PRESENTATION OF DATA

Presentation of Data 2

Presentation of
data

Graphical
Classificatio
Tabulation Presentatio
n
n
Classification

The process of arranging data into When data are classified

classes or categories according to Qualitative by attributes e.g.
religion, gender, etc.
some common characteristics
present in the data. When data are classified
For example, in classifying the Quantitativ by quantitative
characteristics, e.g.
population of a country by religion, e height, weight, income,
we may arrange all Muslims in one etc.
group, Christians in the other and so When data are
on. Geographic classified by
al geographical regions
or locations.
The process of classification data are
classified into various homogenous Chronologic When data are
groups or classes on the basis of al or arranged by their time
similarities and resemblances. temporal of occurrence.
Tabulation Example:
Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test to determine
their blood type. The data set is
A table is a systematic A B B AB O O O
arrangement of data into B AB B B B O A
vertical columns and O A O O O AB AB
horizontal rows. A O B A
Classify data into tabular form.

The process of arranging Blood type frequency

data of arranging data into A 5
rows and columns is called B 7
tabulation. O 9
AB 4
Total 25

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Graphical Presentation

All of us have heard the adage “a

picture is worth a thousand words.”
A graphic display can re- veal at a
glance the main characteristics of a
data set. The bar graph and the pie
chart are two types of graphs that
are commonly used to display
qualitative data.
BAR GRAPHS

A GRAPH MADE OF BARS WHOSE HEIGHTS REPRESENT THE

FREQUENCIES OF RESPECTIVE CATEGORIES IS CALLED A BAR GRAPH.

• TYPES OF BAR GRAPHS

1. SIMPLE BAR GRAPH

2. MULTIPLE BAR GRAPH

3. COMPONENT BAR GRAPH

4. PERCENTAGE COMPONENT BAR GRAPH

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1. Simple bar
Chart

A simple bar chart is used to represent data involving only

one variable classified on a spatial, quantitative or temporal

basis. In a simple bar chart, we make bars of equal width

but variable length, i.e. the magnitude of a quantity is

represented by the height or length of the bars.

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1. Simple bar
Step III: On the insert tab, in the Charts group,
graph click the column symbol

Use example 4 (slide #24)

Step 1: insert data on excel

Step II: highlight the data

Step IV: click the clustered column

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You will get

10 Simple Bar Graph

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5
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2
1
0
A B O AB

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
DRAW SIMPLE BAR GRAPH FOR THE
FOLLOWING DATA SETS

1. The number of bed-sheets manufactured by a factory during five consecutive weeks is given
below.
Week First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Number of Bed-sheets 600 850 700 300 900

2. The number of students in 7 different classes is given below. Represent this data on the bar
graph.
Class 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th

Number of Students 130 120 135 130 150 80 75

3. The following table shows the favorite sports of 300 students of a school.

Sports Cricket Football Hockey Badminton Swimming Tennis

No. of Students 80 40 20 30 45 75
Multiple bar
graph In a multiple bars diagram two or more sets of inter-related
data are represented (multiple bar diagram facilitates
comparison between more than one phenomena).

The technique of making a simple bar chart is used to draw

this diagram but the difference is that we use different
shades, colours, or dots to distinguish between different
phenomena.

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Example:

Draw a multiple bar chart to represent the imports and exports of Canada (values in $) for the
years 1991 to 1995. (Using Excel)
Years Imports Exports
1991 7930 4260
1992 8850 5225
1993 9780 6150
1994 11720 7340
1995 12150 8145

Video Example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgsjIZKNfEU

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
FOR MULTIPE BAR GRAPH

1. Imports and exports 2. agricultural production for the period from 2000-2004
Imports Exports
Years Food grains Vegetables Others
Rs. (billion) Rs. (billion) Year (tones) (tones) (tones)
1982 68.15 34.44
1983 76.71 37.33 2000 100 30 10

1984 89.78 37.98 2001 120 40 15

1985 90.95 49.59 2002 130 45 25
1986 92.43 63.35 2003 150 50 25
1987 111.38 78.44

3. The following frequency graph shows the number of adult visitors and child visitors to a park
Month April May June
Number of adult visitors 300 500 700
Number of child visitors 200 600 600
A sub-divided or component bar chart is used to represent
Component data in which the total magnitude is divided into different or
bar graph components.

In this diagram, first we make simple bars for each class

taking the total magnitude in that class and then divide
these simple bars into parts in the ratio of various
components.

This type of diagram shows the variation in different

components within each class as well as between different
classes.

A sub-divided bar diagram is also known as a component

bar chart or stacked chart.
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Exampl
e:
The table below shows the quantity in hundred kgs of wheat, barley and oats
produced in a certain form during the years 1991 to 1994.
Construct a component bar chart to illustrate this data.

Year Wheat Barley Oats

1991 34 18 27
1992 43 14 24
1993 43 16 27
1994 45 13 34

Video Exmaple: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgQ2wjyOVrE

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Value added in the agriculture sector of Pakistan 2. Population of Male and Female among three districts

Year Major Minor Others Districts A B C

Crops Crops Population Male 1000 1200 1300
2001 1235 283 672
Population of 500 800 900
2002 1533 378 897
Female
2003 1827 490 1047 Total 1500 2000 2200
2004 2072 569 1218
Percentage
Component A sub-divided bar chart may be drawn on a percentage basis.
bar graph
To draw a sub-divided bar chart on a percentage basis, we
express each component as the percentage of its respective
total.

In drawing a percentage bar chart, bars of length equal to 100

for each class are drawn in the first step and sub-divided into the
proportion of the percentage of their component in the second
step.

The diagram so obtained is called a percentage component bar

chart or percentage stacked bar chart.

This type of chart is useful to make comparisons in components

holding the difference of total constants.
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Example:

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Pie Chart
 Pie graphs are used extensively in
statistics.

 The purpose of the pie graph is to show

the relationship of the parts to the
whole by visually comparing the sizes of
the sections.

 Percentages or proportions can be used.

 The variable is nominal or categorical.

A pie graph is a circle that is divided into

sections or wedges according to the
percentage of frequencies in each
Example:

Super Bowl Snack Foods :This frequency distribution shows the number of pounds of each snack food eaten
during the Super Bowl. Construct a pie graph for the data.
Snack No. of Pounds
Potato chips 11.2 million

Tortilla chips 8.2 million

Pretzels 4.3 million

Popcorn 3.8 million

Snack nuts 2.5 million

Total 30.0 million

Solution
Step I: Since there are in a circle, the frequency for each class must be converted into a
proportional part of the circle.

Snack No. of Pounds Angle Sector

Potato chips 11.2 million

Tortilla chips 8.2 million

Pretzels 4.3 million

Popcorn 3.8 million

Snack nuts 2.5 million

Total 30.0 million

• Step II: Each frequency must also be converted to a
percentage.
Snack No. of Pounds Angle Sector Percentage (%)
Potato chips 11.2 million

Tortilla chips 8.2 million

Pretzels 4.3 million

Popcorn 3.8 million

Snack nuts 2.5 million

Total 30.0 million

• Step III: Enter data (Step II table) in Excel and selects values.

Step IV: click on ‘insert’ and select ‘pie-chart’.

Practice Question 1
Construct a pie graph showing the blood types of the
army inductees described in following table.
Class Frequency Percentage

A 5 20%

B 7 28%

O 9 36%

AB 4 16%
Practice Question 2
 The following data are based on a survey from American Travel
Survey on why people travel. Construct a pie graph for the data
and analyze the results.

Purpose Number

Personal business 146

Visit friends or relatives 330

Work-related 225

Leisure 299