OHS AND DOCUMANTATION

PREPARED BY :L/tech zewde ch.

Course objective
• Enhance student’s awareness on occupational
• health and safety around the work environment
• Help the students to understand the Purpose of OH & S
Policy.
• The foster benefit of following right safety Procedures on
their work environment.
• Develop student’s consciousness on electrical safety and
provide basic knowledge on types of aviation maintenances
• Provide knowledge to students about the general factors in
aviation medicine affecting humans in atmosphere for
understanding and prevention purposes.
Students should be able to appreciate the causes of certain
aviation sickness and their precautionary needed to overcome them
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODACTION TO SAFETY
Objective of the chapter
• In this course, students you will be able to:-
• Define what is the meaning of safety?
• Describe the meaning of accident, unsafe act ,
unsafe condition, health, risk, hazard incident.
• State the anatomy of an accident and describe
each factor of it.
1. INTRODACTION

• SAFETY:- is the state of being free from danger

or more practically the use of techniques and
design to reduce, control or eliminate accidents.
• Every kind of endeavor occupational,
recreational, domestic or transportation engaged
by man is subject to risk.
• Such endeavor can be carried out by specific
means / planed environment/
Necessity of safety
• Safety is a full time job, it will affect people 24hrs of
• Every day both ON & OFF duty.
• Safe being (life) and safe working is very important for
every worker.
• Carelessness is one of major Couse of accident
health:- is the state of complete physical, mental,
social well-being and is not simply the absence of
• illness or disease.
Accident:- is unplanned, non-controlled and undesirable event
or sudden mishap which interrupts an activity or function.
• The main causes of accident are unsafe acts and unsafe
• condition
• Unsafe act:- a human action that departs from
standard or written job procedure or common
practice , safety rules
regulation or instructions.
• Unsafe condition:- a disorder in the work place that
is likely to cause property damage or injury. It is the
responsibility
• of the individuals to identify and eliminate un-safe
conditions. not practical un-safe acts which causes
accidents.
 88% of all accidents results from unsafe act
 10% of all accidents result from unsafe condition
 2% from acts of God ( natural phenomena )
1.2 The meaning of frequently used safety terms
• Risk: - how (by what means) great the chance that
someone will be harmed by the hazard. Example,
smoking
• Hazard:- anything that can cause harm. Ex.
Electricity
• Incident:- an occurrence (happening) , other than
Accident, associated with the operation of an a/c
( equipment) which affects the safety of
operation.
• All accident can be incident but, all incident are not
• can be accident.
NOTE:-you should understand the difference between
MISHAP(accidents) CAUSES
• A mishap is any unplanned or unintentional
event, no matter how serious, that stops or
interrupts your work and results in personnel
injury and/or property damage.
• Accidents do not occur without a cause; most
accidents are the direct result of some
deviation from prescribed safe operating
procedures.
• The most common causes of mishaps are (1)
you, and (2) your environment. They could
include:
• your unsafe actions or the unsafe actions of
your coworkers
• An impaired physical or mental condition of
the people who caused or influenced the
unsafe actions
• Any defective or otherwise unsafe tools,
equipment, machines, materials, buildings,
compartments, or other aspects of the work
environment
1.3 The anatomy of accident

• There is the agreement among safety

• Engineers that are four parts in the anatomy
of accidents.
 Contributing causes
 Immediate causes
 The accident
 The result of the accident
 Contributing causes
• ASupervisory safety performance Safety
instruction (teaching) inadequacy (Inadequate
training And lack of job experience)
 Safety rule not enforced
 Safety not planed as a part of the job
 Hazards not corrected
 Safety devices not provided, etc.
 Mental condition of a person
• lack of safety awareness
• Lack of coordination(communication problem)
• improper attitude(especially negative
• types of motivation)
• Slow mental reaction(don’t give
• immediate feedback for Couse of accident)
• ignorance
• initiation(at the start in work to avoid thoughts
other)
• lack of emotional stability
• Nervousness, etc.
 Physical condition of a person
extreme fatigue
• deafness
• poor eye sight
• physically unqualified for job
• heart condition
• crippled etc.
2. Immediate causes of accident
A. Unsafe act
• Protective equipment or guard provided
• but not used
• Hazardous method of handling eg.Wrong
lifting
• Improper tools of equipment used
• although proper tools were available
• Hazardous movement
• Horse play, etc.
B. Unsafe condition
 ineffective safety devices
 no safety device although one is
needed
 hazardous house keeping (material on
floor , poor pilling , etc.)
 equipment ,tools or machine defect
improper dress or apparel for job
Improper illumination ,
 Ventilation (drying) , etc.
3. The accident
• Fall , Slip & Slide
• Strike against
• Caught in or between
• Erupt or explode
• Burn , etc
4. Result of the accident

