GEC 1

Mathematics in the
Modern World

Ma’am Janna Lea R. de Torres

topics
MIDTERM LESSONS

4) STATISTICS
PRELIMINARY LESSONS

1) NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

2) SPEAKING MATHEMATICALLY FINAL LESSONS

3) PROBLEM SOLVING 5) LOGIC

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PROBLEM

3
SOLVING
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE
REASONING

PROBLEM SOLVING WITH

PATTERNS
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES

3
E AND
DEDUCTIV
E
REASONIN
G
4
COMPARE THESE!!

1. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums

every other year. Last year, the tree did not produce plums,
so this year the tree will produce plums.

2. All home improvement cost more than the estimate.

The contractor estimated that my home improvement will
cost $35,000. Thus my home improvement will cost more
than $35,000.
INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

INDUCTIVE REASONING
It is the process of reaching a general
conclusion by examining specific examples.
A conclusion based on inductive reasoning is
called a conjecture. A conjecture may or may
not be correct.
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INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

EXAMPLE: INDUCTIVE REASONING

During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every

other year. Last year, the tree did not produce plums, so
this year the tree will produce plums.

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INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

EXAMPLE: INDUCTIVE REASONING

Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in

each of the following lists.

3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ? 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,

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1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ? 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21

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INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

EXAMPLE: INDUCTIVE REASONING

Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture on the

following procedure.
Pick a number. 5
Multiply the number by 8. 5 x 8 = 40
Add 6 to the product. 40 + 6 = 46
Divide the sum by 2. 46 / 2 = 23
Subtract 3 from the quotient. 23 – 3 = 20
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TRY TO PICK A DIFFERENT NUMBER AND COMPARE
THE RESULT TO THE ORIGINAL NUMBER.

What did you observe?

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CONJECTURE
By following the steps, a number that is four times
the original number is produced.

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All home improvement cost more than the estimate. The
contractor estimated that my home improvement will cost
$35,000. Thus my home improvement will cost more than
$35,000.

DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
It is the process of reaching a conclusion by
applying general principles and procedures.

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INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

EXAMPLE: DEDUCTIVE REASONING

During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every

other year. Last year, the tree did not produce plums, so
this year the tree will produce plums.

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INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

EXAMPLE: DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Use deductive reasoning to show that the following procedures
produces a number that is four times the original number.
Let n represent the
Pick a number. original number
Multiply the number by 8. n x 8 = 8n
Add 6 to the product. 8n + 6
Divide the sum by 2. (8n+6) / 2 = 4n + 3
Subtract 3 from the quotient. (4n + 3) – 3 = 4n
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INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

COUNTEREXAMPLES
A statement is a true statement provided that
it is true for all cases.
A counterexample is a case for which a
statement is not true.

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INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

EXAMPLE: COUNTEREXAMPLE

Verify that each of the following statements is a false

statement by finding a counterexample.

For all numbers x:

|x| > 0 counterexample If x = 0
2
𝑥 >𝑥 counterexample If x = 1

√ 𝑥 =𝑥
2
counterexample If x =-3
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PROBLEM SOLVING WITH PATTERNS

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Problem Solving with TERMS OF A
Patterns
SEQUENCE

Sequence is an ordered list of numbers.

Example
5, 14, 27, 44, 65, …

TERMS

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Problem Solving with TERMS OF A
Patterns
SEQUENCE

1st term - 5
2nd term - 14
5, 14, 27, 44, 65, … 3rd term - 27
4th term - 44
5th term - 65

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Problem Solving with TERMS OF A
Patterns
SEQUENCE

5, 14, 27, 44, 65, … the sequence continues

beyond 65

How do we represent
the last term?

𝑎 1 ,𝑎 2 , 𝑎3 , … 𝑎 𝑛
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You will always encounter the following
questions when you are dealing with
sequence.

WHAT IS THE NEXT TERM?

WHAT FORMULA OR RULE CAN BE USED

TO GENERATE THE TERMS?

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Problem Solving with DIFFERENCE TABLE
Patterns

It shows the differences between

successive terms of the sequence.
Example
Construct a difference table for the
sequence below.

2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …
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Problem Solving with DIFFERENCE TABLE
Patterns

Construct a difference table for the sequence below.

2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …

2 5 8 11 14 …
sequence :

first differences: 3 3 3 3 …

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Problem Solving with DIFFERENCE TABLE
Patterns

Another Example
Construct a difference table for the sequence below.

5, 14, 27, 44, 65, …

sequence : 5 14 27 44 65 …

first differences : 9 13 17 21 …
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Problem Solving with DIFFERENCE TABLE
Patterns

sequence : 5 14 27 44 65 …

first differences : 9 13 17 21 …

second differences : 4 4 4 …

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Problem Solving with Let’s Try!!
Patterns

Use the difference table to predict the next term

in the sequence
2, 7, 24, 59, 118, …

sequence : 2 7 24 59 118 …

first differences : 5 17 35 59 …

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Problem Solving with DIFFERENCE TABLE
Patterns

sequence : 2 7 24 59 118 …

first differences : 5 17 35 59 …

second differences : 12 18 24

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Problem Solving with DIFFERENCE TABLE
Patterns

sequence : 2 7 24 59 118 …

first differences : 5 17 35 59 …

second differences : 12 18 24

third differences :
29 6 6
Problem Solving with DIFFERENCE TABLE
Patterns

Using the method of

extending the difference
table, we predict that
118 is the next term in
the sequence.

