OOP-JAVA

Introduction
Basics of class, objects, methods,
constructors

Md. Rayhan Ahmed

Assistant Professor
Dept. of CSE
United International University
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING?
• Instruction to computer/device to perform task.
• Computer understands only 0 and 1. Nothing else.
• So, we need to send the instruction in the form of 0, 1
• Do you write program with just 0 and 1?
CLASSIFICATION/EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING
 Machine level programming
Send instruction in binary format

 Assembly Programming
Send code instead of binary code.
Need assembler to convert to binary

 High level programming

Code is close to English Language
Need Compiler to convert to binary
3 types –
Non structured
Structured/Procedural
Object Oriented Programming
CLASSIFICATION/EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING
Non structured
Generate spaghetti code
Sequential and has GoTo
COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN

 Structured/Procedural
Use Subroutine/Function
Improving the clarity, quality, and development time
C, PASCAL

 Object Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model

organized around objects rather than "actions" and data rather than logic.

Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical procedure that takes input
data, processes it, and produces output data.
Java, C++, C#
Introduction to Java

JAVA was developed by Sun Microsystems Inc in 1991, later acquired by

Oracle Corporation.
• It was developed by James Gosling and Patrick Naughton.
• A key goal of Java is to be able to write programs that will run on a
great variety of computer systems and computer-control devices. This
is sometimes called “write once, run anywhere.”
• Java is related to C++, which is a direct descendent of C.
• Much of the character of Java is inherited from these two languages.
Java vs C++

L 1.5
According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java. There are
many devices where Java is currently used. Some of them
are as follows:

Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media

player, antivirus etc.
Web Applications
Enterprise Applications such as banking
applications.
Mobile
Embedded System
Smart Card
Robotics
Games etc.
There are 4 platforms or editions of Java:

1) Java SE (Java Standard Edition)

2) Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition)
3) Java ME (Java Micro Edition)
4) JavaFx ( It is used to develop rich internet
applications. It uses light-weight user interface API)
The Java Buzzwords

The key considerations were summed up by the Java

team in the following list of buzzwords:
 Simple
 Secure
 Portable
 Object-oriented
 Robust
 Multithreaded
 Architecture-neutral
 Interpreted
 High performance
 Distributed
 Dynamic

L 1.9
Java Platform Independent
Java is platform independent because it is different
from other languages like C, C++ etc. which are
compiled into platform specific machines while Java is
a write once, run anywhere language.

A platform is the hardware or software environment in

which a program runs.

There are two types of platforms software-based

and hardware-based. Java provides software-
based platform.
 Java code can be run on multiple platforms e.g. Windows, Linux,
Sun Solaris, Mac/OS etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and
converted into Bytecode. This Bytecode is a platform-independent
code because it can be run on multiple platforms i.e. Write Once
and Run Anywhere(WORA).

 Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be

executed by the Java run-time system, which is called the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).

 This code can be executed on any system that implements the Java
Virtual Machine

 The execution of Bytecode by the JVM is the easiest way to create

truly portable programs.
JAVA – THE PLATFORM

 Java has a large API (application programming interface) covering a wide

range of areas. The following list of Java APIs and applications from Sun
show the range of applications of Java .
 For reference http://java.sun.com/products/index.html
 Java Foundation Classes (JFC) – GUI
 JDBC Database Access
 Java Web Server
 Embedded Java - Java on embedded devices
JAVA IDE
 Creating, Compiling, Debugging and Execution for these four steps JDK is
not user friendly. IDE is provided for that.
 A list of IDEs are:
Eclipse.
Netbeans
IntelliJ IDEA

Using JDK you can compile and run java program from command line.

# c:> javac HelloWorld. Java

Compiling here and it will produce HelloWorld.class i.e. bytecode.

