Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of

Technology, Dhule

Energy and Environmental

Engineering

Mr. Kamlesh Chhajed

Asst. Prof., Mechanical,
SVKM’s IOT, Dhule

Department of Mechanical 1
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of
Technology, Dhule

Subject Name - Energy and Environmental Engineering

Department of Mechanical 2
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of
Technology, Dhule

Course Objectives

1. To impart the knowledge of Environmental education to the students of Engineering and Technology.
2. To explain basic concepts of sources, causes – origin , effects and control measures of environmental pollution.
3. To impart the knowledge of energy sources and power generation.
4. To understand the role of individual for the protection of Environment.

Department of Mechanical 3
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of
Technology, Dhule

Course Outcomes

CO1 Know and understand about components and segments of environment, ecosystem and its types.

CO2 Understand power consuming and power developing devices for the effective utilization

CO3 Understand and to explain types of Energies such as wind energy, solar energy, hydro energy etc.

CO4 Understand and explain various types of air pollution, their effects and control measures.

CO5
Know the various types of water pollution, sources, waste water treatment, effect of water pollution on health and soil
pollution

Department of Mechanical 4
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of
Technology, Dhule

Syllabus
• Unit 1: Environment (5L)
• Introduction, Components of Environment, Types of Environment, Brief discussion on Segments of Environment,
Environmental Pollution, Ecosystem: Types of Ecosystem, Components of Ecosystem.
• Unit 2: Conventional Power Generation (7L)
• Gas Turbine Power Plant: Introduction, Simple Gas Turbine Plant, Open and closed cycle gas turbine plant, Fuels for Gas
Turbine Plant. Hydro Power Plant: Introduction, Selection of site for hydro power station, Role of Hydroelectric station in
power industry, Classification of Hydroelectric plant, General arrangement and operation. Nuclear Power Plant: Introduction,
Nuclear materials, Selection of site, Main parts of nuclear reactor and their functions, Working of Nuclear Power Plant
• Unit 3: Energy and Environment (6L)
• Introduction, Sources of Energy, Renewable sources of Energy: Solar Energy, Hydro Energy, Tidal Energy, Wind Energy,
Biomass Energy, Geothermal Energy, Non Renewable Energy Sources Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas.
• Unit 4: Air Pollution (5L)
• Introduction, Brief discussion on air pollutants, Sources of Air Pollution: Pollutants from Industry, Pollution by Automobiles,
Effect of Air Pollutions: Acid rain, Green House Effect, Global warming; Brief discussion on Control of Air Pollution.
• Unit 5: Water and Soil Pollution (7L)
• Introduction, Types of Water Pollutants, Sources of Water Pollution, Methods to remove impurities in water, Treatment of
Industrial waste water: Activated Sludge Process, Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health, Water as a carrier for the
transmission of diseases. Sources of Soil Pollution, Harmful effects of Soil Pollution, Control of Soil Pollution.
Department of Mechanical 5
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of
Technology, Dhule

Books
• Text Books:
1. A Textbook on Power System Engineering, A, Chakrabarti, M. L. Soni, P. V. Gupta, U. S. Bhatnagar, Dhanpat Rai and Co. Pvt. Ltd
2. Environmental Chemistry (II edition), Ane Books Pvt.Ltd. V. K. Ahluwalia
3. Environmental Chemistry (sixth edition), A. K. De
4. Essential Environmental Studies, S. P. Mishra and S. N. Pandey

• Reference Books:
1. Environmental Science, sixteenth edition, G. Tyler Miller and S. E. Spoolman, Cengage publication.
2. A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, Dr. S. S. Dara and Dr. S. S. Umare
3. Textbook On Experiments & Calculations In Engineering Chemistry: S. S. Dara, S Chand & Company Pvt Ltd.

