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This document discusses modeling systems using transfer functions in the frequency domain. It introduces the Laplace transform, which allows representing inputs, outputs, and systems as separate algebraic entities. This simplifies modeling physical systems. The transfer function is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to the Laplace transform of the input, assuming all initial conditions are zero. Examples are provided of finding transfer functions from systems represented by differential equations and vice versa.

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April Balce
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96 views

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This document discusses modeling systems using transfer functions in the frequency domain. It introduces the Laplace transform, which allows representing inputs, outputs, and systems as separate algebraic entities. This simplifies modeling physical systems. The transfer function is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output to the Laplace transform of the input, assuming all initial conditions are zero. Examples are provided of finding transfer functions from systems represented by differential equations and vice versa.

Uploaded by

April Balce
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODELING IN

FREQUENCY DOMAIN
In previous topic, we discussed the analysis and design
sequence that included obtaining the system’s schematic and
demonstrated this step for a position control system. To obtain a
schematic, the control systems engineer must often make many
simplifying assumptions in order to keep the ensuing model
manageable and still approximate physical reality.

The next step is to develop mathematical models from


schematics of physical systems. We will discuss two methods: (1)
transfer functions in the frequency domain and (2) state equations
in the time domain. As we proceed, we will notice that in every
case the first step in developing a mathematical model is to apply
the fundamental physical laws of science and engineering. For
example, when we model electrical networks,
Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws, which are basic laws of electric
networks, will be applied initially. We will sum voltages in a loop
or sum currents at a node.
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
REVIEW
A system represented by a differential equation is difficult to
model as a block diagram. Thus, we now lay the groundwork for
the Laplace transform, with which we can represent the input,
output, and system as separate entities. Further, their
interrelationship will be simply algebraic. Let us first define the
Laplace transform and then show how it simplifies the
representation of physical systems.

The Laplace transform is defined as:

where , a complex variable. Thus, knowing f(t) and that the


integral in Eq. above exists, we can find a function, F(s), that is
called the Laplace transform of f(t).1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
REVIEW
The inverse Laplace transform, which allows us to find f(t) given
F(s), is
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
REVIEW
Laplace Transform Table
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
REVIEW
Laplace Transform Theorem
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
REVIEW
Example 1. What is the Laplace Transform of 1?

Example 1. What is the Laplace Transform of t?


TRANSFER FUNCTION

Transfer function is the ratio of Laplace Transform of output to


the Laplace Transform of input, when all the initial conditions
are assumed to be zero.

input SYSTE output


R(s) r(t) MG(s)g(t) c(t)
C(s)
Where: G(s) – Transfer Function of the System.
C(s) – Output of the System.
R(s) – Input of the System.
TRANSFER FUNCTION

Transfer function is the ratio of Laplace Transform of output to


the Laplace Transform of input, when all the initial conditions
are assumed to be zero.

C(s)
G(s) =
R(s) initial condition is equal to zero.
TRANSFER FUNCTION

Example 3. Find the Transfer Function of the System given by:


TRANSFER FUNCTION

Example 4. Find the Transfer Function of the System given by:


TRANSFER FUNCTION

Example 4. Find the differential equation corresponding to the


transfer function:

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