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Unit 1-HTML Final

HTML provides tags for formatting text elements like headings, paragraphs, line breaks, and horizontal rules. It also allows formatting of character styles using tags like <B> for bold, <I> for italics, and <U> for underline. The <BODY> tag controls styles for the entire page like background color and text color. HTML is a markup language used to describe web pages and format text and visual elements.

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52 views126 pages

Unit 1-HTML Final

HTML provides tags for formatting text elements like headings, paragraphs, line breaks, and horizontal rules. It also allows formatting of character styles using tags like <B> for bold, <I> for italics, and <U> for underline. The <BODY> tag controls styles for the entire page like background color and text color. HTML is a markup language used to describe web pages and format text and visual elements.

Uploaded by

harpreetshabbby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

HTML

Faculty Name:
Mr. Mingma Bhutia

1
Static Pages / Dynamic Pages
SERVER

page.html page.html page.html

A static website is a group of self-contained,


individual pages (or page), sent to the browser from
the server one-page-at-a-time.
.net
SERVER page.html
SQL databases

HTML

Dyamic web content is built when it is requested, by


the user directly, or programmatically while a user is
on a page (e.g., facebook updates).
Most websites contain both static and dynamic
elements.
.net
page.html
SERVER BROWSER
.asp

style.css
SQL

etc
script.js

Client-side (front-end) coding includes HTML, CSS


and Javascript. This just means that our code will be
downloaded from the server and then compiled
entirely in the browser.
Three layers of web design:
Structure, Style, Behavior
HTML, CSS, Javascript
BEHAVIOR
Javascript

PRESENTATION
CSS
Imagery

STRUCTURE
HTML markup
Site planning
INTRODUCTION OF HTML
• HTML is a language for describing web pages.
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• HTML is not a programming language, it is
a markup language
• A markup language is a set of markup tags
• HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages
OBJECTIVES OF HTML

• create, save and view a HTML document


• format a web page using section heading
tags
• describe Ordered and Unordered lists
• explain graphics in HTML document
• describe hypertext links and making
text/image link
ADVANTAGES OF HTML

• Easy to use
• Loose syntax (although, being too flexible will not
comply with standards).
• Supported on almost every browser, if not all browsers.
• Widely used; established on almost every website, if
not all websites.
• Very similar to XML syntax, which is increasingly used
for data storage.
• Free - You need not buy any software.
• Easy to learn & code even for novice programmers.
DISADVANTAGES OF HTML

• It cannot produce dynamic output alone, since it is a static


language
• Sometimes, the structuring of HTML documents is hard to
grasp
• You have to keep up with deprecated tags, and make sure not
to use them
• Deprecated tags appear because another language that works
with HTML has replaced the original work of the tag; thus the
other language needs to be learned (most of the time, it is CSS)
• Security features offered by HTML are limited
Tags

 Codes enclosed in brackets


 Usually paired
<TITLE>My Web Page</TITLE>
 Not case sensitive
<TITLE> = <title> = <Title>

12
Creating a Basic Starting
Document
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Tecnia Institute </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is what is displayed.
</BODY>
</HTML>
13
Color Codes
• Colors are set using “RGB” color codes,
which are, represented as hexadecimal
values. Each 2-digit section of the code
represents the amount, in sequence, of
red, green or blue that forms the color. For
example, a RGB value with 00 as the first
two digits has no red in the color.

14
Main Colours

15
RGB Colour Model

16
16 Basic Colors

17
Color Codes
1. WHITE 1. #FFFFFF
2. BLACK 2. #000000
3. RED 3. #FF0000
4. GREEN 4. #00FF00
5. BLUE 5. #0000FF
6. MAGENTA 6. #FF00FF
7. CYAN 7. #00FFFF
8. YELLOW 8. #FFFF00
9. AQUAMARINE 9. #70DB93
10. BAKER’S CHOCOLATE 10. #5C3317
11. VIOLET 11. #9F5F9F
12. BRASS 12. #B5A642
13. COPPER 13. #B87333
14. PINK 14. #FF6EC7
18
15. ORANGE 15. #FF7F00
The Body Element
• The BODY element of a web page is an important
element in regards to the page’s appearance. Here are
the attributes of the BODY tag to control all the levels:

TEXT="#RRGGBB" to change the color of all the text


on the page (full page text color.)

 This element contains information about the page’s


background color, the background image, as well as the
text and link colors.

19
Background Color
 It is very common to see web pages with their
background color set to white or some other colors.

 To set your document’s background color, you need to


edit the <BODY> element by adding the BGCOLOR
attribute. The following example will display a document
with a white background color:

<BODY BGCOLOR=“#FFFFFF”></BODY>

20
TEXT Color
 The TEXT attribute is used to control the color of all
the normal text in the document. The default color for
text is black. The TEXT attribute would be added as
follows:

<BODY BGCOLOR=“#FFFFFF”
TEXT=“#FF0000”></BODY>

In this example the document’s page


color is white and the text would be red.

