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| THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
An Illustrated Journal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. | Wie Jo TURES, INDUS) MARIS:
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W. FROHAWKE, F.E.S. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. le xeaect VERRALL, F.E.S.
‘*By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’
VOLUME THE THIRTY-FIFTH.
LiO.N-D'O'N::
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN.
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., LiwrTep.
1902.
is
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
Apxin, Ropert, F.E.S., 45
Auprerson, Miss HE. Maung, 75
AupEerson, Mrs. M., 266
Auten, J. E. R., 268
ANDERSON, JOSEPH, 322
AnsoreE, E. C., 322
ARKLE, J., 118
BaGwewu-Pureroy, E., 301
Bankes, Eusracr R., M.A., F.R.S., 194,
320
Barrett, J. P., 242, 243
Brsston, S. J., 144
BieneEwiL, G. C., F.E.S., 322
Brrceu, Freperick, 5, 175
BiLenKARN, STANLEY A., 323
Boxer, C. R. Y., 326
Braptey, Henry H. Benton, 143
Browne, G. B., 267, 270, 288
Brown, Henry H., 219, 267
Burton, Wribuiam, 219
Burier, W. E. 285, 287, 288
Camerron, Peter, 18, 38, 108, 179, 206,
BBY (5 Cent, BUY
CarpinaLu, A. W., 266
Carr, F. M. B., 75, 145, 172, 218, 247
CuHapman, Dr. T. A., F'.Z.8., F.E.S., 42,
81, 138, 159; 225, 252
Cuarues, Herpert, 242
Curisty, W. M., M.A., F.Z.S., F.L.S.,
F.E.S., 146
Cuaxton, Rev. W., 326
Cockayne, HK. A., 219
CockERELL, T. D. A., F.Z.S., 15, 58,
111, 114, 177, 194, 232, 257, 285, 317
CottHrup, C. W., 320, 322
Dats, C. W., F.E.S., 115, 170, 286, 323
Davis; M. J. tu, VLb
Day, Gzo. O., 144
Distant, W. L., F.E.S., 212, 256
Dopp; HP. 6, £7, 43, 445 73,, 153;
184, 194
Donovan, Capt. C., M.D., F.E.S., &c., 10
Donovan, R. J. F., 10
Dovueutas, James, 24, 25
Faye, H. G., 322
Finzi, J. A., F.E.S., 195
Fircu, Ricuarp J., 244
Forsytue, C. H., 246
Fountatne, Marearer E., F.1.8., 60, 97
Frexet, Percy E., F.E.S., 197
Fronawk, F. W., F.E.S., &., 27, 285,
286, 297
Guover, Rev. Grorer, 218
Goopwin, Epwarp, 195
Goss, Hersert, F.L.S., F.E.S., &., 149,
(293, 327
Goutron, E. C., 267
GRAHAM, STEPHEN, 269
GREEN, EK. Ernest, F.E.S., 202
Haeeart, J. C., 172
Hampson, Sir Grorce F., Bart., B.A.,
F.Z.S., F.E.S., 193
Hansen, Dr. H. J., 214, 234, 260
Harpy, Watrer E., 266
Harrison, J. W., 173
Harvey-JELLIE, B., 73
Hicxuin, B., 244
Hin, J. & W., 27%
Hitcucocs, F. N., 288
Hoper, Haronp, 268, 285, 286
Hopson, LawranceE S., 287
Hooker, W. G., 323
Imus, A. D., 157
JacosBy, Martin, F.E.S., 203
JAGER, J., 287
Jerrerys, T. B., 76
Jos, Hrerpert S8., 220
Jouns, EH. J., 219
JoHNSON, C. F., 47, 266
JoURDAIN, Francis C. R., 267
Kayes, W. J. K., F.E.S., 334
Kemp, S. W., F.E.S., 268
Kirsy, W. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 22, 80
Krrgaupy, G. W., F.E.S., 32, 56, 63,
128, 136, 151, 152, 164, 176, 199, 214,
224, 234, 248, 260, 272, 280, 296, 315,
316, 319, 334
Lappiman, R., 266
Lane, Rey. Henry CHARLES,
F.E.S., &c., 228
LawRance, A. J., 23, 242, 287, 291
Leren, G. F., F-E.S:, 74, 243, 321
Lirrnewoop, Frank, 44
MiGeAS! Weeds, BAG Bebe Se) oa oes to.
80, 116, 127, 147, 151, 183, 266, 268,
294, 295
MarsHau, A., 28
Matuew, GErRvVASEF., R.N.,F.L.S.,F.E.S.
197
May, AuBEert, 195
Mrapr-Watpo, G., 196
Meupora, Prof. R., F.R.S., F.E.S., 244
MippueTon, B. L., 27, 321
Minton, F., 25, 26
Nasu, W. Girrorp, 172
Newman, L. W., 25
Newman, T. P., 322
Nix, JoHn A., 197
Nurse, Major C. G., F.E.S., &., 304
Oxpaxker, F. A., 121, 218, 285, 326
Pauuas, M., 74
Perks, H., 244
PriucHeR, Colonel J. C., F.R.C.C., 39
Porritt, Gro. T., F.Z.S., F.E.S., 27,
145
Prest, E. E. B., 289
M.D.,
iv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
Pyerr, Cuaupr A., 2, 241
Quan, AmbBroseE, F.E.S., 57
Raynor, Rev. Ginpert H., 45, 288
Rosertson, R. B., 323
Rosa, A. F., M.B., C.M., 93
Rowianp-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 30,
49, 78, 122, 149, 174, 198, 202, 223,
292
Russewu, G. W., 244
Rypon, A. H., 286
SaBine, E., 115
Sern-Smiru, L. M., 24
SHarer, Miss Eminy Mary, 40, 65, 101,
135, 276, 308
Suaw, V. E., 196
SHEPHEARD-WALWYN, H. W., F.E.S., 323
Stcu, Aurrep, F.E.S., 43
SuaApDEN, Rev. C. A., 74, 242, 244, 273
SMALLMAN, RaueieH S., 220
Smiru, Grorrrey, 7, 69, 89
Sopp, E. J. Burgess, F.E.S., 126, 150, 332
Sour, Ricwarp, 2, 23, 25, 45, 74, 74,
127, 143, 144, 156, 170, 200, 220, 221,
243, 244, 267, 268, 284, 285, 321
Spencer, L. A., 266
Strockwe.tu, H. Douanas, 25
Sweetinc, H. W., 287
Tarr, R., 14
Trtiey, J. B., 144
THURNALL, A., 129, 167, 188, 208, 265
ToweEtL, P., 285
Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S., 31, 51, 78, 124,
149, 175, 199, 223, 272, 294, 329
WAINWRIGHT, Conpran J., F.E.S., 52, 79,
125, 150, 219, 223, 249, 330
Waker, Rev. F. A., D.D., F.E.S., 116,
147
Water, F. G., 194
Wooprorpe, F. C., B.A., F.E.S., 275
Woopeatt, H., 323
Wriagut, T., 25, 74
PLATES.
I.—Nymph of Oxygastra curtisii
PAGE
to face 33
II.—Group: Members of the Entomological Society of London at Oxford 201
IlI.—WMeriania argentifera
ITV.—Larva and Pupa of Liphyra brassolis
ILLUSTRATIONS IN
Some Aberrations of British Butterflies captured in 1901
Lucanus cervus
Vanessa atalanta .
Acidalia marginepunctata
249
297
THE TEXT.
or
(Se ol
Or
vs
156
INSTRUCTIONS to BINDER—The SPECIAL INDEX, given with
the ‘Entomologist’ for January, 19038, belongs to this Volume, and
should be placed next to to-this General Index.
INDEX.
GENERAL.
Aberration of Vanessa urtice, 23, 265;
Zygena minos, 265
Aberrations of British Butterflies cap-
tured in 1901, Some, 1
Abundance of Melite#a aurinia in Co.
Westmeath, 27
Acherontia atropos in Westmoreland, 43
Acidalia marginepunctata ab. (fig.), 156,
219
Agyrilus sinuatus in Hampshire, 288
Agrotis cinerea, 322
Agrotis obelisca—a correction, 288
Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria
in Essex, 197
A new genus of South African Coccide,
15
Apamea ophiogramma at Balham, 267
Aporia crategi in Kent, 243
Are cocoons waterproof? 241
Asphalia diluta in Chester district, 164
Autumnal emergence of Cerigo cytherea,
23
Bat killing a moth at sugar, 73
Bilateral asymmetry in male appendages
of a Sphinx, 173
Blatta australasize in South Derbyshire,
267
British Museum Collection of British
Lepidoptera, The, 193
British Orthoptera, 219; Tachinide, 219
Butterflies collected in Equatorial Africa
by Captain Clement Sykes, On the,
276, 308 ; in Mid-Surrey, Easter, 1902,
144; of the Witherslack district, 245 ;
of Syria and Palestine, A few notes on
some of the, 60, 97
Butterfly collecting in Southern Anda-
lusia in the spring of 1902, 228
Calocampa exoleta, Note on, 195
Carnivorous Lycenid larve, On, 202
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland,
115
Cerastis erythrocephala near Bourne-
mouth, 323
Chariclea delphinii, 25
Chcerocampa celerio, 44; in Hampshire,
287
Chrosis bifasciana in Surrey, 244
|
Chrysophanus dispar, Haw., 321
Classification of Gracilaria and allied
genera, 81, 138, 159
Coccidx, South African, 15
Coccid genus Aulacaspsis, The, 58
Coleoptera, 151, 152
Colias edusa at Bexhill, 285; in Corn-
wall, 286; in Essex, 244; in Kent,
322; in Surrey, 266; in Sussex, 285;
in the New Forest, 322; in Wales,
244; near Norwich, 266
Colias edusa and hyale in 1902, 197
Colias hyale and C. edusa in Kent, 285
Colias hyale and Sphinx convolvyuli in
Wiltshire in 1901, 74
Colias hyale near Dartford in 1902, 115
Collecting at Deal, 246, 269; near Tan-
gier in August and September, 195
Colour changes in larval hairs of Arctia
villica, 194
Contribution to the classification of the
Coccidee, 232, 257
Correction, 27
Cyaniris argiolus, Two notes on, 44
Cyaniris (Lycena) argiolus in West-
minster, 266; Note on a habit of, 43
Cymatophora octogesima (ocularis) and
Plusia moneta in Middlesex, 220
Deilephila livornica in South Devon,
larva of, 287, 322
Description of a new Grasshopper from
Natal (Pomatonota bipunctata, Kirb.),
22
Description of a new species of Cicadide
from Ceylon, 256
_ Descriptions of two new genera and
thirteen new species of Ichneumonidie
from India, 18
Descriptions of two new species of the
genus Planema from the Uganda Pro-
tectorate, 135
Dicycla oo in Kent, 267, 287; in Middle-
sex, 287
Diptera, 32, 151
| Ditula semifasciana and Antithesia
salicella in Surrey, 220
Dragonflies in 1901, 33; in the Norfolk
Broads, 146
Dragonfly in London, 323
V1
Early appearance of Euchelia jacobee,
144
Harwig (Labidura riparia) at Pokesdown,
The large, 268
Emergence of Antherwa from the Co-
coon, The, 143; Melanippe galiata in
December, 45
Ennomos erosaria and Himera pennaria,
322
Entomological Club, The, 45
Erratum, 152
Erythromma naias in Berks, 268
Essex Dragonflies, 116
Eupithecia jasioneata in North Wales,
268 ; trisignaria in Scotland, 197
Fauna of Mexico (Bees and Coccide),
Additions to, 177
Five days collecting at Deal, 246
Food-plants of the larva of Cnephasia
sinuana, Steph., 194, 265, 320
Formation of Pattern on eggshell of a
species of Lepidoptera, 57
Fortnight at Deal, A, 269
Gall-making Cynipide, Description of a
new species of, 38
Genera and species of Hymenoptera,
On some new, 108, 79, 206, 237, 263,
312
Genus Clunio, Hal., Notes on the, 157
Genus of South African Coccide, A new,
15
Gonepteryx rhamni ab., 284
Gonepteryx rhamni and cleopatra in
Treland, 301
Gonepteryx rhamni in November, 323
Gordius in a butterfly, 42
Grasshopper from Natal, A new, 22
Gynandromorphism in Diptera, 32
Gynandrous Argynnis paphia, 242
Gynandrous examples of Amphidasys
betularia, 72
Gynandrous (Hermaphrodite) specimen
of Argynnis paphia, 291
Gynandrous example of Lycena icarus,
218
Gynandrous specimen of Agrotis puta,
121
Gynandrous specimen of Anthocharis
cardamines, 197
Habits of Macrothylacia (Bombyx) rubi,
On the, 24
Harpella bracteella, 75
Hawk-moth pupating in branches of
trees, 73, 194; on trees, 321
Hedya lariciana in Surrey, 220
Hepialus humuli var. thulensis, New-
man, 170
Hybrid Malacosoma castrensis x M.
neustria, 122
Hydrelia uncula in Surrey, 220
Hymenoptera, 151
INDEX.
Hymenoptera-Aculeata of the Oxford
district, 74
Ichneumonide from India, 18
Ichneumon in Zygena trifolii, 241
Insecta of Surrey, 143
Instrument with which Moths of the
genus Antherewa cut out of their hard
cocoons, 16
Tphiclides (Papilio) podalirius in Lan-
cashire, 219
Larve and pupx of Plusia moneta in
London, 220
Larve in Durham, 173
Larve of Chrysophanus phlcas, Note
on, 114
Larve of Cossus Jigniperda at Vauxhall,
144
Larva of Liphyra brassolis, Westw.,
the, 225, 252
Lasiocampa quercifolia in London, 244
Late appearances, 323
Late emergence of Cucullia asteris, 287
Lecanopsis dugési, The Coccid, 194
Lepidoptera, 32, 151, 152
Lepidoptera at the New Forest in June,
289
Lepidoptera at Witherslack, 47
Lepidoptera collected by Dr. Cuthbert
Christy in Nigeria, A list of, 65, 101
Lepidoptera-Heterocera of Paris, 116
Lepidoptera in Ross-shire in 1901, 145
Lepidoptera in Suffolk in 1901, Notes
on, 2
Lepidoptera of County Cork, 10
Lestes dryas at Hanwell, Middlesex,
268
Lestes dryas at Wicken, 268
On
Life-history of Liphyra brassolis, Westw.,
Contribution to the, 153, 184
Life-history of Vanessa antiopa, 297
List of British Diptera, 74
List of butterflies fronrthe Rhone Valley:
An additional, 93
List of the Lepidoptera of County Cork,
A, 10
Luperina dumerili at Dover, 25
Lycena argiolus at Rotherhithe, 286
Lyceena corydon ab., 284, 321
Lycxna minima yar. alsoides in Hamp-
shire, 243
Macro-lepidoptera in North Stafford-
shire in 1901, 26
March Notes from Kent, 1902, 144
Meriania argentifera, Meig., a Tachinid
new to Britain, 249 ;
Mesotype virgata (lineolata) in Berk-
shire, 288
Methods used to preserve colour in relax-
ing entomological specimens, On, 39
Miscellanea Rhynchotalia. No. 3, 136;
No. 4, 164; No.5, 280
INDEX.
Morphology and Classification of the
Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera, On
the, 214, 234, 260
National Collection of British Lepido-
ptera, The, 170
Neuroptera, 32, 248
Neuroptera of Oxon and Berks, Notes
on, 183
New butterflies from East Africa, De-
scriptions of, 40
New Forest Notes, 170
New species of Heterocera from the
Transvaal, Descriptions of, 216
New species of Indian Chrysidide, 304
New species of Phytophagous Coleoptera
from the Island of Mauritius, Descrip-
tions of some, 203
Nola albulalis and Nonagria sparganii
in South Devon, 27
Nomenclature of the Coccide, 114
North Staffordshire form of Zonosoma
(Ephyra) pendularia, The, 275
Note on Euzophera pinguis, 265
Notes from Dorking for the season of
1901, 118; from East Suffolk, 1901,
45; from Shropshire, 326; on Lepi-
doptera in August, 268; on the season
1901, 75
Notodonta carmelita in South Scotland,
172; dryinopa, 42, 193
OBITUARY :— :
Charles Lionel de Nicéville, 79
Major Alfred Ficklin, 80
J. B. Willianison, 248
Odonata, &c., at Camberley, Surrey,
74
Odonata bred in 1902, 267
Odonata in Paris, 147
Ophiodes lunaris in Cheshire, 25, 74
Ornithoptera carsandra and O. richmon-
dia, 17
Orrhodia rubiginea, 322
Orthoptera, 151
Papilio machaon in Berks, 286
Parental care of the Cimicide (Rhyn-
chota), 319
Pieridse at Winchmore Hill, 244; in
London, 243
Pieris daplidice in Sussex, 286; napi
twelvemonths in pupa, 242
Be (Ebulea), stachydalis in Surrey,
Plusia moneta, a few notes and queries,
242; in England, 320; at Finchley,
196; in London, 243; in Surrey, 244;
in Wilts, 244; larve at Farnborough,
172; near Tunbridge Wells, 323
Polyommatus (Lycena) artaxerxes,
Fabr. in Banffshire, 266
Prionus coriarius in Berkshire and Hert-
fordshire, 267
vill
Proposed Entomological Society in Man-
chester, 266
Protracted emergence of Tephrosia bi-
undularia, 195
Psamotis pulveralis in Surrey, 268
Publication date of the Rhynchotal
Part of the Voyage of the ‘ Coquille,’
316
Pyrameis (Vanessa) cardui in Fifeshire,
219; at 1050 ft. in Banffshire, 267
Raphidia larva attacked by a Fungus,
266
Rare Trichoptera at Glanvilles Wootton,
Captures of, 323
Rearing Agrotis ashworthii and Acidalia
contiguaria, 14
Recent LireRATURE :—
A List of the Beetles of Ireland (W.
F. Johnson & J. H. Halbert), 272
A Revision of the North American
Species of Athysanus (H. Osborn
& E. D. Ball, 199
A Systematic Arrangement of tle Di-
ptera (D. W. Coquillet), 31
Aquatic Insects in the Adirondacks
(J. G. Needham), 295
British Lepidoptera (J. W. Tutt), 332
British Tyroglyphide (A. D. Michael),
176
Butterflies and Moths of Hurope (W.
F. Kirby), 200
Catalogue of the Described Ortho-
ptera of the United States and
Canada (S. H. Scudder), 294
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ive-
land (W. F. de V. Kane), 54
Descent of Man and Origin of Species
(C. Darwin), 128
Die Hemipteren von Celebes (G. Bred-
din), 224
Economie, 331
Elm-leaf Beetle in New York State
(E. P. Fell), 296
Fauna Analytique illustrée des Ortho-
ptéres de France (C. Houlbert), 295
Fauna Hawaiiensis (W. H. Ashmead),
127
First Report of the Natal Govern-
ment Entomologist (Claude Fuller),
199
Gartenfeinde und Gartenfreund (H.
Kolbe), 176
Genera Insectorum (Wytsman), 295
Handbook of the Natural History of
Glasgow, 126
Insect Enemies of the Spruce in the
North-east (A. D. Hopkins), 128
Insects injurious to the Elm-trees (E.
P. Fell), 151
Insect Life: Souvenirs of a Natura-
list (J. H. Fabre), 79
Les Odonates du Continent Austra-
lien (M. René Martin), 151
Vili
Photography for Naturalists (Douglas
English), 52
Pink Grasshoppers (S. H. Scudder), 32
Proceedings of the South Londen En-
tomological and Natural History
Society (1901), 200
Seale Insects of Importance and a
list of the Species in New York State
(E. P. Fell), 128
The Hessian Fly (EH. P. Fell), 296
The Skeleton of the head of Insects
(J. H. Comstock & Chujiro Kochi),
152
The Stridulatory Organs of Water-
bugs (G. W. Kirkaldy), 127
The Tettigide of North America, 294
Transactions of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History
Society (1901), 200 [322
Reminiscences of the late Miss Ormerod,
Reports or SocreriEs :—
Birmingham Entomological, 52, 78,
124, 150, 175, 223, 329
London Entomological, 28, 47, 76,121,
148, 173, 197, 221, 291, 326
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo-
gical, 51, 125, 149, 175, 330
South London Entomological and Na-
tural History, 30, 49, 78, 123, 149,
174, 198, 223, 271, 293, 327
Rhodopha formosa and Oncocera ahe-
nella in Herts, 244
Rhynchota, 32, 151, 152, 248, 336
Rhynchota, Notes on the division Veli-
laria, 63
Sesia allantiformis, Newm. ( = andreni-
formis, Lasp.) in Dorsetshire, Capture
of, 286
Sesia myopiformis in London, 286
Scent organs of Hepialide, 73
Season 1901, The past, 75
Season of 1902, The 323
South African Coccide, 111
South Devon Micro-lepidoptera, 145
Sphinx convolvuli and Acherontia atro-
pos in London and Somersetshire, 25
Sphinx convolvuli in Dorsetshire, 24 ;
in 1901, 172; on Dartmoor, 172
Sphinx pinastri at Winchester, 219
Stauropus fagi at Mickleham, 267
Thecla w-album and Colias edusa in
Bristol district, 115 [23
Third brood of Phragmatobia fuliginosa,
Three weeks in South Dorset, 288
Tortrices in South Essex, 194; taken
in South Essex between 1885 and
1901, A list of, 129, 166, 188, 208
Tortrix piceana and Sericoris bifasciana
in the Esher district, 220
Treatment of pupe during the winter, 26
Two varieties of Lycena icarus, 218
Typhlocyba coloradensis in Mexico, 285
INDEX.
Unusual pairing of Butterflies, 242
Vanessa antiopa, Life-history of, 297 ;
urtice ab., 321
Vanesside in 1901, 27; in 1902, 322
Variation in the genus Erebia, 7, 69, 89;
of Lycrena corydon in North Wilts, 273
VARIETIES :—
Abraxas grossulariata, 199 (219
Acidalia marginepunctata, 156, 175,
Acronycta menyanthidis, 50
Agrotis puta, 121; ripe, 271; sege-
tum, 124
Amphidasys betularia, 218
Arctia plantaginis, 150 [50
Argynnis adippe, 50; aglaia, 1; selene,
Asphalia ridens, 293
Anchocelis rufina, 50
Callimorpha dominula, 291
Chrysophanus phleeas, 2, 121
Cosmia trapezina, 50
Dilina tilie, 221
Ematurga atomaria, 294
Epinephele ianira, 2
EKuchloé cardamines, 2
Gonepteryx rhamni, 284
Hybernia leucophearia, 174
Larentia multistrigaria, 148
Lycena arion, 292; corydon, 2, 273,
274, 284, 292, 294, 321; icarus, 218;
minima, 294
Macaria liturata, 124
Mania typica, 50
Melita cinxia, 50
Metccus paradoxus, 292
Noctua sobrina, 121
Odontopera bidentata, 50
Papilio demoleus, 291
Pieris brassice, 50
Plusia gamma, 51
Prionus californicus, 150
Psilura monacha, 198
Pygera curtula, 293
Rhodopheza consociella, 4
Satyrus semele, 124
Teniocampa opima, 198
Vanessa antiopa, 285; polychloros,
121; urticse 322
Xylophasia polyodon, 50
Zonosoma pendularia, 50, 275
Variety of the moth Hypsa substracta
(Walk.), 73
Visit of the Entomological Society of
London to Oxford, 201
¢
What is Monophlebus, Leach ? 317
White Ant or Termites, 218
Xanthia (Mellinia) ocellaris in North
Kent, 25
Xylina furcifera (conformis) in Lanca-
shire, 25
Yorkshire Dragonflies, 115
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXV.] JANUARY, 1902. (No. 464.
SOME ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES
CAPTURED IN 1901.
I am indebted to Mr. E. Sabine, of Erith, for a loan of the
interesting specimens figured above.
Fig. 1.—Argynnis aglaia 8. Taken by Mr. L. W. Newman,
at Eynsford, last year. This example is somewhat similar to
an aberration of the female of A. adippe (A. aglaia in error)
ficured Entom. xv. pl. i. figs. 2, 2a. On the upper surface the
marginal and antemarginal spots are more elongated: on the
under surface the confluent, silvery, basal spots of hind wings
form distinct patches, and there are some silvery oblong spots
on outer marginal area.
ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1902. B
2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Fig. 2.—Hpinephele ianira, 3. Also captured at EKynsford,
last year, by Mr. Newman. The upper surface is of the usual
colour and otherwise normal, but on the under surface the discal
area of the fore wings is whitish grey, inclining to buff towards
base and inner margin; the margins and outer border of these
wings are greyer than usual. The hind wings are also greyer
than in typical specimens.
Fig. 3.—Lycena corydon. So far as regards the body and
three of the wings this appears to be a male specimen, the left
fore wing and half of the thorax, however, are of the female
colour, with some patches of blue scales on the wing. On the
under surface the specimen seems to be normal, except that
there is a broad dark-grey dash along the costal area of the left
fore wing. This specimen was taken at Purley, by Mr. Kirk-
man, of Plumstead.
When sending the specimens just referred to, Mr. Sabine also
included some other varieties that he had obtained during last
season. Among these were the following :—A fine example of
syngrapha, the blue female form of L. corydon, taken by Mr.
Stockwell, at Dover. An example of Huchloé cardamines with
curious pale orange tips (Plumstead). Two specimens of Chry-
sophanus phleas, taken by his son, at Dartford, in October; one
of these had unusually large blue spots on the hind wings, and
the other had the black before the band on the hind wing
delicately streaked with the coppery colour.
RicHaRD SOUTH.
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA IN SUFFOLK IN 1901.
By Cuaupe A. Pyerr, M.I.J.
Ir was with pleasure that I was able this year to renew
acquaintance with my favourite branch of entomology after two
years’ comparative inactivity, owing to pressure of professional
engagements, and this résumé of my more notable captures in
Suffolk will, I think, show that the season has been exceptionally
productive from the lepidopterist’s point of view.
Briefly summarised, the year has been remarkable in one
curious respect, that many of the usually common species have
been conspicuous by their infrequent occurrence, whilst rarities
have turned up in unexpected places. In speaking of the pro-
ductiveness of the season, however, I should exclude the first
five months of the year, during which moths were decidedly
scarce, collecting at light, with which I am principally familiar,
being an absolute failure. This circumstance I attribute to
climatic influences, the weather being ‘‘ magnificently feminine,”’
as a London editor facetiously described it. A few warm sunny
days were sandwiched in a long period of wet, wintry, and windy
weather, and I witnessed the unusual spectacle of four species of
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA IN SUFFOLK IN 1901. 3
hybernated butterflies disporting themselves in the centre of
Ipswich one spring-like morning in April. These included two
Gonepteryx rhamni and Vanessa io (which seems to be getting
scarcer year by year), whilst I also saw one Colias edusa at Bar-
ham later on—the only specimen of this irregular visitor which
I encountered this year.
Looking at my diary I find the first noteworthy capture
was Tephrosia punctulata, several of which were boxed on tree-
trunks in Woolpit Wood on June 8th, together with one T.
extersaria. The last-named was also netted at Bentley Wood on
the 29th, when several other local Geometre were beaten, viz.
Macaria notata (a long series), Bapta temerata, Hphyra punctaria,
Acidalia trigeminata (a rubbed specimen), A. candidata and A.
luteata. Plenty of Micros were disturbed, including two which
had not previously been recorded in the county, viz. Stigmonota
ber of Crambus inquinatellus were taken, also Halias prasinana
(female), Harpella geoffrella, Halonota cirsiana, Dicrorampha poli-
tana, Phoxopteryx lactana, Coleophora limosipennella (two), and
C. anatipennella. 1 was also rather surprised to take Homaosoma
sinuella so far inland.
Anent my capture of Acidalia trigeminata, I gather from
correspondence with Mr. C. G. Barrett, that this pretty
species (which beginners using ‘“‘ Newman’s”’ are apt to confuse
with A. bisetata, owing to the transposition of the figures) is
becoming very scarce in this country. It may therefore be in-
teresting to record the wide distribution of the moth in the
Ipswich district. I have met with it several times during an
experience of eight years, in fact I have not set all I have taken.
It has more than once come to light, but usually I have found it
on palings, and in this situation I secured it this summer—three
in the borough, one at Westerfield, and another at Barham, in
addition to the Bentley specimen. 1| find on looking back through
my diary that my first record for the species was in the summer
of 1895.
Reverting to my captures for June, the finding of Cossus
hgniperda and Orgyia pudibunda on palings in the town may be
mentioned. I also saw lying in the road whilst cycling through
Little Glemham a damaged specimen of Arctia villica, a moth
which is by no means so common hereabouts as one might
expect. July was. ushered in with Dipterygia pinastri (scabri-
uscula), two of which were detected under a wall ledge; whilst
on the 2nd an interesting addition was made to the Suffolk list
of Micros in the shape of Tinea merdella, which was flying in
numbers in the Lecture Hall, Ipswich, their presence being pre-
sumably accounted for by the baize covering of the platform. I
could have secured some fifty specimens, but being engaged
reporting a meeting, I only managed to box two which alighted
B2
4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
close by. A day or two later I boxed Tinea nigripunctella on
the entrance door of the hospital. This species was also
new to the county. Light yielded some notable captures, in-
cluding the rare Apamea ophiogramma. I may mention that
Mr. Hy. Miller, of Ipswich, tells me that he and Mr. Hy. Ling-
wood, of Needham Market, have also taken this species this
year. It should be explained that all my collecting at light
has been at suburban street lamps fitted with incandescent
mantles, and a nocturnal excursion has never failed to result
in a good capture. The best records for the month included
Smerinthus ocellatus, S. populi, pale forms of Bombyx neustria,
Nudaria senex, Liparis salicis, Amphidasys betularia var. double-
dayaria (which is not infrequently met with in Ipswich), Leucania
conigera, L. lithargyria, Hecatera serena (several), Aplecta advena,
Thyatira derasa, Tethea subtusa, Acidalia rubricata, Iodis vernaria,
Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Cidaria fulvata, Eupithecia fraxinata,
E. subnotata, EL. oblongata, E. succenturiata, E. sobrinata, E.
pumilata, Strenia clathrata, Emmelesia alchemillata, E. decolorata,
Timandra imitaria, &e.
The Micros were also well represented, the commonest being
the pretty Pyralis costalis. This was constantly met with from
the beginning of July right up to October, and it was nothing
unusual to see three or four on alamp. It would have been a
perfect pest but for the peculiar habit it has of resting with its
wings pressed flat on the glass, by which, viewed from below,
it is readily distinguished. Hndotricha flammealis was also a
frequent visitor to light in the town, and single specimens were
also taken of Huzophora pinguis, Halonota fenella, Ephestia
elutella, Myelois cribrum, Carpocapsa pomonella, Homcoosoma
nebulella, Rhodophea formosa, R. consociella, Sphaleroptera vcteri-
cana (female), and Hydrocampa stagnalis.
The specimen of L. consociella requires more than passing
notice, it being a very fine variety—dark purple instead of bright
purplish red. Mr. C. G. Barrett thinks it may be a local form,
as it quite differs in colour from any that he has hitherto seen ;
but I cannot settle the point, as I have never met with the
species before. I searched the few oaks in the neighbourhood in
hopes of finding some of the larve, but was not successful.
Another interesting and unique capture was an exceptionally
fine and large pale variety of Acidalia incanaria (virgularia),
which I took near Bentley. This has also been examined by
Mr. Barrett, who considers it the most beautiful and by far the
most distinctly marked specimen of this rather obscure species
which he has ever seen. He informs me that this pale form is
known abroad, but he does not recollect it occurring elsewhere in
this country. I think it must be a local form, as I have another
older specimen, quite as large, and taken several years ago in
Ipswich, whilst two or three others were met with i the same
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA IN SUFFOLK IN 1901. 5
spot at Bentley; but as I was not at the time aware that they
differed from the type, I unfortunately did not trouble to set
them out. I intend, however, to try and get other similar ex-
amples next year.
Bentley Wood was a veritable happy hunting-ground during
July. I made two or three visits there with Mr. A. E. Gibbs,
of St. Albans, and we tried sugar with good results, the
best Noctuze being Orthosia suspecta, Thyatira batis, T. derasa,
Noctua baia (in profusion), Cerigo cytherea, Amphipyra pyramidea,
Dipterygia pinastri, Xylophasia scolopacina, &e. Numerous speci-
mens of Herminia tarsipennalis and Endotricha flammealis were
also boxed, whilst Triphena pronuba was present in abundance.
A day with the beating-stick on the 23rd was productive of fairly
good results. Being dull, butterflies were only occasionally seen,
and the only noteworthy captures were Limenitis sibylla and
Thecla quercus. The former were getting over, and I congratu-
lated myself on having made a special visit a fortnight earlier,
when I netted eight grand specimens. Scores could have been
easily taken, Iam glad to say, notwithstanding the regrettable
fact that something like a thousand specimens were caught last
year by two or three unprincipled collectors. Calligenia miniata
was taken at dusk with Crambus pinetellus ; Coremia quadrifasci-
aria was found on palings, and Mr. Gibbs also espied Geometra
papilionaria on a leaf. Xylophasia lithoxylea was detected on a
fir-trunk, resting with head downwards, a peculiarity which I
have more than once noticed in regard to this species. The Micros
encountered included Harpipteryx xylostella, several Rhodophea
tumidella in fine condition, Pedisca solandriana (rather worn),
Kbulea verbascalis, &e. We stayed the night in the wood, putting
up at a cottage. Next morning we resumed operations, but
beyond Lycena argiolus, Argynnis adippe, and Epione apiciaria,
nothing worth recording was met with. Several eggs of Cerura
vinula were seen on the upper surface of leaves of aspen bushes,
looking to all appearances like galls. On the way home to
Ipswich I boxed another C. pinetellus.
The latter end of August I spent at Felixstowe with Mr.
Gibbs, and some scarce coast things came to sugar, including
long series of Agrotis ripe and A. vestigialis ; also innumerable
specimens of A. tritict and A. nigricans, many of which were very
interesting varieties. On Landguard Common Crambus contami-
nellus and Cledeobia angustalis were found in considerable numbers
in the daytime, whilst Gelechia desertella was swarming in the
grass-tufts. Several Homwosoma sinuella were also netted, and
two Herbula cespitalis. A morning with the beating- sticks on
the cliffs towards Bawdsey was not very profitable, but what few
things we met were good. I took a fine specimen of Platyptilia
gonodactyla and two Conchylis dilucidana, the latter being a new
record for the county; whilst Mr, Gibbs was fortunate in cap-
6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
turing Spilodes palealis. Inspection of palings resulted in the
addition of Hupithecia coronata, C. pinetellus, Antithesia salicella,
Spilonota ocellana, Sciaphila alternella (chrysantheana), Depressaria
costosa, D. liturella, Gicogenia quadripuncta = kindermanniella,
and Xanthosetia hamana; whilst Tinea tapetzella and T. biselli-
ella were noticed at my lodgings. I had previously never met
with biselliella outside Ipswich. It was imported into my house
in a mattress in 1895, and caused havoc amongst the upholstered
furniture. In the summer of 1896 I practically exterminated the
pest by searching for the imagines at night, killimg some two
hundred altogether early in June before they had time to breed
again. The gaudy Zygena jfilipendule were swarming on the
downs in the Landguard Fort enclosure, but I had never met
with the species previously in Suffolk. Like Huchelia jacobee,
it seems to be very local.
Returning to Ipswich on August 2nd, I was fortunate in
getting Hpunda viminalis in good condition at light, which also
yielded Notodonta dictea, Ptilodontis palpina, Ephyra omicronaria,
Pelurga comitata, Thera firmata, T. variata, Hupithecia centaure-
ata, Crocallis elinguaria, Hyponomeuta padellus, Crambus tristellus
and C. geniculeus (both perfect pests), Paraponyx stratiotals,
EKbulea verbascalis, Hudorea cembre, Pionea forficalis (abundant),
Cataclysta lemnata (female), Hupeciha atricapitana, Phycis robor-
ella (rubbed), Plutella cruciferarum, Depressaria subpropinquella,
Gelechia mulinella, G. senectella (2), and last but not least Levo-
ptilis osteodactylus, an unexpected visitant at a street lamp, and
a notable addition to the county list. Search of wails produced
a nice brown female form of Hepialus sylvinus, whilst Catocala
nupta was frequently met with ; Phyllocnistis suffusella was found
swarming on palings near poplars before dusk ; and varieties of
Plutella cruciferarum were beaten on Rushmere Heath. Dusking
at Yoxford, the garden of Suffolk, in the beginning of the month
resulted in HMphyra punctaria, Platyptilia ochrodactylus = ber-
trami (which also came to an Ipswich street-lamp), Pterophorus
monodactylus = pterodactylus, Mimeseoptilus fuscus, C. pinetellus,
Spilodes cinctalis, &. I also secured several full-fed larve of
Sphinx ligustri, which were found on an ash tree under curious
circumstances, my attention being called to the frass by a lady
who imagined they were smuts or gunpowder pellets from some
mischievous boys in an adjoining garden! I mention this as a
striking instance of rural ignorance.
September was principally noted for the occurrence of Sphinx
convolvuli, which came regularly to the flowers of Nicotiana affinis
in my garden just before dusk. This fine moth seems to have
been abundant this year, dozens of specimens having been re-
ported from Belstead, Stutton, and several parts of Ipswich.
Light was not quite so productive, but I took a nice Luperina
cespitis, four Heliophobus popularis, Hugonia tiliaria — almaria,
VARIATION IN THE GENUS EREBIA. fi
Acidalia promutata, Thera variata (var.), and a diminutive Aci-
dalia aversata.
I spent the afternoon of Sept. 7th at Bentley Wood, and
curious to say, the only Macro I took was Macaria notata,
evidently a second brood. Micros, however, were beaten in
numbers. I boxed about fifty altogether, including Cerostoma
radiatella (a variable series), C. costella, C. sylvella, C. vittella (?),
Chelaria hiibnerella, Penthina betuletana, Dictyopteryx contamin-
ana, and Ephippiphora bimaculana (Halonota similana) ; Grapho-
litha penkleriana was also found in great numbers; also several
Peronea ferrugana and Pedisca solandriana, one or two of the
latter being variable forms.
Up to the time of writing, October has yielded Diloba ceruleo-
cephala, Polia flavicincta (several), Eubolia cervinaria (four),
Cidaria miata, and Orthosia macilenta.
I must not close this review of the season without expressing
my indebtedness to Mr. Barrett and the Rey. E. N. Bloomfield
for kind assistance in determining my Micros.
Thornley Place, Waterloo Road, Ipswich.
VARIATION IN THE GENUS EREBIA.
By Grorrrey SMITH.
Part I.
(Continued from Entom. xxxiv. p. 308.)
It is now time to look back at Table II. in the light of the
foregoing remarks. This table, which actually represents case
(1) is typical also of case (4). In both these cases the sex that
is in the minority is also constant. A discussion of this constant
factor is necessary. In Table II. the constant female heritage
of 44 was added to the variable male heritages, and in this way
the powers for the next generation were raised, with a corre-
sponding rise in the mean power. But if males and females are
in equal numbers in the next generation, then the powers in
column 6, Table II., must be equally distributed between males
and females. But the females have a constant power, viz. 9,
hence the calculated mean power for the males will be 43, which
is the same as in the preceding generation; hence no rise of
power has taken place. In other words, the deductions that
were made from this table can only hold good if the females of
the next generation are ignored. I believe that there is good
reason for ignoring them. For what is the meaning of this
constant state of the females and variable state of the males?
It means, firstly, that the variable state of the males has no
8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
effect on the constitution of their female offspring, for if so, a
mean would be established for the females intermediate between
9 and the various powers of the males. But this does not occur.
Hence we must suppose that the constant power of the females
is handed down independently of the males. But if this is so,
what reason is there for supposing that the constant power of
the females has any effect on the variable powers of the male
offspring ? The reason, I think, is given in the two terms con-
stant and variable. The constant power represents the power
that is typical of the species; all reversionary processes tend
towards its re-establishment. It is consequently prepotent over
the variable powers, and in the females asserts itself entirely,
although the tendency of each female, being partly the product
of a variable male, should be to vary partly in accordance with
its male parent. In the males this variability is not entirely
effaced by the constant heritage from the female parent, but it
is largely affected by it, owing to the strength that naturally
belongs to a constant and typical factor. In other words, the
variable male heritage is not strong enough to influence the
female offspring, but the constant female heritage is strong
enough to influence the males.
In cases (5) and (6) there is supposed to be no constant or
prepotent factor, so the mean (M) between the two sexes would
tend to establish itself if the numbers of the sexes were equal; if
one sex or the other preponderates, a state of fluctuation would be
maintained. It will be well to follow this out a little more closely.
In cases (1) and (4) one of the sexes was supposed to be con-
stant with regard to the character under consideration: it was
shown for case (1), and so incidentally for case (4), that a state
of equilibrium or comparative constancy would be attained for
the variable sex if every individual paired, by means of a steady
march in the direction of the constant sex. It has also been
shown that if the sexes are quite unequal in number, this steady
march is very unlikely to occur.
Now, in cases (5) and (6) there is no constant sex, ex hypo-
thesi, to which the other is to conform. How then would a state
of equilibrium be attained, supposing the sexes were equal in
numbers. Let us take an instance.
The M of certain males of H. cassiope inhabiting a given area
is 4; that of the females inhabiting the same area is 5. If all
breed we may be certain, ignoring of course other factors and
exigencies, that the M of the next generation will be 44.
Supposing that the range of variation is between 1 and 9, we
know that with the M at 43 any of the values between 1 and 9
may occur. But if the M keepsat 43, as it will do if proportional
numbers of each variety breed every generation, the number 43,
being the most probable value of any unknown measure in the
group——t.¢. representing the mediocre condition—will tend to
VARIATION IN THE GENUS EREBIA. 9
establish itself as the typical number. (A further discussion of
this will be given.)
It is plain also that if the M of 43 is not preserved from
generation to generation owing to the inequality of the sexes,
then that M has no very much better chance of establishing
itself than any other. Hence a state of fluctuation.
The cases typified by (5) and (6) are, I believe, of more
general application than (1) and (4); and also they demand less
theoretical hypothesis for their explanation. But I found the
latter more convenient to deal with at first owing to the simplicity
of the figures when given in full.
I think it will be found, when dealing with actual data in
reference to some particular character or characters, that the
species under consideration cannot be very definitely referred to
any of the six categories given above, but possesses some of the
qualities of several in a not very marked degree. Also many
instances will occur to the reader’s mind of animals with sexes
disproportionate in numbers, and yet with no marked degree of
variability, &c.; but it must be remembered that only one factor
in a very complex mechanism, that of heredity, is being taken
into account. When the rule is stated—that equality in the
number of the sexes tends towards equilibrium, i.e. fixation of
one character or degree of a character, and that inequality when
coupled with variability in the preponderating sex tends towards
continued fluctuation—it must be borne in mind that this rule
would be strictly true, only on the condition of all other factors
being equal; but in naturé, where interaction is universal, its
particular effect may be entirely obliterated or at least modified.
Nevertheless, if it is shown to hold good in theory, its possible
effect must not be ignored in practice.
In the foregoing Part, a factor has, as it were, been isolated
from all the other factors with which it is naturally compounded,
and has, so to speak, been examined in vacuo. We will, in the
next Part, turn to actual data, and consider them in the light of
the theoretical considerations already discussed.
To recapitulate so far: equality in the numerical proportions
of the sexes tends towards constancy of characters. If one sex
is already constant, the variability of the other will tend to con-
form to the constancy of the one, owing to the prepotency of
reversion. If both sexes are variable and there are no marked
reversionary tendencies, then a mean will be struck between the
two variabilities, which will become constant, according to the
laws of chance. If, however, the sexes are very unequal in
numerical proportions, and the preponderating sex is variable,
whether one sex is constant or not, the variability of one or both
sexes is preserved, owing to the impossibility of the laws of
chance working regularly.
(To be continued.)
10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF COUNTY CORK.
By C. Donovan, M.D., F.H.S., Capt. I.M.S., and R. J. F. Donovan.
(Concluded from Entom. xxxiy. p. 336.)
A. corticea, scarce, T.; three specimens, C. A. nigricans, one,
the var. fumosa, C. A. tritici, common, G. and C. A. obelisca,
about six specimens picked out by Mr. Barrett in a long series of
A. tritict procured at C. A. strigula, not very common, T.;
fairly common, G. A. lucernea, two near C.; a few, G. Noctua
glarevsa, scarce, T. [N. augur: although Mr. Kane says this
moth is to be met with throughout Ireland, we have never met
with it.} N. plecta, common. N. c-nigrum, not scarce, T.; com-
mon at G., and especially so at C., in the autumn brood, about
September. N. triangulum, rather scarce, T.; few, G.; several,
C. N. brunnea, fairly common. N. festiva, one, T.; few, G., and
near Bandon; several, C. N. dahlii, two specimens at G.
N. rubi, fairly common. WN. wmbrosa, afew specimens. N. baia,
one, T.; few, C.; common near Dunmanway and G. WN. xantho-
grapha, very common. T'riphena ianthina, fairly common.
T. fimbria, scarce. TT’. interjecta, four specimens, T.; common,
G. and ©. T. comes, common. T. pronuba, very common.
Amphipyra pyramidea, a number of specimens in 1901, T.;
common, C.; as many as a dozen on a sugared tree. A. trago-
pogonis, common. Mania typica, one, T.; few, G.; and near
Bandon. M. maura, one larva, T.; few, G. Panolis piniperda,
three specimens, T. Pachnobia rubricosa, scarce, T.; few, near
Bandon. Teniocampa gothica, common, T., and near Bandon.
T. incerta, rather scarce, T., and near Bandon. T'. stabilis,
common, T., and near Bandon. TT’. gracilis, scarce, T., few near
Bandon. T’. pulverulenta, common, T. Orthosia lota, not com-
mon, T.; common at G., and near Bandon. O. macilenta, not
so frequently met with as the preceding species, T.; common, G.
Anchocelis pistacina, fairly common, T. A. lunosa, not common,
T.; several, G. and C. Cerastis vaccinii, common, T. and G.
Scopelosoma satellitia, common, T., G., and near Bandon. Xan-
thia flavago, rather scarce, T.; few near Bandon. X. circellaris,
common. Cuirrhadia xerampelina, two specimens, G. Calymnia
trapezina, rather plentiful, T.; several, C. Dianthecia luteago
var. barrett, two specimens near C.; the first a couple of years
ago, identified by Mr. Kane; the second procured this year, con-
cerning whose identity there was considerable doubt, has now
been definitely pronounced by Mr. Barrett to be this species.
D. cesia, few, C.; several, G. [D. nana.—Mr. Kane in his
Catalogue, has attributed to me (C. D.) the captures of this
species at G. Ido not recollect the moth, nor does my register
contain any record of the occurrence.| D.capsincola and cucubalt,
common. WD. capsophila, common on the coast, as well as some
LEPIDOPTERA OF COUNTY CORK. 1M
four miles inland. Hecatera serena, rather scarce, T.; several,
G.; common, C. [Polia chi.—Although said to be widely dis-
tributed and frequently common, it has never been procured by
us.| Miselia oxyacanthe, fairly common. Agriopis aprilina,
one, T.; several, G.; and near Bandon. FHuplexia lucipara,
common. Phlogophora meticulosa, very common; we have
counted as many as thirty-four on one tree, and twenty-one on
another, at sugar at C., on a night in September of this year.
Aplecta prasina, scarce, T.; several, G. and C. A. nebulosa,
common; all of the pale whitish grey coloration. Hadena
dentina, common. H. dissimilis, scaree, T. H. oleracea, com-
mon. H. thalassina, not common, T.; common, G.; several, C.
Xylocampa areola, common, T., and near Bandon. Calocampa
vetusta, common, T. and G. C-. exoleta, scarce, T.; several, G.
Xylina ornithopus, scarce, T.; several, G. X. socia, common, T.
and G.; one, C. Cucullia verbasci, three imagines captured and
the larve plentiful this year at T., on Scrophularia aquatica, and
some on Verbascum thapsus ; two larve on Scrophularia nodosa,
at Castlefreke, near Rosscarberry. Prior to the present year the
conspicuous larve were never noticed; there must have been a
recent immigration of the moth. (Mr. Kane is doubtful whether
our moth is verbasci or scrophularie). C. absinthi, two imagines,
T.; larve very plentiful this year, both on Artemisia absinthium
and vulgaris, in about twenty localities within a six miles radius
of C. C.wnbratica, common. Gonoptera libatrixz, fairly common.
Habrostola tripartita, scarce, T.; several, C. and G. H. triplasia,
common. Plusia chrysitis, common. P. bractea, one, T.; several,
G. and two localities near Bandon. P. festuce, common, T. and
C.; one near Bandon. P. pulchrina, scarce, T. and G. P.
gamma, very common. Anarta myrtilli, larve not uncommon,
T.; several imagines, G. Heliothis peltigera, one, G. Chariclea
umbra, not scarce, T.; few, C. Hrastria fasciana, two specimens
near G. Phytometra viridaria, common, T.and G. LHuclidia mi,
not common, T.and G. Rivula sericealis, common, T.; several, C.
Zanclognatha grisealis, common. Z. tarsipennalis, scarce, T.; one,
C. Bomolocha fontis, scarce, T.: one, G.; two, C. Hypena pro-
boscidalis, common,
GEoMETRE.—Uropteryx sambucaria, common. LEpione apici-
aria, scarce, T.; few, G. Mumia luteolata, very common.
Venilia macularia, common, T.; near Bandon. Metrocampa
margaritaria, common. Lillopia prosapiaria, rather scarce, T. ;
several, G.; few, Dunmanway. Hurymene dolobraria, several,
T.; three, C.; few, Dunmanway. Selenia bilunaria, common,
in both broods. Odontopera bidentata, common. Lugonia alni-
aria, one, T. H. quercinaria, common, T. and G.; one, C.
Himera pennaria, fairly numerous, T.; several, near Bandon.
Phigalia pedaria, scarce, mostly met with in pupal state, T.; one,
G. Amphidasys strataria, 1 few males at light, and a single
12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
female at rest, from whom ova were obtained, T. A. betularia,
larve and pupe, plentiful, T.; few, G. Cleora lichenaria,, fairly
common. boarmia repandata, common. 8B. cinctaria, one
specimen, T. Tephrosia biundularia, common, G. and C.; few,
near Dunmanway. Gnophos obscuraria, not common. Pseudo-
terpna pruinata, common. Geometra papilionaria, two larve
and one imago, T’.; several, G.; common, near Dunmanway.
Iodis lactearia, very common. Hemuhen strigata, one, T.; single
Specimens, near Bandon, Drimoleague, and G.; several at C.
Zonosoma linearia, one, T. Acidalia dimidiata and bisetata,
common. A. marginepunctata, not common, T.; common, G.
and C. A. subsericeata, not uncommon, T.: several, G.; com-
mon, C. A. remutaria, few, G. A. imitaria, common. A. aver-
sata, common. Cabera pusaria and exanthemata, common.
