maximum power transfer theorem
Units
 When taking measurements, we must use units to quantify
values
 We use the International Systems of Units (SI for short)
 Prefixes on SI units allow for easy relationships between large
and small values
Quantity Unit Prefix Name Meaning
length metre, m
M mega multiply by 1000000 (i.e. ×106)
mass kilogram, kg
time second, s k kilo multiply by 1000 (i.e. ×103)
electric current ampere, A m milli divide by 1000 (i.e. ×10−3)
thermodynamic μ micro divide by 1000000 (i.e. ×10−6)
temperature kelvin, K divide by 1000000000 (i.e.
luminous intensity candela, cd n nano ×10−9)
amount of substance mole, mol divide by 1 000 000 000 000 (i.e.
p pico ×10−12)
Charge
 Symbol: q
 Unit: Coulomb (C)

 The fundamental electric quantity is charge.

 The coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity which
flows past a given point in an electric circuit when a current of
one ampere is maintained for one second.
in coulombs
 Charge in an electron: qe = -1.602x10-19 C
 Charge in a proton: qp = 1.602x10-19 C
 In 1 C of charge, there are 1/(1.602 × 10−19) = 6.24 × 1018
electrons.
Current
 Symbol: i
 Unit: Ampere (A)

 Current moves through a circuit element “through variable.”

 Current is rate of flow of negatively-charged particles
(electrons) through a cross-sectional area in a conductor.
 Analogous to water flow
 Essentially, flow of electrons in an electric circuit leads to the
establishment of current.

 Amp = C/sec
 Often measured in milliamps, mA
Voltage
 Symbol: v
 Unit: Volt

 Potential difference across two terminals in a circuit “across

variable.”
 Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through
an element.

 Analogous to pressure in water tank

 Let A be the lower potential/voltage terminal
 Let B be the higher potential/voltage terminal
 Then, voltage across A and B is the cost in energy required to
move a unit positive charge from A to B.
Power
 Symbol : p
 Unit : watts (W)

 Power is defined as the rate of doing work or transferring

energy.

 Circuit element that absorb power have a positive value of p

 Circuit element that produce power have a negative value of p
Basic Circuit Elements and Sources
 Circuit Elements
 Active Elements
 The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called active element.
 Examples: Voltage Source, Current Source, Generators, Batteries etc.,
 Passive Elements
 The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and then either converts it
into heat (R) or stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L ) field is called passive
element.
 Resistor (R), Inductor (L), Capacitor (C).
 Sources
 Voltage Source
 Independent Voltage Source
 Dependent Voltage Source
 Current Source
 Independent Current Source
 Dependent Current Source
Ohm’s Law
 The current passing through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the potential difference across the two
points provides.

 Using G as a constant of proportionality, we obtain:

 Equivalently,

where .
 R is termed as the resistance of conductor (ohm,)

 G is termed as the conductance of conductor (mho, )

Resistors
 Resistance (R) is the physical property of an element that opposes the flow
of current .
 The units of resistance are Ohms (Ω).
 The magnitude of resistance is dictated by electric properties of the material
and material geometry. - Resistivity
- Length of material
-Cross-section area of material
 Resistivity () is the ability of a material to resist current flow. The units of
resistivity are Ohm-meters (Ω-m)
 This behavior of materials is often used to control/limit electric current flow
in circuits.
 Henceforth, the conductors that exhibit the property of resisting current
flow are called resistors.
 Resistors are used for:
 Limiting current in electric circuits.
 Lowering voltage levels in electric circuits (using
voltage divider).
 As a sensor (e.g., photoresistor detects light
condition, thermistor detects temperature condition,
strain gauge detects load condition, etc.)
 Resistors can be made of:
 Carbon film (decomposition of carbon film on a
ceramic core).
 – Carbon composition (carbon powder and glue-like
binder).
 – Metal oxide (ceramic core coated with metal
oxide).
 – Precision metal film.
 – High power wire wound.
Resistors in Series and Parallel
Series Parallel
Capacitors
 A capacitor consists of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric (insulator).

-permittivity
-Area
-distance
 indicates how penetrable a substance is to
an electric field

 Electric charge is stored in the plates – a

capacitor can become “charged”

 When a voltage exists across the

conductors, it provides the energy to move
the charge from the positive plate to the
other plate.
 Capacitance (C) is the ability of a material to store charge in the form of
separated charge or an electric field. It is the ratio of charge stored to
voltage difference between two plates.

 Capacitance is measured in Farads (F)

 Work must be done by an external influence (e.g. a battery) to separate
charge between the plates in a capacitor. The charge is stored in the
capacitor until the external influence is removed and the separated charge
is given a path to travel and dissipate.
 Work exerted to charge a capacitor is given by the equation:
Capacitors in Series and Parallel
Series Parallel
Inductors
 An inductor is a two terminal element consisting of a winding of N turns
capable of storing energy in the form of a magnetic field
 Inductance (L) is a measure of the ability of a device to store energy in the
form of a magnetic field. It is measured in Henries (H)
 Inductance in a cylindrical coil:

μ0 = permeability of free space = 4π × 10−7 H/m

K = Nagaoka coefficient
N = number of turns
A = area of cross-section of the coil in m2
l = length of coil in m
 Inductors can store energy in the form of a magnetic field
when a current is passed through them.

 The work required to establish current through the coil, and

therefore the magnetic field, is given by
Ideal and Practical Voltage Source
 A voltage source is a two-terminal device whose voltage at any instant of time is
constant and is independent of the current drawn from it.
 Such a voltage source is called an Ideal Voltage Source and have zero internal
resistance.
 Practically an ideal voltage source cannot be obtained.
 Sources having some amount of internal resistances are known as Practical Voltage
Source. due to this internal resistance; voltage drop takes place, and it causes the
terminal voltage to reduce.
Ideal and Practical Current Source
 An Ideal current source is a two-terminal circuit element
which supplies the same current to any load resistance
connected across its terminals.
 It is important to keep in mind that the current supplied by the
current source is independent of the voltage of source
terminals.
 The internal resistance of an ideal current source is infinite.
Independent Sources
 Independent source establishes a voltage or a current in a
circuit without relying on a voltage or current elsewhere in the
circuit
Dependent Source
 A dependent or controlled source is a voltage source or a current
source whose value depends on a voltage or current somewhere else in the
circuit. 
 Dependent sources are useful, for example, in modelling the behaviour of
amplifiers, transistors etc.
 (a) Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS).
 (b) Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS).
 (c) Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS).
 (d) Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS).