CHAPTER 2

Input,
Processing,
and Output

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Topics
• Designing a Program
• Input, Processing, and Output
• Displaying Output with print Function
• Comments
• Variables
• Reading Input from the Keyboard
• Performing Calculations
• String Concatenation
• More About The print Function
• Displaying Formatted Output
• Named Constants
• Introduction to Turtle Graphics

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Designing a Program
• Programs must be designed before
they are written
• Program development cycle:
• Design the program
• Write the code
• Correct syntax errors
• Test the program
• Correct logic errors

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Designing a Program (cont’d.)
• Design is the most important part of the
program development cycle
• Understand the task that the program is
to perform
• Work with customer to get a sense what the
program is supposed to do
• Ask questions about program details
• Create one or more software requirements

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Designing a Program (cont’d.)
• Determine the steps that must be taken
to perform the task
• Break down required task into a series of
steps
• Create an algorithm, listing logical steps that
must be taken
• Algorithm: set of well-defined logical
steps that must be taken to perform a
task
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Pseudocode
• Pseudocode: fake code
• Informal language that has no syntax rule
• Not meant to be compiled or executed
• Used to create model program
• No need to worry about syntax errors, can focus
on program’s design
• Can be translated directly into actual code in any
programming language

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Flowcharts
• Flowchart: diagram that graphically
depicts the steps in a program
• Ovals are terminal symbols
• Parallelograms are input and output symbols
• Rectangles are processing symbols
• Symbols are connected by arrows that
represent the flow of the program

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Input, Processing, and Output
• Typically, computer performs three-
step process
• Receive input
• Input: any data that the program receives while it is
running
• Perform some process on the input
• Example: mathematical calculation
• Produce output

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Displaying Output with the
print Function
• print function: displays output on the
screen

>>> print('Hello world')

Hello world
>>>

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Displaying Output with the
print Function
• Function: piece of prewritten code that
performs an operation

• Argument: data given to a function

• Example: data that is printed to screen

• Statements in a program execute in the order

that they appear
• From top to bottom

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Program Execution Order
• In a simple program, statements execute in
the order they appear
• From top to bottom

print('Programming')
print('is')
print('fun!')

Program Output
Programming
is
fun!

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Strings and String Literals
• String: sequence of characters that is used
as data
• String literal: string that appears in actual
code of a program
• Must be enclosed in single (') or double (") quote
marks
• String literal can be enclosed in triple quotes (''' or
""")
• Enclosed string can contain both single and double quotes
and can have multiple lines

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Comments
• Comments: notes of explanation within
a program
• Ignored by Python interpreter
• Intended for a person reading the program’s code
• Begin with a # character
• End-line comment: appears at the end
of a line of code
• Typically explains the purpose of that line

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Variables
• Variable: name that represents a value stored
in the computer memory
• Used to access and manipulate data stored in
memory
• A variable references the value it represents
• Assignment statement: used to create a
variable and make it reference data
• General format is variable = expression
• Example: age = 29
• Assignment operator: the equal sign (=)

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Variables (cont’d.)

temperature = 75 Assigns 75 to the temperature variable.

cost = 87.99 Assigns 87.99 to the cost variable.

name = 'Monty' Assigns the string 'Monty' to

the name variable.

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Variables (cont’d.)
• In assignment statement, variable
receiving value must be on left side
• A variable can be passed as an
argument to a function
• Variable name should not be enclosed in
quote marks
• You can only use a variable if a value is
assigned to it

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Variables (cont’d.)
• You can assign values to multiple variables in a single
statement.
x, y, z = 0, 1, 2
• This statement makes the following assignments
• x=0
• y=1
• z=2

• This is known as multiple assignment

• Notice the variable names on the left side of the = operator are
separated by commas, and the values on the right side of the =
operator are separated by commas.

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Variable Naming Rules
• Rules for naming variables in Python:
• Variable name cannot be a Python key word
• Variable name cannot contain spaces
• First character must be a letter or an underscore
• After first character may use letters, digits, or
underscores
• Variable names are case sensitive
• Variable name should reflect its use

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Displaying Multiple Items with
the print Function
• Python allows one to display multiple
items with a single call to print
• Items are separated by commas when passed
as arguments
• Arguments displayed in the order they are
passed to the function
• Items are automatically separated by a space
when displayed on screen

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Variable Reassignment
• Variables can reference different values
while program is running
• Garbage collection: removal of values that
are no longer referenced by variables
• Carried out by Python interpreter
• A variable can refer to item of any type
• Variable that has been assigned to one type can be
reassigned to another type

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Numeric Data Types, Literals,
and the str Data Type
• Data types: categorize value in memory
• e.g., int for integer, float for real number, str used for
storing strings in memory
• Numeric literal: number written in a program
• No decimal point considered int, otherwise,
considered float
• Some operations behave differently
depending on data type