Macaria liturata, scarce, 'T. Panagra petraria, one, T.; two, G.
[Scodiona belgiaria.—By mistake, Mr. Kane gives my name
(C. D.) against this insect; the entry should be transferred to
the next species.] Selidosema ericetaria, one, T.; several, G.
Kimaturga atomaria, common on heaths. Bupalus piniaria, one
specimen, dusking on May 27th, 1900, T. Sterrha sacraria, one
specimen at ragwort on Aug. 27th, 1898, T.; seen by Mr. Kane.
Abraxas grossular lata, very common. Lomaspilis marginata, com-
mon. HHybernia marginaria, not uncommon at sallow blossom,
T. H. defoliaria, a few imagines and pupe, T. Anisopteryx
escularia, fairly common, T'. Cheimatobia brumata, common, T.,
G., and near Bandon. Oporabia dilutata, common, T., G., and
near Bandon. Larentia didymata, scarce, T., C.; common, G.
L. multistrigaria, common, T. LL. viridaria, common, especially
inland. Hmmelesia alchemillata, three specimens, T.; few, G.
F’, albulata, locally abundant, T. EH. unifasciata, several, T. and
C. Hupithecia venosata, common, a melanic variety at G. H.
pulchellata, rather scarce, 'T'.; common, G. EH. oblongata, com-
mon, T. and C. EL. subfulvata, scarce, T.; few, C. EH. plumbeo-
lata, scarce, T.; fairly plentiful in a small wood near Dunman-
way. i. scabiosata, common, T.; few, C. EH. pyqmeata, one
specimen beaten out of oak on June 24th, 1900, T. HH. satyrata,
a few specimens, T. and C. JH. castigata, fairly common, T. and
C. EH. jasioneata, common by the sea, C. EH. virgaureata, com-
mon, ’. and C. H. valerianata, common, T. and C. LH. indigata,
one specimen, May 18th, 1900, T. lH. constrictata, larve locally
common, C. WH. nanata, fairly common, T.; one, C. H. vulgata,
common. H. albipunctata, larvee plentiful on Angelica sylvestris,
T. HH. absinthiata, common, T. and C. LH. assimilata, few larve
and imagines, T. H. tenuiata, two larve in sallow catkins, T.
E. lariciata, rather scarce, T. EH. abbreviata, common, T. and C.
E. togata, larve plentiful in spruce fir-cones, T., and near Dun-
manway. HH. pumilata,common. LH. coronata, scarce, T. and C.
E. rectangulata, fairly common. EL. debiliata, larve plentiful, T.
LEPIDOPTERA OF COUNTY CORK. 13
Lobophora viretata, very common, T. and C. Thera variata,
common. Hypsipetes trifasciata, pup not scarce in rotten alder
wood, T. H. sordidata, rather scarce, T.; common, G., Drimo-
league and Dunmanway. Melanthia bicolorata, common, Drimo-
league and Dunmanway. WM. ocellata, common. WM. albicillata,
scarce. Melanippe sociata and montanata, common. WM. galiata,
fairly common, C. M. fluctuata, very common. Anticlea badiata,
one specimen near Bandon. Coremia unidentaria, common; we
have made no attempt to discriminate between this species and
ferrugata. Camptogramma bilineata, very common. C. fluviata,
afew specimens, T. Phibalapteryx vittata, not common. Lu-
cosmia undulata, scarce, larve more plentiful than imagines, T. ;
few, G.; fairly common, Drimoleague and Dunmanway. Cudlaria
siderata, common. C. miata, scarce, T.and G. C. corylata, one
specimen, T. C. truncata and C.immanata, common. C. suffu-
mata, fairly common, T. and C. C. prunata, scarce, T. and C.
C. testata, not common, T. and G. C. populata, fairly common,
T. and G. Pelurga comitata, not common, T. and C. EHubolia
limitata, very common. JL. plumbaria, common. Anaitis plagi-
ata, common.
Pyratipes.—Pyralis farinalis, common, T.; few, C. Sco-
paria ambigualis, S. basistrigalis, S. cembre, S. dubitalis, S. mer-
curella, S. crategella, S. resinea, S. angustea. Nomophila noctuella.
Pyrausta ostrinalis. Herbula cespitalis. HEnnychia octomaculata.
Kurrhypara urticata, very common. Scopula lutealis, S. pru-
nalis, S. ferrugalis. Botys ruralis, B. fuscalis, common. LHbulea
crocealis. Pionea forficalis, common. Orobena straminalis.
PreropHort.—Platyptilia ochrodactyla, P. bertrami, P. gono-
dactyla (2). Amblyptilia acanthodactyla. Mimeseoptilus bipuncti-
dactyla, M. pterodactylus. Cidematophorus lithodactylus. —Ptero-
phorus monodactylus. Leioptilus tephradactylus. Aciptila penta-
dactyla, very common. Alucita hexadactyla, common.
Crampi—Schenobius forficellus. Crambus pratellus, C.perlellus,
C. tristellus, C. inquinatellus, C. geniculeus. Homaosoina binevella.
Ephestia kithniella. Phycis fusca, P. adornatella. Nephopteryx
splendidella, scarce in spruce fir-cones, T’., and near Dunmanway.
Rhodophea consociella. Aphomiasociella,common. Achreagrisella.
Torrricres.—Dichelia grotiana. Tortrix podana, T. xylo-
steana, T’. heparana, T'. unifasciana, T’. costana, T’. viridana,
common. JZ’. forsterana. Leptogramma literana. Peronea spon-
sana, P. comparana, P. perplexana, P. variegana, P. hastiana,
P. ferrugana, P. aspersana. Ehacodia caudana. Teras con-
taminana. Dictyopteryx laflingiana. Argyrotoxa conwayana,
common. Ptycholoma lecheana. Penthina variegana, P. mar-
ginana. Hedya dealbana. Spilonota incarnata. Pardia tri-
punctana. Aspis udmanniana. Sericoris littoralis, S. lacunana.
Orthotenia ericetana. Cnephasia musculana. Sciaphila consper-
sana, S. subjectana, S. virgaureana, S colquhounana, common on
14 THE ENTOMOLOGIS'.
rocks by the sea, C.; the larve feed on Armeria vulgaris, in long
silken tubes, entwined among the leaves and stems of the plant.
There is marked variation, ranging from nearly white to a
dark stone-grey. Capua favillaceana. Bactra lanceolana. Phoxo-
pteryx lundana. Grapholitha nisella, G. nigromaculana, G. tri-
maculana, G. penkleriana, G. nevana. Phleodes immundana.
Pedisca corticana, P. profundana, P. semifuscana. Ephippiphora
pflugiana, EH. brunnichiana, EH. trigeminana. Coccyx argyrana,
C. tedella. Stigmonota regiana. Dicrorampha alpinana, D.
herbosana. Catoptria ulicetana, C. hypericana, C. cana, C. citrana.
Symethis oxyacanthella. Hupecilia pallidana, E. angustana, E.
ciliella. Xanthosetia zoegana, X. hamana. Argyrolepia hart-
manniana. Conchylis straminea.
ON REARING AGROTIS ASHWORTHII AND ACIDALIA
CONTIGUARIA.
By R. Tarr.
My annual visit to North Wales was made rather later than
usual this year, and I did not reach Penmaenmawr until July
17th, by which time imagines of A. ashworthit were practically
over. I did not find one, although a careful search was made ;
but Mr. W. G. Sheldon (who was staying at Penmaenmawr) was
more fortunate, and captured two or three specimens at rest.
However, ova were fairly plentiful, and I decided to try and
force them again. The results were fairly satisfactory, as I
managed to get some sixty odd perfect insects, and should have
had more, but for an illness which stopped the feeding of the
larve just when many of them were almost full-grown. Two
batches of ova failed to hatch at the same time as the others,
although they changed colour; but eventually they produced a
fine brood of minute ichneumons.
A. contiguaria was taken sparingly by both Mr. Sheldon and
myself, and I succeeded in obtaining a few ova. About sixty
hatched, and by keeping them in the same temperature as the A.
ashworthit 1 got about forty odd into pupe by the end of August.
They began to emerge on Sept. 8th, and between that date and
the 23rd forty-four specimens came out, and were duly killed and
set. Fully half of these were of the dark form, probably the
progeny of a dark female; but as the ova were all put together, I
cannot speak definitely on this point.
The moths pair easily, and I have now a nice batch of larvee
hybernating on heather.
I may add that I also forced a batch of Noctua festiva under
the same conditions as A. ashworthii; these emerged during the
last fortnight in October.
15, Rectory Road, Crumpsall, Manchester: Nov. 25th, 1901.
15
A NEW GENUS OF SOUTH AFRICAN COCCIDA.
By T. D. A. CockereLu.
Hauimococcus, n. gen.
A Dactylopiine Coccid enclosed in a horny sac shaped like
that of Solenococcus, without legs or antenne in the adult.
Larva with no rows of dorsal spines, no hairs on anal ring, and
no caudal tubercles, but four long caudal bristles as in Phenico-
coccus. Closely related to Phanicococcus (which lives in Algeria),
but distinguished by the form of the sac, which exactly imitates
that of Solenococcus.
HALIMococcuUs LAMPAS, 0. sp.
@. Enclosed in a dark brown horny sac (which is not dissolved by
liquor potasse), which is shaped like a Terebratula shell, i.e. oval, with
the end raised and terminating in an orifice. Length of sac 510),
breadth 300, breadth of orifice about 66». The orifice is closed by a
reticulated plate, except basally, where there is a semilunar opening.
In immature examples the sac is prominently segmented on the ven-
tral side.
3g. Scale small, cylindrical, horny, ferruginous, of the same
texture as that of the female, but usually somewhat paler. Length
350, breadth 140. The end comes off, leaving a round opening, as
in Muscid pup.
@. A mere bag, with well-developed mouth and spiracles.
Larva.—Rather narrow; legs and antenne present. No caudal
tubercles, but two pairs of long caudal bristles; two small bristles
close to these. Antenne about 45 » long, six-jointed, last joint much
the longest. No dorsal spines. Last antennal joint with two long
bristles. Femur remarkably stout, about 15 » broad; length of femur
+ trochanter about 30 p.
Older specimens have actually shorter (36 ) antenne, with joint 6
longer than 4+5; 5 longer than 3, 3 longer than 4, 1 large.
A few white curled waxen threads protrude from beneath the sacs
of the females.
Hab. In great numbers on upper sides of leaves of palm on
the coast of Natal (Claude Fuller, No. 3). A remarkable insect,
essentially a modification of the Phanicococcus type. With
H. lampas in Natal, and P. marlatti in Algeria, it is not difficult
to imagine the existence of a whole series of such forms in the
vast intermediate region, the coccids of which are almost wholly
unknown.
East Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Nov. Ist, 1901.
16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
INSTRUMENT WITH WHICH MOTHS OF THE GENUS
ANTHERAA CUT OUT OF THEIR HARD COCOONS.
By F. P. Dopp.
I am not aware that any Australian entomologist has yet dis-
covered how these silk-producing moths contrive to work their
way out after bursting the pupa-shell. Many believed they
managed it with their woolly prolegs, aided by the liquid they
discharge to soften the material during the cutting process. A
more reasonable supposition would have been that the powerful
wing-veins near base performed the work, for a large percentage
of the moths have the seales of fore wing for one-fourth or three-
eighths of an inch from base completely rubbed off, giving the
insects quite a shabby appearance, though perfect in every other
way. Again, the insect whilst working seems to be employing the
fore wings, apparently striking with one for a time, then the other.
However, Dr. A. J. Turner informed me that he was one day
watching an Antherea simplex cutting out, and observed that it
did so with a pointed instrument, like the end of a small brad-
awl; but the insect having emerged, he did not see this again. |
As he was aware that I was breeding out several species, he ex-
pressed a wish that 1 should keep a watch when an opportunity
arose. Iwas soon able to prove that there is a cutting “‘ weapon,”
which our collectors appear to have failed to observe ; but that
is not strange, for, as the moth comes into view, his work is
nearly completed, and there is little necessity for him to use the
“cutter.”’ This isa short hard black and curved thorn, situated
in the thick joints at base of fore wings, one on each side; in a
rubbed specimen the thorn is easily discernible, but in a good
one it is concealed amongst the dense scales. This thorn is
present in all my species; it can at once be felt in any speci-
men. It would be interesting to know whether anyone can state
whence the liquid issues which the moth discharges to soften
the cocoon where he cuts through ; it must issue from near the
thorn, for, as a rule, the scales left at base of the wing and along-
side of the thorax are wet and matted when the moth emerges.
The cutting operation takes a considerable time—several
hours; | have known A. loranthi to commence work at 2.30, and
still be cutting at 7 o’clock, the constant ‘‘ clicking” being heard
several yards away. ‘This species, besides having its cocoon to
cut through, has the ‘‘community covering” to negotiate as
well—an extra one-fourth or three-eighths of an inch of tough
but loose material. When about to change the larve bunch
together at the butt of the loranthus, and set to work together to
spin a great outer web, which envelopes them. When this is
completed each insect then constructs a cocoon, which is very
thick and harder than those of A. eucalypti, ianetta, or helenee.
ORNITHOPTERA CASSANDRA AND O. RICHMONDIA. 7
One of these cocoon-masses* is forwarded, but some are larger ;
from a larger one I obtained seventeen moths. The cocoons are
so placed that each moth can get out—at least, that is my
experience.
ORNITHOPTERA CASSANDRA anv O. RICHMONDIA.
By F. P. Dopp.
Some entomologists are not quite satisfied that these fine
butterflies are distinct, for they are so alike in their larval and
perfect stages ; the larve feed on Aristolochia of different species,
and the males of both have the strange habit of frequently flying
in pairs, it being quite a common sight to see a male of either
closely followed by another. A writer in the ‘ Victorian
Naturalist ’ mentions this peculiarity in richmondia, and I have
noticed it myself in the Brisbane district.
With the larger and northern species cassandra, I am familiar
in all its stages. From an article which I read in the ‘ Entomo-
logist’’ several years ago, I can state that that the eggs are
identical in colour; the larve present a few slight differences,
the principal being that cassandra is generally darker, and with-
out a trace of the ‘‘invisible green” discernible in richmondia.
The pupa of the latter is vivid green, as mentioned in the article
referred to, and as seen by myself upon one occasion in the
Brisbane Museum.
Cassandra chrysalis may be mentioned as being of a light
brown underneath, and yellow above, between the wings and along
to tip of abdomen. Pupz in my boxes occasionally varied in a
slight degree in the yellow colouring, and pup taken on green
leaves in the bush were identical with mine. Therefore, I presume,
such a wide and constant difference in the colour of the pupe of
the two butterflies is sufficient to prove that they are entirely
distinct. A healthy pupa of cassandra is being forwarded to Dr.
Turner, which may safely reach England. Most of the others of
a brood produced imagines in May ; this and several others still
left were no doubt destined to outlast the long dry period we have
between March and December or January. During some years’
residence in Townsville, I have never seen the butterfly before
December ; so I hope that this particular chrysalis may be
viewed by some of the entomologists of London. Should it
emerge, an empty shell is also sent, which shows the colouring
of a living chrysalis fairly well.
Warburton Street, Townsville, Queensland.
* This reminds us somewhat of a cluster of cocoons of Aphomia sociella,
but the silk of which it is composed is coarser.—Eb.
ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1902. c
18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW GENERA AND THIRTEEN
NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONIDA FROM INDIA.
By P. Cameron.
TorBpa, gen. nov.
Head cubital, largely developed behind the eyes, which are large
and parallel; the malar space is large. Clypeus not distinctly sepa-
rated from the face by a furrow; itsapex transverse. Labrum largely
projecting. Mandibles stout, their apex bidentate. Parapsidal fur-
rows distinct at the base. Pronotum tuberculate in the middle. Meso-
sternum indistinctly furrowed laterally behind. Median segment large,
rounded behind; there is one transverse keel at the base; the spiracles
are linear, not elongated. Areolet large, longer than wide; the trans-
verse cubital nervures slightly converging above ; there is no stump of
a nervure on the disco-cubital nervure ; the transverse median nervure
is received behind the transverse basal; the transverse median nervure
in the hind wings is broken at the middle. Legs elongate, stout ; the
tarsi spinose; the fore tarsi are longer than the tibie; all the tarsi
are thickly spinose. Petiole stout, narrowed at the base; the spiracles
are placed almost in the middle; the penultimate segment is largely
developed, is nearly as long as the four preceding segments united ;
the last segment is distinctly longer laterally than the penultimate ;
its apex is depressed and clearly separated; the cerci are long. The
antenn are long and stout ; the second and third joints are equal in
length ; the fore tibiw are distinctly narrowed at the base; the claws
are simple; the occiput is broadly incised, and has a distinct but not
sharp margin; the scutellum is large, rounded, and hardly raised
above the level of the mesonotum ; the hinder coxx are large, about
three times longer than thick; the scutellar keels are thick. The
areolet is pentagonal, it being angled where the recurrent nervure is
received. In 7’. femorata, and in the luteous section of the genus, the
apex of the clypeus is obliquely depressed ; in the male of that species
the hinder tarsi are longer compared to the tibia.
I am not quite certain as to the exact location of this genus,
or if it should form one or two genera. It has some affinity
with the Cryptina. The position of the spiracles on the petiole
separates it from tbe Cryptina. The very large hypopygium is
somewhat as in the Acoenitini, but it cannot be referred to any
of the described genera in that group. The depressed clypeus in
some of the species is similar to what it is in the Xoridini, and
they have some relationship to Hchthrus. Probably the natural
position of T'orbda is with the Xorides. The species are very
large and handsome—among the largest of the Ichneumonide.
A. Black, with white markings; the legs fulvous, marked
with black and white.
1. Post-scutellum raised, depressed only laterally at the
base. Wings suffused with fuscous or violaceous,
not maculate. Large species.
DESCRIPTION OF ICHNEUMONIDA FROM INDIA. 19
a. Hinder femora and tibize fulvous.
Posterior knees and apex of tibie black ; the scu-
tellum black, its apex white. ; geniculatu, Cam.
Posterior knees and apex of tibie not marked with
black; the scutellum white, with a black line in
the centre at the base ; . violaceipennis, Cam.
b. Posterior femora and tibie for the sreater part black
femorata, Cam.
2. Post-scutellum widely hollowed; the fore wings with
a cloud at the base of the subdiscoidal nervure ;
the areolet smaller, and receiving the recurrent
nervure in the middle; the cubital nervure at the
base roundly curved, not straight, oblique and
parallel with the basal ‘ . maculipennis, Cam.
B. Fulvous, marked with black ; the recurrent nervure is
received at the base of the apical third of the
cellule ; the lower part of the cubital nervure at
the base straight, oblique and parallel with the
basal; the basal half of the petiole distinctly
narrowed ; the top and lower side of the petiole
sharply margined. Clypeal suture distinct.
Wings brassy; the stigma rufo-testaceous; the abdo-
minal segments lined with black at the base only ;
the apical segment with a small triangular de-
pression in the middle, from which an obscure
furrow runs obliquely down the sides. _—fu/yidipennis, Cam.
Wings smoky, paler at the base; the third and follow-
ing segments of the abdomen deep black ; the last
dorsal segment with an elongate depression down
the middle : : ; : j . apicalis, Cam.
TORBDA FULGIDIPENNIS, Sp. NOV.
Ferruginea, thorace abdomineque nigro-maculatis;.alis fulvo-
fumatis; stigmate fulvo; nervis nigris; pedibus ferrugineis ; coxis
posterioribus nigro-maculatis. 9. Long. 23 mm. ; terebra, 138 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
TORBDA APICALIS, Sp. NOV.
Ferruginea ; maculis thoracis, apice antennarum late, apice abdo-
minis terebraque nigris; alis violaceo-hyalinis, stigmate nervisque
nigris. @?. Long. 18 mm.; terebra, 11 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
TORBDA GENICULATA, Sp. NOV.
Nigra, capite, thorace abdomineque albomaculatis ; pedibus fulvis,
trochanteribus, geniculis apiceque tibiarum posticarum late nigris ;
coxis albis, nigro maculatis; alis fulvo-hyalinis, nervis stigmateque
nigris. . Long. 23 mm.; terebra, 13 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
cQ
20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
TORBDA VIOLACEIPENNIS, Sp. NOV.
Nigra, facie, orbitis oculorum late thoraceque albomaculatis ; pedi-
bus fulvis ; coxis nigris, albomaculatis ; alis violaceo-fumatis ; nervis
stigmateque nigris. 2. Long. 25 mm.; terebra, 10 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
ToRBDA FEMORATA, Sp. NOV.
Nigra, late albo-maculata; pedibus fulvis ; coxis trochanteribusque
albis ; coxis, femoribus dimidioque apicali tibiarum posticarum nigris ;
tarsis posticis albis, basi nigro; alis fusco-hyalinis, nervis stigmateque
nigris. ¢. Long. 22 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
TORBDA MACULIPENNIS, Sp. Nov.
Nigra, capite, thorace abdomineque albo-maculatis ; pedibus fulvis ;
coxis anticis albis, posterioribus nigris, basi albis; alis hyalinis, stig-
mate nervisque nigris. ?. Long. 14 mm.; terebra, 6-7 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
CoLGANTA, gen. nov.
Areolet large, wider above than below; the transverse basal ner-
vure interstitial or nearly so; in the hind wings the transverse median
nervure is broken below the middle ; the radial cellule elongate, narrow.
Antenne stout, stouter at the apex than at the base; the basal joints
of the flagellum greatly elongated. [yes large, almost parallel, widely
distant from the base of the mandibles. Clypeus not clearly separated
by a suture from the face ; the mandibles short, thick, bidentate at the
apex. Labrum minute. Palpi long. Parapsidal furrows obsolete.
Scutellum keeled laterally. Median segment with two curved keels at
the base; its spiracles large, linear, oblique. Petiole longer than the
second segment, distinctly dilated at the apex; the spiracles are placed
near the base of the post-petiole, as in /chnewmon; there are eight
segments ; the ovipositor projects. Legs stout; the tarsi spinose ; the
claws large, curved, simple. In the only known male the antenne are
serrate, densely pilose, and taper perceptibly towards the apex. The
head is obliquely narrowed behind, and has the occiput sharply keeled.
The pterostigma is elongate, narrow.
The systematic position of this genus is not very clear. Only
two views are tenable; it either forms a new tribe, or it forms a
new subtribe of the Cryptina. It has a furrow on the lower part
of the mesopleure, as in the Cryptina, and the female has the
exserted ovipositor of that group, but it wants the parapsidal
furrows; the transverse cubital nervures are oblique, and con-
verge towards the bottom, while in the Cryptina they are either
straight or converge towards the top. The form of the metanotal
keels is different from what it is with the Cryptina; in that
croup they are straight, transverse, and do not formaree. Inthe |
present group they are interrupted, and bent backwards, so that
two complete arez are formed.
DESCRIPTION OF ICHNEUMONIDA: FROM INDIA. 21
CoLGANTA NIGRO-MACULATA, Sp. NOV.
Lutea, antennis nigris, flagello late albo annulato ; mesonoto,
femoribus, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris; alis fulvo-hyalinis ; nervis
stigmateque nigris. 9. Long. 15 mm.; terebra, fere 8 mm.
Hab. Sarawak, Borneo (Shelford).
Antenne black, the sixth to nineteenth joints white. Head luteous ;
the vertex broadly in the middle and the greater part of the occiput
black ; the face is wrinkled in the centre; the sides bear large round
clearly separated punctures ; the mandibles are broadly black at the
base. Thorax luteous, the sides paler in tint ; the mesonotum and the
sides of the median segment at the base black; the mesonotum is
closely punctured ; the scutellum is thickly covered with long black
hair ; the scutellum is keeled to near the apex. The median segment
is wrinkled ; the basal keels are straight at the base; the rest of them
are irregularly twisted and curved towards the edges of the segments,
where they join a straight lateral outer keel, a large enclosed area being
thus formed, which is about twice longer than broad. Propleure
punctured above, the middle obliquely striated. Mesopleur smooth
and shining; the metapleure with the lower apical part stoutly
obliquely striated. The four front legs are coloured like the body,
with the middle femora darker above; the hind legs black; the cox
and the basal joint of the trochanters luteous; the coxe are marked
with black at the apex above. The apex of the petiole and the other
abdominal segments are for the greater part fuscous-black above.
COLGANTA RUFIPES, Sp. Nov.
Nigra; pedibus rufis; tibiis posticis nigris; alis fulvo-hyalinis. ¢?.
Long. 15 mm.; terebra, 4 mm.
Hab. Borneo.
Antenne black, the eighth to seventeenth joints white beneath ; the
apical joints brownish. ‘The face roundly projects in the middle, and
is there closely but not strongly punctured; the sides bear large deep
punctures, and are irregularly striated on the inner side; the malar
space is brownish ; on the lower inner orbits is a pale yellowish mark.
Mesonotum and scutellum closely punctured ; the apex of the scutellum
and the post-scutellum pale testaceous. The base of the median seg-
ment is closely punctured and irregularly striated ; the middle of the
apical slope of the segment is closely, irregularly striated ; the sides
are coarsely, irregularly reticulated ; the lower outer part bears four
stout keels, and is bordered by keels on either side. The lower half of
the propleure is stoutly keeled; the mesopleure almost smooth; the
metapleure closely, obliquely striated on the apical half. Legs rufous ;
the apex of the hinder femora, the tibie, and the base of the hinder
tarsi black ; the rest of the hinder tarsi white. Abdomen black; the
apical two segments white above.
This genus is probably well represented in Northern India.
The species known to me from the Khasia Hills may readily be
recognized by the following table. They are all fulvous or
ferruginous in colour,
22, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
1 (8) Areolet distinctly narrowed on the lower side ;.the
nervures oblique.
2 (5) The tarsi not black, at most only slightly annulated
with black.
3 (4) Wings hyaline, suffused yellow or fulvous; the an-
tennee paley ellow, the apex broadly black. Length,
12 mm.; terebra,4mm. . : fulvipennis, Cam.
4 (3) Wings dark violaceous ; the antennz blackish, annu-
lated with dark fulvone Length,16mm. ¢$
fulgidipennis, Cam.
5 (2) The tarsi black.
6 (7) The tibie black. Length,l12mm. ¢ . ; tibialis, Cam.
7 (6) The tibiz not black. Length,l12mm. ¢g . tarsalis, Cam.
8 (1) Areolet not distinctly narrowed on the lower side ;
the nervures straight. Length, 12 mm.; tere-
bra,2mm. @ . ; : ! ; tuberculata, Cam.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GRASSHOPPER FROM NATAL
(POMATONOTA BIPUNCTATA, Kurs.)
By W. F. Kirey, F.L.§.
Amone some Orthoptera recently received by Mr. Distant
from Natal, collécted by Mr. A. Ross, I found a pair which
appear to belong to a new species allied to Pomatonota dregu,
Burm. This is a small green species, with very long legs,
belonging to the family Mecopodide, and the subfamily Moris-
tine. The wings are short and broad in the fully developed
insect; but in the only specimen of P. dregii at present in the
Natural History Musuem they are only just visible under the
shield. The types of P. bipunctata are also apterous or sub-
apterous. Whether the specimens before me are immature, or
whether they are micropterous specimens of a dimorphous
species, we must wait for more specimens to decide. A descrip-
tion is given below.
PoMATONOTA BIPUNCTATA, Sp. Nn.
3. Long. corp. 20 mm.; capit. et pron. 13 mm.; fem. post.
20 mm. ¢. Long. corp. 17 mm.; capit. et pron. 10 mm.; fem.
post. 14 mm.; ovip. 15 mm.
Size and general shape of P. dregii, Burm. Brown, with a slight
reddish or coppery lustre, especially on the face; mandibles smooth,
shining, pale orange; hinder edge of the pronotum marked with two
large black spots, and a few smaller ones beyond and on the disc;
abdomen with some longitudinal rows of black dots, and with a
purplish and black oblong mark at the base on each side; wings in
male blackish, half hidden by the shield, somewhat as in the Kuropean
genus Hphippiger, which this species also resembles in the long slender
upcurved ovipositor.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 23
The colour, and especially the two conspicuous black spots at
the extremity of the pronotum, besides the form of the ovipositor,
will sufficiently distinguish the present species from P. dregit.
From Ephippiger, which belongs to another family, the struc-
tural characters, such as the open foramina and the two spines
on the prosternum, will distinguish it at a glance.
One pair of this rather remarkable insect, which will be
figured in a forthcoming part of Mr. Distant’s ‘ Insecta Trans-
vaaliensia.’
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
ABERRATION oF VANESSA URTICH.— The Reverend Archibald Day
has been good enough to send for inspection a well-executed coloured
drawing of a variety of V. urtice that he captured at Storridge, near
Malvern, in Worcestershire, on September 26th, 1901. It is a modi-
fication of the aberration of this species figured in the ‘ Entomologist,’
vol. xxxiil. pl. i. fig. 1, but differs from that specimen in having the
outer margin of all the wings normally angulated; the outer marginal
area of the fore wings is more variegated, and there are some rather
large blue submarginal spots on the hind wings. ‘There is a blue spot
between second and third median nervules of fore wing, placed farther
from the margin than the normal blue spots in typical V. urtice.
co
AutumnaL Pupation or Cerico cytHerEA.—I have a number of
larvee of C. cytherea which I am endeavouring to get through the
winter ; they are all about an inch in length, excepting two, which fed
up rapidly to a large size and have subsequently pupated. It would
be interesting to know if it is the rule for this species to pupate in the
late autumn, as I believe they are commonly known as hybernators. —
A. J. Lawrance; Bromley Common, Kent.
TutrD Broop or Puracmatosia FuLIGINosAA—On May Sth last I
had a female P. fuliginosa sent me by a friend, and on the 8th she laid
between thirty and forty whitish eggs. These began to hatch on
May 28rd, a dark speck having appeared two days before in each egg,
which gradually spread over the whole, making it appear of a dark
grey colour. All of them hatched out by next day. The caterpillars
were then of a dark greyish colour, most difficult to distinguish from
their food-plant. They fed well on dock, eating the lower membrane,
and lying on the under side of the leaf along the veins. From some
cause, possibly being too dry at their first moult, their number was on
the 29th reduced to six; they were then covered with light reddish
hairs, but this tint on June 1st became much darker, so that there
was no further difficulty in seeing them. They grew fast, and five
ultimately spun up about the end of June; unfortunately I omitted to
make a note of the exact days. They were, however, about eighteen
days in the pupa state, and the first moths emerged on July 18th.
They proved to be a pair, and again I had a batch of between forty
and fifty fertile eggs. The larve began to emerge on July 29th, and
IA. THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
all came out on that and the following day. I have so far been
successful in rearing most of these. ‘They varied considerably in size
from the first, and by the end of September ranged from one-half to
one inch in length, some of them apparently being at least a moult
behind others. The colour of the hair of those similarly advanced
also varied from light reddish to dark brown, the latter being by far
the commoner; and it will be interesting to note whether the imagos
will differ in the same way. Two spun up on Sept. 25th and 26th,
but the remaining caterpillars, thirty-four in number, continued to
feed until the end of October, and are now hybernating. The two that
pupated in September emerged on Oct.’ 23rd and 27th respectively,
but unfortunately were not a pair. ‘They have been kept in a corner
of a room facing east, with the window generally open.—JameEs
Doveuas; Sherborne.
On tHE Hasrrs or Macroraynacta (Bompyx) rusi.—In ‘ The Lepi-
doptera of the British Islands,’ Mr. Barrett says concerning the larve
of Macrothylacia (Bombyx) rubi, ‘It feeds vigorously through the
summer, becoming full grown in the late autumn, when it reposes at
full length on any plant or on the ground in the sunshine.” My
experience is that it never appears until after the sun has gone down.
There is a field near here where they are abundant, but although I
have searched, I have never found one in the sunshine; but im-
mediately after the sun has gone down I could collect fifty or a hundred
with ease. JI am only referring to the late autumn; in the early
spring I have no doubt that they come out in the sunshine, but I have
not yet had an opportunity of finding this out. Mr. Newman says
that the hairs of the caterpillar are abundantly intermixed in the
cocoon. ‘This also I have not found to be the case, although I must
confess that my experience of the cocoon is limited to three or four.—
L. M. Sern Suirx; Alleyne, Caterham Valley, Surrey, Noy. 13th, 1901.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN Dorsetsuire.—During the month of Septem-
ber last I toox twenty-nine S. convolvuli, flying about tobacco-flowers at
dusk; they appeared each night the same length of time after the sun
had set, practically toa minute. Those taken at the beginning of the
month were much the larger, though not in such good condition. Two
females in this batch measured no less than 124 mm. and 127 mm.
respectively across the wings; the largest male118 mm. The extreme
given by Meyrick is 118mm. Males were also much scarcer, number-
ing only six out of nineteen, while of ten last taken four were males.
These last were smaller, and in absolutely fresh condition; the females
apparently barren, there being no difference between them and the
males in the shape or size of the body, while there was a decided and
very apparent difference amongst the first lot. These data would
seem to point to the fact that the later specimens were English bred ;
and they may also go some way towards explaining why S. convolvuli
fails to become a permanent resident. It would be interesting to
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 25
know whether the experience of other collectors would confirm these
deductions or otherwise.—James Doueias; Sherborne.
. SPHINX convoLVULI AND ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN LonDoN AND SoMER-
SETSHIRE.—One evening last autumn a living specimen of Sphinx con-
volvuli was brought to me to identify. It had been caught in Shore-
ditch, flying to the light of a shop-window, and about the same time
a specimen was sent me from Wellington, Somerset, which was found
there at rest on a wooden post. About the beginning of October a
very fine specimen of Acherontia atropos was brought to me, which haa
recently been taken at rest on the ground in a garden at Bow. This
was in very fine condition; that is more than could be said of the
specimens of S. convolvulitmF. Miron; 7, Chilton Street, Bethnal
Green, Nov. 18th, 1901.
Xyina FURCIFERA (conFormts) In Lancasoire.—Mr. C. H. Forsythe,
of Lancaster, recently sent me a very nice photograph of a moth which
he was unable to identify, and which I recognized as X. conformis.
He states that he took two specimens when beating ivy blossom late
at night, nearly 12 o’clock, on Oct. 22nd last.—Ricnarp Sourta.
CHARICLEA DELPHINU.—T'wo examples of this species have been pre-
sented to the British Museum by Mr. J. F. Bennett. These examples,
which will be added to the British Collection of Lepidoptera at South
Kensington, were obtained at Brighton in 1876, by Mr. Bennett’s late
father. It is not known whethér the examples were captured or reared,
but although slightly faded in colour they are in very perfect condition.
The British history of this species is given by Mr. Barrett, Lep. Brit.
Islands, vi. p. 145. The localities there mentioned are chiefly Berks
and Middlesex, and the dates early in the last century.
Xantuia (Metuinta) oceLtaris In Norta Kenr.—I beg to record the
capture of M. ocellaris in small numbers, at sugar, in a locality in
Kent not far from Wilmington. In 1899 I took three; in 1900, three ;
and a friend who worked with me, a pair. This September I was too
busy to go for the species, but I hope to work it up next year.
M. gilvago and M. citrago usually are freely taken with M. ocellaris in
my locality. Three of these specimens are now in the cabinet of HE. D.
Bostock, Esq.—L. W. Newman; Bexley, Kent.
Lurerina DUMERILI AT Dover.—I have the pleasure to announce the
capture of a fine female of this rare Noctua, on a gas-lamp in this
town, during the latter part of September. It would be as well to put
on record that I have parted with the specimen, and it is now in the
collection of Mr. Eustace R. Bankes. —H. Dovenas Strockwe tu ;
2, Albert Road, Dover, Dec. 16th, 1901.
OpHIODES LUNARIS IN CHESHIRE. — While sugaring at Delamere
Forest,in company with Mr. A. G. Wallington, in June last, I took a large
Noctua which neither I nor Mr. Wallington could identify ; and it was
not till a week or two ago, when some of my entomological friends of
this town, Messrs. Womersley and Collins, saw it among my season’s
captures, that it was recognized as Ophiodes lunaris. I may add that
this specimen was exhibited at the Entomological Society of London
on Dee. 6th, and also at Chester by Mr. Collins on Dec. 9th. —
T. Wrieut; 13, Heath Side, Warrington, Dec, 12th, 1901.
26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
TREATMENT OF Pup# DURING THE WinTER.—Some of us have found
it difficult to rear imagines from dug pup of Amphidasys betularia,
and a few other species, as they are so apt to dry up. By putting
them in a small tin box, say a tobacco-box, with holes punched in it
top and bottom, and burying it a few inches deep in the ground out of
doors, I have obtained satisfactory results during the last two or three
years. I put a few dry leaves on the top of the box to keep the mould
from going through the holes into the box.—F. Mixon ; 7, Chilton
Street, Bethnal Green, London, E.
Macro-Lepripoprera in NortH SrarrorpsHire 1n 1901.— The past
season has been a very productive one in North Staffordshire, a large
number of species having been taken that we had not met with before.
Our first captures for the year were Phigalia pilosaria, Hybernia pro-
gemmaria, &¢., and on March 31st one Cymatophora flavicornis was
taken, and several more early in April, at rest on birch twigs. Other
species noticed during April were <Anisopterya e@scularia, Anticlea
badiata, Larentia multistrigaria, Trachea piniperda (abundantly on sallow
bloom, in company with Teniocampa gothica), T. rubricosa, T. instabilis,
T. stabilis, T. cruda, &c.
May :—Luchloé cardamines, Thecla rubi, Saturnia carpini, Venilia
maculata (in the Manifold Valley, very common in Dovedale), Ampht-
dasys betularia (black var.), Tephrosia crepuscularia, Bupalus piniarta,
Abraxas ulmata, Lomaspilis marginata, Emmelesia affinitata (a few),
Hypsipetes ruberata, on the moors (the larvee of this species we have
taken not uncommonly some years on sallow), H. impluviata, Scotosia
dubitata (one hybernated specimen). On the 28th two worn females
of Acronycta menyanthidis were taken on the moors, from one of which
we obtained a batch of ova, and were successful in rearing fifty or
sixty larvee on sallow. Hadena glaucawas also fairly common.
June :—Macroglossa stellatarum, Procris geryon (common locally in
Dovedale), Chelonia plantaginis (on the moors), Odontopera bidentata,
Asthena pulchraria (in the Manifold Valley near Dovedale), Hupisteria
heparata, Venusia cambricaria, H'mmelesia alchemillata, Hupithecia veno-
sata (larvee of this pretty species were taken from Silene inflata planted
in the garden), Melanthia ocellata, M. albicillata, Melanippe tristata
(common, but local), M. galiata, Cidaria corylata, Acronycta mega-
cephala, Miana fasciuncula, Grammesia trilinea (at light), Abrostola
urtica and A. triplasia (at flowers of rocket, and at light).
July :—Epinephele ianira, Zygena filipendula, Nudaria mundana,
Liparis auriflua (at light), Uropteryx sambucata, Larentia cesiata,
Anaitis plagiata, Cidaria pyraliata, C. dotata (freely at light), Plusia
interrogationis (a single specimen of this insect was taken, at rest, on a
wall, on the moors, on July 8th).
August :—Vanessa urtice (very common), V. to (this insect, which
we have not seen for several years, has been fairly common during
August), V. atalanta (not nearly so abundant as last year), Gonepteryx
rhamni (a hybernated specimen of this butterfly, which is rare in the
county, was seen in Dovedale on June 4th, also early in August, and
a specimen was taken in the Manifold Valley on the 21st), Halia
vauaria, Oporabia filigrammaria (a few on the moors at the end of the
month), Melanthia rubiginata, Cidaria ribesiaria, C. testata, C. populata,
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 27
C. fulvata, Fubolia mensuaria, E. bipunctaria, Chareas graminis, Noctua
glareosa (at flowers of heather), Xanthia citrago, X. cerago, Cirrhedia
werampelina (this insect, which we had not taken previous to this year,
was found in the Manifold Valley, where seven specimens were taken
on Aug. 21st, and three more on the 25th; they were all found at the
foot of ash-trees and on the surrounding herbage, between three and
four o’clock in the afternoon), Tethea subtusa (bred from larve taken
on poplar in June), Cloantha solidaginis, and Gonoptera libatria.
Sugaring we did not try until early in September, when it proved
exceedingly attractive. Amnchocelis litura was on the trees in great
numbers, together with Hydrecia nictitans, H. micacea (worn), Agrotis
suffusa, A. saucia (two specimens), A. segetum, Noctua glareosa, N. plecta,
Orthosia macilenta, Anchocelis rufina, Xanthia cerago. On Sept. 11th
two specimens of X. gilvago turned up in fair condition, and on the
18th two more were taken, also X. ferruginea, Polia chi, Miselia oxy-
acanthe (and the dark brown var.), Agriopis aprilina, Phlogophora
meticulosa, Hadena proteus. On Sunday the 29th, having occasion to
pass the trees that had been sugared the previous evening, a fine speci-
men of Vanessa c-album was taken, feeding on the sugar; Cerastis
vaccinit and Calocampa ewxoleta were also taken early in October, and
Pecilocampa populi in November.—J. & W. Hitt; 7, Westwood Grove,
Leek, Staffordshire, Nov. 14th, 1901.
Noa ALBULALIS AND NONAGRIA SPARGANIL IN SoutH Drvoyx.—I have
this week had sent to me for determination one of two specimens of
Nola albulalis captured in South Devon during the past season, but
I am asked at present not to state the exact locality. It isa fine and
well-marked example. I have also seen a Nonagria sparganti from the
same district. Neither species has, I believe, hitherto been recorded
for Devonshire, though I understand the latter has been known to
occur in the county for two or three years or more.—Geo. T. Porrirt ;
Crosland Hall, near Huddersfield, Dec. 20th, 1901.
3 Correction.—The hair-grass alluded to (ntom. xxxiv. 325) is
probably Festuca ovina (small plants of this order are difficult to
identify for certain), not Aira c@spitosa, as stated.—F. W. F.
AxBuNDANCE oF Menirma auriniA In Co. Westmrnatu.—I have been
greatly struck by the abundance of the young larve of M. aurinia
here this autumn. I searched for them in several localities where the
food-plant is common, and in every case found them in numbers. In
one locality, where they were specially numerous, I collected, I am
sure, several thousand in less than half an hour, and could have taken
plenty more. In one particular spot I counted no less than eleven of
the webs which they spin, all within an area of about fifteen square
yards; and as each web contained from about fifty up to several
hundred larve, it will give some idea of their numbers.—B. L.
Mippteron ; Mullingar, Nov. 3rd, 1901.
Vanessipz 1x 1901. — I was specially on the look-out for these
during last season, with the following results :—Vanessa atalanta was
plentiful, although not so common as last year, but the specimens
were very small, one measuring only 1$in. J. urtice was more
28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
common than usual, and very fine specimens of this favourite insect
frequented the gardens, seeming, with J’. atalanta, to be especially
fond of ‘“everlastings.’’ Not a single specimen of V. io was observed,
but one fine specimen of V. polychloros was seen on Aug. 4th. Karly
I saw an hybernated specimen of V. cardui, although I had not seen
any during 1900. ‘The spot where I saw it was a favourite walk, and
as I saw one on several other occasions, I at last came to the conclu-
sion that it was a solitary specimen, and on July 17th I caught 1%, and
found it to bea male. This was the only example I saw during the
season, although I searched the neighbourhood well, and there are
plenty of thistles and also plenty of ‘ling,’ of which, I believe, this
species is fond.—A. Marsuatt; Cranbrook, Kent.
SOCIETIES.
EnromontocicaL Society or Lonpon. — November 6th, 1901. — The
Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F..S., President, in the chair.—Mr.
Arthur W. Bacot, 154, Lower Clapton Road, London, N.H.; Mr.
Edward Martin Dadd, 8, Colina Villas, Green Lanes, Wood Green,
N.; Mr. George Frederick Leigh, Musgrave Road, Durban, Natal;
Mr. Rupert S. Lower, Oswaldton, Bartley Crescent, Wayville, South
Australia; Mr. John Crampton Wilkinson Kershaw, Macao, China ;
Mr. Henry Woolner Peal, Indian Museum, Calcutta; Mr. Ethelbert
Forbes Skertchly, Hong-Kong; and Mr. Arthur Smith, 5, Cavendish
Street, Grimsby, were elected Fellows of the Society.—The Rev. F. D.
Morice exhibited two imperfectly developed females of Osmia leuco-
melana found dead in a rubus stem at Woking, with their cases.—
Mr. GC. P. Pickett exhibited a series of Colias hyale taken at Folkestone
during August, 1900-1, including one male dwarf, one male with
smoky hind wings, one male with the edge of the hind wings showing
a double row of serrated curves, three males with very deep yellow
colouring and with spots in the centre of the hind wings twice the
normal size, one male under side without spots, one male showing a
row of black dots running parallel round the fore and hind wings, also
one female with the edge of the hind wings showing a double row of
serrated curves, one female with extra deep border to the fore wings,
and one female with only half the usual border to the fore wings.—
Mr. F. B. Jennings exhibited a specimen of Trachyphleus myrmeco-
philus, Seidl., taken at Hastings in September last, retaining intact
the deciduous ‘‘ false mandibles,” with the aid of which the imago of
the species of this and certain other genera of weevils is said to work
its way to the surface after emerging from the pupa under ground.
These mandibles are usually shed as soon as the imago begins its life
above ground, as there is no further use for them. — Mr. W. J. Kaye
exhibited a collection of butterflies made by him in Trinidad, with
several hitherto undescribed species. He said that the probable total
Rhopalocerous fauna was about 250 species, the island—practically, the
size of Somersetshire—being thus remarkably rich in butterflies. The
number of the species in the families exhibited were: Nymphalide, 34 ;
Satyridw, 13; Papilionide, 6; Pieride, 31; Hrycinide, 29; Lycenide, ~
SOCIETIES. 29
27; Hesperiide, 62—nearly all taken within three or four miles of
Port of Spain. The series of Heliconius telchinia and Tithorea megara
var. flavescens were particularly fine, showing the yellow colouration
only found in Trinidad and upon the coast of Venezuela immediately
opposite. A long series of Papilio xeuxis and P. alyattus, many of them
bred from the same parent, female, show that these two are really
identical species. The number of Erycinide in Trinidad compared
with the poverty of the same family in other West Indian islands alone
indicates the different origin of its fauna, and suggests affinity with the
mainland of Venezuela, which at the nearest point is but seven miles
distant.—Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of Parnassius apollo taken
last July in Castile and Aragon (Spain), as well as a number of speci-
mens of both P. apollo and P. delius, chiefly Swiss and French, taken
by himself, Mr. Tutt, Mr. A. H. Jones (at Digne), and Mr. Rowland
Brown (at Susa, North Italy), for comparison with the Spanish speci-
mens and to illustrate the extent to which the races of these species
approached each other in Western Europe. The Spanish: specimens
differed from most of the others in their great size, the males reaching
3g in. in expanse, and the females 33 in. Both males and females
seemed to be exceedingly close to the Asiatic form of apollo, called
hesebolus, in general facies. ‘The males placed between ordinary Swiss
apollo and delius obviously incline much more to the latter than the
former in general tone of colour and intensity of markings. The
females were very large, and varied to forms with much increased red
ocelli. The best character whereby to distinguish apollo and delius is
certainly the black ringed antenne, which are also usually proportionally
shorter. The denser creamier colouring is also very characteristic, yet
this would make the Aragon specimen delius. The pouch of the female
appears to be identical in both species. The male appendages seem to
have no ascertained structural difference beyond one in size, those of
apollo being larger and apparently more solid. In the Spanish apollo
this is markedly so, the differences, however, less proportionately than
may be observed in Hrebia aethiops, of which the appendages of Conti-
nental specimens are so much larger than those of British examples. —
Mr. G. C. Bignell sent for discussion a specimen of Sphecophaga
vesparun, Curt., and the cocoon from which it had been bred. Mr.
Donisthorpe expressed his opinion that the host was a ground wasp.—
Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow communicated a paper upon ‘‘The Genus Hyliota,
with descriptions of new forms, and a list of described species”; and
Mr. W. L. Distant, ‘‘ Contributions to a knowledge of the Rhynchota.”’
November 20th.—Mr. G. H. Verrall, Vice-President, in the chair.—
Mr. James B. Casserley, 7, Gloucester Road, Finsbury Park, N., and
Mr. M. Lawson Thompson, 35, Leven Street, Saltburn-by-the-Sea,
were elected Fellows of the Society. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited
various Lepidoptera from the Cevennes, including a series of Lycena
dolus var. vittata, L. damon, L. meleager, Melanargia iapygia var. cleanthe,
and M. galatea ab. leucomelas; also a dark form of Thais cerisyi bred
from a pupa received from Armenia. He also exhibited a specimen of
Vanessa antiopa taken this year at Eltham, and two specimens of
Cerastes erythrocephala bred from ova laid by parent moth captured at
sallows near Canterbury. — Mr. H. Rowland Brown exhibited a re-
30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
markable var. of Melitea didyma, taken at Chateau de la Caze, Tarn, in
which the black markings of the lower under-side wings were almost
entirely absent; and a series of Lycena dolus var. vittata from the
Cevennes, with L. admetus var. rippertii, from Digne, showing the re-
markable affinity of the two species, which, however, were never found on
the same ground or in the same localities while collecting.—Dr. Chapman
exhibited butterflies taken by himself and Mr. G. C. Champion in the
Sierra Albarracin, Spain, last July. He said: ‘‘ The district traversed
by Mr. Champion and myself was practically the same as that described
by Mrs. Nicholl in the ‘ Transactions’ for 1897, and not many new
butterflies were added to Mrs. Nicholl’s list. 7. quercus was taken at
Tragacete, but this is in Castile, not in Aragon. Augiades sylvanus was
taken both at Albarracin and Tragacete. Adopea acteon was met with
at Cuenca (Castile), while Adopea linea seemed to be more abundant
than lineola at all stations. L. hylas and its variety nivescens occurred on
the same ground. ‘The common form of L. corydon seemed to be cory-
donius, or near that variety; this was especially abundant at Tragacete,
and was met with at all other places. The very large pale form hispana
was the commonest at Albarracin, where the corydonius form was rare,
and at Cuenca, and was not seen at Tragacete. Looking at these and
other dimorphic forms occurring here, one could not help questioning
whether admetus might not be a dimorphic form of damon. The former
was often abundant, the latter always rather scarce. The females,
however, have constant differences, and the general tone of colour and
arrangement of spots on the under sides seem abundantly sufficient to
satisfy one that they are definite species, though very closely allied.
L. dolus, however, seems to precisely occupy the relation to damon that
nivescens does to hylas, and that the vars. hispana and albicans do to
corydon. The male appendages of the three—damon, dolus, and admetus
—appear to be identical. We observed nothing to account for or explain
the use of the colouring of Satyrus var. uhagoni. It resembles very much
the female of semele, which is abundant on the same ground. But the
habits of flight of the two are very different, and we never in fact mis-
took one for the other. The brown colour is no doubt the original one
in the Satyrids, but in this case is more probably a reversion.’’ — Mr.