21
LINK, VLINK, and ALINK
These attributes control the colors of the different link states:

1. LINK – initial appearance – default = Blue.


2. VLINK – visited link – default = Purple.
3. ALINK –active link being clicked–default= Yellow.

The Format for setting these attributes is:


<BODY BGCOLOR=“#FFFFFF” TEXT=“#FF0000”
LINK=“#0000FF”
VLINK=“#FF00FF”
ALINK=“FFFF00”> </BODY>
22
Using Image Background
 The BODY element also gives you ability of
setting an image as the document’s
background.
 An example of a background image’s HTML
code is as follows:

<BODY BACKGROUND=“hi.gif”
BGCOLOR=“#FFFFFF”></BODY>

23
Headings, <Hx> </Hx>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1> Heading 1 </H1>
Heading 1
<H2> Heading 2 </H2> Heading 2
<H3> Heading 3 </H3>
<H4> Heading 4 </H4> Heading 3
<H5> Heading 5 </H5> Heading 4
<H6> Heading 6 </H6> Heading 5
</BODY> Heading 6
</HTML>

24
Paragraphs, <P> </P>
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE> Example Page</TITLE> Heading 1
</HEAD> Paragraph 1,….
<BODY></H1> Heading 1 </H1>
<P> Paragraph 1, ….</P> Heading 2
<H2> Heading 2 </H2> Paragraph 2,….
<P> Paragraph 2, ….</P>
Heading 3
<H3> Heading 3 </H3>
Paragraph 3,….
<P> Paragraph 3, ….</P>
<H4> Heading 4 </H4> Heading 4
<P> Paragraph 4, ….</P> Paragraph 4,….
<H5> Heading 5 </H5> Heading 5
<P> Paragraph 5, ….</P> Paragraph 5,….
<H6> Heading 6</H6> Heading 6
<P> Paragraph 6, ….</P> Paragraph 6,….
</BODY></HTML>

25
Break, <BR>
 Line breaks allow you to decide where the text
will break on a line or continue to the end of the
window.
 A <BR> is an empty Element, meaning that it
may contain attributes but it does not contain
content.
 The <BR> element does not have a closing tag.

26
Break, <BR>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY> Heading 1
<H1> Heading 1 </H1> Paragraph 1,….
<P>Paragraph 1, <BR>
Line 2 <BR> Line 3 <BR>…. Line 2
</P> Line 3
</BODY> ….
</HTML>

27
Horizontal Rule, <HR>
 The <HR> element causes the
browser to display a horizontal
line (rule) in your document.
 <HR> does not use a closing tag,
</HR>.

28
Horizontal Rule, <HR>
Attribute Description Default Value
Height of the rule in
SIZE 2 pixels
pixels
Width of the rule in
WIDTH pixels or percentage 100%
of screen width
Draw the rule with a Not set
NOSHADE flat look instead of a
3D look (3D look)

Aligns the line (Left,


ALIGN Center
Center, Right)
Sets a color for the
COLOR Not set
rule (IE 3.0 or later)
29
Horizontal Rule, <HR>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY> Heading 1
<H1> Heading 1 </H1> Paragraph 1,….
<P>Paragraph 1, <BR>
Line 2 <BR> Line 2
<HR>Line 3 <BR> ______________________
</P> _____
</BODY>
Line 3
</HTML>

30
Character Formatting
How to enhance your page with Bold, Italics, and other
character formatting options.

1. Change the color and size of your text.


2. Use Common Character Formatting Elements.
3. Align your text.
4. Add special characters.
5. Use other character formatting elements.

31
Bold, Italic and other Character Formatting
Elements
 <FONT SIZE=“+2”> Two sizes bigger</FONT>
 The size attribute can be set as an absolute value from 1 to 7 or as a
relative value using the “+” or “-” sign. Normal text size is 3 (from -2 to +4).

 <B> Bold </B>


 <I> Italic </I>
 <U> Underline </U>

 Color = “#RRGGBB” The COLOR attribute of the FONT element. E.g.,


<FONT COLOR=“#RRGGBB”>this text has color</FONT>

 <PRE> Preformatted </PRE> Text enclosed by PRE tags is displayed in


a mono-spaced font. Spaces and line breaks are supported without
additional elements or special characters.
32
Bold, Italic and other Character Formatting
Elements
<P> <FONT SIZE=“+1”> One Size One Size Larger - Normal – One
Larger </FONT> - Normal – Size Smaller
Bold - italics - Underlined -
<FONT SIZE=“-1”> One Size Colored
Smaller </FONT> Emphasized - Strong - Tele
<BR> Type
<B> Bold</B> - <I> italics</I> - <U>
Underlined </U> -

<FONT COLOR=“#FF0000”>
Colored </FONT>
<BR>
<EM> Emphasized</EM> -
<STRONG> Strong </STRONG>
- <TT> Tele Type </TT> <BR>

33
Alignment
 Some elements have attributes for
alignment (ALIGN) e.g. Headings,
Paragraphs and Horizontal Rules.
 The Three alignment values are : LEFT,
RIGHT, CENTER.
 <CENTER></CENTER> Will center
elements.