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Reassigning a Variable to a
Different Type
• A variable in Python can refer to items of
any type

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Reading Input from the
Keyboard
• Most programs need to read input from the
user
• Built-in input function displays a prompt
and reads input from keyboard
• Returns the data as a string
• Format: variable = input(prompt)
• prompt is typically a string instructing user to enter a value
• Does not automatically display a space after the
prompt

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Reading Input from the
Keyboard
• Example:

name = input('What is your name? ')

• This statement does the following:

• Displays the string 'What is your name? '
• Reads input, as a string, from the keyboard
• Assigns the string that was read from the keyboard to the name
variable

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Reading Numbers with the
input Function
• input function always returns a string
• Built-in functions convert between data types
• int(item) converts item to an int
• float(item) converts item to a float
• Nested function call: general format:
function1(function2(argument))
• value returned by function2 is passed to function1
• Type conversion only works if item is valid numeric
value, otherwise, causes an error

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Reading Numbers with the
input Function
• Example:

number = int(input('Enter a number: '))

• This statement does the following:

• Displays the string 'Enter a number: '
• Reads input, as a string, from the keyboard
• Converts the input to an int
• Assigns the resulting int to the number variable

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Reading Numbers with the
input Function
• Example:

score = float(input('Enter your score: '))

• This statement does the following:

• Displays the string 'Enter your score: '
• Reads input, as a string, from the keyboard
• Converts the input to a float
• Assigns the resulting float to the score variable

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Performing Calculations
• Math expression: performs calculation and
gives a value
• Math operator: tool for performing calculation
• Operands: values surrounding operator
• Variables can be used as operands
• Resulting value typically assigned to variable
• Two types of division:
• / operator performs floating point division
• // operator performs integer division
• Positive results truncated, negative rounded away from zero

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Performing Calculations
• Operators
Symbol Operation Description
+ Addition Adds two numbers
− Subtraction Subtracts one number from another
* Multiplication Multiplies one number by another
/ Division Divides one number by another and
gives the result as a floating-point
number
// Integer Division Divides one number by another and
gives the result as a whole number
% Remainder Divides one number by another and
gives the remainder
** Exponent Raises a number to a power

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Performing Calculations
• Two types of division: floating-point and
integer
• The / operator performs floating point division
• Gives the result as a floating-point number

• The // operator performs integer division

• Gives the result as an integer
• Positive results are truncated
• Negative results are rounded away from zero

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Operator Precedence and
Grouping with Parentheses
• Python operator precedence:
1. Operations enclosed in parentheses
• Forces operations to be performed before others
2. Exponentiation (**)
3. Multiplication (*), division (/ and //), and remainder
(%)
4. Addition (+) and subtraction (-)
• Higher precedence performed first
• Same precedence operators execute from left to
right

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The Exponent Operator and
the Remainder Operator
• Exponent operator (**): Raises a
number to a power
• x ** y = xy
• Remainder operator (%): Performs
division and returns the remainder
• a.k.a. modulus operator
• e.g., 4%2=0, 5%2=1
• Typically used to convert times and distances,
and to detect odd or even numbers
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Converting Math Formulas to
Programming Statements
• Operator required for any mathematical
operation
• When converting mathematical
expression to programming statement:
• May need to add multiplication operators
• May need to insert parentheses

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Mixed-Type Expressions and
Data Type Conversion
• Data type resulting from math operation
depends on data types of operands
• Two int values: result is an int
• Two float values: result is a float
• int and float: int temporarily converted to float,
result of the operation is a float
• Mixed-type expression
• Type conversion of float to int causes truncation
of fractional part

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Breaking Long Statements
into Multiple Lines
• Long statements cannot be viewed on screen
without scrolling and cannot be printed
without cutting off
• Multiline continuation character (\): Allows
to break a statement into multiple lines

result = var1 * 2 + var2 * 3 + \

var3 * 4 + var4 * 5

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Breaking Long Statements
into Multiple Lines
• Any part of a statement that is enclosed in
parentheses can be broken without the line
continuation character.

print("Monday's sales are", monday,

"and Tuesday's sales are", tuesday,
"and Wednesday's sales are", Wednesday)

total = (value1 + value2 +

value3 + value4 +
value5 + value6)

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String Concatenation
• To append one string to the end of another
string

• Use the + operator to concatenate strings

>>> message = 'Hello ' + 'world'

>>> print(message)
Hello world
>>>

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String Concatenation
• You can use string concatenation to break up
a long string literal

print('Enter the amount of ' +

'sales for each day and ' +
'press Enter.')

This statement will display the following:

Enter the amount of sales for each day and press Enter.