# c:>java HelloWorld
It runs java byte code on native machine
AN EXAMPLE HELLOWORLD

public class HelloWorldExample

{
public static void main( String args[] )
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
Java source code naming conventions

 All java source file should end with .java

 Each .java file can contain only one public class
 The name of the file should be the name of the public class plus ".java"
 Do not use abbreviations in the name of the class
 If the class name contains multiple words

-- capitalize the first letter of each word ex. HelloWorld.java

Naming Convention
 Class Naming
 Uses Capitalized word(s) i.e. Title case
 Examples:- HelloWorld, MyList, StudentMark

 Variable and method names

 starts with a lowercase letter and after that use Title case
 Examples:- variableAndMethodNames, aFloat, studentName

 Names of constants
 All are capital letters and separated by underscore.
 Example: NAMES_OF_CONSTANTS
JAVA IDENTIFIERS RULES
Identifier is a name given to a variable, class, or method.

 Java identifier
 Can contain letter, number, underscore (_), or dollar sign ($).
 Cannot start with number.
 Identifiers are case sensitive
 Have no maximum length.
 Can not be a keyword, but it can contain a keyword as part of its name.
Data Types

Java defines eight simple types:

1)byte – 8-bit integer type
2)short – 16-bit integer type
3)int – 32-bit integer type
4)long – 64-bit integer type
5)float – 32-bit floating-point type
6)double – 64-bit floating-point type
7)char – symbols in a character set
8)boolean – logical values true and false

L 1.14
Array Declaration

Array declaration involves:

1) declaring an array identifier
2) declaring the number of dimensions
3) declaring the data type of the array elements
Two styles of array declaration:
type array-variable[];
or
type [] array-variable;

L 2.8
Array Creation
After declaration, no array actually exists.
In order to create an array, we use the new
operator:
type array-variable[];
array-variable = new type[size];
This creates a new array to hold size elements of
type type, which reference will be kept in the
variable array-variable.

L 2.9
Array Indexing

Later we can refer to the elements of this array through

their indexes:
array-variable[index]
The array index always starts with zero!
The Java run-time system makes sure that all array
indexes are in the correct range, otherwise raises a run-
time error.

L 2.10
Array Initialization

Arrays can be initialized when they are declared:

int monthDays[] = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};
Note:
1) there is no need to use the new operator
2) the array is created large enough to hold all specified
elements

L 2.11
Multidimensional Arrays
Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays:
1) declaration: int array[][];
2) creation: int array = new int[3][3];
3) initialization
int array[][] = {{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};

L 2.12
Type Casting

General form: (targetType) value

Examples:
1) integer value will be reduced module bytes
range:
int i;
byte b = (byte) i;
2) floating-point value will be truncated to
integer value:
float f;
int i = (int) f;

L 3.9
CONTROL STATEMENT
 if –else
 switch
 Loop
 for
 while
 do-while
CONTROL STATEMENT
 “Enhance for” or “for-each”
 automatically cycles through an array in sequence from the
lowest index to the highest.
 Syntax : for(type itr-var : collection) statement-block
 Example:
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int sum = 0;
for(int x: nums)
sum += x;
 Advantage: Avoid boundary error
CONTROL STATEMENT
 break
 Exits out of a loop or switch statement
 Unlabeled break exits out of the innermost loop or switch
 Use labeled break to exit out of nested loops or switch or block.
JUMP STATEMENT
public class BreakExample {
public static void main( String args[] ) {
for ( int row = 0; row < 5; row++ ) {
System.out.println("Outer loop: " + row);
for ( int column = 0; column < 4 ; column++ ) {
System.out.print(column +" " );
if ( ((row + column) % 2 ) == 0 ) {
System.out.println("Break " );
break;
}
}
}
}
}
JUMP STATEMENT
 continue
 A continue statement skips to the end of the current
loop's body.
 The loop's boolean expression is then evaluated.
REFERENCE
 Java- The Complete Reference Chapter 1-5
Simple Java Program
A class to display a simple message:
class MyProgram
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(“First Java program.");
}
}

4.1
CLASSES
• Class is blue print or an idea of an Object
• From One class any number of Instances can be
created
• It is an encapsulation of attributes and methods

class
FIGURE
Ob1 Ob3

CIRCLE Ob2 SQUARE

RECTANGLE

L 3.1
Class
A basis for the Java language.
Each concept we wish to describe in Java must be
included inside a class.
A class defines a new data type, whose values are
objects:
A class is a template for objects
An object is an instance of a class

L 4.6
syntax of CLASS

class <ClassName>
{
Attributes/Variables;
Constructors();
Methods();
}

L 3.2
INSTANCE
• Instance is an Object of a class which is an entity with
its own attribute values and methods.