34
Alignment

 <DIV ALIGN=“value”></DIV> Represents


a division in the document and can contain
most other element type. The alignment
attribute of the DIV element is well
supported.
 <TABLE></TABLE> Inside a TABLE,
alignment can be set for each individual
cell.
35
Additional Character Formatting Elements

 <STRIKE> strike-through text</STRIKE>


DEL is used for STRIKE at the latest browsers

 <BIG> places text in a big font</BIG>

 <SMALL> places text in a small font</SMALL>

 <SUB> places text in subscript position </SUB>

 <SUP> places text in superscript style position </SUP>


36
Lists

In this chapter you will learn how to create a variety of lists.


Objectives
Upon completing this section, you should be able to
1. Create an unordered list.
2. Create an ordered list.
3. Create a defined list.
4. Nest Lists.

37
List Elements
 HTML supplies several list elements. Most list elements
are composed of one or more <LI> (List Item) elements.
 UL : Unordered List. Items in this list start with a list mark
such as a bullet. Browsers will usually change the list
mark in nested lists.
<UL>
<LI> List item …</LI>
<LI> List item …</LI>
</UL>
• List item …
• List item …
38
List Elements
 You have the choice of three bullet types: disc(default), circle,
square.
 These are controlled in Netscape Navigator by the “TYPE” attribute
for the <UL> element.

<UL TYPE=“square”>
<LI> List item …</LI>
<LI> List item …</LI>
<LI> List item …</LI>
</UL>
 List item …
 List item …
 List item …

39
List Elements
 OL: Ordered List. Items in this list are numbered
automatically by the browser.
<OL type=“A”>
<LI> List item …</LI>
<LI> List item …</LI>
<LI> List item …</LI>
</OL>
A. List item …
B. List item …
C. List item
 You have the choice of setting the TYPE Attribute to
one of five numbering styles.
40
List Elements
TYPE Numbering Styles
1 Arabic numbers 1,2,3, ……
a Lower alpha a, b, c, ……
A Upper alpha A, B, C, ……
i Lower roman i, ii, iii, ……
I Upper roman I, II, III, ……

41
Images

 <IMG>This element defines a graphic image on the page.

 Image File (SRC:source): This value will be a URL (location of


the image) E.g. http://www.domain.com/dir/file.ext or /dir/file.txt.

 Alternate Text (ALT): This is a text field that describes an image


or acts as a label. It is displayed when they position the cursor
over a graphic image.

 Alignment (ALIGN): This allows you to align the image on your


page.

42
Images
 Width (WIDTH): is the width of the image in pixels.

 Height (HEIGHT): is the height of the image in pixels.

 Border (BORDER): is for a border around the image, specified


in pixels.

 HSPACE: is for Horizontal Space on both sides of the image


specified in pixels. A setting of 5 will put 5 pixels of invisible
space on both sides of the image.

 VSPACE: is for Vertical Space on top and bottom of the image


specified in pixels. A setting of 5 will put 5 pixels of invisible
space above and bellow the image.
43
Some Examples on images

1) <IMG SRC=“jordan.gif“ border=4>

2) <IMG SRC=" jordan.gif" width="60" height="60">

3) <IMG SRC=“jordan.gif" ALT="This is a text that goes with the


image">

4) <IMG SRC=" jordan.gif “ Hspace="30" Vspace="10" border=20

5) < IMG SRC =" jordan.gif“ align="left">


blast blast blast blast blast

44
HOW TO MAKE A LINK

1) The tags used to produce links are the <A> and </A>. The <A> tells
where the link should start and the </A> indicates where the link
ends.
Everything between these two will work as a link.

2) The example below shows how to make the word


Here work as a link to yahoo.

Click <A HREF="http://www.yahoo.com">here</A> to


go to yahoo.

45
Internal Links
 Internal Links : Links can also be created inside large documents to
simplify navigation. Today’s world wants to be able to get the
information quickly. Internal links can help you meet these goals.

1. Select some text at a place in the document that you would like to create
a link to, then add an anchor to link to like this:

<A NAME=“bookmark_name”></A>

The Name attribute of an anchor element specifies a location in the


document that we link to shortly. All NAME attributes in a document
must be unique.
2. Next select the text that you would like to create as a link to the location
created above.

<A HREF=“#bookmark_name”>Go To Book Mark</A>

46
Tables
 The <TABLE></TABLE> element has four sub-
elements:

1. Table Row<TR></TR>.
2. Table Header <TH></TH>.
3. Table Data <TD></TD>.
4. Caption <CAPTION></CAPTION>.

 The table row elements usually contain table


header elements or table data elements.
47
Tables
<table border=“1”>
<tr>
<th> Column 1 header </th>
<th> Column 2 header </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Row1, Col1 </td>
<td> Row1, Col2 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Row2, Col1 </td>
<td> Row2, Col2 </td>
</tr>
</table>
48
Tables

Column 1 Header Column 2 Header

Row1, Col1 Row1, Col2

Row2, Col1 Row2, Col2

49
Tables Attributes
 BGColor: Some browsers support background colors in a table.

 Width: you can specify the table width as an absolute number of


pixels or a percentage of the document width. You can set the width
for the table cells as well.

