LINUX COMMANDS

1
Agenda

 What is LINUX?
 Why LINUX?
 Introduction to LINUX.
 Basic Commands
 VIM Commands
 Grep Commands
 SED commands

2
What is Linux

Linux is an open-source operating system.

Linux was designed to be similar to UNIX.

Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991

It is written in C & C++ languages.

3
Why Linux?
Open Source: The code is public, so anyone can see how it works, improve it, or fix issues.
Security: Linux is much less prone to viruses and malware than other operating systems because of its robust
design and strict user permissions.
Performance: Linux is lightweight and fast. It can run smoothly even on older computers.
Customizability: You can tweak and modify almost everything in Linux to suit your needs.
Reliability: Linux rarely crashes, making it ideal for servers, businesses, and critical systems.
Privacy and Control: No spying or telemetry by default. You control what your system does.
Versatility: Runs on almost anything: PCs, servers, smartphones, Raspberry Pis, smart TVs, supercomputers
—you name it!
Cost-Effective for Businesses: Companies use Linux for servers and systems because it’s free, reliable, and
highly scalable.
Learning Opportunity: Linux helps you learn how computers work. It’s a great skill for careers in IT,
programming, or cybersecurity.

4
Linux Architecture
1. Kernel
The core of the Linux operating system, responsible for managing
system resources such as CPU, memory, and hardware.
Provides an interface between hardware and software.
2. System Libraries
A set of functions and routines that applications can call to interact
with the kernel.
3. System Utilities
Basic tools and services that allow users and applications to interact
with the operating system.
Hardware
The physical components that the kernel directly manages, such as
CPU, memory, disks, and peripherals.

5
Basic Commands of Linux

1. File System Navigation pwd , ls , cd , mkdir , rmdir

2. File Operations cp , mv , rm , touch

3. File Viewing cat , head , tail

4. File Permissions chmod

5. Links Hard links and soft links

6
ls – Linux shell
lists directory contents of files and directories.
˃Syntax :ls [option] [file/directory]
Options Description
-l known as a long format that displays detailed information about
files and directories.
-a Represent all files Include hidden files and directories in the
listing.
-t Sort files and directories by their last modification time,
displaying the most recently modified ones first.
-r known as reverse order which is used to reverse the default order
of listing.
-S Sort files and directories by their sizes, listing the largest ones
first.
-R List files and directories recursively, including subdirectories.
-i known as inode which displays the index number (inode) of each
file and directory. 7
pwd - print/present working directory
prints the path of the current working directory, starting from the root.

˃ Syntex: pwd

9
mkdir : - make directory
create multiple directories at once as well as set the permissions for the
directories
Syntax: mkdir [options...]
[directory_name]
$ mkdir -p first/second //creating a directory
hierarchy without errors . parent
directory/subdirectory

10
cat
allowing users to view, concatenate, create, copy, merge, and manipulate
file contents.
Syntax: cat [OPTION] [FILE]

$ cat heni.txt //view content of file

11
continue
$ cat heni.txt ans.txt //concatenate two file

$ cat -n heni.txt //print line no.

12
wc - words count
to find out number of lines, word count, byte and characters count in the
files specified in the file arguments.

Syntax: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...

code:
1. $ wc -l heni.txt //count no. of lines

2. $ wc -w heni.txt //count no. of words

3. $ wc -m heni.txt //count no. of letters

13
echo
users to display lines of text or strings that are passed as arguments.

Syntex: echo [option] “string” // string that we want to display.

$ echo “hello” > helo.txt // write the content in a file without opening that file
$ cat helo.txt

14
touch
to create a file without any content.

Syntex: touch [options] file_name

$ touch abc1 abc2 abc3 //create multiple files together

$ ls

15
cp - copy
creates a copy of the `source_file` at the specified `destination`.

Syntax :cp source_file destination_file

-r or –R copy files in recursive

16
mv - move
generally used for renaming the files in Linux.

