METU Computer Engineering

CEng 240 – Spring 2021

Week 3
Sinan Kalkan

Dive into Python [Part 1]

Disclaimer: Figures without reference are from either from “Introduction to programming concepts
with case studies in Python” or “Programming with Python for Engineers”, which are both co-authored
by me.
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What does ‘algorithm’ mean?
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“A procedure or formula for solving a

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problem”
 “A set of instructions to be followed to

solve a problem”
 “an effective method expressed as a finite

list of well-defined instructions for

calculating a function”
 “step-by-step procedure for calculations”

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Describing algorithms
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Option 1: Use pseudo-code descriptions.

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Algorithm. Calculate the average of numbers provided by

the user.
Input: N -- the count of numbers
Output: The average of N numbers to be provided

Step 1: Get how many numbers will be provided and store that in N
Step 2: Create a variable named Result with initial value 0
Step 3: Execute the following step N times:
Step 4: Get the next number and add it to Result
Step 5: Divide Result by N to obtain the average

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Describing

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Option 2: Use flow-charts.

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Comparing Algorithms
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 Rougly count the main number of steps in

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terms of , the ‘size’ of the problem.

 Example: Guess my number!

 Random guessing
 Sweeping from beginning
 Middle guessing

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The World of Programming

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Interpreter vs. Compiler
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Interpreter vs. Compiler
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Two’s complement representation of integers, IEEE floating-point

representation, Information loss with Floating Points, representation of
characters, text and Boolean.

REPRESENTATION OF DATA IN
COMPUTERS (CH3)
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Binary Representation of Numeric

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 Two’s complement instead of sign-magnitude representation

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 Positive numbers have a leading 0.

 5 => 0101
 The representation for negative numbers is found by subtracting
the absolute value from 2N for an N-bit system:
 -5 => 24 – 5 = 16 – 5 = (11)10 => (1011)2
 Advantages:
 0 has a single representation: +0 = 0000, -0 = 0000
 Arithmetic works fine without checking the sign bit:
 1011 (-5) + 0110 (6) = 0001 (1)
 1011 (-5) + 0011 (3) = 1110 (-2)

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Binary Representation of Real Numbers
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Conversion of the digits after the dot into binary:

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 1st Way:
 0.375  0x½ + 1x¼ + 1x1/8  011

 2nd Way:
 Multiply by 2 and get the integer part until we get ‘0’
after the dot:
 0.375 x 2 = 0.750 = 0 + 0.750
 0.750 x 2 = 1.500 = 1 + 0.500
 0.500 x 2 = 1.000 = 1 + 0.000

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IEEE 32bit Floating-Point Number

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• Mx2 E ( 2 − 2−23 ) ×2127

• Exponent (E): 8 bits
• Add 127 to the exponent value before storing it
• E can be 0 to 255 with 127 representing the real zero.
• Fraction (M - Mantissa): 23 bits
• 2128 = 1.70141183 × 1038

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IEEE 32bit Floating-Point Number

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 Now consider 4.1:  So,

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 4 => (100)2  Representing a

 0.1 => fraction which is a
 x 2 = 0.2 = 0 + 0.2

multiple of 1/2n is
x 2 = 0.4 = 0 + 0.4
 x 2 = 0.8 = 0 + 0.8
lossless.
 x 2 = 1.6 = 1 + 0.6  Representing a
 x 2 = 1.2 = 1 + 0.2 fraction which is not
 x 2 = 0.4 = 0 + 0.4

a multiple of 1/2n
x 2 = 0.8 = 0 + 0.8
 …….
leads to precision
loss.
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Representing Real Numbers:

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Binary Representation of Textual Information (cont’d)

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Decima Binary Val. Hex. Unicode Charac.
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0x30 0x0030 0
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METU Computer Engineering

0 0x31 0x0031 1
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49 0011000 1 0x32 0x0032 2

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50 0011001 2 0x34 0x0034 4

0
0x35 0x0035 5
51 0011001 3
1 0x36 0x0036 6

ASCII 52 0011010 4 0x37 0x0037 7 Unicode

7 bits long
0 0x38 0x0038 8 16 bits long
53 0011010 5 0x39 0x0039 9
1
0x3A 0x003A :
54 0011011 6
0 0x3B 0x003B ;
55 0011011 7 0x3C 0x003C <
1
0x3D 0x003D =
56 0011100 8
0x3E 0x003E >
0 Partial
0x3F 0x003F ?
57 0011100 9 listings
1 0x40 0x0040 @
only!
58 0011101 : 0x41 0x0041 A
0
0x42 0x0042 B
59 0011101 ;
1
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60 0011110 <
This Week
METU Computer Engineering

 Dive into Python [Part 1/2]

 Basic and Container Data in Python:
 int, float, complex, bool
 string, list, tuple, dict, set
 Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic operators,
Expression, Comparison operators, Logic
connectives

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METU Computer Engineering

int, float, complex, bool

string, list, tuple, dict, set

BASIC AND CONTAINER DATA

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What is data?
METU Computer Engineering

• Data: Information to be processed to solve a problem.