. Annoyance
• Production delay
• Reduction of quality
• Spoilage
• Minor injuries
• Disabling injuries
• Fatality , etc..
MISHAP PREVENTION
Two facts that form the basis of mishap
prevention are
1 mishaps are caused,
2 the only way to stop them is to prevent or
eliminate the causes.
• The more you know about the causes of
mishaps, the better equipped you will be to
prevent them.
Chapter two -2
Electrical safety
3.1 Objective
In this course, students you will be able to:-
• Raise your awareness to potential electrical
Hazards.
• Instruct you on how to identify electrical hazards.
• Provide ways to eliminate, remove, and prevent electrical
hazards in the workplace.
• Give emphasis to the extreme importance of
observing all electrical safety requirements and practices.
• Coaching you on what to do in the event an
electrical accident
3.2: Introduction

 Electrical powered Equipment such as-power- supply

and hot plate-lasers-microwave ovens these devices
can pose(carriage) a significant hazard to workers
practically when mishandled or maintained.
 Many Electrical devices have high voltage or high
power requirement, caring even more risk large
Capacitor found in many laser flash lamps Other
system is capable of storing let that amounts of
electrical Energy pose a serious danger even.
 If power source has been disconnected.
3.3: Basic concepts of electricity

• Electricity is the flow of electrons

(current) through a conductor.
• Requires a source of power: usually a
generating Station.
• Travels in a closed circuit.
Next…
• When you become part of the circuit,
the injury may be fatal.
3.4.1: Electrocution
• Death due to electrical shock An Average of one worker is
electrocuted on the job each
day.
3.4.2:- Effects of Electricity on the Human Body: Electrical
Shock
• Received when current passes through the body.
• Severity of the shock
• depends on:
• Path of current through the body.
• Amount of current flowing through the body.
• Length of time the body is in the circuit.
• Range of currents lasting 1 second will illicit
(forbidden) the following reactions:
• 1 milliamp
• Just a faint(week) tingle.
• 5 milliamps
• Slight shock felt. Most people can let go.
• 6-30 milliamps
• Painful shock. Muscular control is lost.
 Be this is the range were “freezing
current”
 Starts it may not possible to let go.
• 50-150 milliamps
• Extremely painful shock, respiratory arrest,
(breathing stops) and severe muscle
contractions. Death is possible.
 1,000-4,300 milliamps (1-4.3 amps)
• Arrhythmic (heart pumping action), muscles
contract, and nerve damage occurs. Death is
likely.
 10,000+ milliamps (10 amps)
• Cardiac arrest and severe burns occur. Death is
probable.
• The longer contact, the increased danger of shock
to the victim (to death, attack, affect).
• Low voltage can be extremely dangerous because
the degree of injury depends not only on the current,
but on the length of time in contact with the circuit.
Example:
• A current of 100mA applied for 3 seconds is as
dangerous as 900mA applied for 0.03 seconds.
NB: Low Voltage Does Not Mean Low Hazard.
• More than 30,000 non-fatal shock accidents occur
each year.
 High voltages lead to additional injuries such as:
• Violent (force) muscular contractions
Muscle contractions may cause bone fractures
(breaks) from either contractions themselves or
from falls.
• Internal bleeding, destruction(damage) of
Tissues, nerves and muscles.
3.4.3:-Electrical Burns.
• The most common shock related, nonfatal(no
death) injury is a burn.
• Burns caused by electricity may be of three types:
• Electrical burns
• Arc burns
• Thermal contact burns
• Electrical burns need to be given immediate
medical attention.
• Electrical burns occur when a person touches
electrical wiring or equipment that is used or
maintained improperly.
• Typically such burns occur on the hands.
• Clothing may catch on fire and a thermal burn
may Result for the heat of the fire.
3.4.3.1:-Arc-blast
• An arc-blast is a luminous (glowing, shining)
electrical discharge that occurs when high
voltages exist across a gap between conductors
and current travels through the air.
• Temperatures as high as 35,000 F have been
reached in arc-blasts.
3.5:- Effects of Electricity on the Human
Body: Falls
 Electric shock can also cause indirect injuries.
Workers in high locations who experience a shock
may fall, resulting in serious injury or death
3.6:- Electrical Hazard Protections

.Insulation
• Grounding

• Guarding

• Electrical protective devices

• Personal Protective Equipment

• Safe work practices

• Plastic or rubber coverings that does not
conduct electricity.
• Insulation prevents live wires from coming in
contact with people thus protecting them form
electrical shock
• The "ground" refers to a conductive body,
usually the earth, and means a conductive
connection, whether intentional or accidental,
by which an electric circuit or equipment is
connected to earth or the ground plane.
• By "grounding" a tool or electrical system, a
low- resistance path to the earth is intentionally
created.
• 3.6.2:-Guarding A type of isolation that uses
various structure to off live electrical parts.