L. B. Prout exhibited a number of Geometride, also taken by Dr.
Chapman and Mr. Champion in Spain. — Mr. F. Merrifield exhibited
specimens of Pieris rape and P. ergane from Dalmatia, showing that
the two species are extremely difficult to separate, even if they are not
identical.—Mr. C. P. Pickett exhibited varieties of Argynnis paphia and
A. aglaia from the New Forest.—Mr. C. J. Watkins sent for exhibition
micro-photographs of the larva in its case and the perfect insect of an
Oxyethira, one of the Hydroptilide, a family of Micro-Trichoptera ;
these had been taken by Mr. Mearns, of Aberdeen. Also a drawing
made by himself under the microscope of a larva (in its case) of the
same genus.—H. Rowianp Brown, Hon. Sec.
Soutn Lonpon Enromonocican anp Naturat Hisrory Socimtry.—
October 24th, 1901. — Mr. A. Harrison, F.L.S., in the chair. — Mr.
West (Greenwich) exhibited about ninety species of British Homoptera,
mainly taken by himself, and which he generously gave to the Society’s
collection.--Mr. Barnett, a long series of Bryophila muralis (glandifera)
RECENT LITERATURE. 81
of a somewhat dull coloration, from Shorncliffe, and a series of B. peria,
including one particularly dark form.—-Mr. W. J. Kaye, two species of
Lepidoptera new to science, discovered by him at Bartica, British
Guiana, during a collecting expedition this year, viz. Papilio sp.?
near P. latinus, and a Sphingid Ambulyx sp.? near A. strigilis. —— My.
H. Moore, specimens of Sphina convolvuli taken at Rotherhithe this
autumn, and an example of S. liyustri bred from a larva found in the
same place._-Messrs. Harrison and Main, six specimens of S. convolvuli
taken at the electric lights on the Romford Road, E. -— Mr. R. Adkin,
bred series of Plusia moneta from larvee found in a garden at Bexley,
and a bred series of P. gamma from eggs laid by a female which flew
into his house, He contributed notes on the occurrence, feeding, and
habits of the latter species. Mr. Adkin also showed a series of Boarmia
repandata taken by Mr. McArthur in the Isle of Lewis in 1901. The
latter gentleman exhibited the same species, captured in 1887 and
1901 in the same place; also a case set up to show the resting habit of
the species on the rocks. He also showed a series of Melanippe sociata
var. obscurata from the same locality.—Mr. Main, an unusually large
specimen of the spider Tegenaria domestica. -— Dr. Chapman, Acontia
urania, a beautiful North American Noctuid he had bred, and three
New Zealand specimens of a species of Oeketicus.
November 4th.-__Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., Vice-President, in the chair.
Mr. Lowe, of Putney, was elected a member. —— Messrs. Harrison and
Main exhibited a long bred series of Agriopis aprilina from the
New Forest, and series of Calocampa exoleta from Delamere Forest.—-
Mr. Moore, a trap-door spider’s nest from Corfu.--Dr. Chapman, long
and varied series of Parnassius apollo and P. delius from various
European localities, with many intermediate forms. —— Mr. Perey F.
Smith gave a lecture on “ Spiders,” illustrated with a large number of
lantern slides.--Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Report Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
D. W. Coquittetr. A Systematic Arrangement of the Families of the
Diptera. (1901 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxiii. pp. 653-8.)
Tue old Latreilleian primary divisions (1805) are adopted, with
names ‘‘ Proboscidea”’ and ‘“ Eproboscidea’’ (Pupipara).* The latter
embraces the families Nycteribiide and Hippoboscide, and is con-
sidered to differ so importantly from the other forms in structure,
habits, and reproduction, as to justify its separation into a group
equivalent to all the other Diptera. The Tipulide are placed at the
lowest rung of the Proboscidea, on account of their ‘‘ comparatively
large size, elongated form, weak organization, numerous, many-
branched veins, and long, many-jointed antenne.’ At the head
are the Borboride, a family of Muscz Acalyptere.
The Proboscidea comprehend the Orthorhapha and Cyclorhapha ;
the former with two subsections, Nemocera (Tipuloidea with eight
* The name ‘‘ Proboscidea” as limited by Latreille and Coquillett is
much more extensive than that of Schiner and other dipterists.
32 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
families, and Bibionoidea with five families), and Brachycera (Taban-
oidea with six families, Bombylioidea with three, Asiloidea with five,
and Phoroidea with two families). The Cyclorhapha are divided into
two superfamilies, Syrphoidea (with four families) and Muscoidea
(Calypterate with six, and Acalyptere with nineteen families).
Go Wake
S. H. Scupper. Pink Grasshoppers. (1901 Entomological News, xii.
pp. 129-131, Plate (coloured) vi.)
Many of the Grasshoppers with elongate antenne occur in two
colour-forms, either leaf-green or dead-leaf brown, there being no
structural differences noticeable. Very rarely (less than a dozen
times) they have been found of a delicate violet or pink colour, and
these are considered by Mr. Scudder to be ‘ sports.’”’ ‘Two examples
of Amblycorypha oblongifolia from Massachusetts are figured; the
female is a delicate coral-red colour, while the male is tinged with
orange. The eyes are green in both. The causes of this remarkable
colouring are quite unknown, and Mr. Scudder’s specimens were
healthy and behaved quite normally.
E. D. Batu records under the varietal name of peta a pink form of
the green Macropsis leta, Uhler (1900 ‘ Psyche,’ p. 180).
G. We kK
Amone recent papers of general interest may also be mentioned :—
Diptera.—A curious case of gynandromorphism is recorded in
Hilara wheeleri, Melander, from Wyoming, U.S.A. ‘The species of
Hilara mostly exhibit striking sexual dimorphism; for example, the
first segment of the anterior tarsi is greatly enlarged in the male, but
of normal shape in the female, this character varying considerably
among the various species. The individual in question has the
abdominal styles of the female, but the enlarged legs of the male.
It is remarkable that in the same locality and at the same time a
specimen of Dilophus tibialis, Loew, was taken which possessed an
antennary appendage arising from the right anterior coxa. (A. L.
Mexanper in ‘ Psyche,’ 1901, pp. 213-5; 2 figs.)
thynchotu.—D. von ScutecutennaL: Trina troglodytes, Heyden, a
singular Aphid (Zeitschr. fir Entom. vi. pp. 245-55 ; 14 figs.).
Lepidoptera. —C. Scuréper: Experiments on the Transference of
Characters in the Larval State, for ex. in Tephroclystia vulgata (t. ¢.,
255-8 ; 2 figs.).
Neuroptera.—L. Karuariner: On the Biology of Perla maaima,
Scop. (t.c. 258-60; fig.).
Lepiduptera.—C. Osrrniir: Observations upon the Lepidoptera of
the English Fauna (Feuille jeunes naturalistes, pp. 12-17). We pro-
pose to consider this at greater length in our next number.
Lepidoptera.—K. Mory: On some New Swiss Hybrids of the Genus
Deilephila (M. T. Schweiz. Entomol. Gesellsch. x. pp. 383-60 ; plate).
G. W. K.
Entomologist, February, 1902. Plate
W. J. Lucas, del.
Nymph of Oxygastra curtisti, Dale (x 4).
a. Labium (mask) flattened out (x 4).
b. Region of moveable joint (much more highly magnified).
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXV.] FEBRUARY, 1902. [No. 465.
DRAGONFLIES IN 1901.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
Tuouau there is no record of the capture of a new species to
be made for the year 1901, yet in some respects the season was
an interesting one. The earliest imago noted was a male
of Pyrrhosoma nymphula—at the Black Pond, in Surrey, on
April 28th. By May 12th, three or four species were on the wing
at the same place, though even on May 19th such early species as
Calopteryx splendens and P. nymphula were still in the teneral
condition at Send, also in Surrey. But during the summer
weather at Whitsuntide, which fell at the end of May, dragon-
flies were numerous, some ten species being noticed on the wing
in the New Forest during the week-end.
Sympetrum striolatum was, of course, noticed at several new
localities, amongst them being Cumbrae, in Buteshire (A. M.
Stewart); Frensham Great Pond, in Surrey (E. B. Bishop and
W. J. Ashdown); Pokesdown and Stour side, in Hants; and
Totness, in Devon. The species was very plentiful on Esher
Common in the autumn, as was also S. scoticum. The latter was
found at Pokesdown, in Hampshire, and a large number, all
practically normal in size and colouring, were received from
Rogart and Lairg, in Sutherlandshire (J. M. Munroe).
Libellula depressa was common and mature in the New Forest
between May 25th and 28th. It was found in several districts in
Yorkshire (G. T. Porritt) ; and near Bedford (R. W. Thompson).
L. quadrimaculata was first seen at the Black Pond on May 12th;
on June 9th it was in considerable numbers there, and a var.
prenubila was taken ; it was still about on July 8th. It was found
at Frensham Great Pond, Surrey (E. B. Bishop); Mr. C. A. Briggs
received some specimens from Mr. McArthur, taken at Stornoway,
in Lewis; and Mr. A. M. Stewart sent me one taken by Mr. Duns-
more in July in the island of Arran (Scotland). British odonatists
ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1902. D
34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
will be pleased to hear that the capture of four more specimens of
L. fulva may be added to the very short British list—three females
and one male—all taken in 1900 and 1901 between Bournemouth
and the New Forest. The captures were made by Major Robert-
son, who works so assiduously the insects of Dorset and Hants.
The male had not obtained its blue colouring, one of the females
was very immature, and one at least had the black tip to the wings.
Orthetrum cerulescens was seen in the New Forest, sparingly
and in teneral condition, between May 27th and 28th; it was
very common there as usual in August. O.cancellatum was found
on July 7th at Frensham Great Pond, in Surrey, by Messrs. E. B.
Bishop and W. J. Ashdown.
Perhaps the most important feature of the season was the
taking of Oxygastra curtisii by Major Robertson in the old
locality near Christchurch, in Hampshire. But one capture was
made, and in fact, though several visits were made to the locality,
only a few specimens in all were seen. On one occasion the net
was successfully placed over a female, but she managed to escape.
The single specimen taken was given to me, and is a male in
perfect condition. The last previous capture of the species was
in 1882, when four males were taken. Two visits paid by myself
to the locality, on July 31st and on August 7th, failed to reveal
its presence, and we must conclude that the insect is over by’
that date. The spot where O. curtisii occurs is not its breeding
ground clearly, and the question arises, where is the nymph-
stage passed ? A drainage-pond near at hand, which apparently
disappears in dry weather, cannot be the place, and a little
stream, which at times is found connected with the pond, seems
equally out of the question. The probability is that the species
breeds in the Stour, a clear, swift stream, often deep, running
over pebbles and gravel, about a quarter of a mile away. By the
kindness of a French naturalist, M. René Martin, of Le Blanc
(Indre), I am able to give a description and figure (Pl. 1) of the
nymph of O. curtisii, made from empty cases which he sent to
me, and which were obtained from river-banks in the centre of
France. The skins received were not in very good condition,
and the species in the nymph-stage being hairy and rugose, the
skins were covered with earthy matter which was not easily
removed. It is likely, also, that many hairs and bristles were
broken off. When living specimens come to hand, it may be
found necessary to modify the description a little, especially with
regard to the thorax, and possible also the figure may need a little
amending where the skin was ruptured by the emergence of the
imago. Description: Length, from front of face to end of appen-
dages, 21°5 mm.; greatest width of abdomen, about 9mm. Colour,
a more or less uniform dark brown. Head, transversely 6 mm.,
somewhat less longitudinally ; pentangular; surface chiefly rugose,
except a few smooth patches, notably three on occiput; a ridge
DRAGONFLIES IN 1901. 35
of hairs between antenne, a tuft on the vertex, and two tufts
containing some very long hairs (or bristles) on occiput; hind
margin of occiput concave. Hyes small, bluntly conical (nearly
spherical) at front lateral corners of head. Antenne 7-jointed ;
basal two short and swollen; next three rather longer, more
slender, and each with a long hair; distal two longer and quite
slender, possibly having had a whorl of hairs at one time ; length
of antenne about 4mm. Mask (Pl. I. a) large, deeply spoon-
shaped, covering the face, and reaching back to the insertion of
the mid-legs; mediam lobe obtusely pointed with slopes slightly
concave ; lateral lobes with outer lateral margin slightly concave,
inner lateral margin convex, distal margin finely crenated and
divided into eight teeth, each bearing spines, on some teeth as
many as six in number (PI. I. b); moveable joint rather short,
blunt* ;- mental setz, eleven in each comb; lateral sete, about
seven on each side (eight in one case). Prothorax narrow, pro-
duced laterally into a point on each side bearing a few long stiff
bristles. Plewra rugose, with a few long stiff bristles. Wings
rough, with scattered long stiff bristles like those on pleura.
Legs, fore about 105 mm. long, mid about 15 mm., hind about
18 mm.; hairy except, apparently, femora of mid and hind pairs,
which, however, are rough; they all bear a number of long,
scattered, stiff bristles (many broken off); the femora with a
couple of dark bands. Abdomen very rugose; stiff hairs along
the distal margin of the segments, these being longer in the mid-
dorsal line; one or two still longer stiff bristles among the rest
on most of the segmental margins; a slightly lighter mid-dorsal
line, the colour being a little darker on each side of it; lateral
margins hairy, especially in tufts near the front and back of each
edge of the segment, on segment nine the marginal hairs much
longer ; lateral hooks on segments eight and nine, those on nine
being much the longer; no dorsal hooks. Appendages rough,
pointed, hind ones a little longer than dorsal one, laterals rather
more than half hind ones.
Gomphus vulgatissimus was found fairly numerous between
25th and 28th May by one of the streams in the New Forest; but
specimens were as a rule not very easily taken. They were at that
date rather immature, and were generally seen settled upon, or
flying round, some of the larger bushes and small trees. Near
Oxford, Messrs. A. H. Hamm and W. Holland found the range of
this insect to be rather more extended than previously.
Cordulegaster annulatus was common in some parts of the
New Forest in August, and on the 3rd of that month a female
was watched as she was ovipositing in Blackwater stream by
dipping the tip of her abdomen rather forcibly, but apparently
** Possibly the points may have been broken off in specimens mounted
for microscopical examination ; but all were alike.
D 2
36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
quite at random, into the water—in one place amongst loose
gravel-stones, where practically no water remained. On August
7th, one was taken near the Stour, at Pokesdown. Mr. G. T.
Porritt reports the species from Yorkshire.
Dr. F. A. Walker reports a female Anax imperator, taken on
Hampstead Heath on May 11th. On June 9th the species was
common at the Black Pond as usual. On June 26th, one female
at least was watched ovipositing at Byfleet Canal on a large
Potamogeton, sometimes in the leaf-stalk, at others in the leaf
itself, apparently. Messrs. Bishop and Ashdown saw the insect,
on July 7th, hovering over Frensham Great Pond.
Brachytron pratense. In the spring a number of nymphs
were procured by Messrs. F'. Enock, 8. W. Kemp, and myself at
the Byfleet Canal, in Surrey, and at the Black Pond; and, later,
Mr. Knock bred a fair quantity. When dredged up on a rotting
piece of dead bulrush or sedge, their resemblance to it in form
and colour is perfect, and the position taken up is well adapted
either to enable them to lurk unseen for their unsuspecting:prey,
or to conceal their presence from some dangerous enemy. ‘The
habit they have of remaining perfectly imactive when taken or
touched assists also in the same direction. Imagines were com-
mon at Byfleet Canal on June 1, and on June 16th I took a female
at rest at the Black Pond—still another new record for that -
prolific locality.
Aischna miata has again been comparatively common in the
South of England, possibly in consequence of an immigration,
though personally I think not. The species was again quite
numerous at the Black Pond in September. It was noticed
singly at several places in the New Forest in August—a female
near Rinefield on August 5th, a male at Denney Bog on August
10th (A. B. Higgs), a female at Lady Cross on August 13th, a
male near Beaulieu Gate on August 15th. In Epping Forest a
female was taken on September 12th (F. W. Campion), and a
male on 20th September (H. Campion), both near Chingford. A
male (12th August) was sent to me from the golf-links at Deal
(R. J. McOnie). 4. juncea did not come across my path once
during the season, but Mr. A. M. Stewart reports it from near
Paisley, in Renfrewshire, and Mr. C. A. Briggs received the species
through Mr. McArthur from Stornoway. Of the common species,
Af. cyanea and AL. grandis, it is scarcely necessary to speak, ex-
cept to say that the latter seemed to be specially common in one
or two places. Possibly other collectors may have noticed the
same thing. 4. cyanea was taken (A. B. Higgs) in the New
Forest, and near Bedford (R. W. Thompson), both new records.
Calopteryx virgo was taken at Tubney Wood, in Berks (W.
Holland), on June 2nd. It was a brown male, and if mature, as
it appeared to be, was var. anceps. On August 5th I noticed one
in the New Forest which had a very peculiar appearance as it
DRAGONFLIES IN 1901. 37
flew, and, a capture being made, it was found that part of one of
the wings was quite bleached. Major Robertson shewed me a
specimen of C. splendens, taken at Holmslea, in the New Forest.
The species has not, I believe, been previously noted for the
Forest. On June 9th, three or four specimens were seen at the
Black Pond, one apparently being a female; they no doubt had
migrated thither from the river Mole.
Lestes sponsa was reported from Renfrewshire, near Paisley
(A. M. Stewart). The presence of Platycnemis pennipes was
noticed near Byfleet station ; previously it had only been noticed
much nearer Weybridge. On July 24th the same interesting species
was found, by no means singly, at the Black Pond (R. South) ;
but one specimen had previously been recorded for that locality.
One specimen, at least, was seen in the New Forest, between May
25th and 28th, the previous earliest I had noted being June 6th.
Pyrrhosoma nymphula has to be recorded from Renfrewshire,
near Paisley (A. M. Stewart), while Mr. C. A. Briggs has received
some Stornoway specimens from Mr. McArthur. P. tenellum
was, as usual, common in August in the New Forest, where a
female of var. rubratwm was taken on August 10th (S. W. Kemp),
and two females, intermediate between the type and var. eneatum,
on July 28th and August 5th.
Ischnura pumilio was beginning to appear on May 27th in
the New Forest, and it is possible that it was not uncommon
somewhat later, but not one could be seen by the end of July.
On May 27th and 28th they were found chiefly on swampy
ground, amongst bog-myrtle, and some circumstances seem to
point to the fact that they may possibly breed in this swampy
ground rather than actually in the streams or pools. All but one
of the females I have taken belong more or less pronouncedly to
var. aurantiaca. I. elegans was taken at Stornoway by Mr.
McArthur for Mr. Briggs; the specimens, three males and one
female, were rather small. Mr. A. M. Stewart took the species
near Paisley, in Renfrewshire. Messrs. Bishop and Ashdown
captured it on July 7th at Frensham Great Pond, while Mr. South
found it not uncommon, on July 24th, in one corner of the Black
Pond, single specimens only having been noticed there before.
The orange var. rufescens, Steph., was taken at Byfleet Canal on
June 1st and 26th.
Agrion pulchellum was taken on June 5th, near Oxford (W.
Holland), thus adding a new locality to the rather meagre list for
this pretty dragonfly.. The capture of a male, with the U-shaped
spot on the second segment detached from the circlet, has already
been noted in this magazine (Entom. xxxiv. p. 215). A. puella
was taken in Renfrewshire, near Paisley, by Mr. Stewart, and a
male was taken, presumably in Epping Forest, in which there
was a median black line, converting the typical U-shaped spot on
the second segment into a trident (H. and F. W. Campion). Both
38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
sexes of A. mercuriale were taken in the New Forest between
May 25th and 28th, and the species was still on the wing in the
beginning of August. Mr. Stewart took Hnallagma cyathigerum
in Renfrewshire, near Paisley, and Messrs. Ashdown and Bishop
captured it, on July 7th, at Frensham Great Pond. Mr. McArthur
captured for Mr. Briggs twenty-four specimens at Stornoway—
twenty males and four females. The specimens were of good size,
and in most cases the spot on the second segment was large—in
one or two cases similar in shape to that on the specimen figured
in the Ent. Mo. Mag. for 1890, p. 110. On June 26th, at Byfleet
Canal, I noticed a pair united per collum, and settled upon a leaf
of Potamogeton, in which the female seemed to be ovipositing
without going below the surface of the water.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GALL-MAKING
CYNIPIDH FROM THE N.W. HIMALAYAS.
By P. Cameron.
CALLIRHYTIS SEMICARPIFOLIM, Sp. Nov.
Ferrugineous; the antenne, except the basal two joints, the head,
the greater part of the middle lobe of the mesonotum, the scutellum,
median segment, the pro- and mesopleure, except above and the back
of the abdomen, black; the legs lighter coloured than the body, with
the tarsi and hinder tibie darker; the wings clear hyaline, the nervures
blackish, the cubitus paler. ¢?. Long. 2°5 mm.
Hab. North-West Himalayas.
Antenne bare, as long as the body. Head shining, finely acicu-
lated, bare. Except at the base, the middle lobe of the mesonotum is
rather strongly transversely striated; the lateral lobes are minutely,
obscurely punctured. The parapsidal furrows are complete. Scutellum
irregularly punctured, its sides at the base are bordered by shining,
smooth furrows; in the middle at the base are two narrow, longish
fovee. The scutellum is roundly convex, and is not much raised
above the level of the mesonotum. On the base of the median seg-
ment is a smooth, shining semicircular broad keel, which is not quite
so broad in the middle as on the sides. The upper edge of the pro-
pleure and the mesopleure at the base above are rufo-testaceous.
The median segment bears a thick, white pile. Abdomen smooth and
shining; the base and ventral surface are broadly black. The legs
have a microscopic white pile. Wings long and narrow, clear hyaline ;
the transverse cubital nervures and the cubitus are paler than the
others. The areolet is completely closed, slightly oblique, and
triangular.
The third joint of the antenne is not much longer than the fourth ;
the tarsal claws are unidentate ; the antennez are slender and do not
become thickened towards the apex; the radial cellule is long and
narrow and is not quite closed at the base, the nervure being faint
TO PRESERVE COLOUR IN RELAXING SPECIMENS. 39
towards the costa; the median segment is hollowed at the base below
the curved keel and, in the centre of this part are three not very
distinct, short, stout longitudinal keels.
This species was reared from an acorn collected by Mr. E. P.
Stebbing from Quercus semicarpifolia in North-West Himalayas.
It agrees better with Callirhytis than with Andricus. One of
the European species of Callirhytis galls acorns. The Indian
oak-galls are quite unknown; and there must be a splendid field
for any naturalist who would undertake their investigation. The
type of the species here described is in the British Museum.
ON METHODS USED TO PRESERVE COLOUR IN
RELAXING ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS.
By Cotonet J. G. Pincner, F.R.C.S.
Like most of my fellow-workers in Entomology, my attention
was early called to the invariably altered colour of nearly all the
blue and green moths submitted to moisture in the relaxing-box ;
no specimen wholly retained its primitive colour, but became
more or less yellowed in the process of relaxing.
The only exception to this rule were the fresh specimens
which it has been my custom to put into a moist atmosphere
until the rigor mortis had passed, when they were entirely
freed from all rigidity, and yielded therefore more readily to the
touch of the needle than if they had been pinned and allowed to
partially dry before they are mounted. In passing I would note
the very great help this method has afforded in dealing with all
fresh forms, but especially with the small muscular Noctuide.
In fresh specimens discoloration was not so frequent, though it
occasionally did take place in fresh specimens submitted to a
moist atmosphere for only a few hours.
The thought occurred to me in 1889 that the cause of dis-
coloration was free ammonia, due to the decomposition which
must be presumed to begin in the killing-bottle, and is renewed
with greater energy when many dried specimens are put into
the relaxing-box at one time. And even before the alkali has
tainted the atmosphere of the relaxing-box it would have been
conducted to all parts of the specimen by its nervures and their
branches.
A volatile acid suggested itself as a fit antagonist to the
ammonia, and carbolic acid seemed specially suitable, but its
vapour was apparently not diffusive enough, nor did it neutralize
the ammonia as produced.
Glacial acetic acid was found to answer best. I placed a
small capsule or measure-glass of this acid in the relaxing-box—
40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
60-90 drops as a charge—and renewed it as it evaporated, and
this method I have used for many years.
The relaxing-box or vessel which appears to afford advan-
tages above all others is a glass cylinder, covered with a round
disk of glass ground to fit accurately. Into this cylinder is
placed a tripod of glass, to hold the clock-glass upon which the
specimens are to rest. Distilled water to the depth of half an
inch is put into the cylinder. The latter is then placed over a
Bunsen’s burner, with wire gauze over it, and the water allowed
to boil for five minutes or more. On allowing the vessel to cool,
a partial vacuum is produced, and the cover must be removed
with care some hours afterwards, when the specimens to be
relaxed and the acetic acid are then inserted.
The vessel cannot remain completely sterilized because of the
frequent movement of specimens to and from it, but heat can be
applied from time to time, and it can be kept, as free as possible,
from those spores which do germinate with marvellous rapidity
in the saturated atmosphere of the relaxing-box.
The requisites for this relaxing-chamber can be procured for
a few shillings from Messrs. J. J. Griffin & Sons, 20, Sardinia
Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C.
A casual remark by Sir Geo. Hampson on the loss of colour
of specimens in the relaxing-box led to an explanation as to the
method I adopted, which he has been good enough to test for
several months in the Natural History Museum, and with such
satisfactory results that he encouraged me to make a note of the
method for the benefit of fellow-workers.
These notes are the reply to his request, which it gives me
great pleasure to send to him.
5, Stanley Crescent, W.: 16 Jan., 1902.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM .
KAST AFRICA.
By Emity Mary Sarre.
ACR#HA BAXTERI, Sp. nl.
Closely allied to A. insignis, Distant, but is at once dis-
tinguished by the clear transparent band on the apical area of
the fore wing.
Primaries. Basal half ferruginous red, the outline irregular
where it joins the dusky brown terminal portion of the wing; a
transverse line of three transparent spots, situated above the third
median nervule, and between the first and second radial nervules, thus
relieving the apical area of the wing. Costa dusky brown, the ex-
treme base with black streaks, one of the latter extending for a little
THREE NEW BUTTERFLIES FROM EAST AFRICA. 41
way along the inner margin. Secondaries. The entire discal area
ferruginous, the basal half decidedly black, faintly suffused with
ferruginous towards the costal margin; the hind margin narrowly
lined with brownish black; the veins on both wings blackish. Under
side. Primaries similar to those of A. insignis, but showing the trans-
parent band, and with the general colour somewhat lighter. Second-
aries more sombre in colour than in the allied form; the discal area
greyish white, relieved by the black nervules, the hind margin having
deep chestnut-brown spots between the nervules; the basal area
chestnut-brown, thickly spotted with heavy black dots, a distinct
line of these spots outlining the outer edge of the basal half of the
wing. Expanse, 2°1 in.
Hab. Mpapwa, German East Africa (Dr. J. W. Bazter).
ACRHA OCHRASCENS, Sp. N.
Similar to the species of the A. serena group, but distinguished
by the pale yellow ground colour of the wings.
Primaries. General colour pale ochre-yellow, the brown spots and
markings agreeing with those of A. serena, Fabr., but somewhat lighter
in colour; the hind marginal border relieved by six small spots of pale
ochre, tinged with deeper yellow. Secondaries. Ground colour pale
ochre-yellow; the brown hind margin with the lighter dots similar to
those of the primaries ; basal area dusky brown; a faint black streak
visible at the end of the cell. Under side. Primaries pale yellow,
slightly darker in colour on the hind margin; the light nervules
heavily streaked with black on the marginal area; the usual black
mark at the end of the cell much reduced in size. Secondaries:
Ground colour pale yellow, with the usual black and red spots on the
basal area; the hind marginal border consisting of spear-shaped
marks outlined with black, the usual light nervules having black
streaks down the centres; between each of these hastate marks are
distinct spots of ferruginous red; this submarginal border broadest
near the costa and towards the anal angle ; on the extreme edge of the
marginal border a row of light yellow spots, but slightly smaller than
in A. serena. Expanse, 1:1 in.
Hab. Entebbe, Uganda, March to May, 1895 (fF. J. Jack-
son coll.).
KILYMNIAS RATTRAYI, sp. n.
Similar to EL. phegea, Fabr., in colour, but easily distinguished
by the white band on the secondaries. The female closely re-
sembles H. bammakoo, Westw., but the white mark on the
primaries is larger, and the white streak on the inner margin is
only faintly indicated, while the white band on the secondaries
is almost obsolete.
3. Primaries. Ground colour of the primaries brown, crossed
near the apical area by a broad transverse band of bright yellow,
extending a little below the first median nervule; an ovate spot of
yellow near the posterior angle, and almost connected to the conspicu-
ous yellow band by a faint suffusion of yellow. Secondaries. A broad
42, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
border of brown along the hind margin, this colour again represented
on the basal area, with a distinct white band crossing the centre of
the wing, and becoming narrower towards the costal margin. Under
side. Basal area of the primaries brown, with fine wavy lhnes of white
in the discoidal cell ; the yellow band distinctly indicated, and extend-
ing to the hind margin between the first and second median nervules ;
the apical area lighter brown, thickly covered with wavy lines of
brownish white. Basal area and costal margin of the secondaries deep
reddish brown, relieved by five lines of black, somewhat disconnected
towards the extreme base ; the white band streaked on the inner margin
with brown ; the broad hind marginal border of brown thickly traversed
by innumerable wavy lines of brownish white. HExpanse, 3 in.
2. Primaries. General colour brown, relieved by a large white
band near the apical area, extending just over the first median nervule ;
a faint streak of white visible near the centre of the inner margin.
Secondaries. Ground colour brown, with an almost obsolete band of
greyish white crossing the central area of the wing; this colour most
strongly pronounced towards the inner margin. Under side. Primaries
similar to those of the male, with the exception that the white band
is replaced by a yellow one; between the first and second median ner-
vules are two tawny yellow spots. Secondaries not different in colour
and markings from those of the male above described. Hxpanse,
3:1 in.
Hab. Entebbe, Uganda, June, 1900 (Capt. H. B. Rattray).
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Gorpius 1n A Burrerrty.—In the ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xxv. (1892),
p. 247 and 291, is a notice of a hair-worm emerging from a butterfly.
I have met with a precisely similar case. A specimen of Hrebia
euryale, female, taken at Mendel (Tyrol) in 1895, presents, on being
taken out of paper, two ends (of one or two worms?) of Gordius pro-
jecting from the cephalo-thoracic joint ; they are brown, coiled, and
shrivelled, but, even so, are each between a half and three-quarters of
an inch long, and would probably be about one inch and one and a half
inch respectively, if straightened out. One often meets with these
worms emerging from larvee, especially in some seasons, but they are
decidedly rarer in imagines. ‘These two cases are curiously parallel in
both being Satyrids, in the worm emerging at the same point, and in
their giving no evidence of their existence at the time the insect was
captured. ‘The interest ‘of these specimens is chiefly in their being
exceptions to the almost invariable rule, that parasites in the Lepido-
ptera destroy their hosts before they reach the imaginal stage.—T. A.
Cuapman; Betula, Reigate, January, 1902.
Noroponta prytnopa, Lower.—It has already been shown how the
large Antherezw cut out of their hard and tough cocoons (ante, p. 10).
I now have pleasure in furnishing notes upon the above insect, which
also constructs a hard but more breakable cocoon. ‘These cocoons are
formed mostly of small fragments of bark and wood, bitten out of the
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 43
surface around which the cocoon is constructed. Upon examining a
cocoon, a piece will be found to have been removed for the escape of
the moth ; this piece is not broken out, but is cut or pierced out, the
fragment usually falling back into its place when the moth emerges.
I have not observed the insect removing this roundish piece, but as I
cannot detect any special instrument in the moth, there can be only
one explanation as to the manner in which it is cut out, 7.e. that it is
done by the chrysalis, for the remarkable spike with which it is
provided can be for no other purpose than for piercing the cocoon ;
this instrument is really double, though it looks like one piece. It is
certainly extraordinary how the chrysalis, which is shorter than the
cocoon, can expand sufficiently to be enabled to bring this spike to
work upon the upper end of the cocoon. All the ‘“ Zeuzeride”’
pup are provided with stout but blunt “beaks,” each species different,
with which they break or push out, whole, the strong and thick wad
which encloses them in their bores; they then work halfway out of
their bores before they split open their shells, and the moths crawl
out; but this sharp-spiked pupa is altogether strange in my expe-
riences. I regard it as extremely probable that many other of our
Bombycide, which construct hard cocoons, are provided in the pupal
state with special cutting or breaking instruments. Several of the
‘“* Xyloryctide ’’ (Tineide) are provided with extraordinary head-pieces
to enable them to get through the thick ‘ felt’’-like constructions
with which they securely fasten themselves in their chambers. This
by the way. Reverting to our Notodonta, it may be noticed that the
larva is a queer-looking creature, with its flat and widened out tail-
segments; this tail is turned over the larva’s back when it rests; it
is veined, and so formed as to present a striking resemblance to a
young leaf of the tree (Terminalia, sp. ?)upon which it feeds. The full-
grown larva is dull green, head nearly black; very small caterpillars
are coffee-brown ; they all have the raised, flattened-out ‘‘tail,’’ which,
however, is lowered during progression.—F. P. Dopp; Warburton
Street, Townsville, Queensland.
Nore on a Hasrr or Cyantris (Lycmna) arctotus.—C. argiolus was
very common in this neighbourhood last year, and I noticed a curious
habit of the imago which I have not observed in other butterflies.
The insect, while sitting on a leaf or flower, will move the lower
wings—not spreading them out as in flight, but vertically up and
down, like a lever works. I believe I have seen both male and female
moving the lower wings in this manner.—ALrrep S1cH; 65, Barrow-
gate Road, Chiswick, Jan. 6th, 1902.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN WESTMORELAND.—This species has been again
present in our district during the year 1901, upwards of a dozen larve
and pupz having been found in different parts, and four of these have
fallen to my lot. No. 1 pupated Aug. 20th; emerged Oct. 6th.
No. 2 pupated Sept. 21st; emerged Nov. 19th. No. 3 pupated Sept.
21st; not yet emerged. No. 4 (pupa) put to force Nov. 28rd;
emerged Jan. 10th, 1902. The first three were received as unearthed
larve, and turned almost immediately. ‘Ten days after pupation they
were laid on dry soil, and put to force in an absolutely dry atmosphere
of seventy to eighty degrees, not allowed even atmospheric moisture,
44 _ THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
which hitherto I have considered a necessity. Nos. 1 and 2 would
have emerged, I believe, without forcing, only a little later than the
dates given, No. 4 changed to a dark colour on Dec. 20th, and as it
lost weight considerably, I believed it to be dying. It proved, how-
ever, to be a case of slow development, for on Jan. 10th this year, a
fine moth emerged. No. 3 is still healthy, but unchanged in colour.
Both these latter would, I suppose, in a natural way, have ‘‘ gone over”’
till June this year. The experiment of keeping the pup dry during
forcing, although as yet not sufficiently extensive to be regarded as
conclusive, still leads me to think that with this species a system of
forcing, allowing absolute dryness or at most slight atmospheric
moisture, offers the best prospect of success. There is no doubt that
specimens which naturally would emerge the same year will often do
so in spite of excessive moisture, but there is a risk, I think, in
applying this treatment to pupz which would ordinarily “ lie over,”
and in the case of the former, if moisture is not really necessary to
their successful emergence, there is little use being at the trouble of
providing it.—Franx Lirrnewoop; Lynn Garth, Kendal, Westmore-
land, Jan. 12th, 1902. .
Cuarocampa ceLerIo.—In April, ova, and larve in various stages
of growth, were to be found freely upon a fleshy-leaved and spreading
weed. I took a number of the larger larve, leaving any under an inch
in length, and noticed, particularly in the larger specimens, small
marks or scars upon their backs, and feared they were caused by para-
sites ; however, they fed up and attained full growth, some spinning
the pupal web, but not a single example changed; all sickened and
died, and produced maggots of a rather large grey dipteron. A fresh
lot of smaller larvee was selected, care being taken that all with any
discernible marks were rejected; still many proved to be stung, and
several healthy pup only resulted. As the ova depositing continued
during May, and even into June and July, I obtained as many of the
moths as I desired, emergence taking place about three weeks after
pupation, several having appeared this month. It may be mentioned
that June and July are our coldest months; further, that this locality
is in a dry belt of country, and that to find a hawk-moth in all its
stages at such a time is very unusual, the early emergence being
interesting from the fact that the weather is cold, and Lepidoptera can
scarcely be met with. The most interesting point concerning celerio
now in my possession is that fully half of the moths have emerged
between eight a.m. and ten a.m., the others appearing during the
evening, but they are very sluggish, and can safely be left all day or
night, even longer. No doubt they would soon become lively if placed
in the sun, the shade temperature here seldom being so low as seventy
at midday. In Brisbane district Sphina casuarine larve may be freely
found in May and June, but the moths do not appear for several
months. Altogether I examined scores, even hundreds, of celerio
larve, but I failed to discover a single specimen of any size with-
out the tell-tale parasitic marks.—F. P. Dopp; Warburton Street,
Townsville, Queensland.
Two Notes on Cyaniris anciotus.—On May 10th, 1901, I noticed a
female of this species fluttering round a rhododendron in my garden
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 45
here, and on closer examination I saw her deposit an egg on one of
the unexpanded flower-buds. This rhododendron, of which the flowers
are white slightly flushed with pink, is named ‘purity.’”’ During
the first week in July I beat some fifty argiolus larve off holly at
Danbury. They were of all sizes. I had never obtained many wild
larve of this species before, and was surprised to find how many pro-
duced ichneumons.—(Rev.) Gitpert H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory,
Maldon, Essex, Jan. 8th, 1902.
EMERGENCE oF MELANIPPE GALIATA IN DEcemMBER.—In the autumn of
last year I fed up a couple of batches of M. yaliata, one of which
pupated between Sept. 21st and 25th, and it was a surprise to me, on
examining the cage in which they were kept, to find six freshly
emerged imagines on the morning of Dec. 8th. The cage in which
the larve were fed up, and in which the pup remained, had through-
out the whole time been protected from rain and the direct sunshine,
but otherwise fully exposed to the weather. The 8th was a particu-
larly mild day, with a fresh south-west breeze, and warm rain-showers,
the shade-temperature reaching 55 degrees, while the minimum of the
preceding night had not fallen below 52 degrees. — Rozsr. Apxrn;
Lewisham, December, 1901.
Ture Enromonocican Cius.—A meeting of this ancient Club was
held at the Holborn Restaurant on June 14th last, on the invitation
of the host of the evening, Mr. G. H. Verrall. The reception was
held in the Entomological Salon, and the guests and members of the
Club commenced to arrive soon after 6.30 p.m. By 8 o’clock there
was quite a large assemblage of notables in the entomological world.
Several only paid a short visit, but nearly seventy sat down to a most
récherché supper, which was served about 9 o’clock. Mr. Verrall, in
proposing the toast of the evening—‘‘ The prosperity of the Entomo-
logical Club ’’—very properly embraced the opportunity afforded by
the occasion to refer at some length to the ballot that was to take
place in another place on the following evening. His remarks on this
head were thoroughly impartial in character, but at the same time
very much to the purpose. Further reference to the oration cannot
be made, however, without infringing the privileges of a guest, or
abusing the hospitality of the host.
The pleasure of the evening was again contributed to by Mr. M.
Jacoby, who, accompanied by his son on the piano, enchanted the
company by his delightful performance on the violin.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Notes rrom East Surrotk, 1901.—-The list of insects appended
below, and taken here during the last season, may possibly be of
interest, a few of the species at any rate being, I believe, somewhat
rare or local in this county. The earlier summer months were
certainly very productive of insect life; but it has been a peculiar
season, and I have been disappointed in the non-occurrence of many
autumn insects; ivy, as far as my experience goes, has been very
unremunerative.
46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Insects taken at sugar were as follows :—
Thyatira derasa, T. batis, Cymatophora ocularis, Acronycta psi, A.
leporina (one), Leucania conigera, L. lithargyria, L. comma, L. impura,
L, pallens (four beautiful dark-red varieties), Hydrecia nictitans (some
nice varieties), H. micacea, Aaylia putris, Xylophasia rurea, X. lithoaylea,
X. polyodon, X. hepatica, Dipterygia pinastri, Neuria saponaria (abun-
dant both at sugar and lilac bloom), Ceriyo cytherea, Mamestra abjecta,
M. anceps (abundant), M. brassicae, M. persicariea, Apamea basilinea, A.
gemina (var. remissa and many nice forms), 4. jibrosa (both varieties), —
A. cculea, Miana strigilis, M. fasciuncula, M. furuncula, Grammesia tri-
linea, Caradrina morpheus, C. blanda, C. cubicularis, Rusina tenebrosa,
Agrotis valligera (one), A. puta, A. suffusa (June brood), A. seyetum, A.
eaclamationis, A. corticea, A. nigricans, A. tritict, A. aquilina, Triphena
ianthina, T', interjecta (especially fond of sugared tansy), 7. orbona, T.
pronuba, Noctua augur, N. plecta, N. c-nigrum, N. triangulum, N. rhom-
boidea (one), N. brunnea (one), N. festiva, N. rubi, N. wumbrosa N. wantho-
grapha, Teniocampa gothica, T. instabilis, T. stabilis, T. munda, T. cruda,
Orthosia lota, O. macilenta, Anchochelis pistacina, A. lunosa, A. litura,
Cerastis vaccinu, CU. spadicea, Scopelosoma satellitia, Xanthia gilvago,
X. ferruginea, Cosmia trapezina, C. affinis, Hecatera serena (one), Miselia
oxyacantha, Phlogophora meticulosa, Huplexia lucipara, Aplecta nebulosa,
A. advena (very plentiful), Hadena protea, H. dentina, H. chenopodii
(specimens kept appearing from the early part of June to quite the end
of August), Hl. swasa, H. oleracea, H. thalassina, H geniste, Xylina
rhizolitha, Gonoptera libatrix, Amphipyra pyramidea, A. tragopogonis,
Mania typica, M. maura, Catocala nupta. A small number of Geo-
metre and Micros also appeared.
My illuminated moth-trap added a few species, but on the whole I
did not find light very attractive, possibly because I did not hit upon
the right place to set my trap. Cerigo cythera seems to have a special
penchant for light, more so than for sugar, and came in numbers; and,
amongst others, I may mention Nola confusalis, Lophopteryx camelina,
Cilix glaucata, Chareas graminis, Calamia lutosa, Epione apiciaria,
Selenia lunaria, Odontopera bidentata, Himera pennaria, Acidalia bi-
setata, A. trigeminata (this insect also comes freely to sugar), A. rubigt-
nata (rubricata), A. emarginata, A. promutata, &e. From reed-beds at
dusk, in addition to some of the Leucaniide already noted, Leucania
straminea (a few), Calamia phragmitidis (in some plenty), Nonagria
neurica (one), together with examples of Chilo phragmitellus, were
secured. The reed-beds were only worked at dusk, three rather windy
nights during the second week in August. Aspilates citraria was
plentiful in a clover-field, and many other Geometre were met with
on the wing at dusk. I took a few Micros, but was unable to devote
much time to them. Sphinx convolvuli appeared on August 15th, and
September brought quite an army of them, but for the most part in
bad condition, until the first week in October, when there seemed to
be a fresh emergence and I took five or six perfect specimens. My
experience in this respect seems to tally with that of Mr. J. H.
Fowler (vide Entom. Noy. 1901, p. 321). Larve and pupe of Acherontia
atropos have not been uncommon. All the Noctue mentioned as
taken at sugar occurred within a very small area, comprising some
two and a half acres of cultivated garden-land and pasture, with a
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 47
small copse, mainly composed of oak, ash and elm, adjoining, and
situated about a quarter of a mile or less from some salt marshes bor-
dering the river Deben.
I would like to remark upon the attractions of lilac and arbutus.
The former was a great bait for Newria saponaria and Dianthacia cap-
sincola, not to speak of many others. The charms of arbutus, too,
seem great. Happening to notice bees and wasps and other insects
swarming around its blossoms by day, I suspected it might prove
equally attractive to moths at night, and I was not deceived, for
though I found only common species, the number of these afforded by
a large shrub of arbutus in full bloom compared very favourably with
what I saw on the same nights at ivy, the latter being also fully out in
the near vicinity. I may add, sugared flowers upon many occasions
added to the bag, when tree-trunks and posts were entirely unproductive.
(Rev.) A. P. Watter; Hemley Rectory, Woodbridge, Nov. 21st, 1901.
Lepipoprera at WiTHERSLACK.—T wo days, July 7th and 8th, on the
well-known Witherslack Mosses proved very successful. A very fine
and long series of Hyria auroraria (all of the dark purple form) were
secured; one or two worn females laid a small batch of ova, and I have
succeeded in rearing half a dozen moths; these emerged on January
2nd this year. Nemeophila russula was also exceptionally abundant, a
grand lot of females being taken ; I obtained a quantity of ova of this
species also, and was successful in rearing a very complete second brood,
not more than three out of about sixty-six refusing to feed up, thirty-three
females and twenty-seven males being bred the last week in September.
Cenonympha davus was over, only a few worn ones being seen. Acidalia
fumata was also over, although a few nice females were secured, after
much picking. Hupithecia nunata was fairly common and in fine con-
dition ; whilst Lasiocampa ( Bombyx) quercus dashed about ata terrific pace.
Lycena egon males were in evidence, but no females were observed.—
C. F. Jonnson; Brennington Crescent, Stockport, Jan. 22nd, 1902.
SOCIETIES.
EntromonocicaL Society or Lonpon.—December 6th, 1901.—The
Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.8S., President, in the chair.—Mr.
Frederick E. §. Adair, Flixton Hall, Bungay; Mr. William Anning,
Box Hill, Surrey, and 89, Lime Street, London, E.C.; Mr. Edward
Connold, 7, Magdalen Terrace, St. Leonards-on-Sea; Mr. Frederick
Muir, 86, Christchurch Street, Ipswich; Mr. R. Shelford, The
Museum, Sarawak, Borneo; and Mr. John Waddington, 38, Leicester
Grove, Blackman Lane, Leeds, were elected Fellows of the Society.—
Mr. J. H. Carpenter exhibited a number of Colias hyale bred from ova
laid by the parent butterfly taken at Sheerness, August 18th, 1900.
Mr. J. W. Tutt said that twelve months ago there was no reliable
evidence as to the stage in which Ayale passed the winter, but that
Mr. Carpenter had proved that it hybernates in the larval state, and
pupates and emerges in the spring. No one has yet successfully bred
C, edusa through the winter, as they do not and cannot feed up these
in this country. Hyale, on the other hand, is perfectly quiescent
48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
during the winter months (October 20th to February 3rd, according
to Mr. Carpenter’s observation), and nothing would induce the larve
to feed at that period even when subjected to a temperature of
between 60° and 70° Fahrenheit. In the South of Europe and in
North Africa both species emerge normally in May or earlier, and the
larve attempt in Great Britain to follow out their natural habit, with
the result that the great majority must perish, especially in the case
of C. edusa. The complete life history has been most accurately
described by Mr. F. W. Frohawk in the ‘Entomologist’ for June,
1901.—Mr. R. S. Standen exhibited specimens of Lycena dolus,
the type from Bordighera, and also Pieris brassice with greenish
under wings, a common form in the neighbourhood of Florence. Mr.
C. P. Pickett exhibited pupa-cases of Saturnia pavonia, one with two
openings, one with no openings, and a third containing three pupae,
from only one of which the imago had emerged. Mr. J. W. Tutt said
that this phenomenon was not unusual in the case of silkworms, and
commonly occurred also in the case of artificially bred Lasiocampa
lanestris, being probably due to overcrowding, but he did not know
that there was any evidence how the work was done.—The Rev. A. E.
Katon exhibited adult Psychodide of morphological interest, preserved
in cork tubes with two per cent. formic aldehyde in distilled water.
—(1) Pericoma notabilis, Etn., as a sample of male flies retaining
prothoracic air nipples, such as Curtis figured (Brit. Ent. xvi. 745,
1839), and are possessed by pupx of both sexes, illustrated both by
Mial and Walker and by Fritz Miiller in the volume of the ‘Trans-
actions’ of this Society for 1895; also by Kellogg, Ent. News, xii. 48,
figs. a, B. (Feb., 1901). Pericoma soleata, Hal. MS., has similar small
claviform air-nipples on the prothorax; and so have some undescribed
species more nearly related to P. notabilis, natives of Middle Kurope
or of Algeria. (2) Male flies possessing erectile sacs, or else protrusible
tentacles arising one on each side of the mesothorax near the spiracle,
and receiving a strong branch from the main trachea of each side. In
the state of contraction these sacs or tentacles resemble a tuft of hair
which is very dense in some flies; by their distension, the tufts are
either spread open, or the tuft is resolved into scattered hairs distri-
buted over at least the whole of the upper surface of the tentacle.
These organs are probably subservient to sexual attraction, and
perhaps secrete scent. A few males possess them in addition to the
pair of prothoracic air-nipples—for instance P. fusca and the species
figured by Curtis, P. auriculata (both exhibited) ; but more species are
possessors of the meso-pleural pair of appendages alone. The two
species last named differ in the shape of their thoracic appendages
now under consideration: the male P. fusca has short, chitinous,
slightly curved prothoracie air-nipples, and short nipple-like meso-
pleural appendages that spread a dense epaulet-like tuft of hair; while
P. auriculata has slender club-shaped whitish prothoracic air-nipples,
and meso-pleural tentacles that are clad with silky hair and are
capable of great extension. But in the majority of species furnished
with this kind of tracheate appendages issuing from the meso-thorax,
those of the prothorax are absent; and some have appendages of the
sac form, others of the tentacular form. Among the exhibits, Ulomyia
fuliginosa, Pericoma nubila and trivialis are exponents of the short,
SOCIETIES. 49
nipple-like, erectile, sac-shaped meso-pleural type of appendage seen in
P. fusca; while Pericoma palustris, mutua and the nameless species
from the Schwarzwald, together with P. cognata, which was not
exhibited, have the tentacular type of meso-pleural appendage seen
in P. auriculata. Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe read a paper entitled
“‘ The Life-history of Clythra quadripunctata,” and Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy
communicated ‘‘A Memoir upon the Rhynchotal Family Capside.”—
H. Rowxanp Brown, M.A., Hon. Sec.
Jan. 15th, 69th Annual Meeting. —The Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A.,
F.L.8., President, in the chair.—After an abstract of the Treasurer’s
accounts, showing a large balance in the Society’s favour, had been read
by Colonel Yerbury, R.A., one of the Auditors, Mr. H. Goss, one of the
Secretaries, read the Report of the Council. It was then announced
that the following had been elected Officers and Council for the
Session 1902-1903 :—President, the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.S. ;
Treasurer, Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S.; Secretaries, Mr. Herbert
Goss, F.L.S., and Mr. Henry Rowland-Brown, M.A.; Librarian, Mr.