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Implicit String Literal Concatenation

• Two or more string literals written adjacent

to each other are implicitly concatenated into
a single string

>>> my_str = 'one' 'two' 'three'

>>> print(my_str)
onetwothree

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Implicit String Literal Concatenation

print('Enter the amount of '

'sales for each day and '
'press Enter.')

This statement will display the following:

Enter the amount of sales for each day and press Enter.

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More About The print Function
• print function displays line of output
• Newline character at end of printed data
• Special argument end='delimiter' causes print
to place delimiter at end of data instead of newline
character
• print function uses space as item separator
• Special argument sep='delimiter' causes print
to use delimiter as item separator

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More About The print Function
• Special characters appearing in string literal
• Preceded by backslash (\)
• Examples: newline (\n), horizontal tab (\t)
• Treated as commands embedded in string

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Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings

• An f-string is a special type of string literal that is

prefixed with the letter f

>>> print(f'Hello world')

Hello world

• F-strings support placeholders for variables

>>> name = 'Johnny'

>>> print(f'Hello {name}.')
Hello Johnny.

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Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings

• Placeholders can also be expressions that are

evaluated

>>> print(f'The value is {10 + 2}.')

The value is 12.

>>> val = 10
>>> print(f'The value is {val + 2}.')
The value is 12.

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Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings

• Format specifiers can be used with placeholders

>> num = 123.456789

>> print(f'{num:.2f}')
123.46
>>>

• .2f means:
• round the value to 2 decimal places
• display the value as a floating-point number

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Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings

• Other examples:

>> num = 1000000.00

>> print(f'{num:,.2f}')
1,000,000.00

>>> discount = 0.5

>>> print(f'{discount:.0%}')
50%

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Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings

• Other examples:

>> num = 123456789

>> print(f'{num:,d}')
123,456,789

>>> num = 12345.6789

>>> print(f'{num:.2e}')
1.23e+04

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Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings

• Specifying a minimum field width:

>>> num = 12345.6789

>>> print(f'The number is {num:12,.2f}')
The number is 12,345.68
Field width = 12

The number is 12,345.68

Field width = 12

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Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings

• Aligning values within a field

• Use < for left alignment
• Use > for right alignment
• Use ^ for center alignment

• Examples:
• print(f'{num:<20.2f}')
• print(f'{num:>20.2f}')
• print(f'{num:^20.2f}')

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Displaying Formatted Output with F-strings

• The order of designators in a format specifier

• When using multiple designators in a format specifier, write them
in this order:

[alignment][width][,][.precision][type]

• Example:
• print(f'{number:^10,.2f}')

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Magic Numbers
• A magic number is an unexplained numeric
value that appears in a program’s code.
Example:

amount = balance * 0.069

• What is the value 0.069? An interest rate? A

fee percentage? Only the person who wrote
the code knows for sure.

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The Problem with Magic
Numbers
• It can be difficult to determine the purpose of the
number.

• If the magic number is used in multiple places in the

program, it can take a lot of effort to change the
number in each location, should the need arise.

• You take the risk of making a mistake each time you

type the magic number in the program’s code.
• For example, suppose you intend to type 0.069, but you
accidentally type .0069. This mistake will cause mathematical
errors that can be difficult to find.

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Named Constants
• You should use named constants instead of magic numbers.
• A named constant is a name that represents a value that does
not change during the program's execution.
• Example:

INTEREST_RATE = 0.069

• This creates a named constant named INTEREST_RATE,

assigned the value 0.069. It can be used instead of the magic
number:

amount = balance * INTEREST_RATE

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Advantages of Using Named
Constants
• Named constants make code self-explanatory (self-
documenting)
• Named constants make code easier to maintain
(change the value assigned to the constant, and the
new value takes effect everywhere the constant is
used)
• Named constants help prevent typographical errors
that are common when using magic numbers

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Introduction to Turtle
Graphics
• Python's turtle graphics system displays a
small cursor known as a turtle.

• You can use Python statements to move the

turtle around the screen, drawing lines and
shapes.

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Introduction to Turtle
Graphics
• To use the turtle graphics system, you
must import the turtle module with this
statement:

import turtle

This loads the turtle module into

memory

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Moving the Turtle Forward
• Use the turtle.forward(n)
statement to move the turtle forward n
pixels.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>>

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Turning the Turtle
• The turtle's initial heading is 0 degrees (east)

• Use the turtle.right(angle) statement to

turn the turtle right by angle degrees.

• Use the turtle.left(angle) statement to

turn the turtle left by angle degrees.

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Turning the Turtle

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>>

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Turning the Turtle

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>>

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Setting the Turtle's Heading
• Use the turtle.setheading(angle)
statement to set the turtle's heading to a
specific angle.
>>> import turtle
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.setheading(180)
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.setheading(270)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>>

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Setting the Pen Up or Down
• When the turtle's pen is down, the turtle draws a line
as it moves. By default, the pen is down.

