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Synchronous Motor

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Jeremy Hensley
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46 views

Synchronous Motor

Uploaded by

Jeremy Hensley
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SYNCHRONOUS

MOTOR
A. Why is synchronous motor not self –starting? What are the various ways in which it can be
started?

B. B. A 500V, single phase synchronous motor gives a net output mechanical power of
7.46kW and operates at 0.9 power factor lagging. Its effective resistance is 0.8. If the iron
and friction losses are 500 w and excitation losses are 800w, calculate the armature
current and the commercial efficiency.

Electrical Machines 2
INTRODUCTION
Synchronous motors are widely used
in the industry for high-precision
applications. This motor runs at
constant speed and it does not depend
on the torque acting on it. So it has a
constant-speed torque characteristic.
The efficiency of synchronous motor is
around 90%–93%.
INTRODUCTION
Synchronous motor is a doubly fed
motor; three-phase power is given to
the stator while the rotor is fed from a
DC source for excitation of the field
winding.
CONSTRUCTION

•There is no constructional difference


between synchronous motor and
synchronous generator
CONSTRUCTION
• The stator has a laminated core with
slots to hold the three-phase windings.
• Rotor holds the field winding. The
rotor can be of salient-pole type or
cylindrical type.
• Synchronous motor is likely to hunt
and so damper windings are also
provided in the rotor poles.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

• When a three phase-supply is given to the


stator of the synchronous motor, it produces
a rotating magnetic flux of constant
magnitude, rotating at synchronous speed.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

•DC supply on the rotor will also


produce a flux of constant magnitude.
• A three phase synchronous motor is
not self-starting.
• If the rotor of the synchronous motor
is rotated by some external means at the
start.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

•DC supply on the rotor will also produce a


flux of constant magnitude.
• A three-phase synchronous motor is not
self-starting.
If the rotor of the synchronous motor is
rotated by some external means at the start,
there will be a continuous force of attraction
between the stator and the rotor.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

• This is called magnetic locking.


• Once this stage is reached, the rotor
pole is dragged by the revolving stator
field and thus the rotor will continue to
rotate.
STARTING METHODS FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

The different methods that are generally


followed to start the synchronous motor are
i) By using a pony motor (Small induction
motor)
ii) By using a damper winding
iii) By using DC motor
iv) Starting as an induction motor
STARTING METHODS FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

By using a pony motor (Small induction


motor)
In this method, the rotor of the
synchronous motor is brought to its
synchronous speed with the help of an
external induction motor. This external
motor is called the pony motor.
STARTING METHODS FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

By using a damper winding


• The damper windings are provided on
the pole face slots in the fields.
• These windings are short-circuited at
both ends with the help of end rings,
thus forming a squirrel-cage system.
STARTING METHODS FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

By using a damper winding


• Now, when a three-phase supply is
given to the stator of a synchronous
motor, it will start as a three-phase
induction motor.
STARTING METHODS FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
• By using DC motor
In this method of starting, the
synchronous motor is brought to its
synchronous speed with the help of a
DC motor coupled to it. Once the rotor
of the synchronous motor attains
synchronous speed, the DC excitation to
the rotor is switched on.
STARTING METHODS FOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
• Starting as an induction motor
The synchronous motor is started as a
squirrel-cage induction motor.
• When the synchronous motor is
started as a slip-ring induction motor,
the three ends of the windings are
connected to an external resistance in
series through slip-rings.
POWER ANGLE OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

The synchronous motor rotates at


synchronous speed. But increase in shaft
load causes the rotor magnet to change
its angular position with respect to the
rotating flux of the stator by an
electrical angle δ. This angle is called the
power angle or load angle or torque
angle.
Electrical Machines 18
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ON LOAD
Electrical Machines 20
Synchronous Motor at No-load

• Not let us see the performance of


synchronous motor at no-load after
considering the losses in the motor.
• When the magnetic locking between the
stator and the rotor takes place, the magnetic
axis of the stator and the rotor do not
coincide. There will be some angular
difference (δ) between the stator and the
rotor magnetic axis.
V-Curve
The plot between armature current and field
current of synchronous motor is called the V-
curve
Inverted V-Curve
The plot between power factor and field current
of synchronous motor is called the inverted V-
curve
Hunting in Synchronous Motor
At no-load, the magnetic axis of the stator and
rotor coincides as the load angle δ = 0. However,
when the motor is loaded, the rotor axis lags the
stator axis by an angle δ. If the load is suddenly
changed, the rotor will not immediately attain
its equilibrium position but pass beyond it
producing more torque than required. The rotor
will now swing in the opposite direction to
reduce the load angle. This periodic swing of the
rotor to either side before stopping at the
equilibrium position is called Hunting of the
rotor.
Causes of Hunting in Synchronous Motor

1. Sudden change in load


2. Sudden change in field current
3. A load containing harmonic torque
4. Fault in supply system.
Effects of Hunting in Synchronous Motor

1. It may lead to loss of synchronism.


2. It produces mechanical stresses.
3. Increases machine loss and causes
temperature rise.
4. Causes greater surges in current and
power flow.
Reduction of Hunting in Synchronous Motor

i) By using damper winding: Damper winding


damps out hunting by producing torque
opposite to slip of rotor. The magnitude of
damping torque is proportional to the slip
speed.
ii) By using Flywheels: By providing large and
heavy flywheel to the prime mover, its inertia
can be increased, which in turn, helps in
maintaining the rotor speed constant.
Application of Synchronous Motor

1. Synchronous motor having no load connected to


its shaft is used for power factor improvement.
2. Synchronous motor finds application where
operating speed is less and high power is required.
3. It is used in propulsion system with unity power
factor so size becomes smaller

Electr,ical Mac,hines
Application of Synchronous Motor

3. As synchronous motor is capable of


operating under either leading or
lagging power factor, it can be used for
power factor improvement. A
synchronous motor under no-load with
leading power factor is connected in a
power system where static capacitors
cannot be used.
Application of Synchronous Motor

4These motors are also widely used


onboard ships. The ship’s navigational
equipments like Gyro-compass use a
special type of synchronous motor. They
are also used as prime movers for Visco-
Therm or Viscometer, a device for
measuring/regulating the viscosity of
the main propulsion engine’s fuel oil

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