George C. Champion, F.Z.S.; and as other Members of Council, Mr.
R. Adkin, Professor T. Hudson Beare, F.R.S.E.; Mr. Arthur J.
Chitty, M.A.; Mr. W. L. Distant, Mr. F. DuCane Godman, D.C.L. ;
F.R.S.; the Rev. Francis D. Morice, M.A.; Professor E. B. Poulton,
D.Se., F.R.S.; Mr. Edward Saunders, F.L.S.; Dr. David Sharp,
M.A., F.R.S. ; and Colonel C. Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S. The President
announced that he should appoint Dr. F. DuCane Godman, F.R.S.,
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S.; and Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., as Vice-
Presidents for the Session 1902-1903. The President referred to the
losses the Society had sustained during the past Session by the deaths
of Mr. C. E. Collins; the Rev. Professor William P. Dickson, D.D.;
Dr. H. W. Livett, M.D.; Mr. Lionel de Nicéville, F.L.S.; Miss
Eleanor Ormerod, LL.D.; and Mr. H. Vivian, M.A. He then
delivered an Address, in which he dwelt chiefly with the question of
protective resemblance and mimicry in the case of the Coleoptera. At
the conclusion of the Address a vote of thanks to the President was
proposed by Professor Poulton, seconded by Professor Meldola, and
carried. A vote of thanks to the other officers was then proposed by
Colonel Swinhoe, seconded by Mr. Distant, and carried. Canon
Fowler, Mr. Goss, and Mr. Rowland-Brown replied, and the pro-
ceedings terminated.—H. Goss and H. Rowtanp-Brown, Hon. Secs,
Soutn Lonpon Entomotocicaa anp Naturat History Sociery.—
November 28th, 1901.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., Vice-President, in
the chair. The evening was set apart for a special exhibition of
varieties and notable captures. A considerable number of members
and friends attended, and a large number of specimens were exhibited.
—Mr. Carpenter exhibited a long and fine bred series of Colias hyale,
from ova laid by a female from Sheerness, taken Aug. 18th, 1900.—
Mr. Lucas, male and female of the rare British dragonfly Libellula fulva,
taken near Bournemouth by Major Robertson ; male Oxygastra curtisti
from the same district; and male, female, and female var. awrantiaca
of Ischnura elegans, from the New Forest. He also showed two large
and perfect bubble-shells, Haminea hydatis, from South Devon, with a
curious thickened and eroded specimen of Anodonta anatina, from the
ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1902. E
50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
New Forest.—Mr. Ashdown, extreme variations in size of the following
Coleoptera :—Clytus arietis, C. mysticus, Molochus minor, and Pachyta
cerambyciformis.—Myr. West, a species of Homoptera, Stictocoris flaveolus,
new to the British list, and taken by himself near Blackheath, in
August and September, 1901.—Mr. Thornthwaite, a dark Hybernia
defoliaria, taken by him on his way to the meeting.—Mr. W. J. Kaye,
a beautiful series of Ambulya rostralis, a South and Central American
Sphingid, with specimens of var. ganascus, which some consider a
species. Also he showed a single specimen of a new species of Ambulys,
which he taken during the past summer, while on an expedition to the
interior of British Guiana.—Messrs. Harrison and Main, varied series
of (1) Lriphena comes from various localities, including the Isle of
Lewis; (2) Agrotis tritici from Isle of Lewis and Wallasey ; (8) Odonto-
pera bidentata ; (4) Camptogramma bilineata ; and (5) Melanippe sociata,
all from the Isle of Lewis.—Mr. R. Adkin, several of the same species
from the Isle of Lewis, with Noctua xanthographa, particularly fine and
varied Boarmia repandata, Coremia ferrugata, and Xylophasia mono-
glypha. He also showed an example of Pieris daplidice, with Colias
hyale and C. edusa, taken at Kastbourne, 1901.—Mr. Montgomery, a
very fine bred series of Pieris napi, including a number of fine
examples of var. bryonia, from ova laid by a female taken by Mr. Har-
rison at Meyringen, July 9th, 1900; a series of bred Leucophasia
stnapis, consisting of four broods from females sent alive to him from
Malvern; and bred series of Argynnis paphia and var. valezina from
New Forest ova.—Mr. Porritt, black forms of Pharetra menyanthidis
from Selby; Mania typica, with a large pale pinkish V-shaped mark
across each wing; Cosmia trapezina, with central band dark olive-
green; black Larentia muiltistrigaria; a yellow Anchocelis rufina; and a
black Odontopera bidentata; all from Yorkshire.—Mr. Garrett, Sphinx
convolvuli from Wilts, September, 1901; Miselia oxyacanthe and var.
capucina from Wimbledon; Hpunda lutulenta taken off ripe black-
berries at Reading; Dasycampa rubiginea from Berkshire ; and Tenio-
campa populett from Wimbledon Common.—Mr. Chittenden, Lithosta
sericea ; Var. confluens of Anthrocera trifolit; black Nyssia hispidaria ;
Zonosoma pendularia, blue from Laneashire, light from Kent; Cymato-
phora duplaris, black, bred, from Kent; dark Pachetra leucophea; dark
Hybernia marginaria, Kent; &¢.—Mr. Brown (G. B.), a specimen of
Euvanessa antiopa taken by his little boy at Lee, together with a
Sphinx convolvuli taken at Lydd, the former on Aug. 24th, and the
latter on Sept. 14th.—Major Ficklin, two very pale Dianthacia luteago
var. jicklint, and one with suffused marking; together with an ex-
ample of Brenthis selene with very dark under wings. — Mr. Stanley
Kdwards, several species of the “leaf” butterflies, Kallima, and
a box of exotic Papilios.— Dr. Chapman, Pieris brassice with black
marginal line on hind wing; <Argynnis adippe var. chlorodippe with
black suffusion; and a dark variety of Melitea athalia from Spain.
—Mr. Rowland-Brown, series of Lycena dolus var. vittata from
Cannes, and L. admetus var. rippertit for comparison; a var. of Melitea
cinaia with the black spots on the under side almost absent; and
Argynnis lathonia with the left lower wing abnormally small.—Mr.
Sich, small dark var. of Aglais urtice; two varieties of Xylophasia
polyodon, one having a dark median band, the other with confluent
SOCIETIES. 51
stigmata; a Plusia gamma having the y mark reduced to a pale
spot.
z December 12th.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, Vice-President, in the chair.—
Mr. Newnham, Hersham, Surrey, was elected a member, —Mr.
MacArthur exhibited a male specimen of Lasiocampa quercus taken at
Brighton, and having the female coloration.—Mr. Kirkaldy, a specimen
of the Heteropteron Reduviolus ferus ?, having the wings on one side
brachypterous and on the other macropterous.—Mr. F. M. B. Carr, a
bred series of Selenia iliunaria, compared with the female parents,
and showing considerable variation ; series of Hnnomos angularia from
several localities, for comparison ; Dicycla oo from Chingford ; varied
series of Bryophila muralis from Hythe; and series of Acidalia mar-
ginepunctata from Hythe and Porlock, the latter being much the
darker.—Dr. Chapman read a paper entitled, ‘‘ A few weeks in Central
Spain, and exhibited long and varied series of the Spanish forms of
British Lepidoptera, and of species very closely related to British
species.—Hy. J. Turner (Hon. Report Secy.).
LancasHirE aND CHESHIRE HntomonocicaL Socrery.—The monthly
meeting was held on Dec. 9th, 1901, in the Grosvenor Museum,
Chester, where the members were most cordially received by the
Curator, Mr. Robert Newstead, and Dr. H. Dobie. The Vice-President,
Mr. R. Wilding, occupied the chair.—The chairman, on behalf of the
Society, thanked Mr. Newstead for his handsome donation to the
library of a copy of the first volume of his work on the scale insects
entitled, ‘A Monograph of the British Coccide.’ This valuable con-
tribution to the science of entomology has been published by the Ray
Society, and contains thirty-nine plates from original drawings by the
author. The work, purely a labour of love, is not only of great in-
terest to the entomologist as being the first monograph of these injurious
insects ever published in this country, but is also of great practical
value to the fruit-grower; and it would be well if a copy of it could be
placed in the hands of every market-gardener and _horticulturist
throughout the land.—The following exhibits were examined :—Recent
specimens of Lycena arion, and Welsh specimens of Saturnia pavonia,
by Mr. Newstead; British Aphodiina, including 4. villosus and Algialia
rufa, by Mr. Wilding ; T'rigonogenius globulus, a Coleopteron new to the
Cheshire list, on behalf of Mr. K. J. Burgess-Sopp; rare Aculeate
Hymenoptera from Cheshire and North Wales, including Pompilus
approximatus, Astata stigma, Oaybelus mucronatus, Vespa austriaca,
Colletes cunicularia, Halictus atricornis, Osmia xanthomelana O. inermis,
and O. parietina, by Mr. Willoughby Gardner; the exceedingly rare
Ophiodes lunaris, taken in Delamere Forest by Mr. T. Wright, of War-
rington (an account of this capture, establishing its genuineness
beyond all doubt, was given by Mr. Joseph Collins, along with a
summary of all the previous British records) ; a fine series of Lepido-
ptera from Simonswood Moss, including Carsia imbutata and Celena
haworthii, by Dr. J. Cotton.—Mr. Newstead read a paper entitled
‘“« Entomological Gleanings from my Diary,”’ which was illustrated by
electric light views. As usual, it was exceedingly instructive, almost
every sentence containing some new observation or fact in insect
economy, so that this most wide-awake of naturalists kept his hearers
52, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
on the alert all the time. The paper included the following subjects :—
A night in Delamere with an electric arc lamp; the occurrence of
Zeuzera escult in Cheshire ; the assembling of Saturnia pavonia; jays
and the larve of Geometra papilionaria; the genus Sesia in Delamere ;
Tipula oleracea and its ravages—how the rooks and gulls destroy it
by thousands, four hundred being found in a single pellet or casting of
the black-headed gull; the life-history of Selandria atra, or pear-tree
sawfly; and recent researches amongst the scale insects. Hearty
thanks were offered to Mr. Newstead by Mr. R. Wilding, Dr. J. W.
Ellis, and Mr. W. Gardner.—Frepericx Biron, Hon. Secretary.
BrrmincHam Entomoxoaicat Socrety.— November 18th, 1901.—Mr.
A. H. Martineau in the chair. Dr. Stacey Wilson and Mr. EH. A.
Laxar were elected members of the Society.—Mr. Wainwright ex-
hibited the Tachinid brachychata spinigera from near Hampton-in-
Arden, and said that this was the species which had been described by
Meade as Desvoidea fusca, and not Staurocheta gracilis, as supposed by
Brauer and Von Berganstamm.—Mr. P. W. Wynn, a number of Lepi-
doptera taken by himself in South Devonshire, during the last week of
August and first of September this year; amongst others were Lithosia
caniola, three worn specimens; Leucania albipuncta, one only ; Cara-
drina exigua, two only; C. ambigua, a nice long series in very fine con-
dition ; Heliothis armigera, worn; Aspilates ochrearia (citraria), a nice
long series; Acidalia subsericeata; and a very fine long series of A.
marginepunctataa—Mr. A. D. Finns, mounted preparations and draw-
ings of marine larve which he believed to belong to the genus Clunio,
and which were taken submerged in rock-pools at Port Erin Bay, Isle
of Man.—Mr. J. T. Fountain, Lepidoptera from Jersey :—a series of
Callimorpha quadripunctaria (hera), including forms running into
yellow; a long and very variable series of Bryophila muralis, and a
very fine series of Psecadia bipunctella ; the last species, he said, was
found early in the morning, and the earlier they were looked for, the
more there were, most being found at six a.m.—Mr. R. C. Bradley, a
series of Pelecocera tricincta from Bournemouth, taken this summer ;
this time he found them on the top of the cliffs, not in the hollows of
the chines as before.—Cotpran J. Warnwreicut, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Photography for Naturalists. By Doveuas Eneuisu. Illustrated by
the Author’s photographs from the living objects. London:
lliffe and Sons, Limited. 1901.
Present-day biologists have a great advantage over their prede-
cessors in that they have a ready means of recording facts in con-
nection with animal life other than by drawing, painting, or verbal
description. ‘To the brothers Kearton, perhaps, we owe chiefly the
popularizing of the camera in field natural history, and in Mr.
English’s book we are reminded of the work of the better known
writers just mentioned. In addition to general information on
RECENT LITERATURE. . 5d
methods, aims, apparatus, and materials, there are chapters specially
devoted to various groups of animals, though the information given
under these various headings often seems to be of general application.
Most of the somewhat numerous illustrations we like very much,
Lucanus cervus. (From ‘ Photography for Naturalists.’)
the small mammals, reptiles, and fish being in most cases particularly
pleasing. Entomologists no doubt would have forgiven the author if
he had devoted more than one chapter to their special branch, but that,
of course, was out of the question, and, indeed, unnecessary, since
throughout the book are given so many hints on means and methods
of securing desired results. Perhaps it is hardly worth mentioning
VANESSA ATALANTA. (From ‘Photography for Naturalists.’)
that we notice the word “ variety’? used more than once where
‘‘species’”’ is clearly intended; and that we fail to see where the
“birds ”’ will fall in the scheme of Nature if they are not to be classed
amongst the ‘‘animals” (p. 27). Mr. English is clearly writing
about what he has himself practised, and we heartily recommend his
work to the favourable notice of the ‘‘ Naturalist with a Camera.’’
Two illustrations in the book are here reproduced by permission of
the publishers. |
W. J. Lucas.
54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
W. F. ve Vismes Kane.—dA Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland.
Reprinted, with an Introduction, from the ‘ Entomologist.’ 1901.
West, Newman & Co. xviii, viii, and 166 pp.; anda coloured Plate.
Tue readers of the ‘ Entomologist’ will already be familiar with
the main portion of this useful work, which has been running serially
for some years through the pages of the ‘ Hntomologist,’ and now re-
published in a complete and handy form, prefaced by a discussion upon
the origin of the distribution of the Irish Lepidopterous Fauna.
From the collector’s standpoint, Ireland is not offered as an attrac-
tive field, for not only does the climate interfere with continuous work,
but Lepidoptera in most districts are actually scarce. ‘This is due to,
‘firstly, the very large area of country with a heavy and tenacious soil,
which retains and becomes sodden with wet. Secondly, by the ‘ in-
sular climate,’ with constant rainfall and but little frost throughout the
autumn, winter, and spring; ... while the summers are characterized
by the want of sunlight and heat.”” The absence of the great banks
and hedgerows of England—due to ancient and settled agriculture—
the absence of any great districts of primeval forest-lands, or of fen
districts, &c., are other causes of this scarcity. Where the opposite
conditions prevail, are the most productive hunting-grounds, as also
the extensive bogs, and the long coast-line with sand-dunes. ‘In such
situations no disappointment will be felt by the most greedy collector.”
Ireland is held out, however, as ‘‘ unrivalled in Europe in respect
of isolation of geological history,” and it is for the purpose of eluci-
dating the numerous problems connected with the origins of the geo-
graphical distribution of the Insecta that scientific collectors are so
much needed in Ireland. Even in England, the only orders of whose
local distribution there is extended information are Lepidoptera and
Coleoptera; while in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales there are huge
tracts entomologically unknown. In Scotland a few ‘show places”’
—as, for example, Rannoch—are visited year after year for the same
rarities, while the lonely glens of Ross and the wild moors of the
Hebrides remain silent. In Ireland it is almost incredible that the
Lepidoptera are a ‘‘ neglected order,’”’ but now that Mr. Kane has pro-
vided a sound Introduction, based upon many years of patient research,
it remains for the many enthusiastic and experienced English collectors
to combine an inexpensive and health-giving holiday amid magnificent
scenery with opportunities for entomological work of an enduring value.
The origin of the Palearctic Insect fauna is an extremely difficult
matter to discuss briefly. In the first place, the leading authorities
are widely divergent as to their opinions on climatic conditions at
certain important periods; and, secondly, even were this not so, it is
very doubtful whether the methods of dispersal adopted by the Insecta
are at all comparable with those employed by e.g. the Mammalia. As
the principal arguments of writers are in general based upon their
studies of Vertebrates, Plants, and, to some extent, Mollusca, we may,
in following these authorities, be founding our speculations on an
erroneous basis. Students of the Vertebrata, moreover, are enormously
aided by fossil remains, which in the Insecta are so seldom found, and
when found are so rarely in sufficiently good preservation for the
obtaining of more than very general inferences as to their systematic
position, that they may safely be disregarded in detailed work.
RECENT LITERATURE. 55
It is usually admitted that in the earlier periods of the Tertiary
Epoch—the epoch in which we are now actually living, though it was
formerly the fashion to isolate ourselves in a ‘‘ Quaternary Epoch ’—
the climate and configuration of Western Europe were very different
to their present condition. The former was semi-tropical, while the
Continent had a notable extension westwards, there being solid land,
broadly speaking, from North Scandinavia to Spain, including the
British Isles. Till recently it was very generally held that a ‘‘ Glacial
Period” or ‘‘ Ice Age”? ensued, which was of such a rigorous nature
that all life was blotted out over almost the whole of Europe. This is
the view held, for instance, by Buchanan White,* E. Hofman,}+ and
W. Petersen.} R. F. Scharff, on the contrary,§ maintains an almost
diametrically opposite view, the crux of his position being ‘ that the
glacial period in Europe was not a time of extreme cold, and that its
destructive effect on the animals and plants was by no means such as
is currently reported’’; in fact, that the climate was not very different
from what obtains now, but moister, with warmer winters and cooler
summers. Scharff has been criticized at great length by L. Stejneger, ||
who holds an intermediate position, and considers that the Ice Age in
Hurope was similar in climate to that now obtaining in Greenland and
the islands north of Hudson’s Bay.‘| It is therefore obvious that the
presence or absence, at the present day, of ‘‘ pre-glacial”’ faunas in the
British Islands, and in Ireland especially, is far from being an esta-
blished fact. Buchanan White considered that Britain derived the
whole of ‘‘its butterfly fauna from Continental Europe in post-glacial
times,’’ a natural sequence to his belief of the rigour of the glacial
climate. It is remarkable, however, that at the commencement of the
Ice Age a large portion of the western continent was submerged, and
Treland was cut off from Spain, but was nevertheless prolonged south-
wards considerably beyond its present limits. It is considered possible
that this south-western extension—now submerged—was the refuge of
the pre-glacial semi-tropical British “ Biota’’ (as Stejneger terms the
* Fauna’’ and “ Flora’’). The presence in Ireland of such forms as
the spotted slug (Geomalacus maculosus), and the strawberry-tree (Arbutus
unedo), can scarcely be otherwise explained, although Kane seems to
favour a post-glacial bridge between South Iveland and the west coast
of France. It is doubtful, however, whether any Insects can be
pointed out with any degree of certainty as pre-glacial relics, and there
is always the risk of confounding these with comparatively recent im-
portations due to the formerly not inconsiderable commerce between
the Peninsula and Ireland. Among these ‘relics’? may possibly be
the little moth Zeileria phillyrella, a native of Southern France, Italy,
* Some thoughts on the distribution of the British Butterflies,’ 1881,
‘Entomologist,’ xiv. pp. 265-77.
+ ‘* Die Isoporien der Europ. Tagfalter,” 1873, Inaugural Dissert. Philos.
Fakultat, Jena. -
t “Die Lepidopt. Fauna d. arktisch. Gebiete v. Europa,” 1888, Beitr.
Kenntn. Russ. Reichs iv.
§ ‘History ofthe European Fauna,’ London, 1899, vii and 364 pp., 21 figs.
|| Scharff’s ‘‘ History of the Europ. Fauna,” 1901, American Nat. xxxv.
p- 87, et seqq.
‘| In connection with this Stejneger notes that a humming-bird occurs as
far North as Sitka, almost within sight of the gigantic glaciers.
56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and Greece, and recently discovered in Connemara, but not found else-
where in Britain. The weevil Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus occurs also
in Ireland, but not elsewhere north of the Auvergne Mountains.
Stejneger considers that some pre-glacial forms (such as Geomala-
cus) may well have survived the Glacial Period in sheltered nooks, and
adds :—‘‘ We see even to-day isolated spots having a southern tempera-
ture within the limits of countries with a northern climate, and, on the
other hand, similar northern oases in regions bounded by isotherms
indicating a southern climate.”
Stejneger also contends that too much reliance must not be placed
on an admixture of northern and southern forms, as to conditions of
climate. It is well known that the tiger, usually regarded as a tropical
animal, hunts the wild reindeer in Manchuria, in a district having an
annual temperature of between 0° and —2° C.
Since the climax of the Glacial Period, whatever may have been the
amount of rigour then endured, the cold has gradually diminished, and
our islands have been gradually restocked from the Continent. There is
little agreement as to periods at which this influx occurred, and these
matters cannot possibly be discussed within the limits of this notice.
Suffice it to say that the greater part probably took place when the
isles (or rather Great Britain only) were joined to the Continent by
France and by Scandinavia. although of course there was much topo-
graphical shifting during the periods in question. Ireland was cut off
at probably a very early date, and it is to this in great part that the
meagre Irish fauna is due. Kane, however, insists upon the mis-
leading character of a survey of the extant species, based solely upon
geological history, without considering the characteristics of the organ-
isms, and their capabilities of adaptation to environment. He regards
the restriction of distribution in many of the Irish Lepidoptera as due
to a similar restriction of the food-plant. Lthodocera (Gonepterya)
rhamni, e.g., is apparently restricted, in Ireland, to the ‘localities
affording a sufficient abundance of Rhamnus, and not by climatic con-
ditions ; Carsia paludata is similarly dependent upon its local food-
plant,” Vaccinium oxycoccos. Larentia flavicinctana has hitherto only
been noted—and that recently—from Ballycastle, but its search is
recommended on its food-plant, Sawifraga hypnoides, along the Antrim,
Sligo, and Clare coast-line. The notable absence of many English
fen-haunting species from the Irish loughs, where Arundo, Typha, and
various Carices are plentiful, is explained by the supposition that
these insects ‘“‘reached England from Holland, and, not finding suit-
able conditions west of Cambridge, did not spread further.”
One of the most remarkable and inexplicable failures in the Irish
fauna is the lepidopteron Vanessa cardui, which establishes itself either
partially or wholly, with difficulty. As the ‘‘ Painted Lady” is cosmo-
politan, having penetrated to New Zealand, and even to the Hawaiian
group, it is not easy to account for this instability by a reference to
the ‘‘insular”’ climate of Ireland.
The impression gained from a study of the facts in their widest
application leads only to the opinion that it is possible to say very
little definite at present—as regards the Insecta, at least—and this is
strengthened by close examination of the speculations advanced by
White, Scharff, Stejneger, and Kane, in the works cited. G.W.K
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
ViGhe 5 co Vel MARCH, 1902. [No. 466.
FORMATION OF PATTERN ON EGGSHELL OF A SPECIES
OF LEPIDOPTERA.
By Amsrose Quam, F.E.S.
Messrs. Dawson and Woopurap published * the results of
some experiments with certain fats and waxes, showing that on
cooling these form into shapes of a ‘crystalline’ nature ; melted
beeswax forming into natural hexagons, the dimensions of which
may be varied by the thickness of the wax, microscopical hexa-
gons resulting when very thin.
Analogy between these naturally formed “crystalline” shapes
of fats and waxes, and the sculpturing of the eggshell of lepi-
dopterous ova suggests itself, and to this I refer in my paper on
“Embryology,” Part I. (Trans. N. Z. Institute, vol. xxxi.). A
recent examination which I made will no doubt be of interest,
and so far as it goes justifies the analogy.
The ovum of Melanchra (Mamestra) mutans has very distinct
sculpturing, probably not more so than other Mamestra, but the
longitudinal ribs are strongly developed, the transverse lines
being very fine, it is really only with high magnification it is
seen that the fundamental pattern is a modified hexagon; at
the micropylar area the pattern is definitely hexagonal. Theore-
tically, it might be suggested that the strong parallel ribs assist
the ova to keep in position until deposited, but this does not
appear to be so.
Within the abdomen of Hepiali the ova are connected by
thread-like tissue, each ovum forming a definite part of long
strings of ova, and are not easily separable. The ova of M.
mutans are not so connected by tissue; in fact, 1 was unable to
detect any such bearing definite relation to the ova, which are
smooth, placed end on end, pressed flat against each other, so
* ‘Natural Science,’ vol. xv. p. 347.
ENTOM.—ManRcH, 1902. F
58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
forming continuous rouieaux of ova, from which any and each is
easily separable. It is not easy to detect the exact process, but
I am fully satisfied that the rouleaua of ova are bathed length-
wise by a fluid (fat?); so long as this continues the ova are
smooth, but as the quantity of fluid diminishes the ova become
exposed to the air, sculpturing forms thereon, when quite dry the
ova have orthodox sculpture of deposited ova.
There is little doubt that the bathing of the ova with fluid
continues until the act of deposition, and it seems certain that
the pattern of the ovum is due to this fluid, as it dries on ex-
posure to air, forming into ‘‘crystalline” shapes. The fact that
a few ova remained smooth is in accord with this conclusion,
since these were amongst the earliest exposed to the air on
opening the abdomen, being thereby probably too suddenly
deprived of the necessary fluid.
Palmerston, N., New Zealand: Dee. 3rd, 1901.
THE COCCID GENUS AULACASPIS.
By T. D. A. CocxEretu.
THe genus Aulacaspis, the type of which is A. rose (Bouche),
was separated from Diaspis by the present writer in 1893. The
generic characters were supposed to be the strongly tricarinate
male scale, and the divergent median lobes of the female, serrate
on their long inner margins. Mr. R. Newstead, in his ‘ Mono-
graph of the Coccide of the British Isles,’ just published by the
Ray Society, argues that these characters are not of generic
importance. Nevertheless, he accepts Aulacaspis, distinguishing
it from Diaspis by the regular rows of dorsal glands in the
abdomen of the female. This character, taken as generic, gives
us a new Classification of the species, and I have therefore
attempted to see whether it could be applied satisfactorily to all
the species of the world. After some study, I remained un-
decided whether or not to accept Mr. Newstead’s proposed reform,
until I observed that by segregating the species on the proposed
basis Diaspis became an American genus, Aulacaspis an Old
World one. The type of Diaspis is D. calyptroides, which lives
on cacti, and is unquestionably of American origin. Other
species of Diaspis, tested by Mr. Newstead’s character, are
D. celtidis, arizonicus, townsendi, pharadendri, baccharidis, and
australis, all American. D. carueli was first found in Europe,
and has been thought to be of European origin; I now believe
it is American, as it is not uncommon in the United States, and
it is significant that the British specimens were on an American
THE COCCID GENUS AULACASPIS. 59
species of Juniperus. Aulacaspis boisduvalii v. maculata, CkIL.,
becomes Diaspis boisduvalit v. maculata. Aulacaspis miranda,
Ckll., becomes Diaspis miranda. Aulacaspis cattleye, Ckll.,
becomes Diaspis cattleye. These three are all American. Diaspis
piricola, Del Guercio, appears to be certainly palearctic, yet it
is not an Aulacaspis. But it has the club-shaped glands at the
bases of the lobes, as in Diaspidiotus, and I think it is related
thereto rather than to Diaspis. It may stand as Hpidiaspis
piricola, using in a generic sense the subgeneric name already
applied to it. (‘Suppt. Check-list of Coccide,’ p. 398.) Aula-
caspis will contain at least the following, all described or listed
under Diaspis by authors :—
Aulacaspis rose (Bouché). Europe.
Aulacaspis fagree (Green). Ceylon. The male scale has
no keel.
4 Aulacaspis pentagona (Targ.). Probably native of Japan or
hina.
Aulacaspis auranticolor (Ckll.). Japan. The first (caudad)
row of dorsal glands consists of only eight, the second has hardly
so many. .
Aulacaspis persimilis (Ckll.). Mexico; but so close to penta-
gona that it is doubtless originally from the same region, and
was taken to Mexico on cultivated plants. It is possibly only a
variety of pentagona.
Aulacaspis lorantht (Green). Ceylon. Male scale tri-
carinate. .
Aulacaspis crawit (Ckll.). China.
Aulacaspis crawit fullert (Ckll.). South Africa.
Diaspis zamie and Poliaspis cycadis are of unknown origin,
having been found hitherto on cultivated plants only, mainly in
hothouses. But, judging from their affinities as shown by the
elands, it seems likely that the first came from tropical America,
and the second from the tropics of the Old World, where it finds
a reasonably close ally in Aulacaspis fagree.
I will add a word about Mr. Newstead’s treatment of Parla-
toria. I have regarded P. pergandei as a variety of proteus, but
I must now agree with Mr. Newstead that it is a valid species.
Further, I think P. proteus v. crotonis (of which Mr. Newstead
gives a beautiful plate) is also a good species, to be called Parla-
toria crotonis (Douglas).
East Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.S.A.:
Jan. 2nd, 1902.
60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A FEW NOTES ON SOME OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF
; SYRIA AND PALESTINE.
By Marearet EH. Fountains, F.E.S.
TuoucH I spent four months (from April 5th to August 3rd)
in these two countries during the past summer, my success
entomologically was anything but unprecedented, possibly the
many counter interests of the places I visited may in some
degree account for this; but at the same time I cannot describe
Syria or Palestine, with the exception of one or two favoured
spots, as countries in which butterflies might be said to abound.
This is, I think, easily accounted for by the excessive aridity and
absolute bareness of most of the mountains, which I can only
describe as treeless, shrubless, and flowerless wastes, with large
rocks and stones strewn everywhere in profuse abundance, even
in the narrow strips of cultivated ground, generally appropriated
for the cultivation of wheat or barley ; indeed, I have seen the
furrows of a cornfield entirely composed of loose stones, no sign
of earth being visible, but a scanty crop was struggling on
towards a mean and miserable harvest notwithstanding. Yet it
is in these cornfields, choked with weeds, that (as Mrs. Nicholl
remarked) the butterflies often seek a refuge, and places that in
Kurope would be passed over as most unlikely to be productive
of anything worth netting would be the very spots that in Syria
one would make for in desperation as the only alternative to an
absolutely barren wilderness.
However, in the month of April I had an excellent fortnight’s
collecting in the neighbourhood of Ain Zahalta (a village in the
Lebanon), though the weather some days was not altogether
desirable. The country round Beyrout, too, especially up the
Nahr-el-Kelb, or Dog River, was on the whole far from dis-
appointing. In May I visited Damascus; and at the end of that
month I found myself at Baalbek, a place of immense archeo-
logical interest, but where I did practically no collecting worth
mentioning. From June 4th to June 11th I was at Bsherreh,
collecting in the neighbourhood of the Cedars. And on June 26th
I started from Damascus to take the overland route to Jerusalem
on horseback, arriving on July 6th, The heat was terrific, but
I managed to do a certain amount of collecting on the way,
much to the annoyance of the mukari, who finally ended in
expressing his disapprobation by smashing my net to pieces,
presumably by accident (?), but was greatly dismayed when, on
being ordered by my courier to unload the baggage horse,
another equally well-appointed net was produced from one of my
valises, the which he was told that if, when consigned to his
care, it should be either torn, lost, or broken, he should receive
BUTTERFLIES OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 61
no bakhshish at the end of the journey, needless to add that that
net arrived at Jerusalem in a high state of preservation.
I will now proceed to describe consecutively the few species I
did come across; though my list lacks several that were taken
by Mrs. Nicholl in the same localities, and also often at about the
same time of year in 1900, and contains very few that she did
not take, though my stay in the country began rather earlier
than hers, and extended several weeks later in the season. I
shall not mention any of the commoner species one meets with
everywhere unless I have any remarks to make upon them.
Thais cerisyi, BX—Abundant almost everywhere in Syria, from the
sea-level to an elevation of some 4000 ft. ; especially common at Ain
Zahalta in April. In May, at Aléy, I found the larve feeding on a
very large kind of Aristolochia, which I sent to a friend in Budapest,
but unluckily they all died on the journey. I did not see a second
brood of this butterfly.
Doritis apollinus, Hbst.—This insect was practically over when I
got to Syria, even in the mountains in the middle of April; for, though
in some places in the neighbourhood of Ain Zahalta it flew in great
abundance, it was almost impossible to find one specimen that was
not torn and rubbed. However, I collected a number of the larve,
which I found in great quantities, full-grown, and rolled up in the
leaves of the same large Aristolochia, so that in a few days they all
pupated. I took some sixty or seventy of them, and could have
- gathered hundreds more had I wished to do so. The larva of this
butterfly had been first pointed out to me by Prof. Day up the Dog
River, near Beyrout, feeding on a different and smaller kind of this
plant.*
Pieris mesentina, Cramer.—This butterfly was beginning to come
out on the plains south of Nazareth the first week in July ; but I only
succeeded in catching one specimen. It is the strongest and most
rapid flyer of any butterfly I have ever seen. On July 81st, at about
5 p.m., I saw several which I could easily have captured in the
grounds of the American College at Beyrout, but unluckily, not having
my net with me, I was unable to do so; and the following morning,
towards midday, the chances of catching swallows on the wing with a
butterfly-net could scarcely be less than was my chance at this hour of
the day of netting one of these swift-flying Pieris. (Observation.—
Should not be sought for till after five o’clock on a sunny after-
noon.
eee belemia var. glauce, Hib.—An occasional much worn
specimen down on the coast in April and the beginning of May.
* The first emergence took place on December 22nd; unluckily it was a
cripple. Several have since come out, but as yet only three specimens have
expanded properly ; the rest were all more or less deformed. One specimen,
after having remained for about twenty-four hours in exactly the same con-
dition as when it left its chrysalis, all at once began to expand, till it was
almost perfect, except for one of the hind wings. Is it usual for freshly-
emerged insects to wait twenty-four hours before they make up their minds
to develop ?—M., E. F,
62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A, belia var. ausonia, Hiib.—Not common, either on the coast or in
the mountains.
A. charlonia var penia, Frey.—My experiences with this buttterfly
seem exactly to tally with those of Mrs. Nicholl and others, Never
common, only occurring singly and at rare intervals; I took four
specimens, some of which were rather worn, and saw a few besides,
near Ain Zahalta, towards the end of April.
A, damone, Feisth.—Fresh and plentiful near Ain Zahalta in April;
the females, too, were fairly common, but much less so than the
males. Specimens I have seen from Greece were much larger and
finer than the Syrian form.
Leucophasia duponcheli var. estiva, Stgr.—lI took this variety on the
Jebel-el-Arz (Cedar Mountain) early in June, not far below the
summit of the pass (8000 ft.) upon which only a week previous I had
ridden for a distance of several yards over some still unmelted snow. It
was not rare, but difficult to catch, on account of the steepness of the
mountain side over which it was flying.
Idmais fausta, Oliv.—Of the habits and life-history of this butterfly
I received a very interesting description from Mrs. Day. It first
appears on the wing at the very end of June or beginning of July, and
from that time produces a succession of broods on till the end of Sep-
tember, when it entirely vanishes in all its stages, and Mrs. Day has
hitherto been unable to determine whether it passes the winter, spring
and early summer in the ova, larva, or pupa state, or even, possibly,
as a hybernating butterfly ; though I cannot but think, if this were
the case, the warm, sunny days of April, May and June could not fail
to tempt it from its winter retreat; and it never reappears till the
period above stated when, curiously enough, eggs, caterpillars and
butterflies are all to be found simultaneously. The first appearance of
it during the past summer, observed by Mrs. Day, was the sight of a
worn female laying eggs; this would lead one to lean towards the idea
of hybernation in the perfect state. However, at about the same
time I saw it myself, inland; first on June 28th, one specimen, fresh
out, near Banyas, and others, for the most part also quite fresh, three
days later, in an olive-garden near the supposed Cana of Galilee, evi-
dently just emerged. I observed it more than once flying in the
streets of Jerusalem, and when I returned to Beyrout on July 15th,
‘the salmon butterfly’? was very much in evidence everywhere, I
think I might say, in town and country, I also found eggs and larve
in all stages, feeding in quantities upon the leaves of the caper-plant,
which grows wild in these countries. Mrs. Day informed me that,
whereas the eggs and caterpillars are always to be found like this from
the very beginning of July, she has never been able to discover any
during the earlier months of the year. I bred some forty or fifty
specimens myself and, with the exception of one deformity, every
pupa I had produced a perfect insect, the proportion of males and
females being about equal, though the male flies in considerably
greater abundance in the natural state. The period from ova to
imago occupies only three weeks, or even less; the larve feed up with
the greatest rapidity ; and the pupa stage of these summer broods
extends over a period of only a few days. Yet it is as a pupa that I
should be most inclined to think it passes those mysterious inter-
NOTES ON THE DIVISION VELIIARIA [RHYNCHOTA]. 638
)
mediate months, a problem, Mrs. Day tells me, she is determined to
solve, and the solution of which will, I think, be most interesting.
Thecla ilicis var. caudatula, Z.—Taken near Ainéta, in the Lebanon,
first week in June, on the slopes of a mountain more or less clothed
with plantations of young Syrian oak-trees, where they were extremely
plentiful, and all, as far as I could make out, belonging to the long-
tailed aberration.
T. myrtale, Klug.—Fairly common in the neighbourhood of the
Cedars early in June, but I only took one female, and not a very long
series of males.
Thestor callimachus, Ey.—I took one perfect male specimen of this
butterfly on May 13th, at Aléy. It was probably only just emerging,
and a spell of dull cold weather would account for my seeing no more
of it before I left Aléy, two days later.
Polyommatus thersamon var. omphale, Klug.—This is undoubtedly
a summer variety; those I took in the spring were all normal, while
all the males of the summer brood possessed tails quite as long, if not
longer, than the ordinary female.
Cigaritis acamas, Klug. — Three bad specimens only, all near
Beyrout in May, two of which were taken in the grounds of the
American College; and I saw another in this same place early in
August. Mrs. Day has not as yet been able to discover upon what
plant this little Cigaritis lays its eggs.
(To be continued.)
NOTES ON THE DIVISION VELIJARIA [RHYNCHOTA]
(=Susram. VELIDA, Leru. & Sev.).
By G. W. Kirxazpy, F.E.S.
(Concluded from Entom. xxxiy. p. 310.)
R. niericans (Burm.).
Velia nigricans, Burm. 1835, Handb. p. 218.
Burmeister’s description is altogether inadequate, and the
species has long been unknown to me. I now have a pair from
Syria which are probably referable to it.
Elongate; first segment of antenne two-thirds longer than second,
second and fourth subequal, third one-sixth longer than fourth; third
segment of intermediate tarsi very slightly longer than second,
(Macropterous form: pronotum obtusely angulate, obsoletely carinate
longitudinally.)
Blackish brown with yellowish pubescence ; base of first segment
of antennz pallid. Femora shining black, base (cox, spines, except
tips of latter, &c.) pallid; an interrupted. pale line at apex of
pronotum,
64 ' THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
3. Seventh segment above truncate apically, longer than sixth, —
and a trifle longer than the eighth.
Long. 4 mill.; lat. 14 mill.
Hab. Syria, Kaifa (coll. Kirkaldy).
R. aneustipes, Uhler. Venezuela, Puerto Cabello (Mus.
Hamburg !).
R. RAVANA, Sp. NOV.
Allied to crassipes, but the latter has the ultimate segment
of the intermediate tarsi slightly longer than the second, the
venter carinate, and the colouring different. R. crassipes is also
larger.
Elongate. Antenne: first seement one-half longer than the second,
which is one-seventh longer than the third, which is one-fifth longer
than the fourth; first scarcely longer than third and fourth together.
Pronotum (macropterous) obtusely rounded ; (apterous) widely rounded
behind. Elytra rounded at apex, not reaching as far as the apex of
the genital segments. Anterior tibie not dilated, fg 2. Intermediate
femora not constricted medianly ; ultimate segment of tarsi two and
two-thirds as long as penultimate. Posterior femora incrassate ; tibise
sinuous, without a hook at apex; ultimate segment of tarsi three and
a half times as long as penultimate. Abdomen moderately long.
Brownish black; head (more or less), and a central longitudinal
stripe on pronotum, ferruginous. Antenne unicolorous (not widely
pallid at base of first segment of antenne). A large silvery patch
near antero-lateral angle of pronotum. An elongate spot of base of
corium, another in the central cell, and another nearer the apex of
the elytra, silvery white; nervures very distinct. emora more or
less pallid, especially basally and beneath; coxe and trochanters
pallid. Connexivum with a broad median longitudinal pale flavous
stripe. Venter dark brownish (very thickly dark yellowish pilose) . .
more or less pallid medianly.
3. Posterior femora two and two-third times as long as wide,
three moderate-sized and several small spines beneath ; tibie strongly
sinuous, tuberculo-spinose beneath; seventh abdominal segment
beneath, long laterally emarginate, medianly subtruncate, apically
depressed ; above, truncate apically.
?. Posterior femora three and a half times as long as wide;
spinose similarly to ¢; tibie slightly sinuous; seventh segment
beneath slightly roundly emarginate. .
Long. 4-4°6 mill. ; lat. 1:9 mill.
Hab. Curyuon, Peradeniya (EK. E. Green).
65
A LIST or LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED sy DR. CUTHBERT
CHRISTY mw NIGERIA.
By Eminy Mary Saarpr.
THe insects in this collection were all taken on the banks
of the Niger, or within a few miles of the river, at various points
between Lokoja and Ilo. Those from Lokoja were mostly cap-
tured on Mount Patti, which rises abruptly behind the town for
about a thousand feet. It is thickly wooded, except on the top,
which is flat, open, grass country. At a certain spot, used by
the Imperial forces stationed at Lokoja as a flag-station and
sanatorium for convalescent officers and men, are the remains of
what may have been a small village, and round about this spot
flourishes a profusion of flowers and plants, many of which seem
to be peculiar to the locality. Here more butterflies were to be
seen in an hour than could be seen in a month at any other place
in Nigeria that I visited.
Lokoja i is at the junction of the Benue River with the Niger,
and is, roughly speaking, about 400 miles from the sea. Hegais
about eighty miles above Lokoja, and Jebba, the head-quarters
of the Imperial forces in Nigeria, is some 150 miles further up.
Most of the insects from Jebba were collected about the island on
which the town and Imperial camp are situated, or on Juju-rock
Island. The Juju-rock, such a prominent feature in the land-
scape at Jebba, rises from the bed of the river to a height of
300 ft. or more. It is practically a sheer cliff on all sides, and
was never explored tili I succeeded, after three days’ toil, in
finding a way to the summit in May, 1898. It was up to that
date the centre of much superstition and mystery, and was
talked of with dread by the natives for hundreds of miles both
up and down the river. Its summit is covered with scrub,
amongst which I noted several plants I had not seen elsewhere.
The same was the case with the butterflies, and two or three
species which are specially mentioned in the following list I saw
nowhere else. The flora and fauna of the Juju-rock at Jebba
are peculiar in many ways, and would, I am sure, well repay
anyone making them a special study.
Bajibo, Leaba, Bussa, Yelwa, and Gomba are places on or
near the river bank between Jebba and Ilo, the most northerly
station in British territory, and nearly a thousand miles from
the river’s mouth. At Ilo the country is very different to what
it is lower down the river. It is less wooded, and large stretches
of open country little more than desert are frequent. The people,
too, are very different, being a much finer race, particularly the
men, who wear the flowing robes and ornaments of the Arab. In
this district, bordering upon the Western Soudan, the butterflies
66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
are largely represented by the Pieride, especially by the genus
Teracolus.
The Benue flows for most of its course through impenetrable
jungle. The town, and Niger Company’s station, of Mozum is
about twenty miles from its junction with the Niger.—(C. C.]
Family Danarpipm.
1. Danats aucrppus (Cram.).—a, ¢. Sierra Leone; February,
1898. b-h, $3 2. Jebba, River Niger; September, October, 1898.
i,j, & @. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1898. k-p, 3 @. Ilo.
q,7, ¢ 2. Shonga; September, 1898.
“One of the commonest butterflies all the year round, fre-
quenting the damp open parts near the river.””—C. C.
2. Danats PETIVERANA, Doubl. & Hewits.—a, 3. Jebba, Niger
River ; October, 1898.
““Only observed on one occasion, when a dozen or more
appeared in October at one particular spot near the river. They
were difficult to catch, owing to their quick movements and rapid
flight.”"—C. C.
Family Satyripm.
3. MELANITIS SOLANDRA (Iabr.).—a, 2. Jebba, Niger River ;
May, 1898.
4, Mycauusis mityas, Hewits.—a, 3. Jebba, Niger River ;
September, 1898.
5. Mycanesis pesontata, Butl.—a, b, 3. Jebba, Niger River ;
November, 1898.
In the collection at the British Museum three specimens of
this species are recorded from the Atbara River and Abyssinia.
6. Mycauesis saritza, Hewits.—a, ¢. Jebba, Niger River; ©
November, 1898. b, ¢. Mozum, Benue River; June, 1899.
7. MycaLEsis vuuGaris, Butl.—a-c, @. Jebba, Niger River ;
May, September, 1898.
8. Ypruima simpuicta, Butl.—a. Leaba; December, 1899.
This species seems to be widely distributed, specimens being
recorded in the National Collection from Somaliland, Victoria
Nyanza, Zomba, F'wambo, and Wadelai.
9. Ypruima poeta, Kirby.—a, 3. Jebba, Niger River; Sept-
ember, 1898. b, °. Lokoja; May, 1898.
10. Yeruima rronta, Hewits——a. Shonga; August. 0b. Jebba,
Niger River ; October, 1898.
Family Acrmipm.
11. Acrma zpres (Linn.).—a, $. Lokoja; May.
12. Acrma cmorta (Fabr.).—a-d, ¢ 2. Jebba, Niger River ;
September, October, 1898. e-g, ¢ 2. Ilo; March, 1899. h, ?.
Shonga; September.
LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN NIGERIA. 67
13. Acrma psEuDEGINA, Westw.—a-d, 3. Lokoja; May.
e, d. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899. f,g, 3 2. Jebba;
May, 1898. h-j, 3. Ilo. k, &. Sierra Leone; February, 1898.
14. Acrma serRENA (Fabr.). — a. Leaba; December, 1899.
b,c. Shonga; August. d-g. Jebba, Niger River; September,
1898.
15. Acrma vinip1a, Hewits.—a-i. Jebba, Niger River; May,
September, 1898. 7. Mozum, Benue River; June, 1899.
16. Acrma ponasta (Fabr.).—a. Shonga; August.
17. Acrama tycta (Fabr.).—a, b. Boussa; December, 1898.
cj. Shonga; August, September.
‘“* Acrea lycia, A. pseudegina, and A. cecilia were exceedingly
common along the banks of the River Niger.’”’—C. C.
18. Puanema GEA (Fabr.).—a, b, #. Sierra Leone ; February,
1898.
19. PLANEMA umBRA (Drury).— a, 2. Mozum, Benue River ;
June, 1899.
“Caught in an open glade in the thick jungle on the right
bank of the Benue River.”—C. C.
Family NymMpHavip™.
20. ATELLA PHALANTHA (Drury). —a. Shonga; August. b-e.
Tlo; March, 1899. f. Jebba; May. g,h. Lokoja.
21. Pyrameis carpur (Linn.).—a-e. Jebba; October.
22. JUNONIA Boopis, Trimen.—a, &. Leaba; December,
1899. b, 3. Jebba; November. c,d, ¢ 2. lo; January, 1899.
23. JUNONIA CLELIA (Cram.).— a, 2. Shonga; August. J, c,
& °. Ilo; March, 1899.
24. JUNONIA CEBRENE, T'rimen.—a, 3. Jebba; May. 0b-d,
3 ¢. lo; January, March, 1899. e, ?. Boussa; December.
** Junonia bodpis, J. clelia, and J. cebrene frequent the most
exposed stony and glaring hot places. They are difficult insects
to catch.” —C. C.
25. Precis amestris (Drury).—a. Ilo; March, 1899.
26. Precis trimentr (Butl.).—a. Shonga ; September.
27. Precis cuama (Hewits.).—a, b. Jebba; October, November.
The species seems to be widely distributed, specimens in the
British Museum being recorded from Masailand, Nyasaland, and
Mashona.
28. Precis ceryNE (Boisd.).—a, b. Shonga; August.
29. Pructs teopora (Godt.).—a. Jebba; September.
30. Precis pELARGA (Fabr.).—a. Shonga; August.
31, Precis teEREA (Drury). —a, b. Sierra Leone; February,
1898. c. Lokoja, 11,000 ft. above river; May. d,e. Jebba;
May. jf,g. Ilo; March, 1899.
68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
32. Precis ortHosia (Klug). —a. Lokoja. b. Boussa; De-
cember. c. Jebba; May. d-g. Ilo; March, 1899.
‘‘Common in the thicker parts of the jungle.” —C. C.
33. Hypotimnas misippus (Linn.).—a-d, 3 2. Ilo; March,
1899. e, d. Boussa; January, 1898.
34. NEPTIDOPSIS OPHIONE (Cram.).—a. Mozum, Benue River;
June, 1899.
35. Byspuia Gorzius (Herbst.).—a-g, ¢ 2. Ilo; March, 1899.
h, @. Jebba; October.
36. Nepris acatHa (Stoll.).— a, 2. Shonga; September.
b, d. Jebba; September, 1898. c, g. Rabba; November.
d, ¢. Boussa; December.
37. NEPTIS MELICERTA (Drury).—a. Ilo; March, 1899.
38. Caruna cRITHEA (Drury). — a. Mozum, Benue River ;
June, 1899.
39. Hamanumipa pmpawus (Fabr.).—a, b. Ilo: January, 1899.
c. Ilo; February, 1899. d-f. Jebba; November. g. Boussa;
December. kh,i. Shonga; August. j,k, ¢ 2. Mount Patti,
Lokoja; June.
‘*Common on shady paths, settling with the wings open, thus
escaping observation unless it rises, when it is difficult to catch,
owing to its strong flight.”—C. C.
40. Eupumpra tHEemtis (Hubn.).—a. Ilo; March, 1899.
41. KupHmpra JANETTA (Butl.).—a. Jebba ; May.
42, HuPHADRA CROSSEI, Sp.n.—¢. Primaries differing from
the typical H. crockeri, Butler, in having a large ochre-yellow
patch on the apical area, as well as a yellowish bronze shading
along the inner margin. Secondaries: Central area rather more
uniform steel-blue, the other spots and markings not differing
from those indicated in other varieties of H. crockert. Under
side similar to that of EH. crockeri. EHxpanse, 2°4 in.
Hab. Mozum, Benue River ; June, 1899. Type.
This species, which belongs to the H. crockert group, has
apparently not been named. ‘Two specimens are in the British
Museum, one from the Cameroons, and the other from the Lower
Niger (Asaba ?), collected by Dr. E. W. Crosse. In this genus
some of the species have a yellow phase, but whether this can be
attributed to a seasonal change of colour remains to be deter-
mined.
