TOPIC

REAL NUMBERS
Sub Topics
 Revisiting the Number System
 Definition of Real Number
 Euclid’s Division Lemma
 Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find HCF of 2 given positive Integers.
 Activity to find HCF
 Prime Factorization of Composite Numbers
 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
 Application of Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (HCF and LCM
of two or more numbers and some other problems)
 Revisiting Irrational Numbers
 Decimal Expansion of Rational Numbers
 Art Integration
Learning
 Objectives
To express the division of numbers as dividend = (divisor x quotient ) +
remainder , and generalise this relation for any positive integers ‘a’ and
‘b’.
 To understand Euclid’s Division Lemma
 To understand the difference between Euclid’s Division Lemma and
Euclid’s Division Algorithm
 To be able to find out HCF of two given numbers using Euclid’s Division
Algorithm
 To be able to find HCF and LCM using Prime Factorization
 To be able to use the formula HCF x LCM = Product of two Numbers
 To be able to understand Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
 To be able to prove the irrationality of a given Number
 To be able to define Rational Numbers on the basis of their decimal
expansions
 To be able to decide whether the given Rational Number is terminating or
REVISITING THE NUMBER
SYSTEM
DEFINITION OF REAL NUMBERS

Real numbers can be defined as the union of

both the rational and irrational numbers. They
can be both positive and negative and are
denoted by the symbol “R”. All the natural
numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational
and irrational numbers come under this
category.
Examples : 0, 5 ,-10 ,¾, -¼ , 0.123, 2. 34 ,
5.010110111....... , √ 5
QUIZ TIME

Is every integer a rational number ?

Is every whole number a natural number ?

Is every whole number an integer ?

Is every rational number a real number ?

Do real numbers include irrational numbers ?

Lemma and
Algorithm
A Lemma is a proven statement used for
proving another statement.

An Algorithm is a series of well defined steps

which gives a procedure for solving a type of
problem.
Statement of Euclid’s Division
Lemma
If a and b be two given positive integers,
then there exist unique integers q and r
such that
a=bxq+r,0≤r˂b.
Note :
1. Although Euclid’s Division Lemma is stated
for only positive integers a and b, but it is
also true when a and b are any kind of
integers , but b ≠ 0.
2. If b divides a, then r = 0 and q is the
quotient .
3. If b > a , then q = 0 and r = a .
HCF of two positive integers using Euclid’s
Division Algorithm
To Find HCF of two given numbers
using Euclid’s Division Algorithm
Example : Find HCF of
66 and 420 by using
Euclid’s Division
Algorithm
Sol : As 420 > 66
so, a = 420 and b =
66
420 = 66 x 6 + 24
66 = 24 x 2 +18
24 = 18 x 1 + 6
18 = 6 x 3 + 0
Hence , HCF = 6
Activity to find HCF
METHOD – Paper folding
MATERIALS REQUIRED – Different sheet of colored papers, pair of
scissors, glue, marker and ruler.
PROCEDURE –
1. Take any two positive integer a and b (a>b). Example :- a=15 , b= 6.
2. Cut a rectangular sheet of length 15cm and breadth 6cm.

3. The maximum length of the square that can be fitted in the given
rectangular sheet is 6cm. Cut a square sheet of each side 6cm from a
different color paper.
Activity continued...
4. Paste this square on rectangle and we can find two such squares can be fit.

5. After pasting two square , a rectangular shape is left of dimension

3cm x 6cm.
6. We can write a mathematical expression for the shape obtained as
15 = 6 ×2+3.
7. Now consider the rectangle of dimension 3cm by 6cm. Repeat the same
procedure in this rectangle .
8. We find two squares of each side 3cm is being fit
into the rectangle.

9. Keep on filling the rectangle with squares till the initial rectangle is
completely covered.
Activity continued...
10. The length of last square is the HCF of given positive integers.