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QUESTION

What is the nth term in the sequence?

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Problem Solving with
nth-Term Formula for
Patterns a Sequence

The nth-term formula generates the terms of

a sequence.
Example
Consider the formula . n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
𝟐
𝒂𝟏=𝟑 (𝟏) +𝟏=4
𝟐
𝒂𝟐=𝟑 (𝟐) +𝟐=14 How about ?
𝟐
𝒂𝟑=𝟑 (𝟑) + 3=30
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Problem Solving with
nth-Term Formula for
Patterns a Sequence

Example
Consider the formula . n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …

𝟐
𝒂𝟏=𝟑 (𝟏) +𝟏=4 For, use n = 40.
𝟐
𝒂𝟐=𝟑 (𝟐) +𝟐=14 𝟐
𝟐
𝒂𝒏 =𝟑𝒏 +𝒏
𝒂𝟑=𝟑 (𝟑) + 3=30 𝟐
𝒂𝟒𝟎 =𝟑(𝟒𝟎) + 𝟒𝟎=4840

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Problem Solving with
nth-Term Formula for
Patterns a Sequence
Another Example
Assume the pattern shown by the square tiles in the following
figures.

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎4
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Problem Solving with
nth-Term Formula for
Patterns a Sequence

1. What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in the

nth figure of the sequence?

2. How many tiles are in the 8th figure of the sequence?

3. Which figure will consist exactly 320 tiles?

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Problem Solving with
nth-Term Formula for
Patterns a Sequence

1. What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in the

nth figure of the sequence?
horizontal section: 2n vertical section: n -
n for the upper section and n for the number of tiles in1between
the lower section in n minus 1
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Problem Solving with
nth-Term Formula for
Patterns a Sequence

What is the nth-term

formula for the number of
tiles in the nth figure of
the sequence?

horizontal section: 2n
𝑎 𝑛 =2𝑛 +(𝑛 − 1)
vertical section: n - 1
𝒂𝒏 =𝟑𝒏 −𝟏
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Problem Solving with
nth-Term Formula for
Patterns a Sequence

2. How many tiles are in the 8th figure of the sequence?

𝒏=𝟖
𝒂𝒏 =𝟑𝒏 −𝟏
𝑎 8=3( 8)− 1
𝑎 8=24 −1
𝑎 8= 23
The number of tiles in the 8th figure of the sequence
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is 23.
Problem Solving with
nth-Term Formula for
Patterns a Sequence

3. Which figure will consist exactly 320 tiles?

𝒂𝒏 =𝟑𝟐𝟎
Find n.

𝟑𝟐𝟎=𝟑𝒏− 𝟏
𝟑𝟐𝟎+𝟏=𝟑𝒏
𝟑𝟐𝟏=𝟑 𝒏
𝟏𝟎𝟕=𝒏
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Therefore, the 107th figure is composed of 320
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES

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POLYA’S PROBLEM
Problem Solving Strategies
SOLVING STRATEGY

Polya’s Four-Step Problem Solving Strategy

1. Understand the problem.

2. Devise a plan.
3. Carry out the plan.
4. Review the solution.

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POLYA’S PROBLEM
Problem Solving Strategies
SOLVING STRATEGY

1. Understand the problem.

• Can you restate the problem in your own words?
• Can you determine what is known about these types of
problems?
• Is there missing information that, if known, would allow
you to solve the problem?
• Is there extraneous information that is not needed to
solve the problem?
• What is the goal?
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POLYA’S PROBLEM
Problem Solving Strategies
SOLVING STRATEGY

2. Devise a plan.
• Make a list of known information.
• Draw a diagram.
• Work backwards.
• Try to solve a similar but simpler problems.
• Look for patterns.
• Write an equation.
• Perform an experiment.
• Guess at a solution, and then check your results.
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POLYA’S PROBLEM
Problem Solving Strategies
SOLVING STRATEGY

3. Carry out the plan.

• Work carefully.
• Keep an accurate and neat record of all your attempts.
• Realize that some of your initial plans will not work and
that you may have to devise another plan or modify your
existing plan.

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POLYA’S PROBLEM
Problem Solving Strategies
SOLVING STRATEGY

4. Review the solution.

• Can you restate the problem in your own words?
• Can you determine what is known about these types of
problems?
• Is there missing information that, if known, would allow
you to solve the problem?
• Is there extraneous information that is not needed to
solve the problem?
• What is the goal?
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POLYA’S PROBLEM
Problem Solving Strategies
SOLVING STRATEGY

Example
A baseball team won two out of their four
games. In how many different orders could they have
two wins and two losses in four games?
1. Understand the problem.
There are many different orders. The team may have won
two straight games and lost the last two (WWLL). Or maybe they lost
the first two games and won the last two (LLWW). Of course there
are other possibilities.
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POLYA’S PROBLEM
Problem Solving Strategies
SOLVING STRATEGY
2. Devise a plan.
Organized list of all the possible orders.

3. Carry out the plan. 4. Review the solution.

1. WWLL
Check whether the list has
2. WLWL
duplicates, and if it
3. WLLW
considers all possibilities.
4. LWWL
5. LWLW
6. LLWW
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End of Chapter 3