 Border: You can choose a numerical value for the border width, which
specifies the border in pixels.

 CellSpacing: Cell Spacing represents the space between cells and is


specified in pixels.

 CellPadding: Cell Padding is the space between the cell border and
the cell contents and is specified in pixels.
 Align: tables can have left, right, or center alignment.
50
Table Caption
 A table caption allows you to specify a line of text that
will appear centered above or bellow the table.

<TABLE BORDER=1 CELLPADDING=2>


<CAPTION ALIGN=“BOTTOM”> Label For My Table </CAPTION>

 The Caption element has one attribute ALIGN that can


be either TOP (Above the table) or BOTTOM (below the
table).

51
Table Data and Table Header
Attributes

 Colspan: Specifies how many cell columns of the table this cell
should span.
 Rowspan: Specifies how many cell rows of the table this cell should
span.
 Align: cell data can have left, right, or center alignment.
 Valign: cell data can have top, middle, or bottom alignment.
 Width: you can specify the width as an absolute number of pixels or
a percentage of the document width.
 Height: You can specify the height as an absolute number of pixels
or a percentage of the document height.

52
What will be the output?

<TABLE BORDER width=“750”>


<TR> <TD colspan=“4” align=“center”>Page
Banner</TD></TR>

<TR> <TD rowspan=“2” width=“25%”>Nav


Links</TD><TD colspan=“2”>Feature
Article</TD> <TD rowspan=“2”
width=“25%”>Linked Ads</TD></TR>

<TR><TD width=“25%”>News Column 1 </TD>


<TD width=“25%”><News Column 2 </TD></TR>
</TABLE> 53
The Output

54
Frames
 Frames are a relatively new addition to the HTML
standard. First introduced in Netscape
Navigator 2.0.
Objectives:
Upon completing this section, you should be able to:
 Create a Frame based page.
 Work with the Frameset, Frame, and Noframes
elements.
 Use the attributes of the Frames elements to
control the display.
 Set Targets appropriately.
55
Frames

 A framed page is actually made up of multiple HTML pages.


There is one HTML document that describes how to break up
the single browser window into multiple windowpanes. Each
windowpane is filled with an HTML document.

 For Example to make a framed page with a windowpane on the


left and one on the right requires three HTML pages. Doc1.html
and Doc2.html are the pages that contain content.
Frames.html is the page that describes the division of the
single browser window into two windowpanes. 56
Frames

Doc1.html Doc2.html

Doc1.html Doc2.html

Frames.html
57
Frame Page Architecture

 A <FRAMESET> element is placed in the html document before the


<BODY> element. The <FRAMESET> describes the amount of screen
real estate given to each windowpane by dividing the screen into ROWS
or COLS.

 The <FRAMESET> will then contain <FRAME> elements, one per


division of the browser window.

 Note: Because there is no BODY container, FRAMESET pages can't


have background images and background colors associated with them.

58
Frame Page Architecture
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Framed Page </TITLE>
<FRAMeSET COLS=“23%,77%”>
<FRAME SRC=“Doc1.html”>
<FRAME SRC=“Doc2.html”>
</FRAMeSET >
</HEAD>

</HTML>
59
The Diagram below is a graphical view
of the document described above

FRAMESET COLS=”23%, 77%”


FRAME FRAME

NAME= NAME=right_pane
left_pane SRC= Doc2.html
SRC=Doc1.h
tml

60
<FRAMESET> Container
<FRAMESET> : The FRAMESET element creates divisions in the
browser window in a single direction. This allows you to define
divisions as either rows or columns.

 ROWS : Determines the size and number of rectangular rows


within a <FRAMESET>. They are set from top of the display
area to the bottom.

Possible values are:


 Absolute pixel units, I.e. “360,120”.
 A percentage of screen height, e.g. “75%,25%”.
 Proportional values using the asterisk (*). This is often
combined with a value in pixels , e.g. “360,*”.
 <Frameset cols=“200,20%,*,2*”>
61
Creating a Frames Page

 COLS: Determines the size and number of rectangular


columns within a <FRAMESET>. They are set from left
to right of the display area.

Possible values are:


 Absolute pixel units, I.e. “480,160”.

 A percentage of screen width, e.g. “75%,25%”.

 Proportional values using the asterisk (*). This is often


combined with a value in pixels , e.g. “480,*”.

62
Attributes of <Frameset> tag
 FRAMEBORDER : Possible values 0, 1, YES, NO. A setting of
zero will create a borderless frame.

 FRAMESPACING: This attribute is specified in pixels. If you go


to borderless frames you will need to set this value to zero as
well, or you will have a gap between your frames where the
border used to be.

 BORDER(thickness of the Frame): This attribute specified in


pixels. A setting of zero will create a borderless frame. Default
value is 5.