43, CHARAXES ACHAMENES, Feld.—a, 2. Lokoja; May.
44, CHaRaxes viotaA, Butl—a, 2. Lokoja; May.
45, CHARAXES VARANES (Cram.).—a. Ilo; March, 1899.
(To be continued.)
69
VARIATION IN THE GENUS ELREBIA.
By Grorrrey Smita.
(Continued from p. 9.)
Surrictent stress has not been laid upon the fact that when
the mean (M) of a normal scheme of distribution of certain
variations is preserved from generation to generation, the
measures of those variations will tend to converge toward that
mean. It was on this ground that the acquisition of constancy
by some character was stated to occur, when both sexes were
variable, and all prepotent tendencies to reversion were theo-
retically eliminated.
One of the properties of M of a normal scheme was stated to
be that the most probable value of any unknown measure in a
eroup is M. This results from the following consideration, in
the words of Prof. Galton, ‘“‘ that if N be one of the measures,
and U be the value of the unit in which the measure is recorded,
then the number of measures that fall between (N—# U) and
(N+) is greatest when N=M.” Or from a somewhat dif-
ferent point of view, the idea of mediocre may be extended away
from the mean so as to include more measures; but the idea of
extreme cannot be so extended, since by the nature of things it
is strictly limited. It must also be remembered that as a matter
of fact in a normal scheme the mediocre is always the commonest
condition, and that the numbers of individuals possessing the
various degrees of the character on each side of the mean (M)
graduate away, and become less as the extremes are approached.
Hence it is that in schemes of distribution applied to the same
group. from generation to generation a centripetal tendency would
hold good, with the final theoretical result that the mean would
be established as a constant measure of the character under con-
sideration. Moreover, this tendency to converge toward the
mean is increased in the process of sexual reproduction ; for, if
we take an extreme male, the chance is small of its pairing with
a female which is extreme in the same direction, as against the
combined chances of its pairing with a female either of the oppo-
site extreme or of the mediocre. In this way, too, the extremes
would tend to merge into the mediocre. Of course, all these
considerations only hold absolutely, supposing that the scheme
is normal, that the selection of mates is made entirely by chance,
and also ex hypothesi that the numbers of the sexes are pro-
portional.
We will now go on to consider the numerical proportions of .
the sexes with reference to the genus Hrebia.
In chap. viii. part 1. of the ‘ Descent of Man’ (2nd edition),
Darwin has written on this subject: the point of view taken is
that normally equal numbers of the sexes should be produced,
70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
but that various circumstances tend to upset this equal propor-
tion. Among men, mammals in general, birds, fish, &c., various
conditions occur from equality to great preponderance of one sex
or the other, and equally various circumstances seem to deter-
mine these conditions. Among Lepidoptera various conditions
in the numerical proportions also occur; in silk-moths the
females are said to be bred in excess ; in Rhopalocera the general
impression of collectors is that males are produced in excess.
We are not here concerned with the actual production of males
or females, but of their arrival to the state of sexual maturity ;
so that what we have to examine is this impression of collectors.
Two views may be taken—(1) that owing to differences in habits,
times of appearance, &c., of the two sexes, this impression of
collectors is a mistaken one; (2) that this impression is a true
one. The former view was taken by Mr. Stainton, the latter by
Mr. Bates, in the discussion before the Entomological Society in
1868. It seems probable that there is truth in both views, so
long as each is not applied to Rhopalocera in general. No doubt
if the two sexes of a species have different habits, &c., collectors
who are ignorant of those habits would very likely gain a wrong
impression of the numerical proportion of the sexes ; but if such
a disparity in the habits does not exist, it is an unwarrantable
position to ignore the repeated assertions of collectors. Now,
with the genus Hrebia I do not think there is any great difference
in the habits of the sexes. Whenever I have taken a female of
the species that I have collected (and I have taken many), I have
done so generally unwittingly until the capture has been made,
and usually I have caught females flying on the same ground
with males, from which they are indistinguishable in general
appearance, flight, &c., and conspicuousness. Then again, even
supposing that the females do lie hid more than the males, or
occur at different periods, it would be rash to suppose that a
collector of even moderate attainments does not state or even
understate the numerical disproportion of the sexes by the col-
lections he brings home; for, knowing the supposed rareness of
the females, he will always retain them when they are caught,
whereas he will continually pass by or let go the commoner
males. Considering the abundance of many species of Hrebia, 1
think that the collections brought home probably understate the
numerical disproportion of the mature sexes.
The proportions given to the species considered afterwards
are derived from my collection, and from the collections in the
British Museum. Here again the risk run is one of under-
statement, for in the latter collection many specimens have been
ejected, and these will be sure to have been mostly males, owing
to the scarcity of females for representing types.
In applying the methods, that have now been discussed at
some length, to actual data derived from the genus Hrebia, my
VARIATION IN THE GENUS EREBIA. fa
object is to discover whether those data give any evidence as
regards the hypothesis, that inequality in the numerical propor-
tions of the sexes, when coupled with variability in the pre-
ponderating sex, tends towards continued fluctuation of the
variable character. Of what nature, then, will the data be that
will lend support to this hypothesis? It is a matter of very
general observation that when the ordinary individual variations
of a species are thrown into a scheme of distribution, the curve
derived from them is normal. ‘The essential property of a
normal curve is that it falls away symmetrically on either side of
M by regular gradations, the numbers becoming gradually less
below, and more above the mean. Curves A and B in Fig. 1
are therefore not truly normal, but curve C is. [See Hntom.
Oct. 1901, p. 278.]
Now, on the theory under discussion, we would not expect the
individual variations to fall into a normal curve, if the sexes are
disproportional, &c.; there should be breaks in the continuity of
the slope, if the principle in question has come into play. If, of
course, we take individuals from many different areas, or from
one very large continuous area, we might obtain a normal curve,
owing to the whirligig of chance having brought in his revenges,
and filled up the breaks of continuity in one area with individuals
from another ; but if we take individuals from one somewhat
confined area, we should expect to find these breaks. By breaks
in the continuity of the slope, breaks in the actual series of
variations are not necessarily implied. The latter breaks,
namely, when some variations are omitted altogether, might be
accounted for by natural selection ; but when in some confined
area all the variations do occur, but not in such numerical pro-
portions as to fall into a normal scheme, then the facts are most
easily accounted for by the hypothesis that has been framed. A
confirmatory test besides this of abnormality of slope would be
in the M of individuals of some confined area not corresponding
to M of other areas, taken separately or combined. The method
then will be to fix on some species with numerical disproportion
of sexes, to select some character of that species which is variable
in the preponderating sex, then to determine if that character
falls into a normal scheme or not when a group of individuals is
considered that has been derived from some one confined area,
and also if the M of those from the confined area is the same as
the M of other areas taken separately or combined. ‘The con-
clusions arrived at from the following data must be accepted
tentatively, as my material is not large enough to ensure any-
thing like accuracy.
(To be continued.)
72, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
GYNANDROUS EXAMPLES OF AMPHIDASYS BETULARIA,
Mr. Apert Harrison has been good enough to entrust to
me six of the seven gynandrous A. betularia that he bred from a
batch of ova obtained from a female specimen taken in the New
Forest in June, 1900 (Entom. xxxiv. 203, 349). These specimens
have been submitted to Sir George F. Hampson for examination.
As it was not permissible to mutilate the insects in any way,
attention has necessarily been confined to the secondary sexual
characters, and the results of his examination have been tabulated
by Sir George as follows :—
No. 1. Right side ¢ antenna, frenulum, and retinaculum. Left
side ? antenna, frenulum, and retinaculum.
No. 2. Right side g antenna, frenulum, and retinaculum. Left
side ? antenna, frenulum, and retinaculum.
No. 8. Right side antenna unipectinate, @ frenulum, $ retinaculum.
Left side $ antenna, ? frenulum, ¢ retinaculum.
No. 4. Right side g antenna, ? frenulum and retinaculum. Left
side ? antenna, ? frenulum and retinaculum.
No. 5. Right side § antenna, gf frenulum and retinaculum. Left
side @ antenna, ? frenulum and retinaculum.
No. 6. Right side ? antenna, § frenulum and retinaculum. Left
side g antenna, ¢ frenulum and retinaculum.
From this table we see that, as regards external organs,
Nos. 1, 2, and 5 are each male on the right side and female on
the left side. I find that the wings themselves also exhibit the
same sexual differences, and if one may judge from the appear-
ance of the anal segments of the body it would seem that these
are also ‘‘ half and half.”
No. 4 appears to be a female in all respects except that it
has a male antenna on the right side.
No. 3 has the wings on each side of equal size. There is a
well-formed male antenna on the left side, but the right antenna
is that proper to the female with some short pectinations along
its lower side, an abnormal position.
Except that it has a female antenna on the right side, No. 6
appears to be a male specimen, and comes nearest to being a
counterpart of either Nos. 1, 2,or 5. It is not, however, the
exact reverse of either, because the frenulum and retinaculum
on the right side are male in character.
RicHarD SourH.
73
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Hawk Mors Purarine 1n Brancues or Trees.—During February
larve of Panacra lignaria were common here on Pisonia aculeata. One
large creeper, which clambered up and over a tall tree, was quite de-
nuded of its foliage by them. Whilst examining some shrubs and young
trees which grew immediately underneath, I discovered many of the
larve spun up therein; continuing my search, I found many more
changing, and an occasional pupa, in the branches. Some were close
to the ground, others being seven or eight feet therefrom, probably
many more were higher up. Though larve of many of the Queens-
land Sphingide are known to me, this is the only species which I
have observed to pupate above ground. I have referred to several of
our experienced entomologists, and none of them have known of
Sphingide pupating in trees.—F’. P. Dopp; Warburton Street, North
: Ward, Townsville, Queensland.
Scent Orcans or Hepranipm.— During a lengthened experience
with the southern Hepialide, I have always noticed a powerful and
somewhat pleasant scent emanating from the male of Charagia
daphnandri (should be scotti), and was for some time unable to locate
the organ from which it proceeded, but finally discovered that the
large hair-like tufts on the diminutive hind legs of this species gave
forth the scent. It will be noticed that each of these hairs is enclosed
from the base to some little distance above in a delicate skin, forming
a gland. These glands proved to contain a yellowish fluid, the fluid
possessing the strong scent so noticeable in freshly emerged and
handled males of this species. In ramsayi, cyanochlora, splendens, and
others, the tufts of the male are much smaller, and I have not noticed
any pronounced odour arising from any of these. During the past
two years I have bred out a series of the magnificent mirabilis of
Rothschild, which is the largest and generally considered the finest of
Queensland Hepialide; the male has the tufts largely developed, and
they, too, give forth a powerful and sweet scent, which is also secreted
at the base of the hairs. The scent from these two species does not
finally depart until long after the insects have been placed away in
the store-boxes.—F. P. Dopp.
Bat Kimuine a Morn ar Suear.—While my sister, Miss Harvey-
Jellie, was sugaring in a garden in Hssex last September, a large bat
swooped down just as she was approaching a tree, and, in the full
light of the lantern, settled on the patch of sugar, demolished a
M. brassice, and flew away.—B. Harvey-Jexim; Moorside, Hartlepool.
Variety or THE Mota Hypsa supsrracra (Walker).—Having bred
a very large number of specimens of H. substracta last year, and
several this, among which were a good many of the banded variety,
and also a few other examples, I think a specimen which emerged
to-day, September 8th, is worth noting. The fore wings are quite
typical, but the right hind wing has a distinct band, which is totally
different from the ordinary banded form; the other hind wing is like the
type, all yellow. Besides those I have bred myself I have also seen a
great number of others, but nothing like the one now recorded. The
ENTOM.—MARCH, 1902. G
74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
specimen, which is a male, was bred from a pupa found by me about
three weeks ago, and was not reared in confinement. The insect is
now in the possession of P. T. Lathy, Esq., Enfield, England, to
whom I forwarded it.—G. F. LeieH; Musgrave Road, Durban, Natal.
Hymenoprera-AcuLEata oF THE Oxrorp Disrrict.—The report of
the Oxfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club for 1900—
(recently received) is accompanied by a list of the Aculeate Hymeno-
ptera of the Oxford district. The species enumerated number two
hundred and eight, and comprise ten Heterogyna, sixty-two Fossores,
fifteen Diploptera, and one hundred and twenty-one Anthophila.
List or Brivis Diptera (2nd Edition).—Even if the addition to
the faunal lists of some three hundred species, and still more numerous
important emendations and alterations, had not indicated the pressing
need of a new edition of Mr. Verrall’s invaluable list of British Diptera,
it appears that the original edition was exhausted, and that a reprint
had become a necessity. Although the author is not yet satisfied:
with the list as regards accuracy and completeness, we are sure that
this revised edition will be gladly welcomed by dipterists. In the
preface, reference is made to the increased interest in British Diptera,
and the hope is expressed that this may lead to the production of
more perfect lists than is possible at present of such families as the
Cecidomyide and the Mycetophilide.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
CoLIAS HYALE AND SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN WitTsHIRE In 1901.——I wish
to record the capture here last year, on Sept. 18th, of a female
specimen of Colias hyale, which I released, upon identification. This
is the first and only one I have seen in this neighbourhood during
many years. I also caught a female Sphinx convolvuli on the evening
of Sept, 23rd, which I restored to liberty; and I noticed this same
insect, or others of its kind, on several subsequent evenings, at the
flowers of Nicotiana affinis.—(Rev.) C. A. Stapen; The Rectory, Alton
Barnes, Pewsey, Feb. 14th, 1902.
OpHIODES LUNARIS: A Correction.—In my record of the above
species (ante, p. 25), I should have said that it was exhibited at the
City of London Entomological Society on Dec. 8rd, 1901, not at the
Entomological Society of London on the 6th.—T. Wricur; Heath
Side, Warrington, Jan. 9th, 1901.
Ovonata, &¢., av CAMBERLEY, SuRREY.—Libellula depressa, L. quadri-
maculata, Sympetrum striolatum, Atschna cyanea, Lestes sponsa, Agrion
puella, and Pyrrhosoma nymphula were very plentiful at Camberley in
1900. I got several specimens of Cordulegaster annwlatus, and three
of Orthetrum caerulescens, two of which were caught in an orchard. Of
Coleoptera, I met with Cicindela campestris, Cryptocephalus aureolus, and
Cetonia aurata continually, and a gardener gave me thirteen specimens
of Geotrupes stercorarius, males and females, which he had caught on
the way to Bagshot.—M. Pauuis; Tatoi, Aigburth Drive, Sefton Park,
Jan. 4th, 1902.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 75
HarPELLA BRACTEELLA.—A specimen of this rare species was
brought to me for identification by Mr. J. T. Houghton, who took it
in this town on June 28rd of last year.—(Miss) HE. Maupr AupErson;
Park House, Worksop.
Notes oN THE Season, 1901: Marcn—Junzt.—On the whole, collect-
ing has, I think, been satisfactory during the past season. In the
immediate neighbourhood a few unusual species turned up. Colias
hyale was seen at Hither Green, Sept. 22nd, and others were heard of
from there. An example of Vanessa polychloros was found indoors, as
already reported, whilst both broods of Cyaniris argiolus were well
represented. A single Sphina convolvuli was brought to me Sept. 25th,
which was taken at rest on some clothing in a yard near Lee station.
It was unfortunately in battered condition, owing to having been kept
alive in a cigar-box for three days. The usual species turned up, and
single specimens of Hupithecia succenturiata and Cosmia diffinis (Grove
Park) were taken. A black female Amphidasys betularia was secured,
in cop. With a typical male, and was kept for eggs, of which she
deposited a large number. Some of the larve fed up well, and we
now have a good number of pupe. A single larva of Jodis vernaria was
taken at Grove Park.—F. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E.
Tue Past Szason, 1901.—The season of 1901 which has just closed
I have again found, with one or two exceptions, a good one for butter-
flies. On referring to notes, I find the first specimen observed was
one of Vanessa io, at Clifton, Bristol, on March 12th, no doubt tempted
forth from its winter quarters by a warm day. Gonepterya rhammi
appeared on the 13th of same month. The weather being again colder
after this, Pieris rape was not noted before April 21st, and on the 25th
Lycena argiolus turned up. On the Cotswold Hills, in Gloucestershire,
in May, I was pleased to find several kinds in fair abundance, as Huchloé
cardamines, Polyommatus phlwas, Lycena icarus, Thecla rubi, Argynnis
euphrosyne, Thanaos tages, &c., and the ‘‘ whites.” During June and
July, in North Wales, Merionethshire, Argynnis aglaia and A. adippe
were frequently seen in favourable situations; also A. selene and,
locally, Melitea artemis (aurinia) and Cenonympha pamphilus were in
abundance amongst the coarse grass on the uplands. Vanessa urtice
was very frequently seen, and I was pleased to notice several specimens
of Polygonia c-album, not far from Barmouth, and the “‘ whites” were
very abundant. Thecla quercus, also, was continually seen flitting over
the oak trees, this, as is often the case, especially when the sun was
declining in the afternoon. On passing through Bath, the second week
in August, I found one evening, on one of the hill slopes, Lycena icarus
in greater abundance at rest than I think I have ever before noticed it.
Without moving, several dozens might be counted on the stems of grass
or plantain—so many as four specimens might be seen on a single
grass stem alone. In West Somerset, at the end of August and
through September, the butterflies then out have been generally seen,
as V. urtice, Chrysophanus phleas, L. icarus, T. quercus, &c., but atalanta
I have not found so commonly as last season in Devonshire. Pararge
egeria was noted so late as October 17th, and a specimen each of V. io
and C. phleas were the last butterflies of the season of 1901; these
were seen on October 28rd. During the whole year not a single speci-
76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
men of Vanessa cardui or Colias edusa has been noticed in the places
above mentioned. My observations of the moths have been mostly
confined to day collecting, excepting examining on one or two evenings
many plants of the red valerian in North Wales, to which the common
moths came plentifully, as Xylophasia polyodon, M. brassicae, Hadena
dentina, &c.; the last seems generally common in many parts of Wales.
The larve, pupe, and imago of Zygena filipendule were extremely
abundant near Barmouth—the pupe spun up in all kinds of places,
even on rocks, and wood palings ; the imagines were most constant in
their markings, excepting an occasional one with the spots rather
smaller. Macroglossa stellatarum occasionally visited the red valerian
in the same district, and later on I have now and then seen this insect
in West Somerset, where, also, larve and pupe of Acherontia atropos
have been found not unfrequently. The larvee of the ‘‘ whites,” and,
in one place apparently, of Pionea forficalis have been very destructive.
I may, perhaps, add a word here for that often much abused bird, the
house sparrow—of his usefulness, often forgotten, in destroying both
the larve and imagines of troublesome insects. This season alone I
have seen him devouring the larvee of Malacosoma (B.) neustria, and
Cheimatobia brumata, and imagines of Phlogophora meticulosa and
Triphena pronuba. The dry, warm season appears to have been
favourable to wasps; and in June and part of July the little chafer-
beetle, the Welsh ‘‘ Coch y bouddhu,”’ appeared in swarms near Bar-
mouth, on the uplands. I noticed one day the surface of a tarn
dotted over with struggling victims, and the bracken and low nut-
bushes were at times covered with them.—’. B. Jerrerys; Minehead,
Nov. 4th, 1901.
SOCIETIES.
EnromonocicaL Society or Lonpon.— February 5th, 1902.—The
Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.8., President, in the chair.—The Pre-
sident announced that he had appointed Mr. F. DuCane Godman,
D.C.L., F.R.S., Professor E. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., and
Dr. David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.8., as Vice-Presidents for the
Session. Dr. Norman Joy, of Bradfield, near Reading, was elected a
Fellow of the Society.—Professor Poulton exhibited with lantern a
series of slides belonging to Professor Meldola, made from actual -
specimens by the three-colour process, illustrative of mimicry in
British and exotic Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. He also exhibited
the several specimens from which the lantern-slides had been pre-
pared. A discussion on the subject took place, in which Col. Swinhoe,
Mr. F. Merrifield, Dr. Chapman, Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, the Rev. F.
D. Morice, and Col. Yerbury took part, Mr. Verrall observing that in
the case of Diptera they mimicked other groups rather than were
mimicked by them, while there were even cases in which flies fed on
dragonflies, and not vice versdé, as was usual. With regard to the
protective value of the scent-glands present in groups allied to the
Chalcosiinee, and conspicuous also in Anthrocera, Mr. J. W. Tutt said
it was possible that they might have something to do with edibility or
SOCIETIES. rar
otherwise of the species. The glands, though better developed in the
male, existed also inthe female. Professor Meldola, however, supposed
them to be characters of sexual attraction, as laid down by Fritz
Muller, and therefore not affecting the question of distastefulness.—
Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited a series of the perfect insect of Glottula
fusca, Hpsn., together with ears of maize (locally called mealies),
showing the damage done by the well-grown larva of the species,
which lives in the first place in the stem, eating the pith from the
ground, and afterwards attacking the cobs, and eating from the inside
into the bases of the unripe grains, which then change colour and
shrivel up. He also exhibited: Gynaniza maia (male), Walk., and a
drawing of the larva; Nudaurelia menippe (male), Feld., and drawing
of larve ; Bombycomorpha bifascia, Hpsn., circlet of eggs, cocoons, and
ficure of larva; Phissana flava, Feld., food, cocoon, and figure of larva;
Gonometa postica (male and female), Walk., cocoon (poisonous), and
male and female larva figures; Henucha smilawx (male and female),
Feld., pupa, cocoon, figures of larva, and an enlarged segment to show
markings; Metarctia rufescens, Walk., and figure of larva ; Taeniopyga
sylvana, Walk., and figures of larva; Rigema ornata, Walk., and figures
of larva—all the foregoing specimens and figures being received from
Miss Frances Barrett, Buntingville, Transkei, South Africa.—Mr. W.
L. Distant exhibited two specimens of Coleoptera which had reached
him alive from the Transvaal—one <Anthia thoracica, Thunb., now
dead, the other, Brachycerus granosus, Gyll., still living, sent by Mr.
Robert Service, of Dumfries, who received them from Sergt. Peter
Dunn, of the volunteer company of the Scottish Borderers, which
regiment was in the vicinity of Krugersdorp. The genus Anthia ex-
tends to the Southern Palearctic region, and there seems little doubt
that these species could be easily acclimatized there. All they require
at home is the‘run of a good palm or orchid-house. — Mr. R. Adkin
exhibited a series of Acidalia aversata. The parent moth (a banded
female, the male parent not being known) was taken at Lewisham in
June, 1900. Of the resulting larve about one-half fed up rapidly, and
produced imagines in the autumn of the same year—a very unusual
circumstance in the habits of the species; the remainder hybernated
and produced imagines in June of the followimg year, thus occupying
the normal time in completing their metamorphoses. The proportion
of individuals following the female parent in the two portions of the
brood were almost equal, the percentages being approximately fifty-
three banded in the autumnal emergence as against fifty-eight in the
spring, but in point of sex the disparity was great, over 65 per cent. of
the autumn moths being males as against fully 72 per cent. females
in the spring portion. — Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited long series of
Leptura stragulata, Germ., and Strangalia pubescens, Fabr., from the
pine-forests of Aragon and Castile, showing the great variation in
colour of the two species in these districts, whereas the allied forms
occurring in the same places, viz., L. rubra, Linn., L. distigma,
Charp., L. unipunctata, Fabr., and L. sanguinolenta, Linn., were per-
fectly constant; also Dermestes aurichalceus, Kist., which he and Dr.
Chapman had found everywhere in abundance in the old nests of the
processionary-moth (Cnethocampa processionea, Linn.) on the pines in
these forests. — Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited in illustration of his
78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
paper ‘On a new subfamily of Pyralide,”’ living larve of Hypotia
corticalis, Schiff, as well as preserved larvee, pupa-cases, imagines, and
prepared wings to show the neuration of that species. — Mr. Kdward
Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.S., communicated ‘‘ Descriptions of new Australa-
sian Lepidoptera.”” — Mr. W. F. Kirby, F.L.8., communicated a
«Report on a Collection of African Locustide, chiefly from the Trans-
vaal, made by Mr. W. L. Distant.’-—H. Rownanp-Brown, Hon. See.
Sourn Lonpon EntomotoeicaL anp Naturat History Socrety.—
January 9th, 1902.—Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., Vice-President, in
the chair.—Mr. Tonge, Redhill, Surrey, was elected a member.—
Mr. Hewitt exhibited a specimen of the rare Homopteron, Cicadetta
montana, taken flying in Stubby Copse, New Forest, on July 7th.—Mr.
R. Adkin, five specimens of Melanippe galiata, which emerged on
Dec. 8th last, in a cage outdoors and protected only from rain and
direct sunshine. The ova were laid towards the end of August.—Mr.
McArthur, specimens of T'riphena comes, bred on Dec. 26th and 27th,
from ova laid in July by an Isle of Lewis female.—Mr. Main, slides
made by himself of the larvee of Samia cecropia, and of Amphidasys
betularia ; of the imago of Pieris napi, drying its wings after emergence
from the chrysalis case; and of a batch of ova of Macrothylacia rubi
on a sprig of heather.
January 23rd.—Annual Meeting, Mr. F. Noad Clark, Vice-President,
in the chair.—The Twenty-ninth Annual Report was read, and showed
that the Society was in a very satisfactory condition, both in member-
ship and finances; and had carried on with much success its educa-
tional and scientific work. The present number of members is 174,
and the balance-sheet showed a very fair balance, with no liabilities. —
The following is a list of the Officers and Council elected for the ensuing
year :—President, F. Noad Clark; Vice-Presidents, H. S. Fremlin,
M:-R.C.S., F.E.S.; E. Step, F.L:S.;. Treasurer, 1. Ws Hall. Eas:
Librarian, H. A. Sauzé; Curator, W. West; Hon. Secretaries, Stanley
Edwards, F.L.S., F.H.S., Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S8.; Council, W. J.
Ashdown, J. H. Carpenter, F.E.S., T. A. Chapman, M.D., F,E.S.;
A. Harrison, -EC.S., F.0:S2; W. J. Gueas, BlA., FESS: - oe Maine
B.Se., F.E.S., and J. W. Tutt, F.E.S.—Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a long
series of Acidalia aversata, and read notes on their life-history and
variation.—Mr. Garrett, a living specimen of Dasychira pudibunda,
which had just emerged in the open.—Dr. Chapman, forms illustra-
tive of the geographical races in Spain and Switzerland of the butter-
flies Polyommatus corydon, Lycena damon, and L. hylas.— Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
BiruincHamM EnromonocicaL Sociery.—December 16th, 1901.—Mr.
G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.—Mr. A. H. Martineau
showed Hymenoptera from Tubney, near Oxford, in Berks, a sandy
locality ; they included Cleptes pallipes, Crabro palmarius, and Nyssa
dimidiatus.—Mr. A. D. Imms showed empty cocoons and pupa-shells
of (Hcophora sulphurella, from Moseley.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, a
collection of Liptenz and Pentile, subfamilies of the Lyceenide, from
South Africa, which are remarkably mimetic; some were strikingly
like Acreide ; others were very like Pieride, like some Geometridz
and many other groups of Lepidoptera, the resemblance being in
OBITUARY. 79
various degrees of perfection, in some cases almost perfect. There
seemed no explanation for the resemblances to some species, such as
some of the Geometrid forms.—Mr. C. J. Wainwright, a small collec-
tion of Chrysids, including Chrysis viridula, from Wyre Forest; C.
succincta, from St. Ives, Cornwall; Hedychridium roseum, from West
Runton, Norfolk; Hilampus c@ruleus, from West Runton; and West
Hide, near Hereford; and Chrysis pustulosa, from West Hide.—Conpran
J. Wainweicut, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Insect Life: Souvenirs of a Naturalist—J.-H Fabre, D.-es-Sc. Trans-
lated from the French. By the Author of ‘Mademoiselle Mori.’
With a Preface by D. Suarp, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. 320. London:
Macmillan and Co. 1901.
A TRANSLATION generally declares itself as such; this one does not.
Possibly this is due to the fact that, as Mr. Sharp says, Fabre is a
difficult writer to translate. The book before us, which pictures to its
readers the habits of a few beetles and Hymenoptera, is a translation
of the first volume of Fabre’s ‘ Souvenirs Entomologiques,’ of which
there are now seven series. If all are as interesting as this volume,
we hope the rest may soon be presented to us in English garb. The
writer is a genuine field-naturalist, and has a charming way of giving
the details of his observations in such a way that the reader almost
fancies he is making the observations for himself. The ingenuity,
too, with which experiments in the field are made to assist the writer
in his observations, takes hold of one and keeps his attention fixed in
no ordinary manner. ‘There are sixteen full-page pictures, but,
though the insects pourtrayed on them are good, we hardly care for
the style; this, however, is perhaps only a matter of taste.
Wie die Bis,
OBITUARY.
Cartes Lionen pe Nichvite belonged to a noble Huguenot
family, and was born at-Bristol in 1852. In the year 1876 he pro-
ceeded to India, where he commenced the formation of a collection of
butterflies, which he sold to the Asiatic Society of Calcutta some years
afterwards. He travelled extensively in various parts of India, and at
the time of his death had amassed one of the finest private collections
of the butterflies of that country, which, we understand, has. been
purchased by the Indian Museum for Rs. 20,000 (about £1300). His
first published papers were issued in conjunction with the late Prof.
Wood-Mason, but he also published a great number of lists, with
descriptions and illustrations of numerous new species of the butterflies
of various parts of India, chiefly in the Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, and in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.
But his most important work was the ‘ Butterflies of India, Burmah
80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and Ceylon,’ of which three volumes—including the whole of the
families Nymphalide, Lemoniide, and Lycenidee—appeared from 1881
to 1890. ‘The first volume was by Capt. G. L. F. Marshall and Lionel
de Nicéville, but the remainder were by de Nicéville only. It is much
to be regretted that this valuable work remains a fragment. Sub-
sequently, Mr. de Nicéville was appointed Government Entomologist,
Indian Museum; and it was while engaged in official investigations in
the Terai, near Darjeeling, that he contracted the fever of which he
died, at Calcutta, on Dec. 3rd, 1901. His death came as a shock to
his numerous friends in India and Europe, and is a great loss to the
cause of Indian entomology.—W. F. K.
Masor Atrrep Ficxtix.—On February 4th, at the comparatively
early age of sixty-three, Major Ficklin succumbed to an attack of
apoplexy, after an illness of but a few days’ duration. As an
entomologist he was essentially a practical one, and few perhaps knew
better than he the collecting-grounds of north Surrey, and what they
were able to produce in the way of Lepidoptera. TField-naturalists,
therefore, of the south of London will miss greatly from their ranks
his well-known figure. Major Ficklin was almost or quite one of the
very first members of the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society, of which he was President in 1880, and it is, perhaps,
amongst members of that Society that he was best known, and by
them his genial company and quaint entomological and fishing yarns
(for he was a fisherman, too) will not soon be forgotten. It was his
great delight to assist beginners in Entomology, and the members of
a school Natural History Society in Kingston-on-Thames, where he so
long resided, will, indeed, miss from their meetings and excursions one
who was so expert a breeder of insects, so diligent a collector, and who
possessed withal a manner so entertaining and so capable of winning
the hearts of boys. The pursuit of Entomology, however, did not claim
the whole of Major Ficklin’s spare time. He was an artist of no
mean order, and to his education at a school in one of the loveliest parts
of the Rhine valley may be due the development of his artistic taste,
and perhaps also we may here find the reason why he delighted to
paint scenes on the rugged Cornwall coasts. On these painting
excursions time was found for entomology, too, and it was under these
circumstances that he made acquaintance with the Cornish form of
Dianthecia luteago, which some entomologists have thought sufficiently
distinct to need a varietal name, and have therefore termed var. ficklin¢.
But even entomology and art did not exhaust the energies of Major
Ficklin; for from August, 1860, he had been connected with the
Kingston Volunteers, and from 1884 till his resignation in 1898 he was
their commanding officer, while for many years during his long service
he was one of the best shots of the battalion. Major Ficklin leaves
behind him to regret his loss a widow, a daughter, and two sons, the
elder of whom bids fair to keep up his father’s reputation as an ento-
mologist and an artist.—W. J. L.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXV.] APRIL, 1902. [No. 467.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED
GENERA.*
By T. A. Caapman, M.D., F.E.S.
I pestrE in these notes to point out that certain genera which
I call collectively the Gracilariade are connected together by
certain very definite characters of their larve and pupe, and by
the special nature of these characters are equally cut off and
separated from certain other genera with which all our sys-
tematists, up to Staudinger, or rather Rebel, following his pre-
decessors, have more or less mixed them.
These genera are Gracilaria, Ornix, and Coriscium as one
subgroup, Lithocolletis as another, and Phyllocnistis as a third,
together with several non-European genera, this group being
much more abundantly represented in America than Europe.
As a subsidiary point, I associate Lyonetia, Cemiostoma, and
Bedellia as a very natural group, crisply marked off by pupal
characters from all other forms, with Phyllobrostis as probably
representing a connecting form.
This being so, it is of course merely a corollary that Tischeria
and Bucculatriz must find their proper place somewhere else,
and not in association with these two groups or families.
I hardly know whether classification founded in earlier stages
has still to fight for recognition; I hope not—I may merely say
that where good characters are to be found in the earlier stages,
and none in the imagines for classification, then classification by
such characters isimperative. Classification by any one character
or by any one stage is liable to be very erroneous, and any true
* Read before the City of London Entomological Society, March 18th,
1902. Mr. J. Hartley Durrant has very kindly looked through these notes,
I mention this in order to make grateful acknowledgment, and to indicate
that no gross errors of bibliography or nomenclature occur in them, but of
course without for a moment desiring to make him responsible for any of
my heresies.—T. A. C.
ENTOM.—APRIL, 1902. H
82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
classification will be supported by every fact that we can observe,
whether it be a fact of habit or of structure, of the larva, or of
the imago.
Every fact that tends to group species together may be proof
of relationship, probably is, but it may be an instance of what is
familiar to all as convergence. Every fact that separates two
species unquestionably separates them. Whether specifically,
generically, or more profoundly, will usually depend on its
agreement or otherwise with other similar facts, as much as on
its own apparent importance. In any case of two groups being so
separated the presumption is strong that the relationships
within each group are closer than of any members of one group
to any of the others.
The great and very frequent exception to this is where two
or more groups split up by a differentiation common to all of
them, usually in some character that is liable to great variation
under frequently occurring changes of environment. As an ex-
treme case, admitting no doubt, I might illustrate by saying that
many species of Lepidoptera have pale and melanic races. No
one would suggest that the pale races all belong to one family or
genus, and all the melanic ones to another. Or, we might say
that all species having apterous females belong to one family.
This is not so absurd an illustration as one might suppose, since
I fancy there are still to be found entomologists who think Psyche
and Orgyia are very closely related, practically on this ground
only.
It is but recently that the Arctiad nature of the Syntomids
has been fully acknowledged, and their resemblance to Anthro-
cerids (Zygenids) admitted to be convergent only. Whilst the
likeness that obtains between the Nolide and Lithosiade appears
strong enough to deceive the very elect.
The objections that are raised to consideration of the earlier
stages in classification include two that I may allude to. The
first is usually expressed in something of this form—Is not the
imago the more complete and evolved form, and ought we not
therefore to classify by it, and not by the larva or pupa? This
proposition is open to two serious comments. The first takes
note that the objector considers that classification is to be founded
on one stage only, probably on one character, or at most on a
very few characters, and, having so made his classification,
anything that contradicts it in any way is necessarily wrong.
The second comment is—he assumes that the upholder of the
use of the earlier stages in classification possesses precisely the
same narrow views, and is going to classify, say, by some larval
character, and flout everything that does not agree with his
results. The only excuse he has is, of course, that a certain
element of this nature must always exist. Life is short and art
is long, but science is longer still, and so we must all specialize,
CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED GENERA. 83
and inevitably fall victims in some degree to our more or less
narrow outlook.
Another objection raised is, that we cannot classify by early
stages, because of our ignorance of them in so many instances.
This would be a valid objection were it the case that the demand
was to ignore the imago. Such an imputation is, however, pure
delusion. All that is proposed is that all the light that the
earlier stages throw on the relationships of species shall be used,
where we know them; that what it tells us about a shall be
accepted, and not ignored, because it happens to be silent
about b.
There is little doubt that the value of a knowledge of the
early stages for classification became very much neglected in
the eighties and early nineties, probably in consequence of the
enormous numbers of new species of exotic Lepidoptera con-
stantly coming to hand and being constantly described with
often no idea whatever of their earlier stages. The same causes
are no doubt still very active in the same direction, but some-
thing is being done in the opposite direction by not a few active
workers.
The truth being that we require every scrap of knowledge
that we can get, about every species; that the early stages are
quite as important as the imaginal, as illustrating relationships,
probably often more than less so; but in any case, being further
information, they often guide us readily in cases where imaginal
indications are obscure, and must always be useful in checking
imaginal results and enabling us to see whether we have correctly
interpreted imaginal facts.
It is because facts in the earlier stages are very pointed and
definite in separating Gracilariade and Lyonetiade from each
other and from other genera that I have selected them, partly to
illustrate this point, but chiefly to secure a better classification
of those families as a subject for this paper.
The characters of the Gracilariade that I propose to deal
with are two—one larval, the other pupal.
The larval character is the very peculiar modification of the
mouth parts that exists in all the species in their first two
instars, continuing for further instars in some species. In all—
even in Phyllocnistis—changing suddenly at one moult to the
ordinary form. In Phyllocnistis, the third moult is of this
character, but the mouth parts are now useless for feeding, and
only available for spinning the cocoon.
The pupal character consists in the movable or free segments
being reduced to the 5th and 6th abdominal, as in the obtect
pupa, but with the 7th also free in the male, and the habit of
protruding from the cocoon for emergence. It is, in fact, the
highest form of Incomplete Pupa, with the first four abdominal
segments fixed. I know of no other family, genus, or species
H 2
84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
possessed of this type of pupa. Since, however, it is the
limiting form in one line of pupal evolution, I think it is not
improbable that some other group of which T am ignorant may
have attained a similar structure.
There can, however, be no question that these two peculiar
specializations, of the early larva and of the pupa, are unlikely
in the highest degree to occur together in any other group. It
is possible, but convergence in this way can hardly be expected
to produce an approach i in two apparently independent and un-
related characters.
I may mention that, except where I use the facts recorded
by the late Vactor Tousey Chambers, to which I refer below, I
have depended for my data entirely on my own observations, and
therefore have to leave alone a number of American and other
exotic genera. Their places are tolerably obvious from imaginal
characters which associate them with those genera which I have
specially examined, but I have thought it better to say nothing
about them, especially as space prevents my dealing in detail
even with the material I have. As, for example, though I refer
to only a few species of Gracilaria and Lithocolletis, I have
actually examined the young larve of a considerable number
of species, and the pupz of a very large proportion of our British
species.
The earliest reference I can find to the peculiar structure of
the mouth parts of these larve is in Stainton’s collected papers
of Dr. Brackenridge Clemens.* Clemens seems to have noticed
them as early as 1857 in Phyllocnistis, and to have been aware
that they occurred in some Lithocolletis.
Stainton made reference to them in connection with Phyllo-
cnistis in the ‘ Entomologist’s Intelligencer’ in 1860.
In the seventies this knowledge was fairly common property,
and the facts had been more or less observed by many micro-
lepidopterists. 1 know that at this period my friend Dr. Wood,
of Tarrington, was familiar with the main facts, and we often
discussed the questions of their origin and significance, as we
did many others with reference to the Micro-Lepidoptera. My
knowledge of the Micros is in fact largely due to information
obtained in this way from Dr. Wood.
No one apparently published anything on the subject before
Chambers’s papers appeared in Psyche, in the ‘Journal of
the Cincinnati Nat. Hist. Soc.’ and in the American ‘Hntomo-
logist’ in 1877 and following years. He worked the matter out
very fully and carefully, ascertained the genera in which this
structural modification occurred, and also, which is most im-
portant, that they did not occur in any others (so far as known).
There are some details in which his work is open to extension
* These papers were originally published in the Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. and
Pr. Ent. Soc. of Philadelphia.
CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED GENERA. 85
and emendation, but, broadly speaking, he had a complete grasp
of the facts. He first, I think, pointed out the closeness of
Gracilaria and Lithocolletis, now universally admitted, and
would, I doubt not, had he lived and gained fuller confidence
in the value of his own observations, have placed Phyllocyistis
along with them. ‘These papers of Chambers are characterized
by a philosophical reasoning and careful observation, which will
delight those who read them for the first time.
It is a little difficult by description to give you a clear picture
of the specialization that occurs in the structure of these larve.
We have been asked, as an exercise in ontology, to consider
the experiences and mental attributes that would be possessed
by beings possessing only two dimensions and confined thereto,
in the same way as we are confined within three. These larve
not only had this question laid before them, but obviously ex-
perimented with a view to gain some actual knowledge on the
subject. If a steam-roller went over an ordinary caterpillar, it
might reduce it to some resemblance to these Gracilariads.
Their mouth-parts are profoundly altered. They are right
away at the anterior angle of a flat triangular head. Hach jaw
is no longer a biting instrument, but a flat disc hinged at its
proximal margin, and working to and fro in its own plane (that
of the head and of the larva also), with a serrated margin that
acts on anything in front of it like a circular saw. The two jaws
may cross one another more or less, but they cut nothing
between them; the cutting is done right in front by each
separately. These jaws work between two thin membranous
veils, one above and one below them; these are the labrum and
labium. ‘They are finely granulated and spiculated, but possess
practically no palpi, no spinneret, nor any other structure, nor
are any maxille to be detected, unless they are represented by
certain obscure lines on the jaws.
In some species the appearance is as though the upper and
lower veils were continuous at their margins, thus placing the
jaws, as it were, at the mouth of a bag, from which they pro-
trude sufficiently to show their cutting edge. Their manner of
working suggests that this bag arrangement really exists.
The larve live beneath the cuticle of the leaf, which they
separate from the parenchyma below by cutting through a row
of cells by the circular saw action of the margins of their jaws.
The fluid contents of the cells are thus set free, and fall at once
into the mouth of the bag. It is probable that the sap is forced
towards the cesophagus by the action of the jaws. Being con-
fined between the veils above and below, the uncut leaf in front
and the moving jaws laterally, it will be subject to a force-pump
action like that of certain rotary pumps.
Chambers (American Ent., 1880, p. 260) deals at some
length with the evolutionary questions that are provoked by
86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
these curious modifications. He treats as quite open to dis-
cussion the view that these are the original forms of lepidopterous
tropht, and that the ordinary forms are a further development,
but decides against it. I think we may. follow him here without
the least hesitation. This group is a solitary one. There is no
other group showing such modified structures, and it is a very
long way indeed from being one of the lowest groups. So that
it is improbable in the last degree that a primary condition like
this is, if it be one, should be preserved here, and here only.
This, when we consider only the Lepidoptera; but we have to
remember that the ordinary form of lepidopterous trophi falls
into line with that in other insects, whilst that of the early
Gracilariad larva does not.
We are forced, I think, to conclude that this special form of
larva is derived from the ordinary form by selective modification.
Mr. Chambers speaks of these changes as degradation and
elevation. There is a certain convenience in so doing.
The absolute loss of labial and maxillary palpi, just like the loss
of true legs and of prolegs, which occurs in so many other larve
as well as these, may be spoken of as degradation. But the
marvellous modification of the jaws and of the labrum and
labium to enable a very special form of feeding to be carried
out is rather elevation than otherwise. They are at least
evolutionary changes. Whether we call them degradations or
elevation is rather a matter of the personal equation of the
observer than of the facts themselves. No doubt we incline to
say that an organ that becomes more complicated is advancing,
one that is simplified is degrading ; and probably this is correct
if we apply it to the organ considered, and not to the whole
organism. With regard to our larva, it is specialized, therefore
elevated; the jaws and labium and labrum are specialized,
therefore an advance; the loss of palpi, &c., is a degradation ;
but the whole insect is advanced. In modification of any
question of advance or retreat, we must remember that the lost
processes, palpi, feet, &c., are merely in abeyance, not lost;
their embryonic nuclei persist and give rise to them in the later
stages.
The great interest from an evolutionary point of view of
these larve is from a rather different aspect. Our ordinary
view of larval evolution in the Lepidoptera is that during the
whole of larval life selection is acting on the larva, and produces
its greatest effect on the full-grown larva, and that the characters
so acquired by the adult larva tend to pass backwards to earlier
moults, so that a primitive condition may persist up to the last
moult, or may be lost earlier, and we find as a very common
occurrence some primitive condition present in the first instar,
but not afterwards. And, finally, the backward pressure of
evolutionary changes annexes the first instar also, and that
CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED GENERA. 87
larva has no primitive condition, in any of its aspects that are
so modified.
This picture of larval changes in the Lepidoptera is probably,
to a great extent, a true one. Nevertheless, it is probably much
less frequently so than we imagine.
Let us try to apply it to the Gracilarians. An ancestral
larva has lived some sort of life as a leaf-miner, like a Nepticula,
or a Tischeria, but in its last moult takes on the special structure
of Gracilaria, and feeds in the Gracilarian manner, and then
passes the change back to all the earlier instars. It is just
conceivable ; but to follow this life in its last skin, a Gracilaria
would need a very large and very succulent leaf. It may perhaps
be said that Phyllocnistis practically does this, though its last
instar shows that even here this is not so; and we may derive
the group from Phyllocnistis.
But how are we to get back in the later stages to the ordinary
form of larva. The embryonal centres have lost the power to
develop the ordinary trophi; they can develop Gracilarian
trophi, and afterwards the imaginal ones. But the ordinary
ones have been eliminated, and no suitable imaginal discs to
give rise to-them remain. It is not possible to picture a
Phyllocnistis giving rise to a form with a larva possessed of
ordinary mouth-parts. They are gone and cannot return. Any
modification of the mouth-parts of Phyllocnistis larve that are
possible would probably be less like the ordinary form than they
are at present, though there is no reason why a modification
might not occur fulfilling very similar functions to those of
the ordinary trophi, but structurally they would be decidedly
different. No such forms appear to exist.
When we remember that it is the first stage that is always
Gracilarian, and that it persists into the second or some further
stage, and that it is useful in very small larve only, and there-
fore especially in the first stage. That later there is always an
ordinary stage, though not completely so in Phyllocnistis, since
in it—this also is modified so as to possess no jaws, and only a
spinneret as an actually functional organ—the conclusion is
inevitable that the Gracilarian form arose by modification in the
first instar, and thence moved forward into the second, and in
other cases further.
This modification in the early instars of Gracilaria is by no
means an isolated instance of such an occurrence, but it is
probably the most pronounced and the most unmistakable case
in which an early larval instar undergoes modification, indepen-
dently of any change in the later ones.
We are familiar with the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and
imago, and that modifications may take place in any one of
these, without any corresponding change necessarily occurring
in any of the others. And we are tolerably prepared to find
88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
changes in full-grown larve gradually pushing their way back to
the earlier instars. What we learn here, however, is that each
larval instar is a stage, comparable to the pupal or imaginal
stage in its individual importance, and that it may undergo
changes without necessarily involving any other instar, which
holds to it the attitude of a separate stage.
In the larval state there are no doubt two conditions at work;
the one is the tendency of a peculiarity acquired at any stage to
be passed to the preceding and following stages—a tendency
that will gradually produce an effect on these adjacent stages
unless they resist it. This they will do should the peculiarity
be such as to produce harmful effects if passed on to them. The
other condition is that the full-grown larva has usually to adapt
itself to conditions that are much more various than those
affecting the young larva, and so the adult larva is much more
liable to varied specialization than it is in its earlier instars.
Hssentially, nevertheless, the young larva is just as liable to
specialize in view of changed conditions as the adult one is.
This consideration, if we could always keep it in view,
‘especially if we could recognize and understand the cases in
which it occurs, would often assist us very much in overcoming
difficulties that arise from supposing that young larve are
always less modified than older ones; and especially that such
modifications as they present are reminiscences of modifications
acquired by the adult larve of some or other of their ancestors.
As a possible instance, I may remind you of the young larva
of Papilio machaon. This larva seems obviously reminiscent of
an adult Vanessa larva. Yet it is certain that, whether Vanessa
be or be not derived from a Papilio-like form, Papilio is certainly
not derived from any Nymphalid, nor is there any probability
that any adult Papilio larva ever was spinous in precisely this
manner.
The spines are a special development of the young Papilio
larva for protective objects affecting itself. They have not been
derived from spinous full-grown larve amongst their ancestors,
and are not passed on to the present adult larva because it does
not require them.
The processes on adult larve of Ornithoptera and of Clytia
are not spinous, so as to be ancestral to those of young Machaon,
but may themselves be derived from the spines of the first
stage.
we I have said, however, this and other instances are open
to some doubt, and the case of Gracilaria, in which doubt is
difficult to insinuate, is useful, as giving us a standpoint different
from that usually held.
(To be continued.)
89
VARIATION IN THE GENUS EREBIA.
By G&orrrrey SMIru.
(Concluded from p. 71.)
E. tyndarus (measurement of fore wings from apex to inser-
tion in thorax; male and female variable. Proportion of females,
25 per cent.)—
Range in males. - 15 mm. to 19 mm.
Range in females . . 16 mm. to 19 mm.
These measurements are from fifty individuals collected in a
confined area in Haute-Savoie. The males fell into a normal
scheme, thus :—
3 per cent. measured under 16 mm.
9
9 99 99 17 9
45 9 9 be) 18 99
30 99 39 99 19 9)
3 9 39 9 20 3)
This is opposed to the theory, but the following considerations
afford a possible explanation. From the specimens I possess I
am strongly inclined to believe that the larger individuals of
both sexes occur earlier in the year, and graduate down to the
smaller as the season advances. By this means the variations
are kept separate and constant in proportion, despite the dis-
parity in number of the sexes, just as the numerical relations
between so many distinct unvarying species would be kept un-
changed from generation to generation, unless some outside
influence, e.g. natural selection, disturbed those relations. . From
the variations being thus kept separate, the character of length
of fore wing may be considered as a constant one from our
point of view. We possibly see here a case of incipient seasonal
dimorphism.
E. melampus (spot-power : male variable, female more or less
constant at 7. Proportion of female about 10 per cent.).
In order to economise space, I will condense the remarks on
this species.
The scheme derived from males of very different areas was
normal, and gave a M of 64.
The scheme derived from males collected by myself in a con-
fined area was abnormal; Mwas5. TheM of var. sudetica male
is about 7.
E. ligea-euryale (spot-power: male and female variable. Pro-
portion of female about 20 per cent.). The questions relating to
the specific distinctness of these forms are very complex. In his
list of the genus Hrebia (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1898), Mr. Elwes
separates the two as good species, but names such varieties as
E. ligea vars. adyte and livonica as transitional to H. ewryale.
90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Dr. Chapman (Trans. Ent. Soc. Sept. 1898), from considerations
based on the forms of the gonapophyses, states that ‘‘ the two
recognized forms, ligea, with its vars. adyte and ajanensis, and
euryale, with var. ocellaris, whilst usually distinct, are not always
so, and in some places intermix.”’ From my own experience, I
am inclined to believe that there is only one true species to be
derived from the numerous forms included under the two names
ligea and euryale—that is to say, that any of those forms are
capable of intercrossing and of producing any or all of the rest.