Syntax: mv [options(s)] [source_file_name(s)] [Destination_file_name] //rename a file

mv [source_file_name(s)] [Destination_path] // Move a File

17
rm - remove
to remove objects such as files, directories, symbolic links and so on from the file system like UNIX.

Syntax: rm [OPTION]... FILE...

1.$ rm -rf main // rm -rf is used to forcefully and recursively delete a directory and $
ls everything inside it, without asking for any confirmation.

2.$ rm --version // display the version of rm which is currently running on your system.

18
rmdir – remove directory
for removing empty directories.

 Syntax:rmdir [option]... [directory]...

˃$ rmdir emptyd //remove empty directory

˃$ rmdir -v sb* // delete multiple directories if

they have same
expression

19
cd – change directory
to change directories in Linux

Syntax: cd [directory]
Code:
$cd filename //change directory

$ cd .. // Move to Parent or One Level Up

from the Current Directory

$ cd first/second // move
inside a directory from a directory.

20
file permission commands (chmod)
to modify the read, write, and execute permissions of files or directories

Syntax: chmod [OPTION] MODE

FILE

File Permissions
•r: Read permission (value = 4)
•w: Write permission (value = 2)
•x: Execute permission (value = 1)
Sr. Chmod operator & Description
No.
1 +: Adds the designated permission(s) to a file or
directory.
2 -: Removes the designated permission(s) from a file or
directory.
3 = : Sets the designated permission(s).

21
Vim commands

23
Introduction to Vim
• VIM is a highly configurable text editor used for efficient text editing in Linux.

Modes in VIM:
• Normal Mode: Default mode for navigating and manipulating text.
• Insert Mode: Used for text input.
• Command Mode: For executing commands.
• Visual Mode: Can manipulate text visually

24
Vim commands

25
grep commands

28
Introduction
 The command used to search and print lines from a specified file that contain a specific
pattern or word is the grep command.
 Grep stands for Global Regular Expression Print
 Basic Syntax of grep Command: grep [options] 'pattern' filename
• pattern: The word, string, or regular expression you want to search for.
• filename: The file in which to search the pattern.
• options: Optional flags that modify the behavior of grep (e.g., case-insensitive search,
line numbers, etc.)

29
Grep commands

30
Sed commands

32
Introduction
 Sed stands for Stream Editor.
 It is a powerful tool used for text manipulation and stream editing.
 Commonly used for searching, replacing, inserting, deleting, and transforming text in files or input streams.
 Syntex : sed [OPTION] 'COMMAND' FILE
 OPTION: Specifies how sed should operate (e.g., -i for in-place editing).
 COMMAND: The action you want to perform (e.g., substitution, deletion).
 FILE: The file or input stream where the sed command will be applied.

33
Sed commands

34
Awk commands

36
Introduction
 AWK is a powerful text-processing language used in Unix-like operating
systems.
 Basic Syntax: awk 'pattern {action}' filename

37
Awk Commands
 awk 'BEGIN {print "Start of the file" } { print $0 } END { print "End of the file" }' filename

 awk -F',' '{ print $2 }' filename

 awk -F',' '{ $1=""; sub(/^,/, ""); gsub(",", "|"); print }' filename

 awk '{ for (i=1; i<=NF; i++) print $i }' filename

 awk '{ for (i=1; i<=NF; i++) print $i }' filename

 awk -F'|' '{ print $3 }' filename

 awk -F';' 'NR>=5 && NR<=10 { print }' filename

38
Cut commands

40
Introduction
 `cut` is a command-line utility for extracting sections from lines of input files in
Unix-like operating systems.
 Basic Syntax : "cut [options] filename"

41
Cut Commands
 cut -d',' -f2 filename` : Extracts the second field using a comma (`,`) as the delimiter.

 `cut -d'.' -f3 filename` : Extracts the third field using a dot (`.`) as the delimiter.

 `cut -c1-20 filename` : Displays characters from position 1 to 20 of each line in the file.

 `cut -c1 filename` : Displays the first character of each line in the file.