 BORDERCOLOR: This attribute is allows you choose a color


for your border. This attribute is rarely used.
 ROWS
 COLS
63
<FRAME>
<FRAME>: This element defines a single frame within a
frameset. There will be a FRAME element for each
division created by the FRAMESET element. This tag
has the following attributes:

 SRC: Required, as it provides the URL for the page that


will be displayed in the frame.
 NAME: Required for frames that will allow targeting by
other HTML documents. Works in conjunction with the
target attribute of the <A>, <AREA>, <BASE>, and
<FORM> tags.

64
Attributes of <FRAME> tag
 MARGINWIDTH: Optional attribute stated in pixels.
Determines horizontal space between the <FRAME> contents
and the frame’s borders.

 MARGINHEIGHT: Optional attribute stated in pixels.


Determines vertical space between the <FRAME> contents
and the frame’s borders.

 SCROLLING: Displays a scroll bar(s) in the frame. Possible


values are:
1. Yes – always display scroll bar(s).
2. No – never display scroll bar(s).
3. Auto – browser will decide based on frame contents.
By default: scrolling is auto.
65
Frame Formatting
• Example:

<frameset rows=“20%, *, 20%” border=4>


<frame src=“header.html”
noresize scrolling=no>
<frame src=“body.html”>
<frame
src=“navigationbar.html” noresize
scrolling=no>
</frameset>
66
Targets
 When you use links for use in a frames environment you will need to
specify an additional attribute called TARGET.

 The TARGET attribute uses the NAME attribute of the FRAME


element.

 If we were to place a link in doc1.html that linked to doc3.html and we


wanted doc3.html to be displayed in the right windowpane; the HTML
code would appear in doc1.html as follows:

<A HREF=“doc3.html” TARGET=“right_pane”>Link


to Document 3 </A>

67
Special Targets
• There are 4 special target names that cannot be assigned by the NAME
attribute of the FRAME tag.

1. TARGET=“_top” : This loads the linked document into the full browser
window with the URL specified by the HREF attribute. All frames
disappear, leaving the new linked page to occupy the entire window. The
back is turned on.

2. TARGET=“_blank” : Opens an unnamed new browser window and loads


the document specified in the URL attribute into the new window (and
your old window stays open). The back is turned off. Other windows
remains on.

3. TARGET=“_self” : Loads the document in the same window where the


anchor was {Clicked}. This is the default setting for linking elements.

4. TARGET=“_parent” : the _parent frame is a prior frameset that the


current frameset was “spawned” from. If there isn’t one it is the browser
window. The document is loaded into the area occupied by the columns
or rows frameset containing the frame that contains the link. The back is
turned on. All windows disappear.

68
If a frame contains the following link, then clicking the link launches a new,
unnamed browser display window that contains the content defined in
stuff.HTM. This can be a simple HTML document, or an entirely new
FRAMESET definition.

1. <A HREF="stuff.html" TARGET="_blank">


If a frame contains the following link, then clicking the link will simply cause the
frame which contains the link to clear, and its content will be replaced with
whatever is in stuff.htm.

2. <A HREF="stuff.html" TARGET="_self">


If a frame contains the following link, the frameset that contains the frame that
contains this link will be replaced by stuff.HTM.

3. <A HREF="stuff.html" TARGET="_parent">


Finally, if a frame contains the following link, clicking the link replaces the entire
browser window with the contents of stuff.HTM.

4.<A HREF="stuff.html" TARGET="_top">


69
Targeting links to frames
The TARGET attribute allows you to specify the frame into which a page
is to be loaded into in a frames setting.

<A HREF=“chap1.html” TARGET=“_self”> [Chapter 1]</A>


<A HREF=“chap1.html” TARGET=“_parent”> [Chapter 2]</A>

Parent window chap1.html Learning HTML


[Chapter 1][Chapter 2][Chapter 3]

chap2.html

70
Targeting links to frames

The TARGET attribute allows you to specify the frame into which a
page is to be loaded into in a frames setting.

<A HREF=“chap1.html” TARGET=“bottom”> [Chapter 1]</A>


<A HREF=“chap2.html” TARGET=“bottom”> [Chapter 2]</A>
<A HREF=“chap3.html” TARGET=“bottom”> [Chapter 3]</A>

chap1.html Learning HTML


[Chapter 1][Chapter 2][Chapter 3]
chap2.html

chap3.html

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Inline (or Floating) Frames
The latest version of browsers introduced a feature called
Floating Frames, which are identified by <iFrame> tag.

They enable a scrollable frame to be placed anywhere within


the flow of the HTML document, much like an image.

Eg:

<iframe src=“frame.html” width=200 height=200 align=right>

</iframe>

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Forms
 Forms add the ability to web pages to not only provide the
person viewing the document with dynamic information but
also to obtain information from the person viewing it, and
process the information.

1. Create a FORM.
2. Add elements to a FORM.
3. Define CGI (Common Gateway Interface).
4. Describe the purpose of a CGI Application.
5. Specify an action for the FORM.
 Forms work in all browsers.
 Forms are Platform Independent.

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Forms
 To insert a form we use the <FORM></FORM> tags. The rest of the form
elements must be inserted in between the form tags.