OBSERVATION – So we observe that :

1. In mathematical form,
15 = 6 x 2 +3
6 = 3 x 2 +0
2. Here the length of the last square is 3cm . So HCF(15, 6) = 3

CONCLUSION – By paper cutting and pasting , we can find the HCF of two
given positive integers by applying Euclid’s Division Algorithm.
httpshttps://youtu.be/
E26ek8HwbJU:
WORKSHEET -1
( Euclid’s Division Lemma)
1. Find the HCF of the following numbers
a) 280 , 12
b) 288 , 120
c) 867 , 254
d) 135 , 225
e) 441 , 567 , 693
2. Use Euclid’s Division Lemma to
show that one and only one out of
n , n+1 and n+2 is divisible by 3,
where n is any positive integer.
Prime Factorization of
Composite Numbers
 The natural numbers like 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 …. are prime numbers as they have exactly two
factors.
 The natural numbers like 4, 6, 8, 9, 10…are composite numbers as they have more than
two factors.
 These composite numbers can be written as product of primes. We can find the prime
factorization of a composite number in two different ways as shown below.

Division method Tree method

Hence , Prime Factorization of 48 = 2x2x2x2x3 = 24x3
WORKSHEET – 2
(PRIME FACTORIZATION )
1. Find the prime factorization of the 3. From the given fig.
following numbers by division Find the value of x ,y
method. and z.
a) 156
b) 5005
c) 7429
2. Find the prime factorization of the
following numbers by factor tree
method.
a) 275
b) 120
c) 4284
Fundamental Theorem
of Arithmetic
Statement : Every composite number can
be expressed as a product of primes and
this factorization is unique, apart from the
order in which the prime factors occur.
Example : 56 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 7
=7x2x2x2
=2x7x2x2
Hence the prime factorization of a number
can be written in any order, but writing in
ascending order is advisable.
Application of Fundamental Theorem of
Arithmetic
1. Finding HCF of two or more numbers.
 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers.
 Express the prime factorization in the exponential form.
 Find the product of common factors with lowest power.
2. Finding LCM of two or more numbers.
 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers.
 Express the prime factorization in the exponential form.
 Find the product of all the factors involved with highest power.
Example : Find the HCF and LCM of 12, 15 and 21 by using
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic .
Sol. 12 = 2² x 3
15 = 3 x 5
21 = 3 x 7
Hence, HCF = 3
LCM = 2² x 3 x 5 x 7 = 420
Application of Fundamental Theorem
of Arithmetic
3. The product of LCM and HCF of two numbers = Product of the two numbers.
4. Show that 7 x 11 x 13 + 13 is a composite number.
Sol. Let the given number be denoted by n.
So, n = 7 x 11 x 13 + 13
= 13 ( 7 x 11 + 1 )
= 13 ( 77 +1 )
= 13 x 78
This means that n has a factor 13 other than 1 and n . Hence n is a composite
number.
5. Check whether 6ⁿ can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n .
Sol. 6 = 2 x 3
6ⁿ = ( 2 x 3 )ⁿ
= 2ⁿ x 3ⁿ
If the number 6ⁿ, for any n, were to end with the digit 0 then , it would
have the factors as 2 and 5. but here 5 is not a factor of 6ⁿ.
Hence, 6ⁿ can never end with 0 for any n.
WORKSHEET -3

(Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic )

1. Find the HCF and LCM of the following numbers
a) 24, 60, 150
b) 6, 72, 120
2. Show that 2 x 3 x 7 x 11 x 17 +11 is a
composite number.
3. Check whether 12ⁿ can end with the
digit 0 for any natural number n .
4. Find the LCM and HCF of 26 and 91 ,
and verify that LCM x HCF = Product of
the two numbers.
Proof of irrationality of
some numbers
Question : Prove that √2 is an irrational number.
Solution :
Let √2 be a rational number
Therefore, √2= p/q [ p and q are in their least terms i.e., HCF of (p , q )=1 and q ≠ 0]
On squaring both sides, we get
p²= 2q² ...(1)
Clearly, 2 is a factor of 2q²
⇒ 2 is a factor of p² [since, 2q²=p²]
⇒ 2 is a factor of p

Let p =2 m for all m ( where m is a positive integer)

Squaring both sides, we get
p²= 4 m² ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
2q² = 4m²
⇒ q²= 2m²
Clearly, 2 is a factor of 2m²
⇒ 2 is a factor of q² [since, q² = 2m²]
⇒ 2 is a factor of q
Thus, we see that both p and q have common factor 2 which is a contradiction that H.C.F. of (p,q)= 1
Therefore, Our supposition is wrong