Digital Content:
DC1 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112106318
DC2 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/mp4/127/105/127105018/MP4/mod01lec01.mp4
DC3 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/mp4/127/105/127105018/MP4/mod01lec02.mp4
DC4 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/mp4/127/105/127105018/MP4/mod01lec03.mp4
DC5 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/mp4/127/105/127105018/MP4/mod01lec04.mp4
DC6 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/mp4/127/105/127105018/MP4/mod01lec05.mp4
DC7 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/mp4/127/105/127105018/MP4/mod01lec06.mp4
DC8 https://archive.nptel.ac.in/content/mp4/127/105/127105018/MP4/mod01lec07.mp4
Department of Mechanical 6
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of
Technology, Dhule

Unit - 01
Environment

Mr. Kamlesh Chhajed

Asst. Prof., Mechanical,
SVKM’s IOT, Dhule

Department of Mechanical 7
Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of
Technology, Dhule

Contents

Our focus in this unit will be on several crucial areas

• Introduction
• Components of Environment
• Types of Environment
• Brief discussion on Segments of Environment
• Environmental Pollution
• Ecosystem: Types of Ecosystem, Components of Ecosystem.

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1 What is Environment and Ecosystem.mp4
Environment:
• Everything that surrounds us called environment.
• Sum of total living and non-living elements and their effect that influence on human life.
• Environment refers to all the conditions that influence and affect the development and sustainability of life of all
organisms present on the earth.
• ‘The term environment is used to describe, in the aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which
affect the life, nature, behavior and the growth, development and maturity of living organisms.’

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• Environment covers large areas:

1. Natural Resources – Water, Mineral, Petroleum, Wood
2. Ecology and Biodiversity – Relation between organism and environment, Variety of life on Earth
3. Environmental Pollution and Control - Renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro). Green
technologies in industries and transportation. Waste-to-energy conversion and improved recycling
methods.
4. Social Issue and International Issue - Global warming, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and
environmental degradation.
5. Awareness - Education and Campaigns, Global poverty and development programs, Renewable energy
promotion
6. Natural Disaster Effect – Earthquakes, Wildfires, Volcanic Eruptions, Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones
7. Over population effect on Health - Spread of Infectious Diseases, Strain on Healthcare Systems,
Malnutrition and Hunger, Environmental Pollution and Health
8. Help to Develop ecofriendly skills - Sustainable Living Skills, Waste Reduction and Recycling, Eco-
Friendly Technology, Eco-Friendly Transportation
9. Sustainable Development - Conservation of Resources, Combat Climate Change, Biodiversity Protection
Department of Mechanical 10
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Types of Environment

• Based on basic structure, the

environment may be divided into
1. Physical/abiotic environment
2. Biotic environment
3. Cultural environment

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2 Segments of Environment in Atmosphere Hydrosphere Li
Physical/abiotic environment - phere and Biosphere explained.mp4

On the basis of physical characteristics and state, abiotic or physical

environment is subdivided into:
1. Solid i.e. lithosphere (solid earth)
2. Liquid i.e. hydrosphere (water component)
3. Gas i.e. atmosphere (gaseous component)

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Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth, consisting

of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It includes
both the continents and ocean basins, providing the foundation
for landforms, ecosystems, and human activities.

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Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere refers to all the water present on Earth, in

all its forms and locations.

•Oceans: Cover about 97% of the Earth’s surface,

making them the largest component of the hydrosphere.
•Rivers and Lakes: These bodies of fresh water are vital
for supporting ecosystems and human activities.
•Groundwater: Water stored beneath the Earth's
surface in soil or rock layers, providing a significant
source of fresh water.
•Ice Caps and Glaciers: These hold the majority of
Earth’s fresh water, primarily in the polar regions and
high-altitude mountain ranges.
•Water Vapor: Present in the atmosphere, it is a crucial
component of the water cycle, influencing weather
patterns.

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Atmosphere

The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth, essential for sustaining life and regulating climate. It protects
the planet from harmful solar radiation, provides oxygen for respiration, and plays a key role in weather and climate
systems.
Composition of the Atmosphere:
The Earth's atmosphere is composed of several gases, including:
•Nitrogen (N₂) – 78% (the most abundant gas)
•Oxygen (O₂) – 21% (essential for respiration)
•Argon (Ar) – 0.93% (inert gas)
•Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – 0.04% (important for photosynthesis and the greenhouse effect)
•Trace Gases – Includes neon, helium, methane, ozone, and water vapor.