<HTML> <HEAD>
<TITLE> Sample Form</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=“FFFFFF”>
<FORM ACTION = http://www.xnu.com/formtest.asp>
<P> First Name: <INPUT TYPE=“TEXT” NAME=“fname” MAXLENGTH=“50”>
</P>
<P> <INPUT TYPE=“SUBMIT” NAME=“fsubmit1” VALUE=“Send Info”> </P>
</FORM>
</BODY> </HTML>

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<FORM> element attributes
 ACTION: is the URL of the CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
program that is going to accept the data from the form, process
it, and send a response back to the browser.

 METHOD: GET (default) or POST specifies which HTTP method


will be used to send the form’s contents to the web server. The
CGI application should be written to accept the data from either
method.

 NAME: is a form name used by VBScript or JavaScripts.

 TARGET: is the target frame where the response page will show
up.

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Form Elements

 Form elements have properties: Text boxes,


Password boxes, Checkboxes, Option(Radio)
buttons, Submit, Reset, File, Hidden and Image.

 The properties are specified in the TYPE Attribute of


the HTML element <INPUT></INPUT>.

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Sami Ali

Al al-Bayt University

77
Form Elements
<INPUT> Element’s Properties
TYPE= Type of INPUT entry field.
NAME = Variable name passed to CGI application
VALUE= The data associated with the variable
name to be passed to the CGI application
CHECKED= Button/box checked
SIZE= Number of visible characters in text field
MAXLENGHT= Maximum number of characters
accepted.

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Text Box
 Text boxes: Used to provide input fields for text, phone numbers,
dates, etc.
<INPUT TYPE= " TEXT " >
Browser will display Textboxes use the following attributes:

 TYPE: text.

 SIZE: determines the size of the textbox in characters. Default=20


characters.

 MAXLENGHT : determines the maximum number of characters that


the field will accept.

 NAME: is the name of the variable to be sent to the CGI application.

 VALUE: will display its contents as the default value. 79


Example on Text Box
<TITLE>Form_Text_Type</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<h1> <font color=blue>Please enter the following bioData</font></h1>

<FORM name="fome1" Method= " get " Action= " URL " >
First Name: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="FName"
SIZE="15" MAXLENGTH="25"><BR>

Last Name: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="LName"


SIZE="15" MAXLENGTH="25"><BR>

Nationality: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="Country"


SIZE="25" MAXLENGTH="25"><BR>

The Phone Number: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="Phone"


SIZE="15" MAXLENGTH="12"><BR>
</FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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Output

81
Password
 Password: Used to allow entry of passwords.
<INPUT TYPE= " PASSWORD " >
Browser will display
Text typed in a password box is starred out in the browser
display.
Password boxes use the following attributes:
 TYPE: password.
 SIZE: determines the size of the textbox in characters.
 MAXLENGHT: determines the maximum size of the password in
characters.
 NAME: is the name of the variable to be sent to the CGI application.
 VALUE: is usually blank.

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Example on Password Box
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Form_Password_Type</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<h1> <font color=red>To Access, Please enter:</font></h1>

<FORM name="fome2" Action="url" method="get">

User Name: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" Name="Fname” SIZE="15"


MAXLENGTH="25"><BR>

Password: <INPUT TYPE="PASSWORD“ NAME="PWord" value=""


SIZE="15” MAXLENGTH="25"><BR>

</FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>
83
Output

84
Hidden

 Hidden: Used to send data to the CGI application that you don’t
want the web surfer to see, change or have to enter but is
necessary for the application to process the form correctly.

<INPUT TYPE=“HIDDEN”>
Nothing is displayed in the browser.

Hidden inputs have the following attributes:


 TYPE: hidden.
 NAME: is the name of the variable to be sent to the CGI
application.
 VALUE: is usually set a value expected by the CGI application.

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Check Box
 Check Box: Check boxes allow the users to select more than
one option.
<INPUT TYPE=“CHECKBOX”>
Browser will display

Checkboxes have the following attributes:


 TYPE: checkbox.
 CHECKED: is blank or CHECKED as the initial
status.
 NAME: is the name of the variable to be sent to the
CGI application.
 VALUE: is usually set to a value.

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<HTML> <HEAD><TITLE>CheckBoxType</TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY>
<h1>
<font color=green>Please check one of the following</font>
</h1>

<FORM name="forme" Action="url" method="get">

<font color=red> Select Country: </font><BR>


jordan:<INPUT TYPE="CheckBox" Name="country" CHECKED><BR>
Yemen<INPUT TYPE="CheckBox" Name="country"><BR>
Qatar:<INPUT TYPE="CheckBox" Name="country"><BR> <BR>
<font color=blue>Select Language:</font><BR>
Arabic:<INPUT TYPE="CheckBox" Name="language" CHECKED><BR>
English:<INPUT TYPE="CheckBox" Name="language"><BR>
French:<INPUT TYPE="CheckBox" Name="language"> <BR>

</FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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Output

88
Radio Button
 Radio Button: Radio buttons allow the users to select
only one option.
<INPUT TYPE=“RADIO”>
Browser will display

Radio buttons have the following attributes:


 TYPE: radio.
 CHECKED: is blank or CHECKED as the initial
status. Only one radio button can be
checked
 NAME: is the name of the variable to be sent to the
CGI application.
 VALUE: usually has a set value.