I have collected from one confined area, namely, from a somewhat
isolated mountain slope above the St. Gervais valley, the follow-
ing forms: ligea (typical, with large ocelli), ligea (smaller, and
with ocelli replaced by black spots, identical, in my opinion, with
var. a@dyte), euryale (typical, with small ocelli), ewryale (only
conventionally separable both by clasp-form and wing-facies from
adyte forms of EH. ligea), euwryale var. ocellaris. I can see no
valid reason for doubting that these forms are specifically one.
In order to bring out the degrees of resemblances and differences
that exist between the two so-called species and their varieties, I
have drawn up a table showing the amounts of ocellation
possessed by them respectively. In giving numerical values to
ocelli and spots, I have gone on the rough principle of counting
two for an ocellus and one for an unpupilled spot, but I have had
to use discretion further than this. The following table is made
up from the specimens in the British Museum :—
TABLE.
16 ) 16
15 15
14| = | 14
ais | Felis
11\* | Pee
B
10 Ls | EE [10
9 (peste. tly eR ( 9
a §
: = | a | A
al teins ‘| 6
‘ = > rs
5 $ ; 5
4 ji = 4
3 J | 5 3
ee
0 | 0
M93 M6
VARIATION IN THE GENUS EREBIA. 91
The facts to be deduced from this table are as follows: The whole
range of variability in ocellation in the two forms taken together
is from 16-0. Taken separately the two forms overlap one
another at opposite extremities, the M of ligea being 93, that of
euryale 64. Now, if the two are to be united into one species, the
following conditions must be fulfilled—(1) the mean combined
from the means of the two forms must equal the mean of the
whole range of variability ; (2) the combined mean should fall at
a point where the two forms confessedly pass over into one
another. Now, it will be seen that both these conditions are
satisfied by the table, for (1) $ (93 + 63) = 8, and (2) 8 falls at
the point round which the two forms adyte and euryale type are
srouped, and it is admitted that these are transitional forms.
I cannot give here the evidence derived from clasp-forms,
though, to my mind, it is even more convincing than any that
can be derived from wing-facies, because it is so unfailing in its
application to other species of the genus. But anyone who has
worked through a series of them, as I have done, will, I think,
agree with the following remark of Dr. Chapman: ‘“ The clasp
differences are not great enough to render this (identity of the
two species) otherwise than likely where they occur together on
the same ground.” That the various forms do occur together
more commonly than is supposed, I can only suggest by referring
back to my own remarks and the following of Mr. Elwes: ‘‘ The
larger the number of specimens which are brought together from
many localities, the more difficult it becomes to name those
varieties ; and I have therefore dropped the names of a few which
I had previously adopted, though I have not done so in cases
where, as with many Asiatic forms, my knowledge is as yet in-
sufficient to justify this course.”
From the foregoing arguments it can easily be gathered that
if we treat all forms of ligea and euryale as one species, we have
here the kind of evidence that we set out to find. Collectors
from different parts of the world bring back such different speci-
mens of this species that separate varietal and even specific
names are given to them; as collections from these areas become
more complete, intermediate links between these varieties and
species are supplied, which show that all are only one species.
The explanation I would give of these facts is that a casual
collector in some area meets only with the M of that area (M
being the mediocre or commonest condition); itis only after long
collecting in the same area that the other terms of the scheme
can be supplied. Now we saw that, according to our hypothesis,
the M of different areas would probably be different, and this
supposition is confirmed by the number of named varieties that
exist whichjwere supposed at first to be peculiar to some par-
ticular locality. But as collections become more perfect, it is
found that what occurs as an habitual variation in one area
92, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
occurs as an occasional variation or aberration in another; in
other words, the M of one area is the M + or M — of another.
We expected also to find another piece of evidence, if the
principle discussed in Part I. had come into play; and that was
that the schemes derived from separate areas should not be
normal. Although my material is not sufficient to ensure any-
thing more than some degree of probability, the scheme derived
from the percentages of forms occurring in a confined area is not
anormal one. There is too sharp a transition in numbers from
those possessing large ocelli to those with the ocelli replaced by
spots. :
Further additions are much needed to confirm or correct the
imperfect observations here recorded, both in regard to the
species treated, and also other species of this and other genera.
To recapitulate the whole discussion—the two leading charac-
teristics of the species of the genus Hrebia are variability and
numerical disproportion of sexes. These two characteristics are
put into causal connection by the principle that equality in the
numbers of the sexes tends towards equilibrium, 7.e. constancy
of hitherto variable characters, and that inequality when coupled
with variability in the preponderating sex tends towards con-
tinued fluctuation of variable characters. This is effected in the
following ways :—
When the sexes are equalin numbers constancy of characters
is attained by—
1. Regular product of variability of one sex into constancy
of the other, under undisturbed regulation of the laws of
chance.
2. Regular product of variability of one sex into variability
of the other, under undisturbed regulation of the laws of
chance.
When the sexes are unequal in numbers fluctuation is pre-
served by—
1. Irregular product of variability of one sex into constancy
of the other, the laws of chance acting irregularly.
9. Ditto, when both sexes are variable.
The evidence of the existence of this principle as a working
factor would be that the individuals of a variable species satis-
fying the conditions of principle, and taken from a confined area,
do not fall into a normal scheme with respect to the variable
characters under consideration, although individuals taken from
many areas very likely do so; and also that the M of different
areas would differ both from one another, and from the M of all
the areas combined. Observations were then given on EH. tyn-
‘darus, melampus, and ligea-euryale, which tended to show that
such evidence was forthcoming.
93
AN ADDITIONAL LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE
RHONE VALLEY.
By A. F. Rosa, M.B,C.M.
In relation to a list of butterflies published by me in the
‘Entomologist’ for February, 1900, the following are a few notes
in comparison, and an additional list of species and varieties
observed, during two subsequent visits of a fortnight and ten
days respectively, in July (7th to 21st), 1900, and August (3rd to
13th), 1901.
On these two occasions practically the same ground was
worked—viz. (1) the vicinity of Aigle; (2) the forest of Pfin;
(3) Berisal and the Simplon route; with the exception that in
August, 1901, a short stay was made at Zermatt, and the Nicolai
Thal traversed.
With respect to the species included in the previous list, at
Aigle, in July, 1900, the first seen was Melanargia galatea, which
put in an appearance whenever there was the faintest glimmer
of sunshine, the first day or two being wet and almost sunless.
Things looked brighter on the 9th, and from that date onward;
but butterflies were decidedly scarcer than in the previous July,
especially the Lycenide. A few of L. icarus were noted, and of
L. corydon and L. damon, which were abundant the year before,
only one or two of each were seen. Wherever trees occurred by
the road Limenitis sibylla flitted about, often in twos and threes,
L. camilla being only represented altogether by one or two speci-
mens; and it was the reverse the previous year as regards these
two species.
Papilio machaon was frequently observed, and one was seen
depositing ova on umbelliferous plants by the roadside. Par-
nassius apollo, as usual, becomes common as one ascends the
road towards Le Sepey, and amongst others I secured one very
large female specimen. Huchloé belia var. simplonia and EL. carda-
mines were sparingly seen, as also was Leptidia sinapis. Colias
hyale was common, but rarely in good condition; and of C. edusa
a fresh brood was noted, but these were few and far between.
Thecla ilicis and T’. spint in worse condition than in the previous
year; and of the Vanessids, Polygonia c-album was taken several
times, the larve of Vanessa io occurred plentifully on nettles by
the side of the road near Le Sepey, and one imagine of Pyrameis
atalanta was captured. The fiery Melitea didyma was the com-
monest of its genus, which was otherwise represented by M. phabe
and M. athalia. The three large fritillaries Argynnis aglaia,
A. adippe, and A. paphia turned up now and then; and Satyrus
hermione, much smaller than in the previous July, was abundant.
S. actea var. cordula, Pararge mera, P. megera, P. achini, and
many other common butterflies, as Aporia crategi, Gonepteryx
rhamni, Satyrus semele, etc., were taken or noted.
94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
In the Pfin forest, July, 1900, butterflies at times were ob-
served in great abundance. In the shady parts a fine brood of
Erebia ligea was emerging, and Lycena arion var. obscura was
the same and in like condition (one of these has all the wings
completely shaded). These two species were very plentiful, and
so was Argynnis latonia, of Which four or five more than once
were noted within as many yards. Limenitis camilla here was
fairly common, the difficulty being the scarcity of perfect speci-
mens, many being chipped, although all were fresh. JL. sibylla
apparently does not occur in the forest.
In the smaller fields, especially where overrun with tall
rank weeds, &c., Papilio machaon frequently occurred, and the
larger fritillaries also frequented these hot sheltered spots, along
with Aporia crategi, Gonepteryx rhamni, Colias hyale, and an
occasional C. edusa, &e.
Leptidia sinapis and its var. erysimit also occurred commonly,
and in the larger open fields Lycena corydon was about in
abundance, and at times Melitea athalia arose in numbers at
every step. M. phebe was also taken, and Satyrus hermione,
very small, probably some referabie to S. alcyone; and, in
addition to these, S. actea vy. cordula, Epinephele lycaon, and
many others.
On the Simplon route, in the same year, the principal fea-
ture was the abundance of the Lycenide, not only as regards
numbers, but as species and varieties, as Lycena egon, L. argus,
L. astrarche, L. eros, L. icarus, L. eumedon, L. bellargus, L.
corydon, L. hylas, L. damon, L. minimus, L. semiargus, L. arion,
and seven other blues, which will be taken up in the list to
follow.
Hrebia euryale was also a conspicuous insect on account of
its abundance, from above Brieg to well up the Simplon road
above Berisal it was to be noted, as is its habit, congregated in
little groups on the road. Papilio machaon was common on a
steep embankment at a bend in the road above Berisal, and
Parnassius apollo in the neighbourhood of Berisal. Pieris calli-
dice, P. napi var. bryonie, and Colias phicomone were taken at and
near the top of the Simplon, and Canonympha arcania var.
darwiniana on the Italian side.
Near Brieg Colias edusa was a passing and generally rapidly
disappearing visitor, and below Berisal C. hyale, Gonepteryx
rhamni, Melitea phoebe (very common and varied), M. didyma,
M. athaha; the larger fritillaries, Argynnis aglaia, A. adippe,
and A. niobe (mostly var. eris), also A. ewphrosyne and A. pales.
Chrysophanus virgauree, C. hippothoé, C. alciphron var. gordius,
near Berisal; and among the skippers, which were very common,
Carcharodus (Syrichthus) lavatere was frequently taken. Melitea
dictynna also occurred above Berisal, and, higher up, Hrebia
tyndarus and EH. melampus.
LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE RHONE VALLEY. 95
’ In August, 1901, in those different districts, being a month
later, I naturally expected to find many new things, but these
anticipations were not realized, very few new species were ob-
served. Many had disappeared, many still lingered on the
wing, and a few were represented in their later broods, as Colias
hyale, Pararge megera, &c., in the Pfin Forest. Pieris brassice
was much more common and generally distributed than I had
previously observed it; and on the Simplon, Hrebia goante was
very plentiful, as also was Preris callidice in the neighbourhood
of the Schwarzee, on the Matterhorn.
The undernoted are the additional species and varieties
taken or seen during these two seasons :—
PaPILIONIDE.
Papilio podalirius.—This species, which, as above indicated, was
not seen in 1899, although assiduously looked for, was sparingly seen
.and taken on the road between Aigle and Le Sepey in early July, 1900,
and also a few days later in the Pfin Forest. In August last it was
very common in the latter locality, far more common than P. machaon.
One white example of P. podalirius was taken at Aigle, July, 1900 ;
and another, a fine specimen, was secured in the forest in August, 1901.
P. machaon var. aurantiaca.—One of this variety netted on the
Simplon route above Berisal, and one or two others seen in the Pfin
Forest, July, 1900.
Parnassius apollo var. pseudonomion.—One male near Aigle on the
Le Sepey road in 1900.
P. mnemosyne.-—Common in a field below Berisal from 15th to
18th July, 1900, the males being mostly worn and scarce; but the
females were not difficult at this late date to obtain in good condition.
; Preripas.
Pieris daplidice.—A few captured in the Pfin Forest in July, 1900,
and in August, 1901, it was to be taken freely; a fine brood, nearly
all in splendid condition, in the same locality.
Leptidia sinapis var. dintensis—Common in the Pfin Forest last
August.
Colias paleno.—Occasionally on the top of the Simplon and at the
Ganter Bridge below Berisal in July, 1900. Also one pale male taken
in the Pfin Forest the same year, which I believe is a low elevation for
it in Switzerland.
LycHzniwe.
Zephyrus quercus.—One netted near Aigle in July, 1900.
Chrysophanus virgauree var. zermattensis—Common by the side of
the road at Berisal, and frequently at Zermatt, and in a field in the
Zmutt Thal, August, 1901.
Lycena argus var. egidion.—One of this blue variety of the female
taken at Visp, and another near Loéche in August last.
LL. zephyrus var. lycidas. — Between the second refuge and the
Ganter Bridge on the Simplon road, which I believe is the best
locality for it, I secured a series of this interesting blue between the
15th and 18th July, 1900, and probably more would have been taken
!
96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
had it not been the case that L. escheri was in great profusion, and
being of a more brilliant colour distracted one’s attention.
L. baton.—Two at Berisal, July, 1900.
L. pheretes.—One in the Ganter-Thal, July, 1900.
L. orbitulus.—Fairly common in the same locality as last, and at
the same time.
L. tcarus ab. tearinus.—Occasionally at Berisal, July, 1900.
L. escheri.—As before mentioned, this species was in grand form
between Brieg and Berisal, and especially abundant on nearing the
latter locality, July, 1900. Also one large male taken in the Pfynwald,
and a few in 1901.
L. meleager.—I accompanied a friend to the Pfin Forest who was in
search of this insect in July, 1900; we did not identify the species
until our return to the hotel, although we had both secured specimens.
Its resemblance to L. corydon is at first sight very close, although the
next day I had little difficulty in distinguishing it on the wing. It
was apparently fairly common, and in August, 1901, although a month
later in the season, the insect was still on the wing; the males were,
however, rather worn, but not so badly as one would have expected.—
Ab. steveni. The females taken are apparently of this form.
L. corydon var. corydonius.—One of this beautiful variety taken at
Pfin, July, 1900.
L. alcon.—One male beyond the Hospice on the Simplon Pass,
July, 1900.
NyYMPHALID.
Apatura iris.—Other butterflies, especially the Lycznide, being
comparatively scarce at Aigle in July, 1900, the presence of this fine
species on the road contributed greatly to compensate for the deficiency.
All those seen were males, and being very bold were frequently easily
captured. Seven were seen in one morning, and of these four were
taken ; and on other days in smaller numbers. Only observed each
day from about the time the sun struck the road (10 a.m. or later) till
about noon. Generally settled on the dry white rock at the side of
the road, or on the road itself. Only once on mule droppings, which
were more frequently visited by Satyrus hermione and Melitea didyma.
A. ilia.—The first strange butterfly seen in the Pfin Forest, July,
1900, was this, and the individual seemed to have an attraction for a
special spot in a dry ditch, to which it returned several times after
taking long flights. I eventually captured it later on in the day as it
alighted on the leaves of a shrub. The species was not particularly
common, three or four being the total catch—all males.
Limenitis populi.— Seen on three occasions in the Pfin Forest,
July, 1900.
Polygonia c-album var. hutchinsoniit—One taken in the Nicolai-Thal,
near Stalden, last August.
Vanessa antiopa.—One seen circling round near the top of some
lofty trees at Aigle, and one worn specimen at rest on a wall near
Brieg Station, July, 1900. Again at Aigle in August last, and not
infrequently on the road between Loéche and Pfin.
Pyrameis cardui.—One or two in the Pfynwald, July, 1900; and in
August, 1901, taken commonly in the same neighbourhood. Some of
BUTTERFLIES OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 97
them very diminutive, all freshly emerged, and frequently very richly
coloured.
Melitaa didyma var. alpina.—Seen first on a wall at Aigle, and taken
on the road to Berisal. Again taken last season at Aigle and Berisal.
M. phebe var. occitanica.—Near Berisal, July, 1900; also var. minor.
Argynnis paphia var, valesina.—Stalden, Visp, and Aigle, August,
1901.
A, selene.—Several above Brieg, July, 1900.
A, dia—Common in the Pfynwald last August; also one taken
near Zermatt on the path to Staffel Alp.
SaTYRIDE.
Erebia epiphron var. cassiope—One on the Simplon above Berisal,
July, 1900.—Var. valesiana. Two on the Matterhorn, August, 1901.
E. mnestra.—Two specimens on the Matterhorn, August, 1901.
E. ethiops.—Pfynwald, very large specimens; and one female of
the var. leucotenia, August, 1901.
E. euryale ab. adyte—Many specimens of euryale taken on the
Simplon, July, 1900, were of this form.
Satyrus dryas.—Sparingly at Aigle; but common in the Pfin
Forest last season.
Pararge egeria.—One at Pfin, August, 1901.
HEsPERID#.
Augiades (Hesperia) comma.—Occurred in the Pfynwald last August.
Altogether during the three seasons about one hundred and
forty-four species and named varieties were observed, and taken,
with the exception of Limenitis popult.
28, Pitt Street, Edinburgh.
A FEW NOTES ON SOME OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF
SYRIA AND PALESTINE.
By Margaret EK. Fountains, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 63.)
Lycena balcanica, Frr.—This exquisite little ‘blue’? occurred
during the last days of June in great abundance on the shores of the
Sea of Galilee, and in other localities, always at low levels in Pales-
tine; also on the Plain of Hileh, below Baniyds. I generally found
it flying round a small-leafed, prickly shrub, which grew in clumps in
all these places.
L. gamra, Ld.—The butterfly, identified by Mr. Elwes as L. gamra,
which I only met with in Palestine, was first seen by me just above the
Sea of Galilee, but not found, like balcanica, down on the very brink of
the lake. On the Plain of Jenin, on July 3rd, when I was riding from
Nazareth to the next halting-place, it literally swarmed ; some of the
specimens were in perfect condition, others not so fresh, so that I
ENTOM.—APRIL, 1902. I
98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’.
would rather suggest the end of June as the time of appearance for
this butterfly than the beginning of July.
L. trochylus, Frr.—Common round Beyrout and other places, at
low levels, from May on throughout the summer. I do not recollect
ever seeing it in Palestine.
L. galba, Chr.—Occurring at the same time in all the same
localities as gamra.
L. lysimon, Hiib.—Only found by me on the Plain of Hileh, near
Baniyas, and nowhere else. L. galba, to which it bears a striking
resemblance, did not occur in the same place.
L. loewii, Z.—I found these butterflies flying in some considerable
numbers near Damascus, on a mountain rising immediately behind
the Kurd village, the parched-up aridity of which baffles all descrip-
tion, being also more especially remarkable in contrast to the rich,
fertile plain, where the white city of Damascus lies surrounded by
gardens intersected with streams and watercourses. But, unfor-
tunately, on the 8th of May and succeeding days upon which I visited
this mountain, it was only with the greatest difficulty that I succeeded
in taking any specimens of loewit worth keeping; the females espe-
cially were in very bad condition. I also took one male of this
butterfly at Baalbek in June, but saw no others.
L, zephyrus var. nicholli.—I was particularly interested to take this
variety, named after and discovered only a_year ago by Mrs. Nicholl.
At Baalbek, though I searched everywhere, I neither found the variety
or the type; but at the Cedars, the first week in June, I was more for-
tunate, and took some remarkably well-marked specimens of var.
nicholli.
L. anteros var. crassipuncta, Christoph.—I took a good series of this
butterfly, mostly at the B’hamdoon Cedars, near Ain Zahalta, in
April; also a few specimens, including one female from Bsherreh in
June.
L. isaurica, Ld.—At the Cedars, males only, in June.
L. bellargus var. polonus, Z. (?).—This variety was fairly common
in the dried-up bed of a stream, on the way to the Cedars from
Bsherreh in June; the females, however, were rare, and I only took
two specimens. In calling it polonus I am submitting to the superior
knowledge of Mr. Elwes and Mrs. Nicholl, for it seems to me to
approach much more nearly to corydon than bellargus, and to answer
exactly to the description of var. corydonius, H. S.
LL. admetus var. ripartii, Frr—Common in the neighbourhood of
Bsherreh and the Cedars in June.
L. poseidon, Ld.—I took several specimens of this species, at
Baalbek, the Cedars, &c.; I cannot think it is a variety of damon, the
males are so remarkably dissimilar, both sexes bearing a very striking
resemblance to damon females. I should be interested to know if this
is a distinct species or not.
L. semiargus var. antiochena, Ld.—Common near Maharain, in the
neighbourhood of Ain Zahalta, in April; the females, which were
much rarer than the males, were extremely beautiful, being shot with
vivid blue on all the wings, in addition to the broad orange border.
All the males had minute orange spots on the hind wings, near the
anal angles on the upper side; more distinct, and on all the wings
UTTERFLIES OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE. 99
beneath, in both sexes. I could not trace much resemblance to semi-
argus in either sex, either in size, shape, or colour.
Vanessa egea, Cr.—Common in most places, at no great elevation; a
large, bright form. I do not recollect ever having seen such large
specimens anywhere in Europe.
V. urtice var. turcica, Stgr.—Having found a quantity of “ lesser
tortoiseshell’’ caterpillars feeding, as usual, on nettles, on the southern
slopes of the Jebel-el-Arz, at an elevation of some 7000 ft., on June 11th,
I took about two dozen of the largest I could find. They all pupated
in a few days, and in less than a week emerged into perfect insects, all
more or less belonging to the var. turcica, and some very markedly so.
Possibly the intense heat of Damascus, which place I had moved on
to, was partly accountable for their very rapid emergence.
(Melitea, F.—I have not been able to identify the species I took of
this genus with sufficient certainty to give any satisfactory account of
them. A series from Ain Zahalta, in April, I believe to be M. arduinna,
Esp., but I am by no means certain of their identity. I certainly
took a magnificent form of M. didyma var. neera, on a high mountain
near Damascus, in May and, less decided, in a few other places.)
Argyinis niobe var. eris, Meig.—One every small specimen at the
Cedars in June; black tracery above extremely scanty. I saw others.
A. pandora, §.V.—Common in several places. I saw one at Ain
Zahalta on April 28th; was not this very early ?
Danais chrysippus, L.—Fairly common on the Plain-of Hiuleh,
round Beyrout, &c.; I should say, on the wing throughout the summer.
Melanargia titea, Klug.—At the mouth of the Dog River, and at
Hadet, near Beyrout, throughout the month of May. It was on May
4th that I first saw one specimen up the Dog River, but unluckily I
did not visit its particular haunt at the mouth of the river that day,
which Prof. Day had kindly pointed out to me on a previous occasion ;
and when I did visit it, a week or two later, all the specimens were
worn.
M. teneates, Mén.—Like Mrs. Nicholl, I also mistook this butterfly
for M. larissa var. herta, when I first saw it, on the top of a mountain
near Damascus, in May. It seemed to occur on all the high moun-
tains throughout the summer, apparently producing a succession of
broods, as fresh specimens were always to be met with, as well as
others in as bad condition as they well could be. Perhaps it was most
common on the comparatively lower regions of Mt. Hermon, towards
the end of June; but, unlike most of this genus, instead of colonizing
in groups in certain localities, it was widely distributed, and specimens
generally occurred singly.
Satyrus anthe, O.—Abundant everywhere in the Lebanon and Anti-
Lebanon; throughout the greater part of May and June; I do not
recollect seeing it anywhere in July, or at all in Palestine, At the
foot of a mountain near Damascus, on May 10th, it was freshly
emerging in the early morning, and I took a number of specimens only
just out of the chrysalis, with their wings still limp. The var. hanifa
occurred everywhere with the type; this variety seemed to be confined
to the females, though I took one male at Damascus very nearly
approaching it in richness of tone.
12
100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
S. pelopea, Klug.—Not out much before June, and very con-
siderably less plentiful than the preceding, or the next species.
S. telephassa, Hib.—Very common indeed ; I should say it was”
out some eight or ten days earlier than anthe this year, but might vary
according to the season. To me it appears quite distinct from S.
amalthea, which I took some numbers of in Greece last year. The
females were quite as common as the males, and this was also the case
with amalthea.
S. stalilinus var. sichea, Ld.—This variety was common in moun-
tain gorges and ravines in Palestine early in July. I also took it near
Beyrout, and at Aléy later in the month.
Ypthima asterope, Klug.—This little brown butterfly was common
on the coast from April till August, and probably on till the autumn, .
evidently producing a succession of broods throughout the summer.
I did not think it interesting ; none of the specimens ever presented
the slightest variation, being almost identical.
Pararge roxelana, Cr.—Not uncommon, and in excellent condition,
near Bludén on June 20th. It flew in shady, narrow lanes. The
specimens did not vary with those I have taken in Hungary, only in
the extraordinary development of the hind wings from costa to outer
margin.
Epinephele lycaon, Rott.—All along the lower slopes of Mount
Hermon on June 28th. The specimens struck me as being paler in
tone than the Huropean form; indeed, the first male I saw I mistook
for a large pale-coloured Lycena.
Fi. ianira var. telmessia, Z.—In the grounds of the American College
and other places near Beyrout in April and May. I found the female
rare and difficult to secure a good series of.
Syrichthus tessellim var. nomas.—A very fine ‘ skipper.” I took
single specimens in various localities in the Lebanon in May and
June. ;
S. malvé var. melotis, Dup.—-Common in the Lebanon, May and
June.
S. pogget, Ld.—On the top of a mountain near Damascus ; fairly
common early in May.
S. orbifer, Hub.—Very common in many places in April and May.
Nisoniades marloyi, B.—I took one specimen and saw another near
Ain Zahalta in April.
Hesperia nostrodamus, ¥.—I used to see this butterfly up the Dog
River, &c., but never succeeded in getting a specimen worth keeping.
I imagine, like most ‘ black butterflies,” it gets rubbed very easily.
Before concluding these notes, it may perhaps be of some
use to other entomologists intending to visit Syria to mention
some of the localities I found the best for collecting, with perhaps
a few observations of a practical nature as well. Of these, I
select three especially, viz. Ain Zahalta, Bsherreh, for the neigh-
bourhood of the Cedars, and Baniyas, at the foot of the southern
slopes of Mount Hermon. Ain Zahalta, which is reached by a
four hours’ walk over the mountains from Ain Sofar, on the
Beyrout-Damascus Railway, is a mission station, and accom-
LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN NIGERIA. 101
modation—clean but rough—can be obtained during the spring
months (which I should imagine was the best time for collecting
here) at the house of a Syrian woman named Takla Abood, who
speaks English ; and in summer there is a mountain hotel. At
Bsherreh, about one hour’s walk or ride from the Cedars, situated
in a magnificent position overlooking a glorious well-watered
valley, there is now a new hotel, very small but most clean and
comiortable, with the most obliging host and hostess, both of
whom, having spent some time in Australia, can speak English.
Bsherreh is approached on the west by a carriage-road, and is
two days’ drive from Beyrout by Tripolis; or, on the east over
the pass of the Jebel-el-Arz, about ten or twelve hours’ ride from
Baalbek, with good collecting most of the way. At Baniyas I
would willingly have made a much more protracted stay, as
from what I did see I should say it was one of the best ‘‘ butterfly
corners”’ in Syria; but I only passed it as one of the halting-
places on my ride from Damascus to Jerusalem, and not being
provided with tents, the accommodation in the native house
where I put up was of such a nature that my courage failed me
at the thoughts of another night in Baniyas, so I decided to ride
en to Giayoni. But I feel sure that for those who should be
camping out, and therefore independent of the horrors of native
houses, this neighbourhood would afford excellent collecting.
7, Lansdown Place (East), Bath: Dec. 1901.
A LIST or LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED sy DR, CUTHBERT
CHRISTY mw NIGERIA.
By Emity Mary Saarpe.
(Concluded from p. 68.)
Family Lycmnipm.
46. LACHNOCNEMA D’URBANI, T'rimen.—a. Jebba ; May.
47. PILODEUDORIX cHRULEA (H. H. Druce).— a, b, 3. Juju-
rock, Jebba; November.
48. Viracuona tivia (Klug).—a. Juju-rock, Jebba; November.
This species was hitherto supposed to be restricted to Aden,
whence there are specimens in the British Museum.
_ 49. VirnacHona antauus (Hopff.).—a-c, 3. Juju-rock, Jebba;
November. d, ?. Lokoja; May.
50. Suxmpion 1asis (Hewits.).--a, ¢. Juju-rock, Jebba;
November.
** Pilodeudorix cerulea, Virachola livia, and Sukidion itasis
seem to frequent high ground, as I only came across these species
on the Juju-rock.’’—C. C.
102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
51. Sprnpasis nrLus (Hewits.).—a, 3. Ilo; February, 1899.
This is a very interesting species, hitherto represented by a
female in the Hewitson Collection in the British Museum from
the White Nile.
52. AXIOCERSES PERION (Cram.).— a, b, @. Ilo; January.
c, 2. Lokoja; May. d-f, g. Ilo; March, 1899.
iH: 53. LycmNESTHES amARAH (Guér.). —a, ?. Ilo; January,
99.
54. LycmNESTHES ADHERBAL, Mabille.—a, 3. Lokoja; May.
55. LycmNESTHES LARYDAS (Cram.).—a, 3. Lokoja.
: 56. CacyrEvs LINGEUS (Cram.).—a-—c, 3. Jebba; September,
898.
57. Tarucus piinius (Fabr.). —a-d, ¢. Jebba; May, Sept-
ember, November, 1898. e, 9. Sierra Leone; February, 1898.
f-i, 3. Rabba ; November.
58. Potyommatus Baticus (Linn.).—a,e, ¢ 2. Jebba; Nov- —
ember. /, ¢. Boussa; December. g, #. Rabba; November.
59. Catocurysors rumosus, Butl._—a. Lokoja.
60. Catocurysops osiris (Hopff.).—a, ¢. Leaba; December,
1899. b, gd. Shonga; August.
61. Hucurysops NIGERIM, sp.n.—Primaries: General colour
bright azure blue; the apex and hind margin narrowly lined
with greyish brown; cilia dirty white. Secondaries similar to
the primaries; the hind margin narrowly edged with greyish
brown, the cilia nearly white ; a submarginal row of white spots
with more or less obsolete dark centres, the darkest and largest
spot situated between the first and second median nervule ; near
the anal angle a second row of faintly indicated white spots.
Underside similar to that of Catochrysops contracta, Butler. An
extra row of spots on the marginal area of both wings, these
spots being larger and more compact than in the above-named
form, and consisting of four narrow lines of brown, with white
spots on either side situated between the nervules; the basal
area of the secondaries relieved by the usual three black dots ;
the distinct black spot on the hind margin edged on its lower
side with metallic silver ; one spot between the second and third
median nervule and two spots on the anal angle being of the
_ same metallic colour. Expanse, ‘8 in.
Hab. &. Ilo; February, 1899. Type.
62. Lamprpes urppocratsEs (abr.).—a, b. Jebba ; September,
1899.
63. NEoLycmNA ciIssus (Godt.). —a-e, 3. Shonga; August.
Ff, 2. Jebba; November.
64. Zizera xKnysna (T'rrimen). — a-d, 3 9. Jebba; Sept-
ember and October.
LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN NIGERIA. 103
Family Preripm.
65. Nycurroma atcesta (Cram.).—a, b. Jebba; May, October.
ec. Lokoja.
66. Mytoruris catoris (Fabr.).—a, ¢. Shonga; September.
67. PHRissuRA syLyIA (Fabr.).— a. Mount Patti, Lokoja ;
May, 1899.
68. GuuTOoPHRISSA saBA (abr.).—a-d, 3 . Jebba; May, October.
e-q,S 2. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899. h,¢. Boussa; December.
69. BrLEnots cipica (Godt.).—a, g. Jebba; May.
70. BrLEenots apyssinicus (Lucas).—a,3. Ilo; January, 1899.
71. BenEnots crEona (Cram.).—a-i, ¢ ?. Ilo; March, 1899.
j, d. Rabba; November. k-m, 3 2. Jebba; September, 1898.
n-r; ¢ 2. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899. s, 3. Lokoja ;
May. t, 2. Juju-rock, Jebba; November.
72. BELENOIS MESENTINA (Cram.).—a, b, 3. Ilo; March. c,d.
Rabba ; November.
73. BrLENots caLypso (Drury).—a-c, ¢ ?. Ilo; March, 1899.
d, 2. Lokoja; May.
74, PINACOPTERYX ? LILIANA (Grose Smith).—a, 2. Ilo; Feb-
ruary, 1899.
75. TeRAcoLus marmuna (Kirby). Teracolus maimuna, EK. M.
Sharpe, Monogr. Ent. i. p. 24, pl. 9, figs. 1-19 (1898).—a, 3
Jebba ; September, 1898.
76. TeRacoLus AMELIA (Lucas). — a, b. Ilo; February and
March, 1899.
This species has been recorded from Senegal and Abyssinia,
and seems therefore to range throughout the Soudan.
77. TeRacotus DEDECoRA (Feld.).—a-i, ¢ 2. Ilo; January,
February, 1899.
The occurrence of this species in Nigeria is of great interest,
as it has previously only been recorded from Senegal, in Western
Africa. _ It is a well-known species in North-eastern Africa,
where it ranges from Abyssinia to Somali-land, and eastward as
far as Muscat, in Arabia.
78. TrERAcoLus EvIPPE (Linn.).—a-l, ¢ 2. Jebba; September,
November, 1898. m, 3%. Ilo; March, 1899. n, 0, ¢ 2. Mount
Patti, Lokoja; May. p-s, ¢ ?. Lokoja; May.
79. TmRacoLus Loanpicus, Butl._—a. Lokoja; May.
80. TeRAcoLUS EVAGORE (Klug). — a-e, ¢ 2. Ilo; January,
February, 1899.
I am unable to separate Dr. Christy’s specimens from those
in the British Museum from Aden, from which place the British
Museum contains a large series.
81. TrRaconus isauRA (Lucas). —a-c, S$. Jebba; September
and November, 1898,
104 ee '. -THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
This eastern species is here recorded for the first time from
Nigeria. The British Museum has specimens from the White
Nile and Upper Egypt, Abyssinia, and the Arusa Galla country
and Mombasa.
82. Teraconus stmpuEx, Butl.—a-d, ¢ 2. Ilo; February and
March, 1899.
The occurrence of this southern species is somewhat extra-
ordinary, but my father tells me that in the Hinterland of the
Gold Coast some South African species of birds, which have not
been found in the intervening districts of Africa, occur quite
unexpectedly.
83. TERACOLUS XANTHEVARNE, Butl.; E. M. Sharpe, Monogr,
Ent. p. 90, pl. 29, figs. 1-11 (1900).— a, b, 9 @. Ilo; January,
February, 1899.
This species has hitherto only been known from North-east
Africa.; the specimens in the British Museum being from the
Anseba Valley, Bogos-land, Abyssinia, and the White Nile.
84, Leuceronia anata (abr.).—a, 3. Mozum, Benue River;
June, 1899. .
85; LrucrRonia PHARIS (Boisd.).—a-c, ¢ 2. Mozum, Benue
River; June, 1899.
_ 86. CaTopsILIA FLORELLA (Fabr.).—a, 3. Ilo; January, 1899.
b-f, ¢. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899.
87. Trerias BRENDA, Doubl. & Hewits. — a. Mozum, Benue
River; June, 1899.
88. TeRias ORIENTIS, Butl.—a. Sierra Leone; February,
1898. b,c. Jebba; September, 1899. d,e. Ilo; March, 1899.
89. Tertas HaPaLE, Mabille.—a. Ilo; January, 1899. b.
Boussa; December.
90. Tertas REGULARIS, Butl.— a-c. Jebba; September and
October, 1899. d-f. Shonga; August.
91. Turis BRicITTA (Cram.).—a, b. Sierra Leone ; February,
1898. c. Jebba; October. d-j. Ilo; January, February, and
March, 1899.
92. Trertas zon, Hopff.— a-e, ¢ 2. Jebba; September and
October, 1898. jf, ¢. Rabba; November.
Family Paprnionipm.
93. Papitio DEMoDocus, Esper. — a-f. Lokoja; May. g-k.
Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899. J,m. Ilo; February, 1899.
‘“* Frequented a species of orange tree.”—C. C.
94. Papimuio pynapEs, F'abr.—a-c. Jebba; May and Novem-
ber. d. Rabba; November. e. Ilo; March, 1899. (f. Mount
Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899.
95. Papmuio tEontDAs, Fabr.—a. Lokoja; May. 6. Mozum,
Benue River; June, 1899.
LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN NIGERIA. 105
Family Hresprrip™.
96. SARANGESA SYNESTALMENUS (Karsch). — a, b. Boussa ;
December.
97. Hesperia Dromus (Ploétz).—a-c, 3 ?. Shonga; August.
98. PARDALEODES INCERTA (Snellen).—a. Sierra Leone ; Feb-
ruary, 1898. b,c. Lokoja; May.
99. Amprrrra ? INoRNATUS (Trimen).—a. Shonga; August.
100. GmGENES HOTTENTOTA (Latr.).—a, 3. Boussa; De-
cember.
101. GeGENES LETTERSTEDTI (Wallengr.).— a. Shonga; August,
1898.
102. Parnara BorBontca (Boisd.).—a. Jebba; November.
108. Baoris FATUELLUS (Hopff.).—a. Sierra Leone; February,
1898. b-f. Jebba; October and November. g-—h. Lokoja; May.
i. Rabba; November.
‘This species has the peculiar habit of frequenting one’s tent
at dawn of day. It flits about in every corner in a restless manner,
and is easy to catch. When the sun gets well up it disappears. It
was common every morning on Mount Patti, and also at Boussa, in
the hospital, flitting about beneath the beds and elsewhere.’’—C. C.
104. Baoris neropHa (Hewits.).—a. Lokoja.
105. PLATYLESCHES BATANG® (Holl.).—a, b. Lokoja; May.
106. RHopaLocamMpTa FoRESTAN (Cram.).—a. Jebba; Septem-
ber. 0b-g. Lokoja; May.
Family SpHINGIDS.
107. PsEUDOSMERINTHUS SUBMARGINALIS (Walk.).—a. Jebba;
November.
108. LevucopHLesra AFRA.—Leucophlebia afra (Karsch), Ent.
Nach. Berlin, xvii. p.2, pl. 1, fig. 1 (1891). a. Ilo; February, 1899.
109. NEPHELE PENEUS (Cram.).—a. Jebba.
Family Synromipm.
110. Syntomis mnrERNIPLAGA (Mabille).—Hampson, Cat. Lepid.
Phalene, vol. i. p. 114, pl. 11, fig. 16 (1898). a. Lokoja.
Family Arcriapm.
111. Anpenus mquauis (Walk.).—a. Mozum, Benue River ;
June, 1899.
112. Dracrista LuTEscens (Walk.).—Hampson, Cat. Lepid.
Phalene, ii. p. 295, 1901. a. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May,
1899. 0b. Lokoja.
113. UTETHEISA PULCHELLA (Linn.).—a. Jebba; October, 1898.
Family Hypsipa.
114. Angina cincuLiIrERA (Walk.).—a, b. Jebba; November.
c. Shonga; August, 1898.
106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Family Lipari.
115. Laura setinoieEs (Holland).—a. Lokoja.
Family Lymantriapm.
116. CrmoLa ELEUTERIA (Stoll.).—a-c, § 2. Mozum, Benue
River; June, 1899.
“This species was seen frequently whilst traversing the
thickest jungle on the right bank of the Benue.’’—C. C.
117. Dasycuira sp.—a. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899.
faa Dasycuira REMoTA (Druce).—a, b. Lokoja; December,
Family Limacopip™.
j 119. Parasa urnpAa (Druce).—a. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May,
899.
120. Cuinena sp.—a, b. Ilo; January and March, 1899.
Family NotopontTiIpm.
121. Zana sp.—a. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899.
Family SatTuRNIIDm.
122. Burnea curisty1, HE. M. Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(7) 11. p. 871 (1899). ? Burnea phedusa (Drury), Walk. Lepid.
Heter. v. p. 1229 (1855).—a. Jebba.
Sir George Hampson considers my B. christyi to be a variation
of B. phedusa, Drury. As, however, there is another specimen
in the British Museum from Nigeria, which agrees with my type
in having the large ocelli on the fore wing, I think it is quite
probable that the two species are distinct.
123. Brunma pyamma, Maassen, Beitrige zur Schmett. f.100.
Nudaurelia jebbe, EK. M. Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iu.
p. 872 (1899).—a. Jebba; October, 1898.
124, Sanassa mara (Klug).—a. Jebba.
125. HenucHa sminax (Westw.).—a. Jebba; November.
Family Lastocampipm.
126. Mmranastria ?conTRaRiA (Walk.).—a. Jebba; November.
127. GoONOMETA CHRISTYI, sp. n.—Primaries: Ground colour
reddish buff, somewhat paler in colour on the hind margin; two
transverse bands of a darker tint across the centre of the wing,
the basal line proceeding straight from the costa to the inner
margin. Secondaries: Yellowish buff with a satiny appearance,
rather deeper in colour along the inner margin and the base.
Under side: General colour reddish buff, the secondaries paler,
especially on the hind margin. Head, antenne, thorax, and
body reddish buff. Expanse of male, 8°6 in.
Hab. Jebba; November.
LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN NIGERIA. 107
Female.—Primaries bright reddish buff, with three darker
transverse lines, the two basal lines being only slightly waved ;
a faint suffusion of grey along the inner margin, and extending
over the discal area to the costa. Secondaries lighter in colour
than the primaries, and with a satiny gloss. Under side similar
to that of the male; the hind marginal area of the secondaries
lighter in colour than the ground colour; both wings devoid of
any spots or lines. Head, antenne, thorax, and body reddish
buff, the latter having a distinct gloss. Hxpanse, 5°6 in.
Hab. Jebba; November.
‘‘The cocoons of this species were frequently seen on some of
the largest trees growing near the river bank at Jebba, not far
from the Juju-rock. They were usually placed in a cluster on the
under surface of a large bough. The caterpillar, an enormous
‘woolly bear,’ which I always associated with these cocoons, was
on several occasions brought to me in camp. Its colour was
dark reddish brown, much darker than the colour of the dead
hair woven into the cocoons.’’—C. C.
Family Cossipm.
128. AzYGOPHLEPsS INcLUSA (Walk.).—a. Jebba; November.
Family Nocrvuipm.
129. SPHINGOMORPHA MONTEIRONIS (Butl.).—a-e. Jebba; May.
130. CynLiGRAMMA LIMACINA (Guér.).—a, b. Lokoja, 11,000 ft.
above the river; May.
131. OpHisma inpicaBiuis (Walk.).—a. Lokoja; May.
132. OPHIUSA MELICERTE (Drury).—a. Leaba; December, 1899.
133. Remieia arcHEsta (Cram.).—a. Mount Patti, Lokoja;
May, 1899.
134. PLECOPTERA RESISTENS (Walk.).—a. Ilo; March, 1899.
135. ENTOMOGRAMMA PARDUS (Guen.).—a. Jebba; May.
136. HypocaLa PLUMICORNIS (Guen.).—a. Jebba; May.
187. CHARIDEA cauTa.—Charidea cauta, Hampson (in MSS.).
a. Mount Patti, Lokoja; May, 1899.
Family GroMETRIDA.
138. ? AcROPTERIS ANGULATARIA ([abr.).—a, b. Jebba; May
and October, 1899.
139. PaREUMELEA PERLIMBATA (Guen.).—a. Sierra Leone;
February, 1898.
Family Pyrauipm.
140. PHRYGANODES-QUADRIGUTTATA (Walk.).—a. Sierra Leone;
February, 1898.
141. GuypHopEs sinvata (Fabr.).—a, Mozum, Benue River ;
June, 1899.
108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENO-
PTERA (ICHNEUMONIDA, CHRYSIDIDA, FOSSORES,
AND APIDAi).
By P. Cameron.
ICHNEUMONID.
AMBLYJOPPA, gen. nov.
Antenne stout, slightly compressed and dilated etwuen tite middle
and the apex. Scutellum roundly convex, raised above the level of
the mesonotum ; its sides not margined, the apex with a flat, oblique
slope. The base of the median segment has a distinct oblique slope ;
the areola is somewhat horseshoe-shaped, slightly narrowed behind ;
it is flat, raised, smooth and shining; the sides, except at the apex,
are furrowed, the furrows becoming wider and striated towards the
apex; the posterior, median, and the spiracular are only are clearly
defined; there are no spines or projections, and the apex of the
segment has a gradually rounded slope. Areolet narrowed at the top.
Abdomen closely punctured; the segments are closely punctured and
do not project much at the apex laterally. Legs stout; the apex of
the hinder femora does not extend beyond the third segment. The
post-petiole is wide and clearly separated; on the second segment only
the part between the gastrocceli is striated. The abdomen is com-
paratively short, bemg not much longer than the head and thorax
united ; its apex is bluntly pointed and broad; it is not quite half the
length of the penultimate; the ovipositor is broad and projects.
The temples are obliquely and rather sharply narrowed; the
occiput is roundly incised, and is sharply margined ; the malar space
is large; the apex of the clypeus is transverse; the labrum slightly
projects; the second joint of the maxillary palpi is widely dilated ;
the mesopleural tubercles are long, narrow, and plate-like; the ventral
keel extends on to the fourth segment, and is not very distinct. There
is a short stump of a nervure on the cubital-disco nervure. The wings
are dark-coloured. 7
The species I have included in this genus are large handsome
insects. The characteristics of the genus are the roundly convex
scutellum and the flat, raised, smooth and shining areola. The
median segment is completely areolated ; there are three basal
and five apical ares, besides the spiracular area. The basal
joints of the flagellum are elongated, more than three times
longer than wide; the transverse median nervure is not quite
interstitial; the transverse cubital nervures may be distinctly
separated above, or they may be almost united.
To this genus belongs ‘‘ Ichnewmon” elvanus, Cam.,* which
appears to be a common Indian species.
_AMBLYJOPPA RUFO-BALTEATA, Sp. NOV.
Nigra, capite thoraceque flavo-maculatis; abdominis medio late
* ‘Manchester Memoirs,’ xl. pt. 4, p. 8.
SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 109
rufo, apice petioli flavo; pedibus nigris; tibiis tarsisque late flavis, tarsis
nigro-maculato ; alis fusco-violaceis, nervis stigmateque nigris. ¢.
Hab. Khasia Hills (coll. Rothney).
Antenne stout, slightly dilated and compressed before the middle ;
the tenth to fifteenth joints white below; the scape minutely punc-
tured, thickly covered with white pubescence. Head black; the face,
clypeus, labrum, except in the middle, the inner orbits, the outer on
the lower half—narrowly above, broadly below, the yellow extending to
the base of the mandibles—pale yellow. Face and clypeus punctured,
thickly covered with short white hair; the front above closely
punctured. Thorax black; the edge of the pronotum, two short
lines shortly behind the middle of the mesonotum, the scutellum,
post-scutellum, two somewhat triangular marks on the sides of the
metanotum, extending on to the spiracular area, the tubercles, a large
mark on the under side of the mesopleuree—rounded in front, obliquely
narrowed at the apex—pale yellow. Mesonotum opaque, distinctly
punctured in the middle, less distinctly and more closely on the sides;
and thickly covered with short fuscous pubescence. Scutellum roundly
convex, punctured, and thickly covered with long pale hair; post-
scutellum smooth, thickly covered with fuscous hair. Median segment
rugosely punctured ; the supramedian area has the basal half narrowed;
the base in the middle transverse and slightly more than half the
width of the apex; inside it is not depressed, is smooth and shining ;
the apex with two rows of punctures, the basal row not reaching to
the sides; the posterior median and posterior intermedian arez are
stoutly transversely striated, the latter more strongly than the former.
Pro- and mesopleure closely punctured, their apices more or less
striated; metapleure closely rugosely punctured, above the middle
keel more or less obliquely striated. The lower part of the stigma and
the apical nervures are fuscous; the areolet five-angled, at the top
half the width of the bottom; the recurrent nervure is received shortly
behind the middle. Legs black; all the trochanters, the four anterior
cox, the apices of the four anterior femora, the anterior tibie in front
and at the base behind, the basal part of the intermediate to shortly
beyond the middle and the basal two-thirds of the hinder pair, and an
irregular mark on the top and sides of the hinder femora—broad
above, narrow on the sides—pale yellow; tarsi pale yellow, the basal
three joints at the apex and the apical two entirely black. Abdomen
black; the apex of the petiole yellow; the second and third segments
entirely, and the base and sides of the third, ferruginous. The petiole
is depressed in the centre above, the base irregularly roughened; the
apex rugosely punctured; the base of the post-petiole rugosely punc-
tured; the apex less strongly punctured; the sides are closely, strongly,
obliquely striated ; the second, third, and fourth segments are closely
punctured; the second closely, longitudinally striated at the base;
the gastrocceli on their inner sides with curved strie.
ACANTHOJOPPA, gen. Nov.
Antenne dilated and compressed beyond the middle. Scutellum
pyramidal, the base with an oblique slope; the top roundly depressed ;
the sides of the top leaf-like; the apex has a more abrupt slope, is
110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
shorter, and has its sides keeled. Median segment completely areo-
lated; the base in the middle is depressed; there are five basal ares
and three apical ones; the areola is completely defined; its base
transverse; its sides oblique; the sides at the apex are oblique; the -
apex rounded inwardly. ‘The spines are long and stout; the basal
depression is keeled laterally. Face flat, hardly projecting in the
centre; the labrum projecting. Occiput widely incised. Temples
broad, obliquely narrowed. Areolet five-angled, narrowed at the top ;
the cubito-disco nervure has an almost obsolete stump of a nervure.
Wings hyaline, or slightly infuscated at the apex. Legs long; the
apex of the hinder femora reaches to the fourth segment. Petiole long
and slender ; the post-petiole becomes gradually wider from the base
to the apex; the second and third segments are closely aciculated ;
the others smooth; the apical three seements become gradually
narrowed ; the last is largely developed; the cerci are prominent;
the ovipositor largely projects; the ventral keel is large, and extends
to the apex of the fifth segment.
The species of this genus known to me are uniformly ferru-
ginous, with the wings hyaline, or yellowish-hyaline, at the most
only slightly smoky at the apex; the antenne are similarly
coloured, darker towards the apex and lighter in the middle.
The median segment is more regularly and completely areolated
than usual; the sides of the abdominal segments do not project
laterally. In the male the antenne are not distinctly serrate.