• These structures include:

 Boxes

 Screens

 Covers

 Partitions
Guarding
3.6.3:-Fuses and Circuit Breakers
 Fuses and circuit breakers are intended primarily
– For the protection of conductors and equipment.
 They prevent over-heating of wires and
components that might otherwise create hazards for
operators.
• They also open the circuit under certain hazardous
ground-fault conditions.
• NB:-fuses are an electronics protective device by
method of eliminates (self-reject) case.
• Also ckt breakers are to create automatically open
ckt during electrical shock it is not self-damage we
can reuse.
3.6.4:-Personal Protective Equipment
A. Foot protection
• Footwear will be marked “EH” if it’s accepted
for electrical work. EH = Electrical Hazard
• Footwear must be kept
• dry, even if it is marked “EH
B. Head protection
• Hard hat (insulated-
nonconductive)
• Class B & E.
• Always wear your hat
• Do not store anything
• in the top of your hat
while wearing it.
C. Hand protection
• Rubber insulating gloves.
• Classified by the level of voltage and protection they
provide.
• Should always be worn over rubber insulating
• gloves to provide the mechanical protection needed
against cuts, abrasions(scrapes), and
punctures(holes).
3.6.5:-Work shop safety
• The best way to insure (protect) a safe work is
to prevent and eliminate the conditions that
commonly cause Accidents.
• These can be done most effectively by
Observing good housekeeping habits.
These are:-
• Oily and greasy floors should be saw dusted
Your work area must be kept classed of
Container.
• You may have heard a saying “A place for
everything and the whole thing in its place.”
do not mess up the working area with tools.
• Above all keep yourself clean the value of your
work will be reflected in the part of your
appearance of clothing cleanness of your body
• Jokes are not necessary during job
performance.
• Horseplay Is absolutely forbidden around
work areas.
3.6.6:-Proper use of tools
• The improper use of tools or material may
result in damage to equipment or tools or
result personnel injuries.
• Avoiding unsafe action:- both hand and power
tools are used only on jobs for which they
• have been designed. keep the following safety
principles.
• Cleaning:-keep the tools properly as clean as
possible and use each tool for which it was intended.
• Use tool boxes:-when hand tools are used on
ladders or platform or work stand Personnel should
carrying bags(tool boxes) and should take care not
to drop the tools to workers on below.
• Count :- the number of tools before and after the
completion of the job
• Tool inspection:-instrument boxes and tool kits
must be inspected. defective tools must be replaced
or corrected
3.6.7:-Safety around machine tools
• Hazards in a shop’s operation increase when
the operation of lathes (sops), drill presses,
grinders, and other types of machines are used.
• Each machine has its own set of safety
practices.
• The drill press can be used to bore and ream
holes, to do facing (decoration),
milling(crushing), and other similar types of
operations.
3.6.8:-Precautions and Work Practices
• correctly use personal protective device: Ex:-
wear eye,
• hand, head, foot, ere and cloth protection etc.
• Securely clamp all work.
• Set the proper real place (position) material for
the material ( equipment)used.
• Do not allow the spindle to feed beyond its
limit of travel while drilling.
• Stop the machine before adjusting work or
attempting to remove jammed work even with
out give visual inspection.
• keep tool and cords away from heat, oil and
sharp objects.
• Do not work in wet conditions.
• Avoid over head power lines.
• You should be at least 10 feet away from high-
voltage transmission lines.
Use proper wiring and connectors
• Avoid overloading circuits.
• Make sure switches and insulation are in good
condition.
• •Never use a three prong plug with the third
prong broken off.
• Clean the area when finished Wrap up.
• Electrical safety :-which is consider for
electronics good that are like Direct and
indirect
• Direct is to connect injures and damaging
material is no other object relation.
• Which are electrocution, electrical shock and
burn and falls.
• Electrocution:- which is the probable of the
death of condition for high
• Current though the body or during electrical
shock.
• Electrical shock:-electricity flow though the
body it have different depends on amount of
current come damaging, death, ills and etc.
• Burn:-it is direct injury no probability of death
only burns when a person to touch an
electronics capacitor generally an IC
component.
• Falls:-is an indirect situation to striking
agonist from other object like.
• ground.to do during highest of position.
• An electrical hazard can be prevents properly
use.
• the ppe, insulation, grounding, guarding and
by use fuse and
• Ckt breaker for damaging probability.
Chapter three (3)
Occupational health and safety

2.1 objective
In this course, you will be able to:-
• Define multi-disciplinary term with the
occupational health and safety.
• Describe the reason(aim) and procedure of
• Occupational health and safety.
• Analyze the use of safety training and hazard
protective device.
• Explain the categorizing of hazard.
2.2 Introduction
• Occupational health and safety is across disciplinary area concerned

with protecting the safe health and welfare of people engaged in

work or employment.