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<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>CheckBoxType</TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY>
<h1> <font color=green>Please check one of the following</font></h1>

<FORM name="fome3" Action="url" method="get">


<font color=red> Select Country: </font><BR>

jordan:<INPUT TYPE= "RADIO" Name="country" CHECKED><BR>

Yemen<INPUT TYPE="RADIO " Name="country"><BR>

Qatar:<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" Name="country"><BR> <BR>

<font color=blue>Select Language:</font><BR>

Arabic:<INPUT TYPE="RADIO" Name="language" CHECKED><BR>

English:<INPUT TYPE=" RADIO " Name="language"><BR>

French:<INPUT TYPE=" RADIO " Name="language"> <BR>


</FORM>
</BODY>
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</HTML>
91
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>RADIOBox</TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY>
Form #1:
<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="choice" VALUE="one"> Yes.
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="choice" VALUE="two"> No.
</FORM>
<HR color=red size="10" >

Form #2:
<FORM>
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="choice" VALUE="three" CHECKED> Yes.
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="choice" VALUE="four"> No.
</FORM>
</BODY
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Output

93
Push Button
 Push Button: This element would be used with
JavaScript to cause an action to take place.
<INPUT TYPE=“BUTTON”>
Browser will display

Push Button has the following attributes:


 TYPE: button.
 NAME: is the name of the button to be used
in scripting.
 VALUE: determines the text label on the button.

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<DIV align=center><BR><BR>
<FORM>
<FONT Color=red>
Press Here to see a baby crying:<BR>
<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="PressMe"><BR><BR>

<FONT Color=blue>
Click Here to see a baby shouting:<BR>
<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="ClickMe" > <BR><BR>

<FONT Color=green>
Hit Here to see a baby eating:<BR>
<INPUT TYPE="button" VALUE="HitME" > <BR><BR>

</FORM>
</DIV>

95
96
Submit Button
 Submit: Every set of Form tags requires a Submit button. This
is the element causes the browser to send the names and
values of the other elements to the CGI Application specified by
the ACTION attribute of the FORM element.

<INPUT TYPE=“SUBMIT”>
The browser will display
Submit has the following attributes:

 TYPE: submit.
 NAME: value used by the CGI script for processing.
 VALUE: determines the text label on the button, usually Submit
Query.

97
<FORM Action="URL" method="get">

First Name: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" Size=25


name="firstName"><BR>
Family Name: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" Size=25
name="LastName"><BR>

<BR>
<FONT Color=red>
Press Here to submit the data:<BR>

<INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="SubmitData " >

</FORM>
98
99
Reset Button

• Reset: It is a good idea to include one of these for


each form where users are entering data. It allows
the surfer to clear all the input in the form.

• <INPUT TYPE=“RESET”>

• Browser will display


•
• Reset buttons have the following attributes:
• TYPE: reset.
• VALUE: determines the text label on the button,
usually Reset.

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<FORM Action="URL" method="get">

First Name: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" Size=25 name="firstName">


<BR>

Family Name: <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" Size=25 name="LastName">


<BR>
<BR>

<FONT Color = red>


<STRONG><font size=5>Press Here to submit the data: </font>
</STRONG><BR>

<INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="SubmitData">


<INPUT TYPE="RESET" VALUE="Reset">

</FORM>

101
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File
• File Upload: You can use a file upload to allow surfers to
upload files to your web server.
• <INPUT TYPE=“FILE”>
• Browser will display

• File Upload has the following attributes:


• TYPE: file.
• SIZE: is the size of the text box in characters.
• NAME: is the name of the variable to be sent to the
CGI application.
• MAXLENGHT: is the maximum size of the input in the
textbox in characters.
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<BODY bgcolor=lightblue>
<form>
<H3><font color=forestgreen>
Please attach your file here for uploading
<font color =red>SERVER...<BR>

<INPUT TYPE="File" name="myFile"


size="30">

<INPUT TYPE="Submit" value="SubmitFile">


</form>
</BODY>
104
Other Elements used in Forms

 <TEXTAREA></TEXTAREA>: is an element
that allows for free form text entry.

Browser will display

Textarea has the following attributes:


 NAME: is the name of the variable to be sent
to the CGI application.
 ROWS: the number of rows to the textbox.
 COLS: the number of columns to the textbox.
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<BODY bgcolor=lightblue>
<form>

<TEXTAREA COLS=40 ROWS=20


Name="comments" >

From observing the apathy of those about me during flag raising


I concluded that patriotism if not actually on the decline is at
least in a state of dormancy.

</TEXTAREA>:
</form>
</BODY>

106
107
Other Elements used in Forms
 The two following examples are
<SELECT></SELECT> elements, where the
attributes are set differently.

