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27 views

String

Uploaded by

voila.alberto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 19

String Escape Sequences

• What if we wanted to print a double quote character?


• The following line would confuse the compiler because it
would interpret the second quote as the end of the string

System.out.println ("I said "Hello" to you.");

• An escape sequence is a series of characters that


represents a special character
• An escape sequence begins with a backslash character
(\), which indicates that the character(s) that follow should
be treated in a special way

System.out.println ("I said \"Hello\" to you.");


1
Escape Sequences
• Some Java escape sequences:
Escape Sequence Meaning

\b backspace
\t tab
\n newline
\r carriage return
\" double quote
\' single quote
\\ backslash

• See Roses.java

2
More on String Objects
• Because strings are so common, we don't have
to use the new operator to create a String
object
title = "Java Software";
• which is a shorcut for:
title = new String ("Java Software“);
title “Java Software"

• This is special syntax that only works for strings


Yet More on String Objects
• Every string literal, delimited by double quotation marks,
also represents an implicit String object in Java
• A common service we want from string objects is to
merge two strings, i.e., append one string to the end of
another string
• One possibility to join “hello ” and “world” could be:
– “hello ”.join(“world”);
• To have a more natural expression, Java introduces the
string concatenation operator (+):
– it is used to append one string to the end of another
– for example
“hello “ + “world!” generates “hello world!”
“hello”+”world!” is a shorthand of “hello ”.+(“world”)
4
See Facts.java
Primitive Data Types
• Strings are just one type of common objects we
encounter and are treated specially by Java
• There are other basic (primitive) objects, such as
integers etc
• Java predefines classes for such basic types
– for example, one predefined class is Integer:

To create an Integer (object):


Integer wagePerHour = new Integer(10);
System.out.println( wagePerHour );
Primitive Data Types
• Although in pure object-oriented languages (such
as Smalltalk and Ruby), we can consider
everything as objects and defines everything as
class, for efficiency, Java treats common objects
such as numbers, characters, and logical values
specially, and introduces them into the language
as primitive data types
• Note: this division between primitive types and
objects is disliked by some programmers familiar
with languages such as Smalltalk and Ruby
where everything is an object
Primitive Data Types
• There are exactly eight primitive data types in
Java
– four of them represent integers:
• byte (class Byte), short (class Short), int (class
Integer), long (class Long)
– two of them represent floating point numbers
• float (class Float), double (class Double)
– one of them represents characters:
• char (class Character)
– and one of them represents boolean (logical) values:
• boolean (class Boolean)
Numeric Primitive Data Types
• byte, short, int, long, float, and
double are numeric data types

• The difference among the various numeric


primitive types is their storage sizes and
representations, and therefore the ranges and
precision of the values they can store

• To understand this, we need to have a rough


understanding of computer memory storage
Memory Primary storage area
for programs and data
RAM is divided into
Also called RAM Main
many cells; each cell can
Memory
be identified by a numeric
address Each memory cell has a set
9278 10011010 number of bits (usually 8
9279 bits, or one byte); a bit can
represent 2 values)
9280
9281 - how many values can a byte represent?

9282
9283
9284
A computer can use more cells
9285
to store data, e.g., 2 bytes
9286
- how many values can 2 bytes represent?
Numeric Primitive Data
• “Objects” of different numeric data types
occupy different number of cells
Type Storage Min Value Max Value

byte 8 bits -128 127


short 16 bits -32,768 32,767
int 32 bits -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
long 64 bits < -9 x 1018 > 9 x 1018

float 32 bits +/- 3.4 x 1038 with 7 significant digits IEEE 754
double 64 bits +/- 1.7 x 10308 with 15 significant digits format
Characters
• A char is a single character from a
character set
• A character set is an ordered list of
characters; each character is given a
unique number
• Character literals are represented in a
program by delimiting with single quotes:

'a‘ 'X‘ '7' '$‘ ',' '\n'


11
Character Sets
• The ASCII character set is quite popular. It includes:
uppercase letters A, B, C, …
lowercase letters a, b, c, …
punctuation period, semi-colon, …
digits 0, 1, 2, …
special symbols &, |, \, …
control characters carriage return, tab, ...
• Java uses the Unicode character set, a superset of
ASCII
– uses sixteen bits (2 bytes) per character, allowing for 65,536
unique characters
– it is an international character set, containing symbols and
characters from many languages
– code chart can be found at:
http://www.unicode.org/charts/ 12
Boolean
• A boolean value represents logical value: true
or false

• The reserved words true and false are the


only valid values for a boolean type

• A boolean can also be used to represent any


two states, such as a light bulb being on or off

13
Variables: Revisited
• We already know that a variable must be
declared, specifying the variable's name and
the type of information that will be held in it
• As of now, think of a variable as a name for a
location in memory cell (we will revisit the
concept later)
data type variable
name

int total;

int count, temp, result;

Multiple variables can be created in one declaration 14


Variables
• A variable can be given an initial value in the declaration

int sum = 0;
int base = 32, max = 149;
String msg1 = new String( “Hello” );
String msg2 = “Hello” ;
• When a variable is referenced in a program,
its current value is used

• See PianoKeys.java
Change the Value of a Variable:
Assignment Statement
• An assignment statement changes the value of
a variable
• The assignment operator is the = sign
total = 55;

• The expression on the right is evaluated and the result


is stored in the variable on the left
• The value that was in total is overwritten
• Remember: you can only assign a value to a variable
that is consistent with the variable's declared type

• See Geometry.java 16
Constants
• A “constant variable” is an identifier that is similar to a
variable except that it holds one value for its entire
existence
• Why constants:
– give names to otherwise unclear literal values
– facilitate changes to the code
– prevent inadvertent errors
• In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a
variable constant, and the convention is to use all
capital words to name a constant
final double PI = 3.14159265;
• The compiler will issue an error if you try to assign
value to a constant variable after its declaration
Arithmetic Expressions
• An expression is a combination of operators and
operands
• Arithmetic expressions (we will see logical expressions
later) are essentially special methods applied to
numerical data objects: compute numeric results and
make use of the arithmetic operators:

Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Remainder %
Division and Remainder
• If both operands to the division operator (/) are integers, the result
is an integer (the fractional part is discarded)
14 / 3 equals?

8 / 12 equals?

• The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder after


dividing the second operand into the first

14 % 3 equals?

8 % 12 equals?

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