• When the turtle's pen is up, the turtle does not draw
as it moves.

• Use the turtle.penup() statement to raise the pen.

• Use the turtle.pendown() statement to lower the

pen.

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Setting the Pen Up or Down

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>>

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Drawing Circles
• Use the turtle.circle(radius) statement to
draw a circle with a specified radius.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.circle(100)
>>>

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Drawing Dots
• Use the turtle.dot() statement to draw a simple
dot at the turtle's current location.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.forward(50)
>>>

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Changing the Pen Size and
Drawing Color
• Use the turtle.pensize(width) statement to
change the width of the turtle's pen, in pixels.

• Use the turtle.pencolor(color) statement to

change the turtle's drawing color.
• See Appendix D in your textbook for a complete list of colors.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.pensize(5)
>>> turtle.pencolor('red')
>>> turtle.circle(100)
>>>

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Working with the Turtle's
Window
• Use the turtle.bgcolor(color) statement to set
the window's background color.
• See Appendix D in your textbook for a complete list of colors.

• Use the turtle.setup(width, height) statement

to set the size of the turtle's window, in pixels.
• The width and height arguments are the width and height, in
pixels.
• For example, the following interactive session creates a graphics
window that is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high:

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.setup(640, 480)
>>>
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Resetting the Turtle's Window
• The turtle.reset() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Resets the drawing color to black.
• Resets the turtle to its original position in the center of the screen.
• Does not reset the graphics window’s background color.
• The turtle.clear() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Does not change the turtle's position.
• Does not change the drawing color.
• Does not change the graphics window’s background color.
• The turtle.clearscreen() statement:
• Erases all drawings that currently appear in the graphics window.
• Resets the drawing color to black.
• Resets the turtle to its original position in the center of the screen.
• Resets the graphics window’s background color to white.

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Working with Coordinates
• The turtle uses Cartesian Coordinates

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Moving the Turtle to a
Specific Location
• Use the turtle.goto(x, y) statement to move the
turtle to a specific location.

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.goto(0, 100)
>>> turtle.goto(−100, 0)
>>> turtle.goto(0, 0)
>>>

• The turtle.pos() statement displays the turtle's current X,Y coordinates.

• The turtle.xcor() statement displays the turtle's current X coordinate and
the turtle.ycor() statement displays the turtle's current Y coordinate.

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Animation Speed
• Use the turtle.speed(speed)
command to change the speed at which
the turtle moves.
• The speed argument is a number in the
range of 0 through 10.
• If you specify 0, then the turtle will make all of
its moves instantly (animation is disabled).

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Hiding and Displaying the
Turtle
• Use the turtle.hideturtle() command to
hide the turtle.
• This command does not change the way graphics are
drawn, it simply hides the turtle icon.

• Use the turtle.showturtle() command to

display the turtle.

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Displaying Text
• Use the turtle.write(text) statement to
display text in the turtle's graphics window.
• The text argument is a string that you want to
display.
• The lower-left corner of the first character will be
positioned at the turtle’s X and Y coordinates.

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Displaying Text

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.write('Hello World')
>>>

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Filling Shapes
• To fill a shape with a color:
• Use the turtle.begin_fill() command before
drawing the shape
• Then use the turtle.end_fill() command after
the shape is drawn.
• When the turtle.end_fill() command
executes, the shape will be filled with the current fill
color

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Filling Shapes

>>> import turtle

>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.fillcolor('red')
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(100)
>>> turtle.end_fill()
>>>

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Getting Input With a Dialog Box
>>> import turtle
>>> age = turtle.numinput('Input', 'Enter your age')

>>> import turtle

>>> name = turtle.textinput('Input', 'Enter your name')

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Getting Input With a Dialog Box

• Specifying a default value, minimum value, and

maximum value with turtle.numinput:
>>> import turtle
>>> num = turtle.numinput('Input', 'Enter a number',
default=10, minval=0, maxval=100)

• An error message will be displayed if the input is

less than minval or greater than maxval

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Keeping the Graphics
Window Open
• When running a turtle graphics program outside
IDLE, the graphics window closes immediately when
the program is done.

• To prevent this, add the turtle.done() statement

to the very end of your turtle graphics programs.
• This will cause the graphics window to remain open, so you can
see its contents after the program finishes executing.

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Summary
• This chapter covered:
• The program development cycle, tools for program
design, and the design process
• Ways in which programs can receive input, particularly
from the keyboard
• Ways in which programs can present and format output
• Use of comments in programs
• Uses of variables and named constants
• Tools for performing calculations in programs
• The turtle graphics system

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