The Select elements attributes are:

 NAME: is the name of the variable to be sent to the


CGI application.
 SIZE: this sets the number of visible choices.
 MULTIPLE: the presence of this attribute signifies
that the user can make multiple selections. By default
only one selection is allowed.

108
Other Elements used in Forms
 Option
The list items are added to the <SELECT> element by
inserting <OPTION></OPTION> elements.

The Option Element’s attributes are:


 SELECTED: When this attribute is present, the
option is selected when the document is initially
loaded. It is an error for more than one option to
be selected.

 VALUE: Specifies the value the variable named in


the select element.
109
<BODY bgcolor=lightblue>
<form>
Select the cities you have visited:
<SELECT name=“list” size=5>
<option> London</option>
<option> Tokyo</option>
<option> Paris</option>
<option> New York</option>
<option> LA</option>
<option> KL</option>
</SELECT>
</form>
</BODY>
110
111
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<h2><font color=blue>What type of Computer do you have?
</font><h2>
<FORM>
<SELECT NAME="ComputerType" size=4>
<OPTION value="IBM" SELECTED> IBM</OPTION>
<OPTION value="INTEL"> INTEL</OPTION>
<OPTION value=" Apple"> Apple</OPTION>
<OPTION value="Compaq"> Compaq</OPTION>
</SELECT>
</FORM></BODY></HTML>

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<HEAD>
<TITLE>SELECT with Mutiple </TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY>
<h2>
<font color=blue>What type of Computer do you have?</font><h2>
<FORM>

<SELECT NAME="ComputerType" size=5 multiple>


<OPTION value="IBM" > IBM</OPTION>
<OPTION value="INTEL"> INTEL</OPTION>
<OPTION value=" Apple"> Apple</OPTION>
<OPTION value="Compaq" SELECTED> Compaq</OPTION>
<OPTION value=" other"> Other</OPTION>
</SELECT>

</FORM>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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REVISING – FORM ELEMENTS

116
MARQUEE TAG
• This tag is used text horizontally across
the screen.it is mainly used to deliver a
specfic message to the visitor or to scroll
Ads on a page.
• Example: <marquee> hello
world></marquee>
Attributes of marquee tag

• Bgcolor : Sets the background color of the


marquee.

• Direction :Sets the direction of the marquee box to


either left-to-right, right-to-left, up-to-down
and down-to-up.

• Width: This sets how wide the marquee should be.

• Loop: This sets how many times the marquee should


'Loop' its text. Each trip counts as one loop.
SPECIAL CHARTACTER

• There are certain special characters that can be used


while creating document.Following are some special
character:
• Symbols Entity
©, ® &copy, &reg
¼, ½, ¾ &frac14, &frac12, &frac34
÷, <, >, ≤,≥ &divide, &lt, &gt, &le, &ge
& &amp
♣♠♥ &spades, &clubs, &hearts

All these special character must be ended with a


semicolon;
Special Characters & Symbols
Special Character Entity Name Special Character Entity Name

Ampersand &amp; & Greater-than sign &gt; >

Asterisk &lowast; ∗∗ Less-than sign &lt; <

Cent sign &cent; ¢ Non-breaking space &nbsp;

Copyright &copy; © Quotation mark &quot; "

Fraction one qtr &frac14; ¼ Registration mark &reg; ®

Fraction one half &frac12; ½ Trademark sign &trade; ™


120
Image Maps
 With HTML image maps, you can create clickable areas on an
image.
 The HTML <map> tag defines an image map. An image map is an
image with clickable areas. The areas are defined with one or more
<area> tags.
 The image is inserted using the <img> tag. The only difference from
other images is that you must add a usemap attribute:
<img src="workplace.jpg" alt="Workplace"
usemap="#workmap">
 The usemap value starts with a hash tag # followed by the name of
the image map, and is used to create a relationship between the
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image and the image map.
Image Maps
Create Image Map
 Then, add a <map> element.
 The <map> element is used to create an image map, and is linked to
the image by using the required name attribute:
<map name="workmap">
 Then, add the clickable areas.
 A clickable area is defined using an <area> element.
 You must define the shape of the clickable area, and you can choose
one of these values:
 rect - defines a rectangular region
 circle - defines a circular region
 poly - defines a polygonal region
 default - defines the entire region 122
Example of Image Map

<map name="workmap">

<area shape="rect" coords="34,44,270,350"


alt="Computer" href="computer.htm">

<area shape="rect" coords="290,172,333,250" alt="Phone"


href="phone.htm">

<area shape="circle" coords="337,300,44" alt="Coffee"


href="coffee.htm">

</map>

123
Inserting Video in Web pages
The HTML <video> element is used to show a video
on a web page.

<video width="320" height="240" controls>


<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
</video>

The controls attribute adds audio controls, like play,


pause, and volume.

Other Attributes of <video> tag are:

Autoplay and Muted


124
Inserting Audio in Web pages
The HTML <audio> element is used to play an audio
file on a web page.

<audio controls>
<source src="horse.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>

The controls attribute adds audio controls, like play,


pause, and volume.

Other Attributes of <video> tag are:


Autoplay and Muted
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THANK YOU !!!

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