• The goal of all occupational health and safety work Environment

• It may involve interactions among many subject areas including

occupational, medicine, occupational hygiene, public health safety

engineering, etc.

• Occupa tional Health- It includes occupational hygiene,

occupational medicine and biological monitoring

• Occupational Hygiene:-(to control the condition of
work place) Means the anticipation,
reorganization ,evaluation and control of conditions
arising from the work place which may cause
illness or other adverse effects to person.
• Occupational medicine:-(self treatment) means the
prevention diagnosis, treatment of illness injury
and adverse health associated with particular type
of work.
• Biological monitoring:-(periodic diagnosis) means
a planned program of periodic collection and
analysis of body fluid, tissue exhaled air in order to
detect and quantity the exposure to absorption of
any substance or organism by a person.
2.3 Reasons for Occupational health and safety
• Economical:-the event of an incident at work (such
as legal fees, fines, compensatory damages, lost
investigation time, lost production, lost goodwill
from the workforce(demotivate), from customers and
from the wider community).
• Legal: - (the relation of low)Occupational
requirements may be reinforced in civil law and/or
criminal law; it is accepted that without the extra
"encouragement" of potential regulatory action or
litigation(legal action), many organizations would
not act upon their implied moral obligations.
• Moral :-(expect the relation with employers &
organization friendly and family love) They recognize
hazards and measure health and safety risks, set suitable
safety controls in place, and give recommendations on
avoiding accidents to management and employees in an
organization. “Like it or not, organizations have a duty
to provide health and safety training.
• But it could involve much more than you think.”
The purpose safety training:- an effective training
program can reduce the number of injuries and deaths,
property damage, illegal liability(responsibility), illnesses,
workers' compensation claims(group disturbing), and
missed time from work(late).
• A safety training program can also help a trainer
keep the required OSHA-mandated safety
training courses organized and up-to-date.
• Safety training classes help establish a safety
culture in which employees themselves help
promote proper safety procedures while on the
job.
• It is important that new employees be properly
trained and embraces the importance of
workplace safety as it is easy for seasoned
workers to negatively influence the new hires.
2.5 Procedures
These are some procedures (action) about OH & S
1. Individual health alertness :-all workers must
have attractive and health protective facilities
detailed in standards must be evaluated annually to
achieve better and cost effective goals
2. Readiness:-every individual has to be equipped
with health safety protective devices and
equipment.
3. Self health check:-biological and psychological
health testes shall be performed regularly.
Accordingly the maintenance officers in
collaboration (relationship) with medical officer’s
device rules and safety and protection measures.
4. annually evaluation:-work area, equipment, tools,
• Machines clothing and work styles shall be at least
annually
• Assessed (evaluated) whether they all or
individually meet
• the health and safety requirements and standards.
• The Basic Legal requirement covering OH & S
in work place
• Legal occupational requirements may be
reinforced in civil and crime law,
• It is accepted that without the extraction of
potential regulatory the legal requirement of
OH & S i.e.
• Personal protective device must be full filled.
2.6 Occupational health Hazards are
categorized as፡-
1. Atmospheric contaminates (dust, exhaust gas
etc.)
2. Skin contaminants (strong acids, solvents, d/t
fluids )
3. Physical and biological hazards (Noise,
abnormal humidity)
2.7 Personal protective equipment

• Are designed not to Eliminate unsafe act and

unsafe condition but they are designed to provide
protection against health and hazards they may be
Respiratory equipment (Mask etc.)
• Goggles (Soft plastic goggles, hard plastic goggles)
• Body protection equipment (Force Cover Helmet
etc.)
• Miscellanies safety equipment (Safety belt, ear
plug)
summery
• occupational health is work relation health
around work place which is to composed as
terms are occupational hygiene , medicine and
biological monitoring.
• The reason of occupational health and safety
are economical , legal and moral use.
• Safety training essential for pre
occurring accident and to developed the
safety culture.
• In work place procedure are the attractiveness
of employer , self use of the protective device ,
programmed self care(check) health and
annually evaluating for beater goal.
• The kinds of protective device which are
respiratory , goggle , body protective and
muscular protective device.
• The categorization of hazard are physical ,
biological , electrical and environmental etc.