• Identify the data for the following example problems:

2020
What is data?
METU Computer Engineering

 CPU can only understand two types of data:

 Integers,
 Floating points.
 The following are not directly understandable by a CPU:
 Characters (‘a’, ‘A’, ‘2’, …)
 Strings (“apple”, “banana”, …)
 Complex Numbers
 Matrices
 Vectors
 But, programming languages can implement these data
types.
2020
Basic Data in Python
Numerical Types
METU Computer Engineering

 Integers:
 int
 Unlimited size
 Floating point numbers:
 float
 IEEE754 standard (32bit, 64bit)
 Complex numbers
 complex
 3+4j

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Basic Data in Python
Numerical Types
METU Computer Engineering

 Useful operations with numerical types

 type(<data>) function
 abs(<number>)
 pow(<number1>, <number2>)
 round(<float-number>)
 sin(), cos(), log() from math library

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Basic Data in Python
Boolean Type
METU Computer Engineering


bool type
 Can take True or False

 Useful operations with bool type

 and, or, not

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Container Data in Python
METU Computer Engineering

 str
 list Mutable
 tuple

 dict

 set
Immutable
 frozenset

 Mutability vs. immutability

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Container Data in Python
Accessing Elements of Sequences
METU Computer Engineering

 Positive indexing
 Negative indexing

 Slicing

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Container Data in Python
Useful Operations
METU Computer Engineering

 len()  Membership

 Concatenation (+)

 Repetition

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Container Data in Python
String
METU Computer Engineering

 Writing strings
 single quote
 double quote
 triple quote
 Special characters

 Unicode support in v3

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Container Data in Python
String
METU Computer Engineering

 Examples with strings

 Strings are immutable

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Container Data in Python
String: Useful Operations
METU Computer Engineering

 str()
 len()

 Concatenation, repetition, membership

 Evaluate a string: eval() function

 Deletion from / insertion into a string

 Not possible

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Container Data in Python
List and Tuple
METU Computer Engineering

 Lists: mutable
 [10, 20, 30]
 [“ali”, 20, “veli”, 30]
 [10, [20, [30]], 40]
 Tuples: immutable

 (10, 20, 30)

 (“ali”, 20, “veli”, 30)
 (10, (20, (30)), 40)

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Container Data in Python
List: Useful Operations
METU Computer Engineering

 Deletion

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Container Data in Python
List: Useful Operations
METU Computer Engineering

 Insertion

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Container Data in Python
List: Useful Operations
METU Computer Engineering

 list() and tuple() functions

 Concatenation, repetition

 Membership

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Container Data in Python
Dictionary
METU Computer Engineering

 dict: mutable

 Add/delete
elements

 KeyError

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Container Data in Python
Dictionary: Useful Operations
METU Computer Engineering

 len()
 Membership

 values()

 keys()

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Container Data in Python
Set
METU Computer Engineering

 set: mutable

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Container Data in Python
Frozen Set
METU Computer Engineering

 frozenset:
immutable

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Container Data in Python
Set: Useful Operations
METU Computer Engineering

 len(<set>)  Only with the ‘set’

 Membership
type:
 Set operations:  S.add(element)
 Subset: S1 <= S2  S.remove(element
)
 Superset: S1 >= S2  S.pop()
 Union: S1 | S2
 Intersection: S1 & S2
 Set difference: S1-S2
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METU Computer Engineering

Operators and Expressions

ACTION

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Action
METU Computer Engineering

 Purposes of actions
 Creating/modifying data
 Interaction with the environment

 Types of actions
 Expressions
 Statements

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Expressions
METU Computer Engineering

 Expression: A mathematical operation that has

a resulting value
 a = 10 + 20 * 3

 Operators can be unary or binary

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Expression Evaluation
Precedence and Associativity
METU Computer Engineering

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Expression Evaluation
and, or evaluation
METU Computer Engineering

 A shortcut is taken if possible

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Expression Evaluation
Type Conversion
METU Computer Engineering

 Implicit
 3 + 4.5
 3 + True

 Explicit
 int(), float(),
bool()
 str(), ...

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Statements
METU Computer Engineering

 Basic statements
 del L[3]
 a = 20
 pass, del, return, yield, raise
, break, continue, import, futu
re, global, nonlocal.
 Compound statements
 Conditional statement
 Repetition statements
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Statements: Assignment
METU Computer Engineering

 Simple assignment
 a = 10
 Multiple assignment id() function
 a = b = c = 10
 a, b = 10, 20
 Compound assignment
 a += 10
 a *= 20
 Swapping values
 a, b = b, a

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Operators in
Python
METU Computer Engineering

 Arithmetic
operators
 Logic operators

 Container

operators
 Comparison

operators

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Final Words:
Important Concepts
METU Computer Engineering

 Data
 Basic Data Types
 Container Types
 Accessing elements of a container type (indexing, negative indexing,
slicing).
 Mutable vs. immutable types
 Actions
 Expressions, statements
 Expression evaluation: Operators, precedence, associativity
 Basic statements
 Assignment

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METU Computer Engineering

THAT’S ALL FOLKS!

STAY HEALTHY

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