A distinct genus, easily known by the flat face, the completely
areolated median segment, with its stout spines; the pyramidal
scutellum, deeply depressed on the top; and the abdomen
narrowed at the apex, and with a long projecting ovipositor. In
the arrangement of Kriechbaumer and Ashmead, the genus
would come in near Cryptojoppa.
ACANTHOJOPPA SCHIZOASPIS, Sp. NOV.
Ferruginea, facie, clypeo, pleurisque flavis; antennis ferrugineis,
apice late nigris ; alis fulvo-fumatis, stigmate ferrugineo. ?.
Long. 15-16 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Antenne rufo-fulvous, beyond the sixteenth joint black; the scape
punctured, thickly covered with short black hair; the flagellum with
a pale down. Head rufo-fulvous; the face and clypeus with a paler
yellower tinge; closely and rather strongly punctured; the apex of
the clypeus impunctate in the middle; the labrum closely punctured ;
thickly covered with long fulvous hair. The apex of the mandibles
broadly black. Front very smooth and shining; the vertex shagreened ;
the orbits yellow. ‘The mesonotum dark rufous; closely punctured,
thickly covered with short black hair. Scutellum large, pyramidal ;
the base with an oblique slope; the apex almost perpendicular; the
top roundly and deeply depressed; the sides somewhat triangular,
rounded; margined ; the basal keels large, curved, acute; the basal
depression narrow, transverse, not very deep; the hair thick, long,
blackish. Post-scutellum yellowish, with an obliquely rounded slope ;
SOUTH AFRICAN COCCIDA. Mit
the centre closely and finely striated; the sides with a few stout
striations; the depressions at its sides wide, shallow, and marked
with stout keels; the base of the median segment in the centre has a
rounded slope, deeply depressed in the middle, and bordered with a
stout keel round the sides and apex; the apex is rugose. The supra-
median area is slightly wider than long; the base almost transverse ;
the sides at the base oblique; at the apex more sharply oblique; the
apex bulges roundly inwardly; the posterior median area is of almost
equal width throughout; the teeth are large, broad; the base of the
segment is strongly punctured; the supramedian area has a few
oblique striations ; the apex strongly transversely striated. The upper
part of the propleure is strongly punctured; the centre at the base
with a few fine oblique striations; the lower part at the middle and
apex with stout, irrecular, mostly curved, keels. Mesopleure strongly
punctured; the middle with some stout longitudinal striations; the
tubercles large, elongate, leaf-like, roundly narrowed at the base and
apex. The base of the metapleure above finely, the rest coarsely,
punctured, the punctures running into reticulations; in front of the
hinder coxe are some stout oblique striations, and in front of these is
a stout curved keel. Mesosternum thickly covered with fuscous hair,
punctured; the furrows deep, much widened at the apex. Legs stout;
the four anterior cox and trochanters more or less yellowish; the
hinder strongly punctured; the hinder tarsi spinose. The costa and
stigma are luteous; the nervures darker; the areolet narrowed at the
top, the transverse cubital nervures almost uniting there; the first is
largely bullated at the top; the second in the centre; the recurrent
nervure is received in the centre of the areolet; the transverse median
nervure is received distinctly in front of the transverse median. Petiole
yellowish at the base, the apex shagreened ; the sides at the apex with
some large deep punctures. The other segments are closely punctured ;
blackish down the middle; the gastrocceli shallow, closely punctured ;
the space between them striated. The sheaths of the ovipositor
fulvous, densely haired; the apex black.
(To be continued.)
SOUTH AFRICAN COCCIDA.—II.
By T. D. A. CockrReELu.
Aspidiotus (Marganella) maskell, Ckll.
Botanical Gardens, Durban, Natal; on twigs of Camellia
(Fuller). New to the African continent ; it has been found in
Mauritius by De Charmoy.
Hemichionaspis cyanogena, Ckll.
Verulam, Natal (Fuller). Botanical Gardens, Durban, Natal ;
on Alternaria (Fuller). The last-mentioned material showed
circumgenital glands as follows: median, 17; cephalolateral,
16; caudolateral, 18. The type had median, 11; cephalo-
lateral, 17 ; caudolateral, 15.
tte THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Chionaspis exalbida, n. sp. .
?. Scales crowded, about 12 mm. long, convex, very narrow, pure
white, with yellow-brown exuvie ; the second skin has the basal half
covered with white secretion, but the apical half is bare and clear
brownish yellow.
?. Deep carmine-red (turns green on boiling in caustic potash),
elongate, the margins of the segments nowhere projecting. Caudal
end scarcely chitinised ; no circumgenital glands; the usual rows of
transverse dorsal glands, but they are irregular, with few glands;
margin of caudal end with many lobules, which hardly take the form
of definite lobes ; the median lobules are rounded, and separated by a
rather wide interval, and present a projecting point at their outer
edge; after these come two rounded prominences, then two rounded
depressions, separated by a prominence which is sometimes bifid ;
then comes a little projection, and then a large gently convex portion,
then a notch, and after that a few notches at rather distant intervals.
There are apparently no squames, but specimens which have not
been treated with potash show a short waxy fringe taking the place of
squames.
3. Scales of the usual Chionaspis form, but texture quite dense ;
unicarinate, some faintly tricarinate.
On leaves of aloe, Howick, Natal (Fuller). This is not a true
Chionaspis, but there is no other genus to receive it.
Poliaspis carisse, n. sp.
?. Scale similar to that of P. cycadis, but perhaps narrower ;
second skin pale, as in cycadis.
?. Similar to P. cycadis, but the strongly serrulate reddish-
brown median lobes are wide apart, the interval being nearly as great
as the breadth of a lobe; the second lobe consists of two lobules, of
which the inner is the larger, and its tip projects a little beyond the
level of the tips of the median lobes; the margin just beyond the
second lobe bears two large oval dorsal glands, like those of the series
on the next segments anteriorly ; there are only four dorsal glands in
the short rows hearest the anal orifice. The middle of the body is
red-brown, and strongly chitinised. Circumgenital glands in eight
groups; the posterior laterals 19, middle laterals (cephalolaterals of
other genera), 11, median 5, in a transverse row, and the anterior
groups characteristic of Poliaspis form a transverse series broken into
three linear groups of three or four, which are widely separated.
3. Seale tricarinate.
On Carissa (? C. grandiflora, DC.), a plant which belongs to
the Apocynacee. Durban, Natal (Fuller). In this species and
P. cycadis the anterior groups of glands are in transverse lines;
in P. media, and the species described by Fuller from Australia,
the groups are circular.
Halimococcus lampas, Ckll.
Mr. Fuller sends new material on the palm, Hyphene crinita,
Gaertn. ‘This palm is a native of Natal.
SOUTH AFRICAN COCCIDA. 113
Dactylopius filamentosus, Ckll.
Mr. Fuller sends a large variety of this species on orange,
and says it is more common upon a native Dombeya. The an-
tenne measure as followsin «, joints: (1.) 30, (2.) 42, (8.) 80-386,
(4.) 39-45, (5.) 24-30, (6.) 33, (7.) 75-78.
Ceroplastes candela, Ckll. & King, n. sp.
@. Long. 23, lat. 34, alt. 44mm.; dark red-brown, elevated, with
vertical sides. Caudal horn a prominent stout spine, hardly 4 mm.
long, placed nearer the top of the scale than the base. Dorsum smooth
and shining, with only a very small central raised line. Sides of in-
sects with vertical stripes of dense white secretion; no wax, except
that composing these stripes, between the insects, which are densely
crowded together, their vertical sides contiguous. They rest on a thin
substratum of wax, and are covered above with yellowish-white wax,
about 1 mm. thick. The outlines of the insects are vaguely marked
on the surface of the covering wax by a brownish stain. The wax,
with the insects beneath, surrounds the twigs as the wax does the wick
of a candle; the whole mass is about 20 mm. diameter, that of the
twig being about 5 mm.
Mr. King found the antenne to measure thus in « :—
Joints : Gt Ce) as) 2 Gay, (a) 2 (63). C)
henetih yg 56. G82 56.) 60.2 262 -325> 40.
Breadth)” 64.482) 40. 82. 28. 28. 24.
Found by Mr. Fuller at Richmond, Natal. The nearest ally is an
undescribed species from Paraguay, collected by Professor Bruner.
Ceroplastes egbarum, Ckll., subsp. fulleri, T. D. A. & W. P. CkIL.,
n. subsp.
?. Waxy scale hemispherical, long. 154, lat. 12, alt. 10 mm.; in
dry specimens rough, pale reddish, not divided into plates. ?. De-
nuded of wax hemispherical, very dark red-brown, long. 83, lat. 8,
alt. 8 mm.; sides infolded beneath, so that the inferior aperture is
considerably smaller than the diameter of the scale. Anterior end
narrowed and elevated, having the form of the end of a pig’s snout.
Caudal horn distinct, but very short, about } mm. long; a very deep
sulcus runs from below the caudal horn to the margin. Middle of
back with a prominence about as high as the caudal horn, but larger,
because lengthened posteriorly, having a keel-like form.
In caustic potash the female gives a deep madder-red colour; this
colour is obliterated, leaving only a faint greenish tint, by the addition
of acetic or nitric acid. On adding more potash, so as to neutralise
the acid, the red colour is restored. ‘The wax is not altered in colour
by chloroform.
Skin with several large (about 800 » diam.) strongly chitinous red-
brown patches, thickly perforated with small gland-pores, recalling the
nozzle of a garden sprinkler. Legs ordinary, except that the femur is
very stout; measurements in »: femur with trochanter, 192 (width of
femur 95); tibia, 160; tarsus, 81; claw, 27. Tarsal digitules about
60 » long, very fine hairs, with rather large round knobs. Claw-
digitules stout, about 86 p» long, with large dark brown knobs.
ENTOM.—APRIL, 1902. K
114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Sent by Mr. Fuller, labelled: ‘‘ Large red Ceroplastes, on
Acacia and Mimosa, coast of Natal.’’ This is probably a valid
species; Mr. Fuller seems to consider it different from the ordi-
nary white species, C. eqbarum (cristatus, Green). Some time —
ago Dr. Strachan sent me from Lagos a very large C. egbarum—
waxy scale, long. 20, lat. 13, alt. 10 mm.—with the dorsal area
of the wax slightly pinkish. This seems to be another distinct
variety or subspecies, but the material was not sufficient for
satisfactory description.
Mr. Fuller writes that it is from the species of Ceroplastes
that the Kaffirs make their head-rings. The large white species
on Mimosa—I suppose C. egbarum—is the one most commonly
used, as it is very plentiful. Mr. Fuller thus describes the pro-
cess :—‘‘ The head-rings are made from a mixture—half and half,
I am told—of calcined coccids and fresh material. Of course,
no effort is made to extract the insects, a fact which accounts no
doubt for the intense blackness of the rings.”
East Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Jan. 14th, 1902.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Tue Nomenciature or THE Coccip#.—In the course of revising
the genera of Coccidee, I have found the following new names and
changes of name apparently necessary :—
(1.) Ultracelostoma, new subgenus of Calostomidia; female adult
without mouth or legs; antenne more or less rudimentary. Type
Celostomidia assimilis (Caelostoma assimile, Maskell), from New Zealand.
(2.) Arcturthezia, new section of Orthezia ; female with waxy secre-
tion dense, not easily removed; wedge-shaped lamelle in dorsal line.
Boreal forms. (OQ. occidentalis and O. cataphracta.)
(8.) Bambusaspis new section of Asterolecanium; scale elongated,
often very narrow; living on bamboos and palms in the Tropics.
Includes A. miliaris, A. bambuse, A. delicatum, A. solenophoroides, A.
palme, A. urichi.
(4.) Phenacobryum, new section of Asterolecanium ; scale with lamin
resembling moss-leaves. A. bryoides (Maskell) and A. stellatum
(Maskell, as bryoides var.).
(5.) Ascelis, Schrader; n. syn. Cystococcus, Fuller, Tr. Knt. Soc.
Lond. 1899, p, 462. (A. echiniformis (Cystococcus echiniformis, Fuller) ).
T. D. A. Cocxurett; E. Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.8.A.; Feb. 2nd,
1902.
Note on Larvm or CurysopHanus pHLa@As.—I obtained a large
number of C. phleas ova last October, from captured females. The
larve duly hatched out, and have lived through tle winter in a con-
servatory, but not heated, except by means of a lamp, just enough to
keep the frost from plants. Some of them appear to have fed all
through the winter and are now full grown, while others are smaller.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 115
Those found in the open to-day by my son were all very small.—
K. Sasine; The Villas, Erith, March 18th, 1902.
CaTALOGUE OF THE LeEpimpopTeRA or IrELanp. — There are three
points I am sorry not to see touched upon in the review of this Cata-
logue (ante, p. 54). First, why Caenonympha typhon occurs further
south in Ireland than in England, 7t.e. why it should occur in the
Killarney district and not in the wilds of Dartmoor and Exmoor, in
Devonshire. Second, the occurrence of Bankia argentula both in the
English fen counties and in the west of Ireland, but not in the inter-
vening space. Third, why should our islands have been restocked
from the Continent since the climax of the Glacial Period? One
question is, how long might the ova and pupe of insects remain
buried in the earth or in rubbish, beneath snow and ice? If they can
do so for years, what occasion was there for our islands to be restocked ?
Another is, was not the greater part of Kurope overwhelmed, as much
as our own islands? What prevents our islands from being part of the
Arctic Regions but the changeability of the winds? Should the wind
blow uninterruptedly from the north-east for twelve months or more,
we shall again have a glacial period.—C. W. Date; Feb. 8th, 1902.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Cotas HYALE NEAR Dartrorp 1n 1902.—While out collecting larve
this morning, one of my sons saw a male of this species disporting
itself on the railway bank. It passed close by him several times,
apparently in good condition, its colour being very bright. I should
fancy this is a ‘‘record”’ early appearance. Are we to have a third
hyale year in succession ?—H. Sazine; Hrith, March 13th, 1902.
THECLA W-ALBUM AND Corras EDuUSA IN Briston Distrricr.—lIt might
interest some readers to know that 7’. w-album was very common last
year in certain favoured spots at Bristol, while in the season of 1900
it positively swarmed. In the latter year C. edusa was very abundant
in Leigh woods and neighbourhood.—M. J. lL. Davis; Lyndhurst,
St. Ronnan’s Avenue, Redland, Bristol.
Yorxsuire Draconrus.—Mr. H. J. Burkill sends the following
notes on Yorkshire dragonflies :— ‘‘In the ‘ Entomologist’ for
February last Cordulegaster annulatus is reported for 1901, from York-
shire. I saw two insects of this species on Aug. 15th, 1901, in
Hayburn Wyke, a wooded ravine on the coast, six miles north of
Scarborough. Being unprovided with a net, I could do no more than
stalk them slowly, and on one occasion stood for nearly ten minutes
within five yards of one of the pair which was sunning itself on an
ash-trunk. I think there is no doubt as to the identity of the species,
the alternate yellow and dark bands being so very conspicuous. A
few miles further north, on Sept. 4th, 1899, I captured several
Specimens of Sympetrum scoticum on the moors. This last year, in
June, I found Libelluia depressa very abundant on the cliffs south of
Scarborough, together with Ischnura elegans and a few Agrion puella.
I might add that I picked up a dead male Calopteryx virgo, in the road
K 2
116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
near Hackness, in August, 1897 or 1898. The insect had been run
over in the dust, but was almost perfect nevertheless.” — W. J. Lucas,
Kssrx Draconriins.—As no records for dragonflies at Romford
exist, 1t cannot be out of place to mention that Rev. W. Claxton took
the two common species, Libellula depressa, male (May 22nd), and
Agrion puella, female (June 8th), in his garden at Navestock Vicarage,
in 1901.—W. J. Lucas.
Leproprra Hererocera or Parts. — The following is a list of
Lepidoptera Heterocera obtained in the suburbs and environs of Paris
in June and July, 1901 :—-Smerinthus tiliz, Rue des Dames Augustins ;
one specimen freshly emerged. Sphina ligustri, two specimens ob-
tained from the lads of the racing stables, Maison Lafitte. Macro-
glossa stellatarum, Courbevoie, Forest of St. Germain, Pare Maison
Lafitte; here, as elsewhere, on viper’s bugloss. Saturnia pavonia
major, one specimen (given me at Hotel de la Gare, Fontainebleau).
Lasiocampa rubi, ditto. Odonestis potatoria, two specimens obtained
from the lads of the racing stables, Maison Lafitte. Huchelia jacobee,
one specimen taken, Parc Maison Lafitte. Liparis salicis, L. auriflua,
and L. chrysorrhea, one specimen, Boulevard Bineau, Neuilly. Arctia
villica, one specimen, Chantilly. Plusia gamma, a few seen, lucerne
field, Courbevoie. Venilia maculata, two captured, Forest of Fontaine-
bleau. Camptogramma bilineata, common, Pare Maison Lafitte and
Forest of St. Germain. In September, 1901 :-—Macroglossa_stella-
tarum, seen, Courbevoie. Saturnia pavonia major, seven specimens
obtained from the tram conductor, Port Marly. Smerinthus populi,
Sphina ligustri, and Acherontia atropos, all in possession of tram con-
ductor, but in indifferent condition, Port Marly. --(Rev.) F. A.
Waker; Dun Mallard, Cricklewood.
Notes From THE Cuester Districr.—On July 19th I took a larva
of Notodonta dictea, and one of Acronycta alni, off some red willows
near Shotwick. The first-mentioned emerged as a perfect insect on
August 18th—a representative of a second brood. The larva of A.
alnt spun up on August 5th. On August 26th a friend sent me a
full-grown larva of Cossus ligniperda in an ordinary chip match-box.
Fortunately it arrived safely, but it had so enveloped itself in a cocoon
that I left it as it was. About a month afterwards it bit its way out
into the cage, and then surrounded itself with another web. This, I
expect, from previous experience, to be its last performance before
appearing as a moth in June. Larve of Smerinthus ocellatus were
common, here and there, on willows and sallows. From a single bush
near Saughall a friend and I gathered over a dozen on August 24th;
but it was the only favoured shrub among six or eight, From sedges
by a pond side I got four pupe of Plusia festuce in their long cocoons
of white silk on August 81st. The moths emerged between Sept. 2nd
and Sept. 18th, and I am inclined to look upon them as a third brood
(see Kntom. xxxiv. 257). In a particular spot of Delamere Forest,
where branches of the Scotch firs are well within reach, I went to
beat for larve of Macaria liturata on Sept. 18th. The sooty melanic
form occurs with the type, and has been given the varietal name
nigrofulvata by Mr. J. Collins, of Warrington (Entom. xxxiv. 364).
Thunberg’s name for the species was M. fuscata, and this sets one
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 117
wondering if his type was our varietal form. I got three species of
larve, and all very much like each other—M. liturata, Bupalus piniaria,
and Thera variata. Skipping minor points of difference, all were
. green, all about the same shape and size, and all were striped with
either white or yellowish white; but the red-brown head, legs, and
claspers easily marked out M. litwrata, while the white dorsal line of
B. piniaria separated the latter from 7. variata. Some imagines of
T. variata appeared in October; possibly others are lying over till next
June. But I was a week or more too late, and I did not get many
of either species. The August brood of Pararge megera showed up
numerously in the neighbourhoods of Saughall and Shotwick. The
under sides of this butterfly, with their delicate dark pencillings on a
grey ground, their marginal crescents and target-like discs (I am
referring to the secondaries), deserve more attention than perhaps
they receive. Among ‘varieties’? I have little more to add. I
reared two or three dozen Odonestis potatoria, and I believe the follow-
ing description holds generally good as far as the spots on the upper
Wings are concerned: ‘‘ A white central spot, and a small white spot
between it and the costa.’’ One of my males is without this small
white spot. On Oct. 12th I went to Delamere Forest with a friend
who is great on fungi. These ephemeral things were the objects of
his visit, mine were as many imagines of Oporabia autumnata as I
could take. Fungi there were in profusion. ‘Two species of the
‘‘ fairy-rings ’’ grew in the fields—the tasty champignon and the
equally common “ puff-balls.’”’ In the woodlands there were fungi
scarlet, fungi violet, fungi white, and fungi chocolate. Broadly
speaking, Nature marks the poisonous species in brilliant colours, like
so many danger signals. On the birch trunks, no longer hidden by
denser foliage, -grew the fungus peculiar to these trees, Polyporus
betulinus. This, when dried, forms a capital substitute for cork. It
is pure white when dried and cut up, and the first entomological
cabinet I ever saw was lined with strips of this fungus. By beating
the birches I sent on the wing three geometers, which, from their
silvery whiteness, may have been autumnata, but I failed to net them.
And I was obliged to give the birches up, for they were so charged, in
the early morning, with the rain-drops of the previous night, that
beating the branches was like standing in a shower-bath. My friend
left by a mid-day train, and I went to lunch at the ‘Abbey Arms,’ and
then to dessert in the forest off luscious blackberries, which nobody
seems to gather in these days of factory-made jams and ‘‘ substitutes.”
But this led me among, the oaks, and as everything was now dry, I
beat them for all I was worth, as I had accidentally started two or
three Oporabias from them. I got about two dozen altogether, in-
cluding nice banded forms and paler specimens. But, thanks to the
kind assistance of Mr. L. B. Prout, they all turned out to be O. dilutata.
The moral of this story, I should say, is keep away from oaks if you
want autumnata, and stick to alder and birch (Hntom. xxxiy. 43). At
the electric lamps the luck continued, on the whole, deficient in
quantity, although very fair in quality. On August 20th I took a
moth new to the district, Asphalia diluta. Unfortunately it had been
trodden upon as it rested on the pavement below the lamp. In
September, dAnchocelis lunosa was unusually plentiful, including pale
118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and dark forms. During the latter half of the month d. pistacina
appeared. ‘This moth exhibited varieties leading from the type to the
unicolorous and nearly spotless bright-chestnut form. On the other
hand, an intermediate pattern was so spotted as to strikingly remind
one of Dasycampa rubiginea. A few Hpunda lutulenta, all nearly black,
were also taken during the month. My best capture, however, was
on the 9th, a very fair specimen of Heliothis armigera. It is un-
doubtedly of British nationality, straw-coloured, instead of the dark
form I always rear, say a month earlier, from larve found in foreign
tomatoes. According to Mr. Walker’s list, this is the second capture
of the species in the district. P. festuce occurred again at the lamps,
Sept. 9th, fresh from the chrysalis; and on the 21st one Agrotis saucia,
A grand male Dasypolia templi turned up on Oct. 10th. Winter
weather set in on Noy. 13th, with alternate rain, snow, and frost up
to the 26th, when mild weather prevailed and brought out Pecilocampa
populi. Some individual examples of certain species occurred on such
extraordinary dates that they suggest second broods; they were as
follows :—Hepialus humuli, a small but fresh female, August 24th;
Spilosoma menthastri, Sept. 2nd; Porthesia similis=auriflua, Sept. 8th.
J. ArRkLE; Chester.
Nores From Dorxinc For THE Sxason or 1901.— Of the four
seasons that I have lived in this neighbourhood, the one just past has
been far and away the best. I have worked hardest, like most of
those who are, comparatively speaking, beginners in entomology,
among the Diurni, intending to pay more attention to the Nocturni
when the former are more complete. I will go through in order the
forty-one species which I have taken here. Of course Pieris brassicae,
rap@, and napi were in profusion, the first-named perhaps less so than
is the case sometimes. Huchloé cardamines I took in plenty, especially
males, from May 7th till May 28rd. Colias edusa was far from being
so common as last year, only one specimen coming in my way, and
that I did not take. C. hyale was seen on August 7th, and again on
the 12th, when I got a male in good condition. Gonepterya rhamni,
for some reason or other, was far from common in the later summer,
though the hybernated specimens were very plentiful from April 1st
till the beginning of May. Among the Nymphalide I was very
successful, for besides breeding a fine series of Argynnis paphia, I took
A. aglaia and A. adippe in splendid condition from the beginning of
July till about the middle of that month. A. selene and A. euphrosyne
were also plentiful enough about the end of May. My 4. paphia larve
began to pupate on May 24th, and went on doing so till June 9th.
The first imago appeared on June iOth, and the last on June 25th.
Among the Vanessas, the larve of V. urtice were swarming during
May and the first week in June, the first pupa appearing on June 4th,
and the first imago on June 17th. V. polychloros occurred in greater
numbers than I have previously experienced. The hybernated speci-
mens were quite common during the first fortnight of April; the
larvee emerged from ova on May 18th and 14th, and pupated from
June 10th to the 14th. The imagines came out from June 29th till
July 2nd. I regard the profusion of this insect to be one of the
events of the year. But the other members of the genus were con-
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. £19
spicuous by their absence. I saw two hybernated specimens of V. to
on April 19th, but not a single V. atalantu or V. cardui, though I
heard of V. atalanta being seen. Of course Hpinephele tanira and
FE. tithonus were in profusion, and Satyrus (H.) semele was to be
obtained in some numbers about the end of July. <Aphantopus (H.)
hyperanthus was as common as HH, tantra about the third week in July ;
and Cenonympha pamphilus was as usual too abundant to be pleasant.
Pararge (S.) megera was common in August, and P. egerides was to be
taken in the middle of May, and again in the middle of August.
Many of the Lyczenide were in the utmost profusion, notably Vhecla
rubi, from May 12th till June 6th; Lycena icarus, of course more
than once; L. adonis during the latter half of May and again towards
the end of August; L.corydon from July 20th to August 3rd; L.
argiolus from May 1st to the 23rd, and again at the end of July; and
Chrysophanus phieas in the middle of May, in the middle of July, and
again in the middle of August, one being seen as late as September
the 29th. All the above Lycwnide were very abundant, but others
occurred also. Though I have not yet succeeded in finding either
Thecla w-album or T. quercus here, a friend sent me some pupe of
both these species, and I have got a fine series of each. LL. @gon must
abound somewhere here, but I have hitherto only found one or two
specimens at a time, and it has been the same with L. agestis. L.
minima (alsus) was quite plentiful towards the end of June and up to
the middle of July, but was not in such numbers as corydon, adonis,
icarus, or argiolus. An enthusiastic entomologist called on me one day
(July 15th), and, in return for the meagre information I could give
him as to this locality, he most generously gave me two fine specimens
of L.arion, caught during the previous week in Cornwall. The second
event of the season for me has been the successful rearing of Nemeobius
lucina to the pupal stage. This insect is found near here in some
numbers, and from May 15th to the 29th I took a fair quantity, being
fortunate enough to secure a male and female in coitu. I placed the
female in a cylinder with a primrose-root, and got a large batch of
ova. The larve appeared on June 4th, and began to pupate on
July 8th. I wondered whether the imagines would emerge this year,
seeing that the pupe were somewhat early; but none of those I kept
have done so, nor can I hear of the emergence of any that I sent away
to friends. Of the Hesperide, I have taken five :—Thanaos tages and
Syrichthus malveé in May and the early part of June; Hesperia sylvanus
in June and July; H. thaumas and H. comma in July. The very
interesting article in this month’s ‘ Entomologist’ (xxxiv. 325-328) on
the ‘‘ Life-history of H. comma,’’ has led me to hope that I may breed
some next year.
So much for the Diurni, to which, as I said before, I have paid
most attention, though I feel sure I have not yet exhausted the species
to be found in our neighbourhood. 1’. quercus and probably 7’. w-album
occur somewhere in the district, and Melanargia galatea must be about
also; in fact, I have been told of its capture, though I could not
ascertain the precise locality.
What I have done among the Nocturni has been chiefly breeding
from ova or larve sent me by friends. I tried sugaring to a limited
extent in August, but, like your correspondent, Mr. A. J. Lawrence, of
120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Bromley (vide Entom. xxxiv. p. 354), I met with no success at all.
Woodlice and earwigs appeared in plenty, but not a single moth.
Curiously enough, a young friend of mine who was sugaring on the
same nights about half a mile away was fairly successful; the chief
results he obtained being 4. pyramidea, T. fimbria, and others of the
same genus. I did very little net-work, but by means of light, or
dusking, or by beating in the daytime, I took the following :—S.
ligustri, M. stellatarum, H. bombyliformis, Z. filipendule, EF. jacobee,
P. bucephala, C. graminis, T. orbona, T. comes, I. pronuba, M. maura,
P. moneta, EH. mi, FE. glyphica, C. nupta, U. sambucaria, R. luteolata,
V. macularia, M. margaritaria, C. elinguaria, E. alniaria, G. vernaria,
A. grossulariata, and FE. cervinata.
As to breeding, I have mentioned in former notes (vide Entom. xxxiv.
pp. 229 and 258) how that several Sphingide, S. ligustri, S. ocellatus,
S. populi, and S. tilie, were much earlier this year than usual, and
how I got a double brood of S. ocellatus and S. populi. I expected the.
same to occur with S. tiliz, but it did not. I experienced a complete
failure with some larve of Hyloicus (S.) pinastri, which, died off after
the fourth moult. A batch of about a dozen C. elpenor fed up success-
fully on vine, and began pupating on August 11th, but several died
in the attempt, and I am left with seven healthy pupe. Larve of
Ki, jacobee were very plentiful on ragwort during the latter part of
July; and on May 29th I found two fine larve of 4d. caia, which,
however, refused to feed in confinement, and died before reaching the
pupal stage. A batch of ova of 4%. e@sculi, which were given me,
yielded larve on July 23rd, which are at present feeding inside a piece
of apple-wood, as are also four larve of C. ligniperda. I was very
successful with Lymantria (O.) monacha, which fed up on apple. The
larvee emerged on April 19th and 20th, pupated during the early part
of June, and imagines began to appear on June 26th. Out of fifteen
larvee of Malacosoma (B.) neustria, also fed on apple, and which began
to pupate on June 23rd, only four imagines resulted, the first appear-
ing on July 11th. This autumn I have taken a number of larve of
Macrothylacta (B.) rubi, which continued to feed on bramble up to the
beginning of November, when they retired for the winter. A dozen
larvee of Lasiocampa (B.) quercus were sent me on April 30th. They
were fed on poplar, and the first four spun up on May 16th or 17th.
A male appeared on July 1lth, two females on July 12th, and one
female on July 19th. But the remaining eight went on feeding slowly
till the first week in August, and are hybernating as pupe. A brood
of FE. versicolor came ont on April 21st, and were full fed by the first
week in June; and a batch of S. carpini, which emerged on May 80th,
fed up on willow till July 7th to 10th. Frequently on a hot day I
have noticed the pup of this insect wriggling about inside the cocoon,
the result being a harsh grating noise. I had avery late brood of
Pheosia (N.) dictea sent me from Bexley, the last of which did not
cease feeding till Nov. 1st. During the previous week or ten days I
had experienced considerable difficulty in getting fresh poplar leaves
for them. I had a batch of ova of C. fraxini sent me from abroad,
and from these (larve emerged April 27th till May 9th, pupated
June 17th and next ten days) I got, from July 20th to August 4th, a
fine series of imagines. ‘They are very fine insects, and I experienced
SOCIETIES. DAE
no difficulty with them, for they fed quite readily on poplar. Why,
then, do they not breed freely in England? Simultaneously with
these I was breeding C. nupta and C. sponsa. The conditions were
precisely similar in all three cases. Sponsa emerged from ova on
April 28rd, 24th, and 25th, pupated May 28th to June 2nd, imagines
appeared July 1st to 6th. Nupta larve came out April 27th till
May 9th, spun up during the first week in June, and arrived at
maturity July 7th to 17th. They are all very fine insects, and their
breeding afforded me much pleasure. I brought through a summer
brood of S. illustraria, which fed on birch from May 20th till June 11th.
They grew very rapidly, and produced fine imagines from June 29th
to July 4th. This struck me as being very quick work—i.e. forty
days from ovum to imago, under natural conditions. I got some ova
from a female, and hoped to rear a second brood, but unfortunately
they all proved to be unfertile. A batch of H. fuscantaria, fed on ash
from May 19th to June 21st, produced a good series, which emerged
at intervals between July 22nd and August 17th. A very fine female
of A. betularia var. doubledayaria was sent me from Yorkshire, together
with a number of ova she had laid. Swarms of larve appeared on
July 5th and 6th. They fed up successfully on lime, and pupated
between August 20th and 26th, with the exception of one, which went
on feeding till September 21st. Four Huonymus bushes in my garden
were, as last year, swarming with larve of A. grossulariata; but
though I examined about a hundred of the resultant imagines, I failed
to find any that were not typical.
The above represents the bulk of my work during the season of
1901, which I think I may fairly call a very satisfactory one.—F. A.
OxpaKEeR; Parsonage House, Dorking, Dec. 7th, 1901.
SOCIETIES.
EnromonocicaL Soctety or Lonpon.—March 5th, 1902.—The Rev.
Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.S., President, in the chair.—Dr. B. Douglas
Macdonald, M.D., of Malsette, Rhodesia, S. Africa; and Mr. Arthur
M. Montgomery, of the Grove, Haling, W., were elected Fellows of
the Society.—Mr. L. B. Prout exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. P. Mutch,
of Hornsey Road, London, N.:—(a) Vanessa (Hugonia) polychioros, L.,
a female bred by Mr. H. Baker from pupa from Stowmarket, Suffolk,
the ground colour much darkened and the black markings somewhat
enlarged, &c.; suggesting perhaps the influence of cold at time of
pupation (compare Tr. Ent. Soc. 1894, p. 481, &e.). (b) Chrysophanus
phleas, L., an aberration (captured in the Isle of Wight, August, 1901)
much sufiused with the dark colour, especially at outer margin and on
hind wings, only a very small patch of the red colour remaining at
the inner angle of the latter. (c) Agrotis puta, Hb., a perfectly halved
gynandromorphous example, the right side male, the left side female,
taken in August, 1901, in the Isle of Wight. (d) Noctua sobrina, Gn.,
an aberrant specimen with white antenne and a somewhat hoary
appearance on the fore wings, taken in Hast Aberdeenshire, August,
1900.—Mr. A. Bacot exhibited a series of Malacosoma castrensis and a
123, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
series of M. neustria for comparison with a hybrid brood, resulting
from a pairing between a male neustria and a female castrensis. .Only
a portion of the batch of from two hundred to three hundred ova that
the female laid hatched. The last of the females that eventually
emerged was three weeks ahead of the first male, and most unfortu-
nately before any males of either of the parent species, so that the
fertility of the hybrid females could not be tested. Their bodies
apparently contain few, if any, ova. Mr. Bacot said he had every
reason to believe, however, that he obtained pairings between the
hybrid males and females of castrensis, in addition to fresh pairings
between males of newstria and females of castrensis, and therefore had
hopes of continuing the experiment next summer. Mr. J. W. Tutt
said this was the first time any exhibition of experiments of the kind
had been made before the Society by British investigators, though
Mr. Merrifield had shown a number of crosses bred by Dr. Standfuss.
In this case the colouring of the female hybrids, departing from the
usual colour of the females of the parent species, appeared to approach
more nearly in tint the females of the closely-allied Alpine species
M. alpicola, and it would be interesting to discover whether the
peculiarity of colour in the hybrid females really marked a tendency
to revert to a more primitive type of coloration, such, for example,
as that exhibited by M. alpicola. The sexes, as exhibited, were
very clearly distinguishable, and there was not much tendency to
eynandromorphism, though of sixty or seventy specimens almost every
female showed some signs of male coloration. — Mr. O. EK. Janson
exhibited a pair of Stephanocrates dohertyi, Jord., a goliath beetle
discovered by the late W. Doherty in the highlands of British Hast
Africa.—Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited cocoons of a Limacodid moth
from La Plata, with empty pupa-cases of a dipterous parasite of the
genus Systropus, obtained from Herr Heyne, who unfortunately had no
imagines either of the moth or the fly. There is a close resemblance
between the two pupa-cases, as seen by comparison with genuine
Limacodid cases. The resemblance is, however, not merely of appear-
ance, but functional also. The moth pupa, i.e. the moth itself inside
the pupa-case, almost certainly by inflating itself with air, to secure
greater size and a stiffened epiderm as a basis of muscular action,
exerts an end-to-end pressure within the cocoon, and so forces off a
lid. It is here that the beak or ‘‘ cocoon-opener,’’ with which the
pupa is armed, is useful as determining that the fracture shall be at
the right end, making the lid split off here, under much less pressure
than would be efficient without it, and leaving no chance for fracture
to occur at the wrong end when pressure is equally distributed. The
Systropus breaks off a similar lid, no doubt by similar end-to-end
pressure to that exerted by the moth, Diptera having highly developed
the habit of inflating themselves with air, at emergence from the
pupa. This pupa also has a beak very like that of the Limacodid, but
even stronger and sharper. — Dr. Chapman also showed a Bombyliid
pupa-case from West Africa, very like that of some British forms, the
head-armature of which is not a ‘‘cocoon-opener,”’ but an excavating
or navvying machine, for use in burrowing a way out of loose soil,
such as that in which solitary bees’ nests are found. The pupa of an
African species of practically the same habits as this South American
SOCIETIES. 123
one is described and figured in Prof. Westwood’s Monograph of the
genus Systropus in the ‘ Transactions’ for 1876.—Mr. J. EK. Collin, in
further illustration of Dr. Chapman’s remarks, exhibited specimens
of :—(a) Systropus sp.?, from Buenos Ayres, parasitic on a Bombyliid
Lepidopteron (Limacodes ?), This he said was possibly the same as
Dr. Chapman would have reared from his cocoons. The species was
apparently undescribed, but most allied to S. brasiliensis, Meg. As
Prof. Westwood noticed in 1876, the insect is very slender to inhabit
so stout a pupa-case. (b) Systropus sp.?, a large handsome undescribed
‘species from Bigot’s collection.—Professor Poulton, F'.R.S., introduced
a paper by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, entitled, ‘‘ Five years’ (1897-1901)
observations and experiments in the bionomics of South African
insects, dealing especially with warning colours and mimicry, with
appendices containing descriptions of new species by Col. C. T.
Bingham and W. L. Distant.’’ The paper was illustrated by many
photographs projected on the screen showing the groups of South
African insects of many orders collected by Mr. Marshall, each with a
common type of warning coloration. Some of these groups included
mimetic species of great interest. An important section of the paper
contained the description of a long series of careful experiments con-
ducted upon the chief vertebrate and invertebrate insect enemies of
South Africa. The number of new facts is so large; the experiments
so numerous and complete; and the range of observation extended
over so many Orders, in addition to the much-studied Lepidoptera,
that this memoir places South Africa in the first rank as the country
from which the chief evidence in support of existing theories of
mimicry, warning colours, &c., has been supplied. A discussion
ensued, in which Mr. F. Merrifield, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Prof. Hudson
Beare, Colonel Yerbury, Mr. J. W. Tutt, and Prof. Poulton took part.
—Mr. Malcolm Burr, B.A., F.L.S., coutributed “‘A monograph of the
genus derida, with notes of some allied genera, and descriptions of
new species,’ and Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., communicated three papers
by Mr. R. C. L. Perkins, respectively entitled :—(a) ‘‘ Notes on
Hawaiian wasps, with descriptions of new species’’; (6) ‘‘ Four new
species and a new genus of parasitic Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae)
from the Hawaiian Islands’’; and (c) ‘‘On the generic characters of
Hawaiian Crabronide; four new genera characterized.’’—H. Goss and
H. Rowxanp-Brown, Hon. Sees.
Sourn Lonpon Enromotocicaa anp Narurat Hisrory Socrery.—
February 18th, 1902.—Mr. F. Noad Clark, President, in the chair.—
Mr. South exhibited a specimen of Cydimon (Urania) leilus from St.
Kitts, one of the Leeward group of the West Indies. The species is
common along the north coast of South America and in Trinidad, but
has not hitherto been taken in this island.— Mr. McArthur, some
specimens of Hupecilia gilvicomana taken about forty years ago by
Standish, and stated that the species had not since been obtained in
this country.—Mr. H. Moore exhibited an exceedingly fine specimen
of the orthopteron Sanaa imperialis from Sylhet in North India.—Dr.
Chapman, specimens of Hypotia corticalis from the Riviera, a species
having some of the characters of the genera Pyralis and Phycita,
and for which he had proposed a new genus. — Rey. F. P. Perry, a
124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
large number of Coleoptera from the Transvaal and Orange Colony
taken by himself during a short residence in South Africa.
February 27th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. South exhibited
a specimen of a very interesting form of Macaria liturata, which he
had received from Mr. J. Arkle, who took it, with others, in Delamere
Forest last year. This form is heavily suffused with fuliginous brown ;
it has been figured in vol. vi. of Barrett’s ‘ Lepidoptera of the British
Islands,’ and Mr. Collins has recently proposed the name nigrofulvata
for it (Hntom. xxxiv. 864). — Mr. McArthur, an example of Agrotis
seyetum, having a narrow, very dark marginal band on each of the
hind wings, the white ground colour and fringes making it a very
conspicuous character.—Mr. Edwards, an unusually large and perfect
nest of Vespa vulgaris, obtained near Rochester in a hollow tree.—Dr.
Chapman, specimens of Crinopteryx ganctliella bred from larve. It
belonged to the lower section of the Adelide, and lived in cases like
the Coleophore, to which it had no structural relation whatever.—
Mr. R. Adkin, long bred series of Acidalia marginepunctata, and read
a paper on them entitled, ‘‘ A Life-cycle of Acidalia marginepunctata.”
A discussion ensued, when it was pointed out that the genus certainly
required subdivision, both on account of diversity of structure and of
distinction of habit.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
BirmincuHam Enromonocican Society. — January 20th.—Myr. H.
Willoughby Ellis, Vice-President, in the chair.—The following were
exhibited :—By Mr. R. C, Bradley, a series of Hyetodesia vagans,
a species which is not included in Mr. G. H. Verrall’s recent list
of British Diptera, but which is common and well-known in Sutton
Park; also a specimen of Sphex planipennis taken by Mr. J. T.
Fountain in Jersey last year. It is a large and handsome Fossore,
which is uncommon in Britain. By Mr. C. J. Wainwright, Rhyssa
persuasoria, one of our largest, handsomest, and rarest Ichneumonids,
taken by Mr. J. T. Fountain in Derbyshire last year; also a fine series
of Vropidia scita (milesiformis), taken near Paignton, South Devon,
in a damp meadow by the sea; it is a species which is common
in the fens, but was not known before from the West of England; it
was, however, in abundance at this one spot. By Mr. H. Willoughby
Ellis, the following Coleoptera :—Nebria gylienhali, from Matlock;
Pterostichus oblongo-punctatus, from Buxton, and Livsoma ovatulum var.
collaris, from Knowle. The last-named was a form which he said
some Coleopterists believed to be only an immaturity, but he had taken
it at all times of the year, and many specimens were undoubtedly
mature. By Mr. Aug. D. Imms, extreme forms of Satyrus semele,
from Wales; one, very dark and strongly marked, came from near
Barmouth, and was taken on the slate; and the other, a light,
bleached-looking, but apparently perfect specimen, from near Llan-
dudno, where it was taken on limestone. Mr. Imms read a paper
upon ‘* The Structure and Distribution of the Collembola,”’ in which
he gave a thorough account of the external and internal anatomy,
with some account of the embryology, and illustrated it with black-
board drawings and microscope preparations.
February 17th.— Annual Meeting.— Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker,
President, in the chair.—The Thirteenth Annual Report of the
Council was read, and the Treasurer's Annual Report presented,
SOCIETIES. 125
showing a slight balance in the Society’s favour.—The following
officers were elected for 1902:—Mr. G. H. Kenrick, F.E.S., President ;
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.8., F.E.S., Vice-President; Mr. R.
C. Bradley, Treasurer; Mr. A. H. Martineau, F.E.S., Librarian ; and
Mr. C. J. Wainwright, F.E.S., Secretary. The following were also
elected on to the Council :—Messrs. H. Willoughby Ellis, F.E.8.; J.
T. Fountain; W. Harrison, and G. W. Wynn.—Mr. A. D. Imms ex-
hibited, by means of a lantern, a series of microscopic preparations of
the Collembola, including specimens of typical species and sections,
&c. — Mr. J. T. Fountain showed a series of Selenia bilunaria, Esp.
(illunaria, Hb.), of different broods; including a series bred June to
August of var. juliaria, Haw., and others bred November to March, all
of the usual spring form.—Mr. A. H. Martineau showed Hymenoptera
taken at Budleigh Salterton, South Devon, at beginning of August
last year, including Andrena pilipes, F., and A. thoracica, F., both
from bramble bloom; Astatus boops, Schr., taken at blossoms of gorse;
Andrena denticulata, Kirb.; Nomada fucata, Panz.; Dasypoda hirtipes,
Latr.; Hedycridium roseum, Rossi, the parasite of Astatus boops, Schr. ;
and Trypowylon figulus, L., with cells which had been found in sand,
instead of in the more usual wooden posts.—Conpran J. WAINWRIGHT,
Hon. Sec.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EnromoLoeicaL Socrery.—The Annual
Meeting was held at the Royal Institution, Liverpool, on January 13th,
Mr. R. Wilding, Vice-President, in the chair.—Mr. Frederick Birch,
Joint Secretary, in presenting the Council’s report, gave a short réswmé
of the work of the past session. ‘The Treasurer then read his state-
ment, which showed an increased and satisfactory credit balance to be
carried forward. ‘The following officers were elected to serve during
1902 :—President, Mr. 8. L. Capper, F.L.S8., F.E.S.; Vice-Presidents,
Rev. R. Freeman, M.A., and Dr. H. Dobie; Secretaries, Messrs. Fredk.
Birch and EH. J. B. Sopp, F.R.Met.Soc., F.E.S.; Treasurer, Dr. J.
Cotton, F.E.8.; Librarian, Mr. F. C. Thompson; Council, Messrs. R.
Wilding, F’. N. Pierce, F.E.S., A. Tippins, H. Tonkin, W. A. Tyerman.
In the absence of the President, the retiring Vice-President, Mr. R.
Wilding, delivered a most interesting address, reviewing the general
entomological work and literature of the first year of the century, with
special reference to several matters of local importance. The Rev. R.
Freeman proposed, and Mr. F. N. Pierce seconded, a vote of thanks to
Mr. Wilding, both for his able address and for his valuable services in
the chair during the past year, which was heartily accorded. On the
motion of Mr. Sopp, a cordial vote of thanks was also tendered to
Mr. Fredk. Birch, for his indefatigable labours as Secretary during
the past three sessions. The following exhibits were made during the
evening :—Celioxys mandibularis, a Hymenopteron new to the British
list, taken at Wallasey, by Mr. Birch, who also exhibited, on behalf
of the Rev. T. B. Eddrup, various species of Lepidoptera sent for
distribution amongst students of the group; Vanessa c-album, captured
in the Liverpool district, by Mr. G. A. Dunlop; and Corydia petitveriana,
an attractively marked cockroach from Madras, by Mr. Sopp.
February 10th.—Mr. R. Wilding in the chair.—A valuable paper
was read by Mr. Willoughby Gardner on the life-habits of the
126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Hymenoptera-Aculeata, dealing in a full and complete manner with
all that is at present known of the life-history of these most useful
hexapods. After describing the characteristic features of the order as
a whole, he exhaustively reviewed the various families constituting
«the section Aculeata, the females of which are armed with a retractile
sting. Dealing first with the Heterogyna, or social ants, he gave
many facts of interest connected with the instinct and economy of
these remarkable insects, and mentioned that most of our indigenous
species belonged to the family Formicide, or mining ants. He also
described the methods pursued by the Fossores in the capture and
preservation of their prey. Of the Diploptera, or true wasps, two
families are native to Britain; their value on account of their whole-
sale destruction of lepidopterous and other injurious larve being fully
discussed. After enumerating the coleopterous and other inmates of
the nests of Vespa vulgaris and V. germanica, the lecturer passed to a
consideration of the Anthophila, or bees, alluding to the great part
played in nature by these pollen-loving insects in the fertilization of
clover and other plants. Having referred to Colletes cunicularia, our
‘« Wallasey bee,” and Cwlioxys mandibularis, a recent local addition to
the British list, the concluding portion of the address was devoted to
the life-history of Apis mellifica, the common honey bee, in which
many interesting, historical, economic, and other matters were ably
dealt with. At the close of his paper Mr. Gardner presented his
recent monograph on the Hymenoptera-Aculeata of Lancashire and
Cheshire to the library of the Society. A hearty vote of thanks was
tendered Mr. Gardner for his interesting paper, and also for his
welcome gift, after which the following exhibits were made :— Bem-
bidium saxatile, from Garston, by Mr. F. Birch; B. stomoides, from the
River Hodder, by Mr. C. E. Stott; Tropiphorus tomentosus (Heswall),
Berosus affinis (Moreton), Heptaulacus villosus and Afgialia rufa (Wal-
lasey), Carcinops 14-striata, &c., by Mr. Rh. Wilding ; and a pair of the
earwig Pyragra braziliensis, from Espirito Santo, by Mr. E. J. B. Sopp.
Mr. G. O. Day also exhibited some rare Dutch books by Sepp, the
life-like coloured figures in which were greatly admired; and Mr. Oulton
Harrison showed some excellent life-size photos of lepidopterous larve
taken direct from nature.—EH. J. Buraess Sopp, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Handbook of the Natural History of Glasgow and the West of Scotland.
(Pp. i-x; 1-567. Glasgow. 1901.
A series of handbooks have been prepared by the Local Committee
in connection with the Meeting of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, held last year in Glasgow ; the volume under
notice being one of these. It is edited by G. F. Scott-Elliot, Malcolm
Laurie, and J. Barclay Malcolm, and deals with the Fauna, Flora,
and Geology of the Clyde area. The several lists seem to have been
prepared with care, those treating of the Insecta extending to 103
pages. ‘The number of species enumerated in each of the Orders,
with which we are specially concerned, together with the names of the
RECENT LITERATURE. 197
compilers of the respective lists, and also the nomenclature adopted,
are shown in the following table :— ‘
Hymenoptera-Terebrantia (Konow). By And. Adie Dalglish 119 species.
Hymenoptera-Aculeata (Saunders). By J. Russell Malloch 104
Lepidoptera. ‘‘Macro”’ (Meyrick). By And. Adie Dalelish 515
Lepidoptera. ‘‘Micro’’ (Meyrick). By JamesJ.F.X. King 390
Diptera (Verrall). By Perey H.Grimshaw & R. Henderson 506
Coleoptera (Sharpe & Fowler). By Anderson Fergusson 988
Trichoptera (M‘Lachlan). By James J. F. X. King aia Ui
Hemiptera Heteroptera (Saunders). By John KE. Murphy 116
Hemiptera Homoptera (Kdwards). By J. M. B. Taylor 119
Odonata (Lucas). By J. J. F. X. King ... a eid eee
Orthoptera (Burr) By J.J. F. X. King ... $3 fea) BOR cage
Neuroptera-Planipennia (M‘Lachlan). ByJ.J.F.X.King 25
Collembola & Thysanura (Carpenter & Evans) ByD.A.Boyd 38
The sequence of the Orders is somewhat unusual, and we are sur-
prised that no mention is made of the Neuropterous families Psocide,
Perlide, and Kphemeride.