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• Layers of the Atmosphere:

• The atmosphere is divided into five main layers, each with distinct characteristics:
• Troposphere (0–12 km):
• Closest to Earth's surface; contains most weather phenomena (clouds, rain, storms).
• Temperature decreases with altitude.
• It is acts as a boundary to the next layer.
• Stratosphere (12–50 km):
• Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful UV radiation.
• Temperature increases with altitude due to ozone absorption of solar energy.
• Airplanes often fly in the lower stratosphere to avoid turbulence.
• Mesosphere (50–85 km):
• The coldest atmospheric layer; temperatures can drop to -90°C.
• Meteors burn up in this layer due to atmospheric friction.
• Thermosphere (85–600 km):
• Extremely high temperatures due to absorption of solar radiation.
• Contains the ionosphere, which facilitates radio wave transmission.
• Auroras (Northern and Southern Lights) occur here.
• Exosphere (600 km and beyond):
• The outermost layer, gradually transitioning into space.
• Contains very few molecules, mostly hydrogen and helium.
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Biotic environment

• Biotic environment consists of flora and fauna including man as an important factor. Thus
the biotic environment may be divided in –
1. Floral environment
2. Faunal environment.

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Floral vs Faunal Environment

Aspect Floral Environment Faunal Environment

Refers to the plant life in an ecosystem, including Refers to the animal life in an ecosystem,
Definition
all types of vegetation. encompassing all types of animals.
Trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses, algae, flowers, Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects,
Components
ferns, and other plant species. and other animal species.

Plants provide oxygen, food, and habitat, forming

Animals are consumers in the food chain, involved
the base of most food chains and contributing to
Role in Ecosystem in various roles like herbivory, predation,
the primary production of energy through
pollination, and seed dispersal.
photosynthesis.

Plants are typically rooted in one place and do Animals can move independently to find food,
Movement
not move freely. shelter, and mates.
Depend primarily on sunlight (photosynthesis), Depend on consuming other organisms (plants,
Growth and Energy
water, and soil nutrients. animals, or both) for energy and nutrients.
Photosynthesis, competition for sunlight, water
Examples of Interactions Predation, symbiosis, competition, migration.
absorption.

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Biotic vs Abiotic

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Discussion on Biotic and Abiotic

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Cultural Environment

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Types of Ecosystems

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Natural Ecosystem

• Natural Ecosystem
• It refers to a community of living and non-living organisms, which is purely natural and their formations
are not influenced by any human intervention.
• It is solely powered by the solar energy.
• It is of two types: Terrestrial and Aquatic.

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Terrestrial Ecosystem

• Terrestrial Ecosystem
• They are found on the land i.e. the interactions between the living and the non-living parts takes place
on the land masses.
• Major terrestrial eco-systems include – Forest, Grassland, Desert, etc.
• Aquatic Ecosystems
• They are the ones wherein interactions among the different organisms and its environment takes place
in water bodies.
• They can again be classified in two categories based on their salinity levels – Freshwater and Marine.

Department of Mechanical 24
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Artificial/Man-made ecosystem

• Human Modified Ecosystems

• Over the period of time, Human beings have modified and changed the natural environment in
response to increasing human population, increasing human needs and changing life styles.
• Human Modified Eco-systems differ from the Natural Eco-systems as Human modified ones may or may
not depend on the solar energy for survival, growth and stability.
• For example, in an industry, fossil fuel or electricity is used as the source of energy.

Department of Mechanical 25
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Difference between Natural and Man-made ecosystem

Aspect Natural Ecosystem Man-Made Ecosystem

Definition An ecosystem that forms naturally without human An ecosystem created or significantly modified by humans.
intervention.
Examples Forests, rivers, oceans, deserts, grasslands. Gardens, agricultural fields, aquariums, urban parks.

Biodiversity High biodiversity with a variety of species. Limited biodiversity, often dominated by a few selected
species.

Stability Generally stable and self-regulating. Often unstable and requires human intervention for
maintenance.

Energy Source Relies on natural energy sources like sunlight and nutrients Relies on artificial inputs such as fertilizers, irrigation, and
from the environment. lighting.
Human Interaction Exists independently of human activities. Requires constant human management and upkeep.
Nutrient Cycle Efficient and balanced nutrient cycling. Artificial and less efficient nutrient management.
Examples of Natural producers like trees, algae, and grasses. Artificially introduced plants like crops or decorative
Producers plants.
Examples of Diverse consumers including wild animals, insects, and birds. Limited consumers, often domestic animals or controlled
Consumers populations.

Purpose Exists to maintain ecological balance. Created for human benefits such as aesthetics, food
production, or recreation.

Department of Mechanical 26
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Nutrient cycle

Department of Mechanical 27