 `cut -f2 filename` : Extracts the second tab-separated field by default.

 `cut -d':' -f1,3 filename` : Extracts the first and third fields using colon (`:`) as the delimiter.
 cut --complement -d',' -f1,2 filename` : Displays all fields except the first and second.

 `cut -d'l' -f2 filename` : Extracts the second field using the character `l` as a delimiter.
 `cut -d':' --output-delimiter='|' -f2 filename` : Extracts the second field and replaces the delimiter with a pipe (`|`).

42
Shell Scripting

44
What is Shell Scripting?
 Definition: A program written for the shell to automate tasks.
Executes sequential commands.
Works with various shells (Bash, Zsh, Ksh).
Integrates with Linux utilities.
 Need for Shell Scripting
• Efficiency: Automates routine tasks, reduces manual work.
• Productivity: Enhances system administration processes.
• Cost-Effective: No need for additional software.
• Example: Automating daily system health checks.

45
SHELL SCRIPTING
Operating System Layers:
• Hardware: The core physical components of the
system.
• Kernel: Manages hardware resources, file
systems, and multitasking.
• Shells: Interface between users and the OS
(e.g., sh, ksh, csh).
• Utilities: Command-line tools for various
operations (e.g., ls, awk, cat).

46
SHELL SCRIPTING
Use cases of Shell Scripting

• System Automation
o Backups and file management.
o Process monitoring.
o Scheduled cron jobs.
• Networking:
o Automated diagnostics
o Configuration management.

47
SHELL SCRIPTING
Advantages of Shell Scripting
• Quick Development: Easy to write and execute.
• Integration: Works with built-in Linux commands.
• Portability: Run across UNIX/Linux distributions.
• Scalability: Can be adapted for complex tasks.
Disadvantages of Shell Scripting
• Complexity: Hard to maintain large scripts.
• Error-Prone: Lacks robust debugging tools.
• Security Risks: Improper use can expose vulnerabilities.
• Performance: Slower than compiled languages.
• Example: Pitfalls of using unverified scripts.

48
SHELL SCRIPTING
Difference Between Shell Scripting and Higher-Level Scripting Languages
Feature Shell Scripting Higher-Level Languages
(Python, Perl)
Speed Fast for small tasks Slower due to interpretation
overhead
Ease of Use Simple commands Complex syntax but more
features
Portability UNIX/Linux specific Cross-platform

Libraries Limited Extensive libraries available

Debugging Minimal support Advanced debugging features

49
SHELL
Basic commands and Symbols
SCRIPT COMMANDS
String Comparison
 #: Used to add comments to the script (ignored by the interpreter).
 str1 = str2: Checks if string str1 is equal to string str2.
 echo: Prints data to the terminal.
 str1 != str2: Checks if string str1 is not equal to string str2.
 read: Reads input from the user.
Numeric Comparison
 $var: Used to access the value of a variable.
 n1 -eq n2: Checks if number n1 is equal to number n2.
 $#: Represents the number of arguments passed to the script.
 n1 -ne n2: Checks if number n1 is not equal to number n2.
 $*: Represents all arguments passed to the script.
 n1 -gt n2: Checks if number n1 is greater than number n2.
 $1, $2, ... $9: Represent the first, second, up to ninth arguments
passed to the script.  n1 -ge n2: Checks if number n1 is greater than or equal to
 if-else: Performs conditional execution based on a given condition. number n2.
 n1 -lt n2: Checks if number n1 is less than number n2.
 if-elif-else: Handles multiple conditions.
 ;: Used to end the statement and continue writing another  n1 -le n2: Checks if number n1 is less than or equal to
command on the same line. number n2.
 $?: Stores the return value of the last executed command. 0 usually Logical Operators
indicates success, while non-zero values usually indicate an error.  ||: Performs logical OR operation. Returns true if either or both
conditions are true.
 &&: Performs logical AND operation. Returns true only if both
conditions are true.

50
Thank You

51