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Benguet Heritage Tradition and Culture.pdf
- 2. “benget” wrapped cloth around thenative’s head
- 3. UNIT 1: HistoricalAnd Sociocultural Features Lesson 1: Settlements and Territories 1. Aringay-Galiano rivers (Leads to settlement in Chuyo andTonglo in tuba. 2. Amburayan River (Leads to settlement in Darew in Barangay Gaswiling and Palaypay in Kapangan) 3. Agno River (Leads to settlement in imbose along the Agno River in Pacso, Kabayan, and Amlimay in Kabayan and Buguias)
- 4. UNIT 1: HistoricalAnd Sociocultural Features Lesson 2: Peopling and Ethnolinguistic Groups 1. Ibaloy- Occupy the Southern part of Benguet and parts of Eastern NuevaVizcaya province. 2. Kankanaey- Occupied the municipalities of Bakun, Mankayan, Kibungan, Kapangan and partly of Atok, Buguias, andTublay (Baucas, 2003) 3. Kalanguya- People originally came from areas of Ahin,Taboy, Tucucan, andTinoc.
- 5. UNIT 1: HistoricalAnd Sociocultural Features Lesson 2: Peopling and Ethnolinguistic Groups 4. Karao- Reside in Barangays Karao and Ekip in Bokod, Benguet. 5. Iwak-Their ancestral domain covers Sitio Domolpos in BarangaysTinongdan, Itogon, Benguet, and Ansipsip, Nueva Vizcaya. 6. Bago- Originated from the old Mountain Provinces and first settled at the upper delta of the Amburayan River.
- 6. UNIT 1: HistoricalAnd Sociocultural Features Lesson 3: Education and Social Institutions Educational Institutions (Benguet's Education) Oral Tradition: In the precolonial times, knowledge and skills were passed down through storytelling, chants, songs, and rituals. American Influence: The American teachers employed an "adult class mode delivery" method. Evening classes were conducted for adults who spent their days farming or engaging in other livelihood activities. They taught these adult learners how to read, write, and perform basic arithmetic.
- 7. UNIT 1: HistoricalAnd Sociocultural Features Lesson 3: Education and Social Institutions Social Institutions * Social classes (wealthy or baknang, and the poor or abitug). *’Ili’, the largest social unit. Aduyon/Alluyon- system of mutual and reciprocal work Khamal/Kamal- gathering neighbors to help with heavy-labor projects, such as building a house or community projects Albubo- represents communal unity, helpfulness, and cooperation Dang-as/Da-ngah- Kalanguya traditional practice of voluntary service
- 8. UNIT 1: HistoricalAnd Sociocultural Features Lesson 4: Games and Sports, Oral Literature, Music and Dances, and Festivals Games and Sports Kadang-kadang- a racing game played using a pair of bamboo poles and a stepladder of foot size to serve as the platform for the player’s feet (Yungco, 2012). Dongba ni Kavajo- an Ibaloi term for horse race showcasing the culture of Cordillerans being a cowboy as influenced by the Americans
- 9. UNIT 2: Worldview Lesson1: Customary Spiritual Beliefs and Value System - belief in benevolent gods and specific rituals for their invocation. (Lewis, 1992). They believe in unseen beings or spirits originating from the skyworld and the underworld, exerting influence over humans (Sacla, 1987; Baucas, 2003). *Kabunyan *Spiritual leaders, or native priests *The inayan value system encourages respect for nature and promotes social values like compassion, cooperation, and harmony with the environment (Province of Benguet, 2021). *Unwritten laws (lawa, pidjew/pi’jew, paniyew/panyew, or inayan) are based on the fear of offending perceived beings and reinforces responsibility, respect, and goodness
- 10. UNIT 2: Worldview Lesson2: Rituals and Ceremonies Notable Benguet rituals (Province of Benguet, 2021): Peshit/Pedit Lawit and Kafi Ngilin Sepdat and Timungaw Keshaw/Kedaw Pakde/Pakshel Diyaw Mummification- reserved for the elite, this long ritual process uses salts, herbs, and fire, and usually takes up to two years (Balangcod, 2017; UNESCO, 2004; UNESCO, 2006). Kalon/Tomok and Kaising- courtship and marriage practices that involve parental involvement and agreement (Northern Dispatch, 2004; Igualdo,1989).
- 11. UNIT 2: Worldview Lesson3: Health and Indigenous Healing Health, illnesses, and healing among the Benguet people are knotted with spiritual beliefs and practices, involving deities, rituals, and intervention of the mansip-ok and mambunong. Examples: Selshey ni Sakit/ Keshow (Ibaloy) Aspol (Karao)
- 12. UNIT 3: TechnologicalFeatures Lesson 1: Symbols, Textiles, Arts And Crafts Benguet textiles were influenced by traders and migrants from the lowland, originally coming from the Ilocanos of Tagudin and Bangar, Ilocos Province (Sacpa-ey & Tabangcura, 2009). For the Ibaloy: Women - divit or etten; kambal/sa-dey/sambra Men - kubal or binoslan For the Kankanaey: bangkodo Men - g-string called wanes or kuba; bedbed, and a hat made of rattan or balaka. For the Karao: Men- kogal and bengel Women- sambra and safey.