• Creating an Instance

ClassName refVariable;
refVariable = new Constructor();
or
ClassName refVariable = new Constructor();

L 3.3
Class Definition

 A class contains a name, several variable declarations

(instance variables) and several method declarations. All
are called members of the class.
 General form of a class:
class classname {
type instance-variable-1;
…
type instance-variable-n;
type method-name-1(parameter-list) { … }
type method-name-2(parameter-list) { … }
…
type method-name-m(parameter-list) { … }
}
L 4.7
Example: Class Usage
class Box {
double width;
double height;
double depth;
}

class BoxDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Box mybox = new Box();
double vol;

mybox.width = 10;
mybox.height = 20;
mybox.depth = 15;

vol = mybox.width * mybox.height * mybox.depth;

System.out.println ("Volume is " + vol);

} L 4.8

}
Constructor
A constructor initializes the instance variables of an object.
It is called immediately after the object is created but before
the new operator completes.
1) it is syntactically similar to a method:
2) it has the same name as the name of its class
3) it is written without return type; the default
return type of a class
constructor is the same class
When the class has no constructor, the default constructor
automatically initializes all its instance variables with zero.

L 5.1
Example: Constructor
class Box {
double width;
double height;
double depth;

Box() {
System.out.println("Constructing Box");
width = 10; height = 10; depth = 10;
}
double volume() {
return width * height * depth;
}
}
L 5.2
Parameterized Constructor
class Box {
double width;
double height;
double depth;

Box(double w, double h, double d) {

width = w; height = h; depth = d;
}

double volume() {
return width * height * depth;
}
} L 5.3
Methods

 General form of a method definition:

type name(parameter-list) {
… return value;
…
}
 Components:
1) type - type of values returned by the method. If a method
does not return any value, its return type must be void.
2) name is the name of the method
3) parameter-list is a sequence of type-identifier lists
separated by commas
4) return value indicates what value is returned by the
method.
L 5.4
Example: Method

Classes declare methods to hide their internal data

structures, as well as for their own internal use: Within a
class, we can refer directly to its member variables:
class Box {
double width, height, depth;
void volume() {
System.out.print("Volume is ");
System.out.println(width * height * depth);
}
}
L 5.5
Parameterized Method

Parameters increase generality and applicability of

a method:
1) method without parameters
int square() { return 10*10; }
2) method with parameters
int square(int i) { return i*i; }
Parameter: a variable receiving value at the time
the method is invoked.
Argument: a value passed to the method when it is
invoked.
L 5.6
Keyword this

• Can be used by any object to refer to itself

in any class method
• Typically used to
– Avoid variable name collisions
– Pass the receiver as an argument

L 6.5
Keyword this

Keyword this allows a method to refer to the object

that invoked it.
It can be used inside any method to refer to the
current object:
Box(double width, double height, double depth) {
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
this.depth = depth;
}
L 6.6
Method Overloading

It is legal for a class to have two or more methods

with the same name.
However, Java has to be able to uniquely associate
the invocation of a method with its definition
relying on the number and types of arguments.
Therefore the same-named methods must be
distinguished:
1) by the number of arguments, or
2) by the types of arguments
Overloading and inheritance are two ways to
implement polymorphism.

L 7.1
Example: Overloading
class OverloadDemo {
void test()
{
System.out.println("No parameters");
}

void test(int a)
{
System.out.println("a: " + a);
}

void test(int a, int b)

{
System.out.println("a and b: " + a + " " + b);
}

double test(double a)
{
System.out.println("double a: " + a); return a*a;
}
L 7.2

}
Constructor Overloading
class Box {
double width, height, depth;
Box(double w, double h, double d) {
width = w; height = h; depth = d;
}
Box() {
width = -1; height = -1; depth = -1;
}
Box(double len) {
width = height = depth = len;
}
double volume() { return width * height * depth; }
}
L 7.3