COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND

ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
THE FIVE CLASSIC COMPONENTS
OF A COMPUTER
Input (mouse, keyboard, …)
Output (display, printer, …) Input
Memory
 main (DRAM), cache (SRAM)
 secondary (disk,
Output
CD, DVD, …) Process
Processor
Datapath (CPU) or
Control
Control Memory
1001010010110000
0010100101010001
1111011101100110
1001010010110000
Datapath 1001010010110000
1001010010110000
PREREQUISITES
1. BASIC CONCEPT IN DIGITAL CIRCUIT.

2. FAMILIRITY WITH PROGRAMMING LANGAUGE.-C, C++

BOOKS
1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE: DESIGNING FOR
PERFORMANCE BY WILLIAM STALLING.
2. COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE” BY M. MORRIS MANO.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The students will learn,
1. How the computer system works & its basic principles.

2. Instruction level architecture.

3. Instruction level parallelism and knowledge on micro

programming.

4. Memory organization, I/O organization and how they are

accessed.
COURSE OUTCOME
At the end of Course students will be able to

CO1 Describe the fundamental organization of a

computer system.
CO2 Describe various addressing modes, Instruction
types and execution of the
instructions.
CO3 Explain representation of Integer and Floating
Point and their arithmetic.
CO4 Explain Memory Organization.

CO5 Explain I/O and Describe the basics of hardwired

and micro-
programmed control of the CPU, pipelined
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE

CA Methodologies:

CA I : Quiz (Based on Unit 1, Unit 2, Unit3)

CA II : Quiz(Based on Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5)

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
Unit 1-Introduction : Concept of computer organization and architecture, Fundamental unit,
Computer function and interconnection, CPU structure and function. ( Computer Organization
& Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling- Chapter 1 and Chapter 3)

Unit 2-Instruction Sets : Characteristics, Types of operands, Types of operations, Assembly

language, Addressing modes, Instruction format, Types of instruction, Instruction execution,
Machine state and processor status, Structure of program, Introduction to RISC and CISC
architecture. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling-Chapter
12.1,12.2,12.4,13.1,13.2,13.3,13.4,13.5)

Unit 3-Computer Arithmetic: The arithmetic and logic Unit, Integer representation, Integer
arithmetic, Floating point representation, Floating point arithmetic, Introduction of arithmetic
co-processor. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling-
Chapter 10)
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
Unit 4-Memory Organization : Internal Memory: Semiconductor main memory, Error
correction, Advanced DRAM organization, Virtual memory systems and cache memory
systems. External Memory: Organization and characteristics of magnetic disk, Magnetic tape,
Optical memory, RAID, Memory controllers. (
Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling-Chapter 5 and chapter 6)
Unit 5-Control Unit and Input / Output Organization: Control unit operation: Micro-
operations, Control of the processor, Hardwired implementation, Micro- programmed Control
Unit, Basic concepts, Micro-instruction sequencing, Micro-instruction execution, Applications
of micro-programming. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William
Stalling-Chapter 20 and 21) Input/output Organization: External devices, I/O module,
Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O, Direct memory access, I/O channels and processors,
External interface. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling-
Chapter 7(7.1 to 7.8) Instruction pipe-lining (Chapter 14.4): Concepts. Parallel processing:
Multiple processor organization, Symmetric multiprocessor, Cache coherence and the MESI
protocol. (Chapter 17(17.1 to 17.3)
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
PREREQUISITES

1. Binary Number System & its arithmetic.

2. Digital Logics.

3. Logic Gates.

4. One bit Memory Cell.

1. NUMBER SYSTEM
Number Systems
a. Decimal 10
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

b. Octal 8
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

c. Hexa-Decimal 16 0,1,
…8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

d. Binary 2
0,1
1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S
ARITHMETIC'S
Binary:-
0 and 1 ( Data, Control word….Everything flowing inside computers wire
and in memory)
Binary Arithmetic:-
a. Addition

b. Subtraction

c. Multiplication

d. Division
1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S
ARITHMETIC'S
Binary representation How to calculate
Binary no. value
2 Bit 3 Bit 8421 Value
Decimal Binary Decimal Binary

0 00 0 000 1 0 1 0 10
1 01 1 001 0 1 1
2 10 2 010 1 1 3
3 11 3 011
0 1 1 1 7
4 100
1 1 1 1 15
5 101
6 110 1 0 0 0 8

7 111 0 1 1 0 6
1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S
ARITHMETIC'S
Addition

0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10 (which is 0, carry 1)
1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S
ARITHMETIC'S
Subtraction

0-0=0
0 - 1 = 1 ( Borrow- 1)
1-0=1
1-1=0
1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S
ARITHMETIC'S
Multiplication
1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S
ARITHMETIC'S
Division
2. DIGITAL LOGIC
Actual Electrical Level
. 3. DIGITAL LOGIC
Logic Gates
. 3. DIGITAL LOGIC
Inside Logic Gates
4. ONE BIT MEMORY CELL
REGISTER ( 8 BIT)
CONCEPT OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

The architecture of a computer system can be considered as a

catalogue of tools or attributes that are visible to the user such as
instruction sets, number of bits used for data, addressing
techniques, etc. i.e.
Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a system that
have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.

Examples: The instruction set

The number of bits used to represent various
data types I/O mechanisms
memory addressing techniques
CONCEPT OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Organization of a computer system defines the way system is

structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used. The
significant components of Computer organization are ALU, CPU,
memory and memory organization.

Computer Organization refers to the operational units and their

interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
Example:
Control signals
Interfaces between computer and peripherals
The memory technology being used
CONCEPT OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Lets be clear,
The fact that a multiply instruction is available is a computer
architecture issue. How that multiply is implemented is a computer
organization issue.
• Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer such as
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O
mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply
instruction?
• Organization is how features are implemented o Control signals,
interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply
unit or is it done by repeated addition?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

Computer Architecture Computer Organization

Architecture involves Logic Organization involves Physical

(Instruction sets, Addressing modes, Components (Circuit design, Adders,
Data types, Cache optimization) Signals, Peripherals)

Computer Architecture deals with Computer Organization deals with

high-level design issues. low-level design issues.
Computer Architecture helps us to Computer Organization tells us how
understand the functionalities of a exactly all the units in the system are
system. arranged and interconnected.
While designing a computer system An organization is done on the basis
architecture is considered first. of architecture.
FUNDAMENTAL UNITS
INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS
CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
STRUCTURE IS THE WAY IN WHICH COMPONENTS RELATE TO EACH OTHER
FUNCTION IS THE OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS AS PART OF THE STRUCTURE
CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION- ALL PROCESSOR
CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION- ALL PROCESSOR
CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION- ALL PROCESSOR
CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-8085 PROCESSOR
MEMORY SEGMENTATION IN 8086 MEMORY
CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-8086 PROCESSOR