Hence √2 is not a rational number i.e., irrational number

SOME PROBLEMS BASED ON IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS

EXAMPLE :
Prove that 3 + 2√ 5 is an irrational number , where √ 5 is an
irrational number.
IMPORTANT POINTS
 Every rational number can be expressed as p/q , where p and q
are integers having no common factor (other than 1 ) and q ≠
0.
 If p and q are integers q ≠ 0 then p/q is a rational number.
 If p be a prime , then √p is an irrational number.
 If a prime p divides “a² ” , then p divides “a” where a is an
integer ( positive integer) .
 If HCF (p , q) = 1 , then p and q are called co-prime or
relatively prime integers.
 Positive integers p and q are co-prime , if 1 is the only
common factor of p and q.
WORKSHEET - 4
1. Answer the following in one word, one sentence or as
per the exact requirement :
(a) Let p and q be two distinct prime numbers. Write
HCF (p , q).
(b) Fill in the blank space in the statement given below
:
i) If p be a prime, then √p is _______number.
ii) If p/q is a rational number then p and q are _____ .
(c) √27 is an irrational number. Justify the statement.
2. Prove that the following numbers are irrational :
(a) 2√3 – 4 (b) 1/√2 (c) √3 +
√5
DECIMAL EXPANSION OF RATIONAL
NUMBERS
 Let us express the following decimal numbers in form p/q where p and
q are co-prime numbers and q ≠ 0
i) ii)

In the above examples the terminating decimal expansion reduces to a

rational number of the form p/q where p and q are co-prime numbers
and q is of the form ( n and m are non negative
integers).
 Let us express the following rational numbers in form of decimals.
i) ii)

So these examples show us how we can convert a rational number of the

form p/q where p and q are co-prime numbers and q is of the form
n m
2 ×5 to a terminating decimal.
note : If in a rational number of p/q form q is not in the form of
n m
2 ×5 ,where n and m are non negative integers then its decimal
expansion is non-terminating repeating.
WORKSHEET - 5
1. Without actually performing the long division, state whether
the following rational numbers will have a terminating or
non-terminating repeating decimal expansion:
(a) 17/8 (b) 64/455 (c)77/210 (d)35/50
2. The following real numbers have decimal expansions as
given below. In each case decide whether they are rational or
not. If they are rational and of the form p/q write prime
factors of q so that p and q are co-primes.
(a) 43.123 (b) 0.120120012000......
(c)43.123
3. Express 0.234234234......in the form p/q where p and q are
co-prime integers also find the prime factorisation of q .
SUMMARY
 A lemma is a proven statement used for proving another
statement.
 An algorithm is a series of well-defined steps which gives
a procedure for solving a type of problems.
 EUCLID’S DIVISION LEMMA – If a and b be two given
positive integers and a>b then there exist unique
integers q and r such that a = bq + r where 0≤r
< b.
 We can find HCF of two or more numbers by using Euclid’s
division algorithm (lemma).
 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC- Every
composite number can be expressed as product of primes
in a unique way apart from the order in which the prime
factors occur.
 We can find both HCF and LCM of two or more numbers by
using fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
Art Integration
Art Integration
 Stepsto find HCF and LCM of given numbers by using
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic-
 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers and express in
exponential form.
 HCF = product of only common factors with least power.
 LCM = product of all the factors involved with highest power.
 If a and b are two positive numbers, then
HCF(a, b) x LCM(a, b) = a x b
 If p1 and p2 are two distinct prime numbers, then
HCF(p1 , p2 ) = 1
 The HCF of two co-prime numbers = 1 and
LCM = product of the given co-prime numbers
 If p is a prime number and p divides a2 then p divides a ,
where ‘a’ is a positive integer.
 If p be a prime, then √p is an irrational number.
 Every rational number can be expressed as p/q, where p and q
are co-prime integers and q≠0.
 If a = p/q, where p and q are co-prime and q = 2nx 5m (n and m
are whole numbers), then the rational number ‘a’ has
terminating decimal expansion.
 If a = p/q, where p and q are co-prime and q can not be written
as 2nx 5m (n and m are whole numbers), then the decimal
expansion of ‘a’ is non-terminating recurring.
 Decimal representation of every rational number is either
terminating or non-terminating recurring.
 If the decimal representation of a real number is
non-terminating non-recurring , then it is an irrational
number.
CONCEPT MAPPING