- 13. UNIT 3: TechnologicalFeatures Lesson 1: Symbols, Textiles, Arts And Crafts For the Kalanguya: Men- kubal Women- lakba For the Iwak: Men- kubal Women- etten Tattooing- tattooed mummies, such as those in Kabayan and Apo Anno of Buguias, showcase this tradition. The term for tattooing varies among the indigenous languages: bátek (Ibaloy, Lepanto) and bátak (Kankanaey). The term burik refers to a person "tattooed all over the body" in the Ibaloy-speaking communities (Province of Benguet, 2021).
- 14. UNIT 3: TechnologicalFeatures Lesson 2: Traditional Concept of Land Ownership and Its Transformation In Benguet, land was granted by Kabunyan for cultivation, care, and sustenance, encapsulating all resources below and above the earth's surface. The Ibaloy traditionally based economic and ritual activities on the “primi occupanti” principle, which means boundaries were established through improvements and resource exploitation in a particular geographic area (Prill-Brett, 2015).
- 15. UNIT 3: TechnologicalFeatures Lesson 2: Traditional Concept of Land Ownership and Its Transformation Conversion of forests to agricultural lands for commercial vegetable farming and logging for lumber, driven by increasing needs and wants, have eroded the indigenous way of life and led to environmental impacts (Prill-Brett, 2015). However, despite the changes, the traditional concept of land in Benguet as a shared resource that cannot be sold or used as collateral persists, with the expectation that it must be passed on to one's heirs (Hamada-Pawid, 1983).
- 16. UNIT 3: TechnologicalFeatures Lesson 3: Engineering and Architecture Engineering: Traditional Ibaloy houses (balai and baeng) are built near farms and fields on posts (tokod) about five feet from the ground, typically consisting of one room with a door but no windows. Wealthy families (baknang) use wooden floors (chit-al) and walls (chingching), sourced from abundant local pine trees. In contrast, less wealthy families employ bark bamboo for floors and walls, and cogon grass for roofs. Mining: Lode Mining involves using fire-tempered wood or steel, sometimes lengthened with a wooden handle, to dig along gold-bearing veins. Tunnels are made by building a fire against the face of rocks and dashing cold water on the heated surface. Placer Mining involves seeking a section of a gold-carrying waterway, constructing an embankment, and controlling water flow through a canal that allows stones and sand to flow toward a sieve, separating dirt from sand.
- 17. UNIT 3: TechnologicalFeatures Lesson 3: Engineering and Architecture Architecture: Benguet architecture is characterized by the use of local materials such as wood, stone, and thatch, reflecting the environment's influence and sustainable building practices. Traditional Ibaloy houses are elevated, built on posts about five feet from the ground, and are single-room structures with doors but no windows.
- 18. UNIT 4: PoliticalFeatures Lesson 1: Indigenous Governance and Laws Karao: council of elders are called yangkaama or yangkabahkol . Abonan is an indigenous institution where elders make decisions on ancestral domain issues and hold rituals (NCIP, 2021). Ibaloy: Council of elders includes people from all socio- economic backgrounds. In Kabayan, any wise, old individual can join the tongtongan or tavtaval (dialogue) gathering, whereas, among the Kalanguya, the tongtong is headed by respected elders known as nangkaama.
- 19. UNIT 4: PoliticalFeatures Lesson 2: Administration of Justice The Ibaloy People's Council of Elders use their customary justice system for conflict resolution, often settling disputes amicably through elders (Buendia and Brillantes, 2015). The Kankanaey people practice sapata, where in the absence of strong evidence or witnesses, the accused and the accuser swear to adi-kaila (unseen, higher entities) and let them decide the guilt (Adonis, 2011).
- 20. UNIT 4: PoliticalFeatures Lesson 2: Administration of Justice The Ibaloy People's Council of Elders use their customary justice system for conflict resolution, often settling disputes amicably through elders (Buendia and Brillantes, 2015). The Kankanaey people practice sapata, where in the absence of strong evidence or witnesses, the accused and the accuser swear to adi-kaila (unseen, higher entities) and let them decide the guilt (Adonis, 2011).
- 21. UNIT 4: PoliticalFeatures Lesson 2: Administration of Justice Tongtong or tavtaval, a traditional dispute resolution practice, is used to settle disputes within the community mediated by elders. Common principles of the tongtong include: immediate, final and executory judgment; public hearings with everyone invited to express their opinions; immediate restoration of broken relationships through community celebrations; and involvement of the guilty party's kin in the payment of fines (Province of Benguet, 2021).
- 22.