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PD 1

Human development involves physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes throughout the lifespan. Several theorists have proposed models of development, including Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, Piaget's cognitive development stages, and Kohlberg's moral development stages. Adolescence represents a transitional period between childhood and adulthood characterized by physical, psychological, and social changes. Common behaviors during adolescence include navigating physical/psychological transitions, dealing with social constraints, feelings of isolation, and sometimes deviance. Overall, theories of development emphasize that change is a normal and necessary part of growing up through different life stages.

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Becky Galano
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81 views

PD 1

Human development involves physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes throughout the lifespan. Several theorists have proposed models of development, including Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages, Piaget's cognitive development stages, and Kohlberg's moral development stages. Adolescence represents a transitional period between childhood and adulthood characterized by physical, psychological, and social changes. Common behaviors during adolescence include navigating physical/psychological transitions, dealing with social constraints, feelings of isolation, and sometimes deviance. Overall, theories of development emphasize that change is a normal and necessary part of growing up through different life stages.

Uploaded by

Becky Galano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 1

SELF-DEVELOPMENT
Prepared by: Rebecca Rabe-
Galano
CHAPTER ONE

Let’s have a quick Look- An


Overview of Human
Development
Lesson Objective:
Discuss the relationship among physiological, cognitive,
psychological, spiritual, and social development.
Technical Terms:

Crisis- It is a turning point that sets an individual to move up or regress in the


stage of development.
Cognitive- pertaining to intellectual activities.
Equilibrium- a state of balance
Erogenous Zones- refers to pleasure areas in the body that are sensitive to
stimulation and produce sexual response.
Fixation- obsessive attachment to something or activity that deters
development.
Instinct-An impulse, urge or drive in the body that is a source of life
energy.
Technical Terms:

Maturation- process of maturing.

Morality- principles concerning right/wrong, good/bad?

Psychosexual Development- refers to the asexual energy or drive


developing in five stages.

Psychosocial-relates to social factors influencing individual thoughts and


behaviors
Aft
er
5y
ea
rs!
After 20 years!
Video Presentation- The Wonder of Changes and growth at the Beginning of life by Ale
xander
Tsiaras

Guide Questions:
1.What happens when people grow?
2.What changes take place to get you where you are
now?
3.Why is change necessary?
OBSERVE THE PICTURE

CHANGES
What is human development?

The physical, cognitive, It is one of the


and psychosocial
development of humans
most stunning
throughout the lifespan. processes in life.

CHANGE is the hallmark of such processes.


What types of development are involved in each of these three domains, or areas, of life?

1. Physical development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses,
motor skills, and health and wellness.

2. Cognitive development involves learning, attention,


memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
3. Psychosocial development involves emotions,
personality, and social relationships.
STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
SIGMUND FREUD- PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
*Jewish by race born in Moravia , Czech Republic

*Grew up in Vienna, Austria

*Father of psychoanalysis, was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and


influential thinker of the early twentieth century.

*A popular psychologist whose theory of human development and personality


sparked great interest, as well as controversy because it focuses on the
psychosexual development of an individual.
Freud believed that early experiences are very important in human development.

Considered instincts as the main source of life energy that finds its way in different parts of
the body called erogenous zones or pleasure areas of psychosexual development has five
stages. Each stage is characterized by certain ways of connecting with the world through
particular areas of the body.

Satisfaction of each area or zone is important to develop a healthy personality. If needs are
not met or satisfied excessively, fixation occurs which is characterized by attachment to a
particular object or activity and may affect development.
STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

SIGMUND FREUD- PSYCHOSEXUAL


THEORY
Oral (0 – 2 years of age)

Focus: Fixation on all things oral.

Trait Outcomes: If not satisfactorily met there


is the likelihood of developing negative oral
habits or behaviors like overeating, gossiping
and cursing.
Focus: As indicated this stage is
primarily related to developing healthy
toilet training habits.

Trait Outcomes: Obsessive with


cleanliness or hating mess, too
generous or disorganized.
Focus: Pleasure through genitals.

Trait Outcomes: Recognizing gender


differences. Emotional attachment to one
parent over another.
Focus: Developing academic and
social skills, physical abilities, and
talents.

Trait Outcomes: Child will develop


closeness with parents if conflicts are
resolved, and builds social ties. Sexual
urges are inhibited.
Genital (12 – adulthood)

Focus: : All tasks from the previous


four stages are integrated into the
mind allowing for the onset of healthy
sexual feelings and behaviors.

Trait Outcomes: Called puberty stage,


this is the period of adolescence.
Sexual interest is awakened.
Erik Erikson

Psychosocial Theory
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Childhood

Erik Erikson was born on June 15, 1902, in Frankfurt, Germany. His young Jewish mother,
Karla Abrahamsen, raised Erik by herself for a time before marrying a physician, Dr.
Theodore Homberger. The fact that Homberger was not his biological father was concealed
from Erikson for many years. When he finally did learn the truth, Erikson was left with a
feeling of confusion about who he really was.

"The common story was that his mother and father had separated before his birth, but the
closely guarded fact was that he was his mother's child from an extramarital union. He never
saw his birth father or his mother's first husband." — Erikson's obituary, The New York
Times, May 13, 1994
Erik Erikson is best known for his famous theory of
psychosocial development and the concept of the 
identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in
thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early
childhood events, his psychosocial theory looks at how social
influences contribute to our personalities throughout our
entire lifespans.

"Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent
in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain,
even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired."—Erik
Erikson, The Erik Erikson Reader, 2000
Jean Piaget

Theory of Cognitive Development


Piaget's (1936) theory of cognitive development
explains how a child constructs a mental model of
the world. He disagreed with the idea that
intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded
cognitive development as a process which occurs
due to biological maturation and interaction with
the environment.
Jean Piaget believes that one must strike balance, a state
of equilibrium.
Equilibration the process of achieving balance.
Other factors involve in the development process:
> Maturation- Biological Change
> Experiences
> The Transfer of attitudes, information, or customs

EDUCATION key element in developing one’s cognitive skills.


Lawrence Kohlberg

Stages of Moral
Development
What about Human Behavior?
Human Development Theories:

• Sigmund Freud-Psychosexual Development


• Erik Erikson-Psychosocial Development
• Jean Piaget-Cognitive Development
• Lawrence Kohlberg-Moral Development
What about Human Behavior?
Salkind basic assumptions that are commonly shared by behaviorist:

1. Development is an effect of learning.

2. There are different types of learning that contribute to development.

3. There are differences in development due to individuals’ different set of experience.

4. Development occurs when existing behavior are organized.

5. Biological factors set limits on what behaviors can be developed, but the environment
shapes the behaviors.

6. Development is not directly related to biologically determined stages.


The Period of Adolescence: A General Perspective
Adolescence, transitional phase of growth and 
development between childhood and 
adulthood. The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines an adolescent as any person between ages 10
and 19. This age range falls within WHO’s definition
of young people, which refers to individuals between
ages 10 and 24.
Common Behaviors of the Adolescents:
>Physical And Psychological Transition

>Social Constraints Restrictions on physical movement


>Absence of meaningful responsibility

>Isolation from adults

>Deviance
Summary: Key Concepts
>Many changes take place when people grow up.
>Change is inevitable and important as it marks
development and opportunities for continuous growth.
>Development occurs in many stages viewed in different perspectives
( psychosexual, cognitive, moral, and behavioral)
>The stage of adolescence is a transition period from
childhood to adulthood .
PD Task#1 ON A LONG BONDPAPER LANDSCAPE

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