Additional value to this important work is the inclusion therein of
a large Bathy-Orographical map of the Clyde Basin, which was
specially prepared for the Meeting of the British Association.
The Stridulating Organs of Waterbugs (Rhynchota), especially of Corixide.
By G. W. Kirgatpy, F.E.S. In the ‘Journal of the Quekett
Microscopical Club, April, 1901.
Arter passing carefully in review the observations and opiniens of
-writers who have referred to this subject, from Frisch, in 1740, to
Handlirsch, in 1900, the author states his belief that stridulation is
brought about in these insects by a method different from any
previously suggested. ‘‘In 1874 Landois described the ‘comb’ on
the anterior tarsus of the male in Coriva, and its action (as he thought)
on the last segment of the rostrum.” Kirkaldy, however, brings to
notice the fact which he has discovered, that there is ‘‘on the inner
surface of the femora (in the males only), near the base, a specially
modified area of minute chitinous pegs arranged in regular rows.”
These form the stridulating area. ‘In the author’s opinion ‘the
‘comb’ of the eft tarsus is drawn somewhat obliquely across the
femur of the right leg, or vice versa,’’ and in this way stridulation is
brought about. This paper, which extends to fourteen pages, contains
much valuable information on the structure and stridulation of water-
bugs, the text being illustrated by two clear plates containing details
from no fewer than twenty-six different species. hie TeeTinicad
Fauna Hawatiensis.—Vol. 1. pp. 277-364. Plates 8 and 9. Hymeno-
ptera Parasitica. By W.H. Asumeap (August, 1901). Voll. iii.
pp. 1-77. Plates 1-3. Diptera. By P. H. Grusuaw (Dec., 1901).
ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHT parasitic Hymenoptera are recorded
by Mr. Ashmead, doubtless a small proportion of the forms actually ex-
isting in the Hawaiian Isles; of these, eighty-seven are new to science.
Of the fourteen families represented, all have a wide geographical
range; the 128 species are distributed among sixty-nine genera, of
128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
which eleven are peculiar, so far, to the islands, nearly all the others
being cosmopolitan.
Our previous knowledge of this fauna was very meagre, four
papers only being cited. The same remarks apply to the Diptera,
only four short papers having been published previously. Mr. Grim-
shaw records 150 species—106 new to science—but regards the Diptera
as still imperfectly known, as 184 species have as yet been noted from
a single island. The great families Tipulide (s.s.), Tabanide, Bom-
byliide, and Empide, are entirely absent, while the Orthorrhapha
Brachycera are very sparsely represented. The Anthomyiide and
Drosophilide furnish the bulk of the forms, Drosophila, Fallén, being
represented by nearly fifty species.
G. W. K.
Economic: A. D. Horxins, ‘‘ Insect Enemies of the Spruce in the
North-Kast’’ (1901, U.S. Dept. Agric. new series, Bull. 28,
pp. 1-48; Plates i-xvi).
Dr. Hopkins is well known as the leading American authority on
forest-tree insects, and has produced what must prove a valuable aid
for practical measures in combating the damage occasioned to spruce
by (principally) certain Coleoptera. An excessive death of spruce
occurred in the Northern United States during the last century, to the
extent of many billions of feet of timber, much of it a total loss.
The principal depredator was a hitherto undescribed Scolytid beetle
(Dendroctonus piceaperda, Hopkins), which attacks even apparently
healthy trees, the largest trees and best stands of timber being most
affected. The broods of the beetle do not remain in a tree more than
a year after it commences to die, and out of one tree from five to seven
thousand adults, on an average, may emerge. Their principal
enemies are woodpeckers—which destroy from fifty to seventy-five per
cent. on many trees in one year—aided by an ant-like predaceous
beetle (Thanasimus) and a parasitic Hymenopteron (Bracon simplew).
Remedies are also indicated and discussed. ‘The beetles described are
figured detailedly, and photographs of their mines and galleries, and
of the trees in various stages of health and decay, are added.
Economic: Hi. P. Fexr, “ Scale Insects of Importance, and List of the
Species in New York State ’’ (1901, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., ix.
pp. 289-377 ; 15 plates (7 coloured) ).
An account, with beautifully executed illustrations, of the principal
Coccide of New York State, prepared in the detailed and careful
manner usual with these Bulletins.
C. Darwin.—The issue (by John Murray, 482 pp., crown 8vo) of a
shilling edition of the ‘ Origin of Species,’ is a noteworthy event in the
history of natural science; the printing is clear and good, and the
volume is a marvel of cheapness. The same firm has issued a Qs. 6d.
edition of the ‘Descent of Man,’ in which so much entomological
information occurs.
G. Woe
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXV.] MAY,«. 19.02. [No. 468.
A LIST OF TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX
BETWEEN 1885 AND 1901.
By A. Tuurnatu.
Havine recently left Stratford, after residing there more
than twenty-six years, I have drawn up the following list, with
a few notes, in the hope that it may prove useful to the small
number of collectors who are interested in the Micro-Lepidoptera
of Essex. During the sixteen or seventeen years which were
devoted (as far as my very limited time would allow) to collecting,
I have taken in South Essex—principally in the south-western
portion of the county—about two hundred and ten species; if 1
had had more time to spare it is probable that a few more
species might have been added to this list. I have included
some half-dezen which have been taken in past years by the
late Mr. Machin and others, and which in all probability only
want looking for to be taken again. I will at some future time
make out a list, with notes, of the Pyralidide, Pterophoride,
and Crambide (including the Phycitide), which have been met
with by me during the same period and in the same district.
In conclusion, if any beginner in the above groups should require
assistance in naming captures, I should be most happy to help
him, and also to impart what little knowledge I may have ac-
quired as regards habits and food-plants of these most interesting
little insects.
Tortrix podana (Scop.).—Generally abundant; the beautiful velvety
var. fusca (St.) is not rare in both sexes; I bred a number some years
ago from larve feeding on elder at Stratford. A var. of the female
occasionally occurs in colour between the type and this variety.
T. crategana, Hb.—Decidedly rare; in fact I did not meet with it
until last season (July, 1900), when a single specimen, a worn female,
was beaten from an oak on the borders of Monkwood, Loughton.
Mr. Machin used to take it in the same district years ago.
ENTOM.—mMay, 1902. L
130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
T. xylosteana, L.—Very common, except, of course, on the salt
marshes. The pale yellowish var. obliquana, St., not very uncommon.
I once bred a large number of the type and a few of the var. from
larve in rolled-up leaves of elm near Brentwood.
T. sorbiana, Hb.—Not very common, and rather local; I used to
beat it from oaks near Brentwood, and have occasionally bred huge
females from larve feeding on the same trees. Also taken at Wan-
stead, Loughton, Ongar Park Woods, &e.
T. rosana, Haw.—Generally common throughout, the larva feeding
on very many plants. I bred a good many from larve feeding on
dwarf sallow (Salia repens var. ascendens) some years ago, and, curiously
enough, everyone, without exception, came ont female.
T’. diversana, Hb.—Locally abundant, Wanstead, Brentwood, War-
ley, Romford, &e. Both beaten and bred from birch and elm. Some
collectors, I believe, consider that the larve feeding on birch produce
a different insect from those found upon elm, but after breeding a
fairly large number I fail to see any distinction.
T’. cinnamomeana, 'Tr.—Much more local than the last; a very few
specimens beaten at long intervals from beech in Monkwood, and
more commonly beaten from larch at Warley ; also bred from the
latter locality.
T’. heparana, Schiff—Very common throughout; may often be
beaten abundantly from hedges towards evening. Seems little given
to variation. I have never met with any wide departure from the type.
T. ribeana, Hb.—Perhaps the commonest species in the genus.
The two named vars. cerasana, Hb., and grossulariana, St., also com-
mon, the latter especially so.
T’. corylana, Fb.—Much less common than the last two species,
and the latest of the genus to appear in the imago state. Generally
to be obtained by beating oaks, especially the isolated trees. Loughton,
Warley, Ongar, &c. This species does not appear to vary much; the
only striking var. I ever met with was a small very dark specimen
(Aug. 28th, 1891), almost as dark as heparana.
T. unifasciana, Dup.—Very common everywhere, often a complete
nuisance when working the hedges in the evening. I once bred about
thirty from one of those ‘‘bird’s-nest’’-like formations on a hornbeam,
very much to my surprise, expecting, of course, to breed Pyralis glau-
cinalis, which has been bred from similar formations on birch twigs.
The ‘nest’? was taken early in April, and kept in a hat box till the
imagos emerged; what they found to live upon has always been a
mystery to me.
T’. costana, Fb.—Very common, more especially in damp meadows;
the var. latiorana, Wilk., not uncommon in the salt marshes, and
strictly confined to them; more often found in the larva state. I
have bred it (the variety) from larve feeding on Aster tripolium and
Statice limonium. Thames Haven, Benfleet, and beyond Shoeburyness.
T’. viburnana, Fb.—lLoecal, and, as far as my experience goes,
confined to the saltings, where the larva is commonly met with on
such plants as Aster tripolium, folded leaves of Statice limonium, and
spun-together tops of Artemisia maritima. The males always of the
dull leaden type, the females reddish and more strongly marked; in
some cases the fascia is very plain, in others only faintly shown.
TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 181
Under the name “ viburnana”’ I fancy it will be some day proved that
two species are mixed together in this country.
T. palleana, Hb.—A single specimen taken in a boggy place near
Upminster, July, 1889. Not met with by me elsewhere in the county.
T. viridana, L.—Only too common (and destructive) in oak woods
throughout the county; dozens sometimes coming down at nearly
every blow from the beating stick. I have never been fortunate
enough to meet with the pretty var. suttneriana in Hssex.
T. ministrana L.—Pretty generally distributed, and frequently com-
mon; to be beaten from birch shrubs and flying over the same at
early dusk at the beginning of June. I have never bred this species.
T. forsterana, Fb.—Larva common on ivy, and sometimes honey-
suckle. The imago may often be beaten freely from the former at the
beginning of July. Some of the females run very large. Does not
appear to vary much except in the size of the spots.
Dichelia grotiana, Fb.—Common where it occurs, but seems to be
a decidedly local species. I have found it on two or three occasions
freely by beating a mixed growth of whitethorn and bramble on
Wanstead Flats. Other localities are Upminster, Warley, and Fair-
mead Bottom, Chingford.
Leptogramma scabrana, Fb.—Used to occur a few years ago at
Leyton, close to the spot now covered by the Town Hall buildings, where
ns used to beat it rarely from an elm hedge. Not met with elsewhere
y me.
Peronea sponsana, Fb.—Very common in Epping Forest amongst
beech and hornbeam, upon which the larva feeds. What is usually
regarded as the type is very rare there; with one or two exceptions
all of the many dozens I have examined belong to the very plain
variety lividana, as described by Wilkinson.
P. schalleriana, L.—Not very common, but distributed widely. I
have more often beaten it from blackthorn than anything else. The
pretty var. latifasciana, Haw. (if, indeed, it is a variety, and not a
distinct species), has occurred, but I have not met with it myself.
P. comparana, Hb.—By many entomologists considered merely a
variety of the above, is not uncommon in many localities, but not, I
think, quite so common as the previous species. I have bred it from
a species of willow and also from blackthorn.
P. variegana, Schiff.May be beaten in numbers from almost
every hawthorn hedge in the district. All the named varieties occur,
except albana, which I believe is more often found in the north of
England. The almost black var. cirrana is the least common.
P. cristana, Fb.—Still to be found in limited numbers in Epping
Forest, but in nothing like the numbers which were taken by the
collectors of forty or fifty years ago in the neighbouring Hainault
Forest, long since destroyed. I have not taken it anywhere but in
the forest, where it may be beaten from hawthorn.
P. hastiana, L.—Not by any means common; a few larve have
been found near Upminster, Barking, and (formerly) Hainault Forest.
P. umbrana, Hb.—Mr. Machin and others used to get it very
sparingly in Epping Forest, but I have spent many hours in many
seasons searching in vain for it.
L 2
132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
P. ferrugana, Tr.—Common as this little species is in many places,
it certainly cannot be called so in South Essex; indeed, I was
collecting several seasons before I met with it at all! I have since
found the larva sparingly on birch at Loughton, Warley, and Ingate-
stone. I have bred from them vars. tripunctata, rufana, Hb., and
gnomana, Haw.
P, aspersana, Hb.—Decidedly local, but found in several places,
of which I may mention Loughton, Upminster, and Woodford Bridge.
In addition to its two usual food-plants, Spirea filipendula and
Poterium sanguisorba, I have found the larve on Potentilla anserina
and P, tormentilla.
Rhacodia caudana, Hb.—Well distributed, but never very common,
perhaps more common in the Brentwood district; I have beaten the
pretty variety ochracea, St., from poplar at Warley, and the type
generally from sallow and alder.
Teras contaminana, Hb.—Often in hundreds, and in every variety
in hedgerows and whitethorn bushes; some of the forms are very
bright and pretty. I have bred it from larve feeding on flowers as
well as leaves of whitethorn.
Dictyopteryx leflingiana, L.—Very common together with the vars.
plumbana, Hb., and ectypana on oak trunks, and may be beaten freely
from the boughs of the same wherever I have collected in the county.
D. holmiana, L.—Not very common; may be beaten early in
August from hedges, especially those which contain a good quantity
of brambles, on which the larva feeds.
D. bergmanniana, L.—Very common everywhere amongst wild
and, to a lesser extent, cultivated roses; the larva in folded leaves of
the same.
D. forskaleana, L.—Common everywhere amongst sycamore and
maple, on which the larva feeds. May often be beaten out in large
numbers from these two trees.
Argyrotoxa conwayana, St.—Generally common, together with the
var. subaurantiana, amongst privet, on which the larva is said to feed,
but I have never bred it.
A. audouinana, Dup.—Local and rare. I have beaten out from
oak (usually) a very few specimens at Loughton about the third week
in June. Not met with elsewhere.
Ptycholoma leacheana, L.—In great abundance among oak, flying
swiftly round the branches in the early evening. The pupa very com-
mon in the crevices of the oak bark, spun up in a white web.
Ditula hartmanniana, L.—Loeal, and by no means abundant where
it does occur. By the River Lea in one or two places, at rest on
young willow trunks. Much more abundant formerly, before so many
of the willows on the banks of the river were destroyed.
D. semifasciana, Haw.—Another local species. I have found the
larvee on sallow bushes near Warley, and beaten the imago from the
same. Not met with elsewhere.
Penthina corticana, Hb.—Rather local, but not uncommon amongst
its food-plant, birch. May be often found at rest on the trunks, but
requires rather a sharp eye to detect it, owing to its colours matching
the colour of the trunk. Brentwood, Warley, Ingatestone, Ongar,
Wanstead Park, &c.
TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 1338
P. betuletana, Haw.—Found in the same localities and in the same
way as the last, but much later; in fact, I have this year taken a
worn specimen in September.
P. capreana, Hb.—Local and scarce. I have beaten it from Salix
caprea once or twice at Warley and near Upminster.
P. prelongana, Gn.—Another local and scarce species, occasionally
beaten out of birch bushes at Warley and Ingatestone at the end of May.
P. pruniana, Hb.—Very common throughout amongst blackthorn.
I once beat out a curious creamy variety exactly corresponding to the
var. nubiferana of cynosbatella. This was at Box Hill, however.
P. ochroleucana, Hb.—Not scarce in hedges where plenty of its
food-plant, wild rose, grows. I have occasionally taken it at light.
P. cynosbatella, D. L.—Very common throughout; larva polypha-
gous. Dock (!), whitethorn, blackthorn, apple, cherry, are some of
its food-plants.
P, dimidiana, Tr.—The late Mr. Machin assured me that he once
took a specimen at Loughton, but I fancy that, accurate as he was,
there must have been some mistake, as its food-plant most certainly
does not grow there.
P. gentiana, Hb.—Common in the larva state wherever the teasel
grows, seldom seen (unless bred) in the imago state; the finest
specimens I ever bred were from teasel heads gathered in the winter
of 1890 on Canvey Island.
P. sellana, Hb.—Local, and from its dull colours and quickness of
wing is often missed. I have taken a very few at Stanford-le-Hope,
Thames Haven, Leigh, and Upminster.
P. carbonana, Dbl.—A single specimen captured by a friend in a
boggy place near Upminster is the only record I have. The food-
plant, Stachys palustris, is not uncommon on the spot. The allied
species fuligana, Hub., I have not met with.
P. nigricostana, Haw.—Fairly common wherever its food-plant,
S. sylvatica, grows. Larve may be found in the early spring in the
dead stems.
Antithesia salicella, L.—Fairly common wherever willows are to be
found ; at rest usually on the trunks and sometimes on the leaves.
Hedya ocellana, Fb.—Very common, and in great variety throughout
amongst whitethorn, on which the larva feeds in May.
H., lariciana, Zell.—Not rare in the Brentwood district on larch,
on which tree the larva and pupa may be found. I have not taken it
elsewhere in South Essex.
H. pauperana, Frr.—i may just mention this species, which has
been taken rarely in North Essex, but so far not in the southern
portion, I believe. I took a beautiful series in April last in this
county (Surrey).
Hi. aceriana, Dup.—A little local, but common in many places
among Populus nigra and other species of poplar; usually at rest on
the trunks or any neighbouring fence.
H. dealbana, Frél.—Very common wherever I have collected
amongst poplar, oak, whitethorn, &. The melanic var. alnetana not
uncommon.
H. neglectana, Dup.—So often mixed up with the two preceding
species by beginners, is locally abundant on willow trunks along the
134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Lea valley; I have also found it commonly in Wanstead Park and by
the river at Chelmsford.
H. servillana, Dup.—A single specimen beaten from Salia caprea
between Loughton and Epping is the only one I have taken in the
county. My series in the cabinet I took in Kent.
Sptlonota inearnatana, Hb., I have never met with, but the late Mr.
Machin used to take it rarely in Fairmead Bottom, Chingford, amongst
wild rose, and he also bred one specimen. ‘This forest form is very
large and brightly coloured.
S. trimaculana, Haw.—Common everywhere amongst hedgerows ;
the larva feeds in early summer in spun-together tips of whitethorn.
S. rosecolana, Dbl.—Not rare. but often overlooked from its re-
semblance to the above. May be beaten from its food-plant, wild
rose, aud I have occasionally bred it from garden rose. Loughton,
Chingford, Woodford, Upminster, may be mentioned as localities for
this species.
S. roborana, Tr.—Very often too common amongst cultivated roses,
clearing out the unexpanded flower bud, and is equally common
amongst the wild species.
P. tripunctana, Fb.—Equally common amongst wild roses in nearly
every place where I have collected.
Aspis udmanniana, L.—Amongst its food-plant, bramble, the larva
may be collected freely, making a conspicuous bunch of the leaves by
spinning them together and pupating therein.
Sideria achatana, Fb.—Fairly distributed amongst whitethorn ; the
larva, which in appearance and habits resembles Rhodophea suavella,
spins two or three dead leaves to a twig of the food-plant, coming out
at dusk to feed. Loughton (commonly), near Upminster, Benfleet, &c.
Sericoris bifasciana, Haw.—Used to occur freely on a Scotch fir
tree at Wanstead, but I have not seen it for several seasons; the larva
was found feeding amongst the flowers early in June.
S. littoralis Curt.—Common amongst thrift in the salt marshes.
Wakering, Thames Haven, Benfleet, &c.
S. abscisana, D. L.—Very local, near Tilbury, amongst its food-
plant, Carduus arvensis.
S. cespitana, Hb.—I have only met with this usually common
species on a rough, dry piece of waste ground near Upminster.
S. rivulana, Scop.—The late Mr. Machin told me that he used to
take this species freely on one part of Wanstead Flats some forty years
ago; it certainly does not occur there now, in fact, I have not seen a
specimen in Hissex.
S. urticana, Hb., and lacunana, Dup.—Both, of course, very abun-
dant everywhere; the latter species is, I should say, about the
commonest British Tortrix. I have taken rarely, on the railway
bank near Harold Wood station, a beautiful reddish var. of the first
species, but have not seen it for some years now.
‘“‘ Mascotte,” Whitehall Road, Thorton Heath:
October, 1901.
(To be continued.)
135
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS
PLANEMA FROM THE UGANDA PROTECTORATE.
By Eminty Mary Su#arpe.
PLANEMA ARENARIA, SP. 0.
Allied to P. consanguinea, Auriv., but distinguished from that
species by the sandy buff ground-colour of both wings.
Primaries. Central area sandy buff, enclosed by a dark brown
irregular band from the costa to just above the submedian nervure,
this dark band having a second transverse band of sandy buff on the
outer edge; the apical area and hind margin greyish brown ; a faint
brownish shading visible on the costal margin and in the discoidal
cell. Secondaries. Ground colour sandy buff, relieved by nervular and
internervular streaks of brown, from the hind margin to the discoidal
cell; a border of greyish brown visible on the upper half of the hind
margin, where it graduates down towards the inner margin ; a cluster
of black spots at the base of the wing. Underside. Similar to that of
P. consanguinea. YWixpanse, 1:5 in.
The female does not differ from the male, with the exception that
the ground colour is paler, as well as the brown markings mentioned
above. Expanse, 1:7 in.
Hab. Entebbe, August (F. J. Jackson coll.).
PLANEMA DOROTHES, sp. n.
Allied to P. gea, Fabr., and P. esebria, Hewits., but differs in
having the apical band on the primaries much lighter in colour
towards the costa. The hind marginal border on the secondaries
is only indicated by a patch of brown on the apical area.
Primaries. Ground colour dark brown, relieved by a broad band of
orange-buff on the apical area, but becoming almost white towards the
costal margin; a similar patch on the inner margin also fades into
white on the basal side; a small orange-buff streak is visible between
the first and second median nervules. Secondaries. Ground colour
orange-buff, a lighter tint occurring near the base; the usual broad
hind marginal border only represented by a patch of dark brown on
the apical area; the nervules with strongly indicated internervular
streaks of dark brown. Underside. Closely allied to that of P. esebria ;
the black marking in and beyond the cell on the primaries more heavily
indicated, the orange-buff markings showing more white than on the
upper surface. Secondaries with the hind marginal border entirely
absent ; otherwise the spots and markings not differing from those of
the allied species. Expanse, 1:5 in.
The female of this species differs from the male above described
in having the spots and markings white, instead of orange-buff.
Expanse, 1-7 in.
Another specimen agrees with the male, but has the apical band
on the primaries white, as well as the minute streak situated between
the first and second median nervules. Hxpanse, 1:4 in.
Hab, Entebbe, October (Capt. H. B. Rattray).
136 ! THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA.—No. 8.
By G. W. Kirxaupy, F.E.S.
Fam. Repuvip.
* TAPEINUS FUSCIPENNIS (Stal).
Head and pronotum luteo-fulvous; base of elytra, legs, scutellum
(except the rufo-flavous point), connexivum above and below, flavescent.
Abdomen above pale brownish, apically flavescent. Sterna and abdo-
men below sordid dilute brownish red, more or less obscure, apico-
laterally flavescent. Eyes and elytra black. Antenne obscure fus-
cous. Head between the eyes a little wider than an eye. Posterior
lobe of pronotum somewhat deeply longitudinally impressed, the im-
pression closely and coarsely punctured. Second segment of antenne
five times as long as first, three-fifths longer than third.
S$. Seventh segment beneath (Verhoeff’s nomenclature) very
deeply ovally emarginate.
?. Sixth segment obtuse-angularly emarginate beneath, medianly
truncate apically ; seventh angularly emarginate, somewhat obsoletely
carinate medio-longitudinally. Long. 17-18 mill,
Hab. Assam: Chenapungi, Khasia Hills (coll. m. ex coll.
Dom. Malcolm Burr). Stal described this from ‘Patria ignota.”
}RuyNocoris NitrpuLus (Fabr.) var. STROPHADES, nov.
Differs from the type by the apically broadly luteous inter-
mediate and posterior femora. The eyes are black, the anterior
coxee luteous. The abdomen above and below (except connexi-
vum) more brownish.
Hab. Kongo (coll. m.).
I possess also an example of R. nitidulus, given to me by my
friend Mr. Malcolm Burr, in which the left anterior tibia is
shining black, the right anterior tibia dilute crimson. The
locality is unknown.
Further notes on Vol. I. of Lethierry and Severin’s Cata-
logue :—
P. 181.—Ruyncnocoris Hamatus (Fabr.) is the type of the
genus (=humeralis, Thunb.). ‘‘Characteres generici e Rh.
hamata descripti’’ (Westwood).
P. 3.—Bracuypuatys, Boisd. 1835 = Plataspis, Westw. 1837
= Platycephala, Laporte, 1832.
P. 2.—Lisyaspis, n.n. = Plataspis, Leth. and Sev. (type,
coccinelloides, Lap.). .
Plataspis, Westw., is only a replacement of the preoccupied
Platycephala, Lap., type metallica ; unless metallica can be sup-
posed to differ generically from vanikorensis, Plataspis should be
regarded as a synonym of Brachyplatys.
* =Sminthus, Leth. and Sev. Cat. Hémipt. ii. p. 113.
+ = Reduvius, Stal=Harpactor, Leth. and Sev.
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA. 137
P. 25.—Catuipga, Am. Serv. typ., is a synonym of Calliphara,
Guér., not of Chrysocoris, Hahn.
P. 46,—Irocurotus, Am. Serv. =Arctocoris, L. and §., the
latter being proposed as a ‘‘classical emendation”’ of Ursocoris,
which is identical with Odontoscelis.
P. 88.—Drnipor, Latr., 1829, Lap. 1832; type, maculatus =
Empicoris, Leth. and Sev.
P. 235.—Dicryocoris, Mayr.= Dinidor, Leth. and Sev.
Vol. Ef.
P. 30.—Merapopisssa, n.n. subgen. for Metapodius, Stal.
Metapodius is properly homotypical with Acanthocephala, Laporte.
P. 86.—Cocurus, Stal. = Discogaster, Leth. and Sev.
P. 86.—Discocaster, Burm. (1835, Herr.-Schaff. 1840) —
Coryzoplatus, Spin. Type, rhomboideus, Burm.
P. 191.—OrtHora, Dallas = Pamera, Leth. and Sev.
P. 194.—ProcuiomerA, Say, 1832. type, nodosus=Plociomera,
Leth. and Sey.
Vol. IIT.
P. 93.—Prinocnemus, West.= Ptilocerus, Gray = Maotys, Am.
Serv. Type, fuscus, Gray.
P. 93.—PTILOCNEMIDIA, n.n.—= Ptilocnemus, Am. Serv. Type,
lemur, Westw.
Fam. GERRIDm.
HKotRECHUS, gen. nov.
Facies of Gerris, Fabr., but distinguished by each tarsus being
terminated by two strong curved apical, aroliated claws. Tibie cylin-
drical, not tapering.
EK. KALIDASA, Sp. nov.
Dark blackish brown, tinged with fulvous, anterior lobe of pro-
notum with broad testaceous longitudinal stripe, posterior lobe’ more
or less rufescent. EHlytra with fulvous costa and nervures. Legs and
antenne fulvous, femora paler beneath, blackish at apex. Lateral
margins of anterior lobe of pronotum widely testaceous. Head beneath
fusco-luteous, centrally black. Pleura black. Venter, including am-
bulacra, fusco-luteous. Rostrum reaching to middle of mesonotum.
Abdomen canaliculate beneath ; seventh abdominal segment not pro-
duced spinosely or even angulate laterally.
g. Seventh segment beneath apically roundly emarginate.
?. Seventh segment beneath apically truncate. Long. 10°5 mill.,
lat. 1°8 mill.
Hab. Carin Cuzpa, 900-1000 m. L. Fea, 1889 (Mus. Genoa).
GERRIS HESIONE, sp. n.
Distinguished from the other American species of Limnogonus
by much smaller size and proportionately greater width.
Black, base of head medianly, a round spot near anterior margin
of pronotum medianly, lateral margins of pronotum, ferruginous ; an-
138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
tenne, intermediate and posterior legs ferruginous, more or less fumate,
anterior femora blackish, basally pallid. LElytra olivaceous, fumate,
nervures blackish. Beneath covered with silvery grey pubescence.
Head (with eyes) two-fifths wider than long, pronotum roundly angu-
late posteriorly.
gf. Anterior tibie curved. Long. (to apex abd.), 54 mill.
America: Florida ; Darien (collns. Montandon and Kirkaldy).
GERRIS EUPHROSYNE, Sp. 0.
Belongs to typical subgenus.
Head and pronotum dark ferruginous ; a broad central longitudinal
stripe and a sublateral stripe on vertex, a narrow median longitudinal
stripe and a sublateral stripe (greatly widened inwardly on anterior
lobe) on pronotum, blackish, lateral margins of pronotum pale yel-
lowish. Elytra ferruginous-fumate, nervures blackish. Femora pale
fulvous, black at apex, longitudinally banded with same colour; tibize
and tarsi blackish. Sterna black, a sublateral undulate stripe yellowish.
Venter fawn-colour, spotted laterally with black, covered (except later-
ally) with silver-grey pubescence. Above covered with golden yellow
pubescence. Long. 9 mill.
AustrRauia: Victoria, Alexandra (collns. Montandon and
Kirkaldy).
THE CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED
GENERA.
By T. A. Carman, M.D., F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 88.)
I po not propose to go into detail as to the habits of these
larvee; that,would be to write a life-history of each species,
since, though there are some small groups of Gracilaria and
Lithocolletis in which one life-history might be written for all
the species, altering for each little more than the habitat and
food-plant, it is more widely the case that each species has
special habits of its own—in its form of mine, in its life out of
the mine, in its formation of a cocoon, and so on. There are,
nevertheless, things that may be glanced at, as they are probably
important as regards classification within the group.
The group being by its pupal characters a high one amongst
the Incomplete, there is no doubt that it had amongst its not
very remote ancestors a form something like Bucculatrix in
living at first as a leaf-miner, afterwards as an external larva.
Bucculatrix may have been derived from the same ancestor,
retaining a more primitive pupa, but advancing in having a larva
in its later stages living externally and exposed. The primitive
Gracilarian must have had a mining larva in its early stages;
an external but leaf-rolling larva in the later. It must then
CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED GENERA. 139
have been a Gracilaria, except for the want of the special Graci-
larian trophi. On obtaining these, in its first stage, it became a
Gracilarian. On passing this specialized larval condition on to
the second instar also, it became a Gracilaria or Orniz.
I have examined a number of species of Gracilariane (Graci-
laria and Ornix), and find they all have two stages with
Gracilarian trophi; and the same is the case with the two or
three species of Ornix I have been able to examine.
Mr. Chambers only observed one Gracilarian stage in this
group, but there are unquestionably two.
Even in the first instars the habits differ in different sections.
Gracilaria syringella, for instance, with some half-dozen eggs
laid in a row, has the same number of larve marching forward
abreast for some distance before they form a blotch. Gracilaria
swederella and Ornix avellanella make a narrow thread-like mine,
which they lace to and fro into the pattern of a small square
gridiron before throwing it into one square blotch, which they
leave for a leaf-rolling, or perhaps I ought to say, cone-making
existence.
In the genus Corisctwm, which has always been associated
with Gracilaria, I am familiar with brongniardellum and cuculi-
pennellum, but on sulphurellum I made no observations. It is
described as cone-making, and is therefore congeneric with
cuculipennellum.
Cuculipennellum is a true Gracilaria in its early stages,
having two Gracilarian instars, and afterwards inhabiting cones.
Its mode of pupation is very special, as it makes a cone such as
it makes for feeding in; inside this it slings its cocoon like a
hammock, a structure very similar to, but more robust than, that
of Lyonetia clerckella, and it cuts out a little circular exit-hole in
the wall of the cone precisely opposite the end of the cocoon.
Brongniardellum has a very different history: the larva
makes avery large mine on the upper surface of an oak-leaf,
and there are often two or three larve in a mine, but this is
always the result of the coalescence of as many different mines,
that happened to be in one leaf. It never leaves this mine until
it does so to pupate, and so far does not differ from such a larva
as that of Gracilaria omissella. It does differ, however, in a very
fundamental point, viz. it has three instars of Gracilarian form.
In this it differs from all the other Gracilarias (sensu stricto),
and is allied to the Lithocolletid division, to which it ought to be
transferred.
Though never leaving the mine until it does so to pupate, it
differs from such Gracilarias as omissella that do the same, in a
respect that again unites it to Lithocolletis and separates it from
Gracilaria. In feeding in its Gracilarian stages, omissella makes
a very small mine like other Gracilarias, and afterwards, when
armed with ordinary trophi, it mines in ordinary fashion beyond
140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the original Gracilarian mine. Brongniardellum, on the contrary,
makes a very large Gracilarian mine, and in its later stages
feeds entirely on the parenchyma so exposed, never in any way
extending the mine, a habit which is exactly that of Lithocolletis.
In separating these two species generically, the name Corisciwm
I fancy adheres to cuculipennellum. For brongniardellum we
have the name Acrocercops, provided by Wallengren, whose
diagnosis is founded entirely on imaginal characters.
In the European Lithocolletis we have a very homogeneous
group; all of which have three Gracilarian instars, and all
pupate in the mine. Amongst even these there is great variety
of habit, both as to the mine itself, the way in which the larva
contracts the thin epidermal cover, and in the pupating habits.
Lithocolletis typically separates merely the cuticle when in its
Gracilarian stage, and thereafter eats the parenchyma so exposed,
meantime contracting the cuticular roof by the silk spun on it.
There are, however, some, and possibly a good many, varia-
tions and complications of this habit, of which I may refer to
one or two.
Lithocolletis stettinensis mines in alder leaves. It is stated to
mine on the upper side, but in one respect it might be more
correctly described as mining on the lower. It possesses three
instars with flat Gracilarian head, and during these it mines not
immediately below the cuticle, but at a lower level; rather, how-
ever, above the middle of the leaf, and leaving the ribs of the
leaf in the lower half. When, however,’in the fourth instar,
with ordinary head, &c., it commences to eat; it attacks, not the
thick lower layer, but the thin layer of green parenchyma that
is attached to the upper cuticle, first eating in a longitudinal
line, and as it clears off the parenchyma, spinning silk on the
denuded upper cuticle. ~
The habit of corylifoliella is perhaps in some degree inter-
mediate between this and the ordinary. habit. Corylifoliella, as
its first effort, enters a similar layer of the leaf to that in which
stettinensis mines ; but apparently, whilst still in the first skin,
leaves this position and mines beneath the upper cuticle, and
continues to work in both these mines, one above the other, for
some time, a valvular slit in the veil of intermediate parenchyma
affording access from the one mine to the other. It, however,
leaves the deeper mine of comparatively small size, and extends
the subcuticular one to large dimensions. When it assumes an
ordinary head it eats the lower parenchyma, there being in fact
no parenchyma attached to the upper cuticle. The round piece
of intermediate tissue is separated from its attachment to the
floor of the mine, and, dried up to a very flimsy scale, is attached
to the cuticle forming the roof of the mine, and is covered over,
with it, with the silk that contracts and pulls together the roof
of the mine.
CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED GENERA. 141
Chambers’s observations, to which I have already called
your attention, show that in America there are two other forms
within the genus which certainly deserve, and have possibly
received since Chambers wrote, generic recognition.
Our English form he calls the cylindrical form. It has three
Gracilarian instars, and does most of its feeding asa larva of
normal form in the fourth and following instars.
What he ealls the flat form has five Gracilarian instars, and
does all its feeding in these; in the two following it is only pre-
paring for pupation. Why it should have an idle instar between
the last feeding and the cocoon spinning instar, Mr. Chambers
does not tell us, and there is something still to be learnt here.
A third section, consisting of only one species (ornatella=
ostensackenella), agrees with the last group in everything except
that it is the only species in the genus that leaves the mine for
pupation.
I would suggest, if other names have not already been given
to these two sections, that the flat group be called Cameraria,
after Chambers, with type guttifinitella; and as regards osten-
sackenella, Fitch, I would place it provisionally in Leucanthiza,
since the larval habits are identical. If imaginal characters
forbid this, it will require a new generic name.
We finally reach the Phyllocnistine, in which we have the
highest elaboration of the Gracilarian specialization, in so far
that there are three Gracilarian instars, but no ordinary larval
form afterwards. In the fourth instar the larval mouth-parts
are reduced to a spinneret only as a functional organ; there are
no functional jaws, either Gracilarian or normal.
Probably the Cameraria group of Lithocolletines are as far
advanced, having no instar in which the larva feeds with ordinary
jaws, and may be regarded as even more specialized in having
five instead of three Gracilarian instars; but this, I think, has
really an opposite bearing, as five or six is a normal number of
moults, and a reduction to three is a very decided specialization.
In any case, however, I have no personal acquaintance with
these American forms, and cannot go very far in theorizing
about them.
The pupe (Pup Incomplete) of the lower Neo-Lepidoptera
are characterized by having the 7th abdominal segment in the
male free, though fixed in the female, and by the pupa leaving
the puparium for the emergence of the imago. In the lowest sur-
viving forms we have, the antenne, wings, legs, &c., are but slightly
held together, and equally slightly to the abdominal segments, and
these appear to be free up to even the first; so that in Nepticule
and Cochlidids the first six abdominal segments are all free.
As we advance to higher forms movement is lost in the anterior
segment, and, as each segment loses freedom of movement, it
tends to become also soldered to the appendages lying in front
142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ofit. In the lowest Lepidoptera Aculeata (Adelida), as Incurvaria
and Crinopteryx, we find only the 1st abdominal segment so fixed.
In the higher Lepidoptera Aculeata, in Tischeria, and some
others. the first two abdominal segments are fixed. Then we
come to the great mass of species with Pup Incomplete, in
which the first three abdominal segments are fixed. These
include the true Tinew, Cosside, Aigeriade, all the Tortrices and
their allies, &c., as well as the Pterophorina, which are otherwise
specialized. This seems to have been the structure of pupa that
was most successful as a Pupa Incompleta—at any rate, it is the
most popular. We then come to a Pupa Incompleta with the
first four abdominal segments fixed. This is the pupa of the
Gracilariade .
At this point in the evolution most lines of advance seem to
have ceased to remain as Pupw Incomplete, and to have become
Pupe Obtecte, i.e. they ceased to emerge from their puparia,
and they acquired fixity in the 7th segment in the male, and
became of the type of Pupa Obtecta that ranges throughout all
the Macro-Lepidoptera, the Pyrales, Gelechids, Depressariads,
Yponomeutids, Gicophorids, &e.
A Pupa Incompleta, with only two free segments (5 and 6,
female ; 5, 6,7, male), seems to have been an unsatisfactory
organism, and only obtained a permanent existence in the group
we are considering—the Gracilariade.
It seems to me extremely probable that amongst the many
exotic families of Micros, of which I am entirely ignorant, there
is one or more with this pupal structure, attained quite in-
dependently of the Gracilariads ; since it is a form, so to speak,
quite in the highway of ordinary evolution in the Lepidoptera.
Up to the present, however, I have not met with such a form.
The process of emerging from the puparium must be less
easily performed with only two movable segments, and the ten-
dency must have been very strong to go right forwards at once
into the obtect condition.
The pupal condition of the Gracilariade is as definite in
separating them from all other groups as is the larval one. And,
of course, each of these is much more important, taken with the
other, than it would be by itself. The larval specialization is so
remarkable and unique, that by itself it may be taken as fairly
sufficient to define the group, when we consider that there is no
strong point—no point at all, in fact—per contra. The pupal
condition is of very nearly the same weight in associating the
species within the group, and delimiting them from others.
Hither by itself is adequate for this purpose; the two, taken
together, are of course not simply twice as potent, but at least
four times as potent.
(To be continued.)
1438
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Tae Emercence or ANTHERHZA FROM THE Cocoon. — In reference to
Mr. Dodd’s note on this subject (ante, p. 16), I should like to say that
in ‘Australian Lepidoptera,’ a work published in part by Scott and
concluded by the Australian Museum, reference is made to the hooks
with which the moth makes its exit in the following words :—‘‘ It was
at this time our attention—being directed to the care of the numerous
specimens in our possession emerging from the cocoons—was naturally
attracted by the peculiar and loud noise produced by the imago in that
operation for freeing itself, which led to a more careful observation,
and to the discovery that the sound thus created was caused by two
powerful hooked appendages of a horny substance placed one on each
side, immediately at the junction of the base of the anterior wing to
the thorax while in the act of tearing and destroying the strong
fibrous texture of the nest, previously, however, moistened by a
solvent fluid, until a rude and irregular aperture was made. During
this action the insect maintained a slow rotatory motion until the
hooks were plainly visible to us, appearing and disappearing alter-
nately, and quickly and irresistibly calling to mind the sound produced
by the gnawing of that domestic torment, the rat.’’ He concludes by
remarking that he found all the Antherea were provided with similar
hooks; and he also found them in two foreign species of Saturnide—
i.e. Tropea luna and Telea polyphemus. I myself have bred out several
A. astrophela lately, but, unfortunately, have missed them when
emerging. Vol. i. of Mr. A. W. Scott’s work was published in 1864 ;
vol. ii. in 1890-1893. — Henry H. Burton Brapuey; 60, Margaret
Street, Sydney, March 18th, 1902.
Insecta or Surrey. — In the first volume of the ‘ Victoria History
of Surrey’ over a hundred pages are devoted to the Insecta, and pro-
bably never before has so full a list been got together for any county:
perhaps there is no other county for which, with our present know-
ledge, one equally ample could be prepared. In some cases we are
given lists only of the species known, in other cases we have such lists
with localities, while of a few orders—e. g. the Orthoptera, Neuroptera,
Lepidoptera, and Homoptera—the lists are presented in narrative
form, and these last we prefer. Those who have worked up a local
list of any kind know how difficult it is to make it complete; but
there is evidence that the work before us has in general been well
done, and this record of Surrey insects may be looked upon as fairly
complete, as far as our present knowledge permits. Everyone is of
course aware that many additions must be made as time goes on, but
that fact will not prevent the present list being of very great use to
entomologists who reside or occasionally collect in Surrey, as well as
to all who are interested in the distribution of species.
144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
ASPHALIA DILUTA IN CHEsTER District. — With reference to the
statement in Mr. Arkle’s ‘‘ Notes from the Chester District’ (ante,
p. 117) that Asphalia diluta is new to the district, I may mention that
I took the species in Delamere Forest, on Aug. 19th, 1893.—Gnzo. O.
Day; Parr’s Bank House, Knutsford, April 14th, 1902.
Harty APPEARANCE OF HiucHELIA gacopzH#e.—I am sending with
this a specimen of, I believe, H. jacobe@e. My wife found it creeping
over the garden path, on the 9th inst. Apparently it had only just
emerged, the wings being undeveloped. Last year I saw a moth on
the wing which I believed to be EF. jacobee, and with that exception
this is the first specimen I have seen in this neighbourhood—S. J.
Brrston; Shrubbery Hill, Cookley, Kidderminster, April 14th, 1902.
[The moth received from our correspondent is certainly an example
of H. jacobee. It was alive when it reached us, but the hind wings
were still undeveloped.—Ep. ]
Larv or Cossus LIGNIPERDA AT VAUXHALL.—One morning towards
the end of September last (the 25th, I fancy), I was surprised by the
discovery of five or six full-grown larve of C. ligniperda in Vauxhall
Park, South Lambeth. They were marching in a business-like
manner along one of the gravelled paths, at regular intervals of a couple
of yards or so, objects of great interest to the passers-by, who seemed
to regard them as a new kind of centipede, and therefore as fair game.
Two had already fallen victims. I managed to rescue the remainder
and to place them in a position of safety. I also examined the trees in
the vicinity as well as the attentions of the park-keeper would permit,
but could find none that seemed to have harboured them. I am aware
that the larva shows great restlessness when about to pupate, but this
seemed very much like a migration in force. Possibly they had been
disturbed by pruning operations.—J. B. Tnrtey; 5, Wilkinson Street,
Albert Square, S.W.
Burrerriies in Mip-Surrey, Haster, 1902.— Hybernated speci-
mens of Gonepterya rhamni were numerous on Easter Monday in
the neighbourhood of Cranleigh, Surrey. I saw at least a dozen
during a walk of two or three miles from that town. They were all
males with one exception. Specimens of Vanessa urtice, V. io, and
V. polychloros were also noticed.—J. B. Tertry; 5, Wilkinson Street,
Albert Square, S.W.
Marcu Norses From Kent, 1902. — Very little collecting was done
during the first part of March, but a good series of Hybernia leuco-
phearia was taken, principally from Bexley, including a fair sprinkling
of the banded black and white form, and one or two females. Aniso-
pteryx escularia (males) was fairly common from the 9th, but only one
Phigalia pedaria (pilosaria) was seen, and that asmall male. I have
never yet found this insect in any numbers about here, except in the
larval state, and then almost invariably stung. For the first time for
four years Easter was spent at home instead of in the New Forest.
On the morning of March 29th we started to walk to Paul’s Cray, but
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 145
the rain came down so hard and persistently that we were forced to
beat a retreat. After lunch, however, we were off again, and consider-
ing the wretched weather, were much pleased with our takings. On
a big lime-tree at Chislehurst we found a fine male Amphidasys pro-
dromaria, and a few inches below it Asphalia flavicornis. We then
proceeded to St. Paul’s Cray Common, where we examined the birch-
trunks, and were rewarded by a grand pair of A. flavicornis in cop.,
. and three Brephos parthenias. This is the first time I have found the
latter at rest. They were found on the small brown birches, in the
forks of two branches, with the wings pressed tightly against them.
One or two Xylocampa lithorhiza, Anisopteryx escularia, and Diurnea fagella
were also noticed. The same locality was visited in the afternoon of
the next day, which was so miserably cold and dull that a single Hy-
bernia marginaria (progemmaria), and a few Xylocampa lithorhiza and
D. fagella were the only insects noticed. The Bank Holiday (March
31st), however, turned out a grand day, and St. Paul’s Cray was again
attacked. From 2 o’clock till 3.30, Brephos parthenias was flying in
great numbers, but was, as usual, by no means easy to catch. Three
of us succeeded in netting sixteen specimens in all, of which fifteen
were males, mostly in good condition. A male Gonepteryx rhamni
was tempted out by the sunshine, as were also three or four Vanessa
polychloros, which seems to turn up in most unexpected places.
Teniocampa pulverulenta (cruda), Anisopteryx escularia, and Diurnea
fagella were also noticed. We heard of another Amphidasys prodro-
maria taken that morning in Pett’s Wood. With no night-work, and
taking the weather into consideration, I think we should not have done
any better in the New Forest. At any rate, the few hours’ collecting
compare very favourably with our three Kasters there.—F’. M. B. Carr;
46, Handen Road, Lee, 8.E., April 6th, 1902.
Sout Devon Micro-Lepmortera.—At the time I wrote my notes
on South Devon coast Lepidoptera I had put on one side several
micros from there I was doubtful about. These have recently been
determined for me by Mr. C. G. Barrett as Gelechia semidecandrella,
(not uncommon at sugar), G. mulinella, and Dicrorampha flavidorsana.
The last mentioned was taken at Starcross. As at least one of these
has, I believe, not previously been recorded for Devonshire, it may
be as well to place them on record.—Guo. T. Porrirr; Crosland Hall,
Huddersfield, April 4th, 1902.
LepipopTeRA IN Ross-surre 1n 1901.—The following is a list of a
few Lepidoptera that I took last year in a mountainous part of Ross-
shire, about the head waters of the river Carron. The Carron flows
out at Bonar Bridge, on the east coast. My first visit there was for a
few days about July 19th. The weather was excessively hot, and most
of the insects were in poor condition as a result of a long spell of hot
weather :—Pieris napi. Argynnis aglaia, not uncommon; only one
was taken, and this at a high altitude, about 1500 ft. It is a male
specimen, and decidedly dark. Canonympha typhon (davus), a few every-
where about the hills, except on very high ground ; nearly all were in
poor condition; some of the females, however, were fresh out, and very
pale in colour. Xylophasia rwrea and the var. (?) combusta. Miana
ENTOM.—wmay, 1902. M
146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
fasciuncula, common at sugar; and different to the southern forms.
Noctua augur. WN. rubi, large in size. Emmelesia ericetata. EH. albu-
lata. Eubolia mensuraria. Gnophos obfuscata, only one. Larentia
didymata. L. casiata. L. pectinitaria. Melanthia ocellata. Anaitis
plagiata. Cidaria russata, a female from which ova were obtained.
The larve, to my surprise, hybernated when quite small, and have
now (beginning of April) started feeding again. I was previously
under the impression that this species wintered in the pupal state,
while C. immanata does so in the egg state. Coremia munitata, several
females were taken and these deposited eggs. The species was found
from 1000 ft. in the valley to nearly 3000 ft. on the tops. From these
eggs one imago resulted in the autumn, but the rest of the larve
hybernated when about half grown, and they have not yet (beginning
of April) made their appearance this spring, so I fear they are dead.
Scopula alpinalis was very common on the tops wherever the right sort
of ground occurred.
On my second visit to the same place, in September, I noticed the
larvee of Lasiocampa calluné were common in places. These larve,
which were about 14 in. long, were fond of sunning themselves on old
bleached stalks of burnt heather. I brought away a good many, and
they have successfully hybernated in an airy cage out of doors, and are
now (beginning of April) changing their skins and beginning to feed
again. Celena haworthii, including one female found at rest on the
heather. Chareas graminis. Tapinostola fulva, common. Thera
juniperata, two specimens at rest on a juniper-bush, and the, empty
pupa-skin attached among the needles of the juniper. The juniper-
bushes in this district grew quite prone along the ground and were
searcely noticeable, very unlike their erect habit in the South of
England. Cidaria miata, one example on Sept. 29th. Phibalapterya
lapidata, three specimens on Sept. llth. These were all that I saw,
although I spent some time on succeeding days at the same place
trying to find more. These three specimens were found about a
grassy and rushy spot in a sheltered glen, at about 1250 ft. elevation.
W. M. Curisty; Watergate, Emsworth, Hants.
Draconriies In THE NorrotK Broaps.—Mr. H. M. Edelsten has
forwarded a notice of some dragonflies taken in June last. They were
a pair of Libellula fulva (June 19th), the male with adult colouring; a
pair of Orthetrum c@rulescens, and another of L. depressa (June 20th),
the male in each case adult in colour; several pairs of O. cancellatum
(June 19th), but all the males of this species were immature. They
were all flying ina quiet corner near a big reed-bed. In the after-
noon he had been watching the female L. fulva hawking over a
little bog-hole, when a male appeared and they copulated, and flew so
close to him that he was able to net them both. O. c@rulescens was
also taken in cop. O. cancellatum was quite plentiful.
Records of some of the scarcer dragonflies are becoming plentiful,
and the fear that several of them were disappearing from our midst
seems to be quite unfounded. Will schna isosceles be given a better
status during the season that is just commencing? It should be
looked for in the broads and fens in June.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-
on-Thames.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 147
Oponata oF Paris. — The following species of Odonata were ob-
served by me in the suburbs and environs of Paris, in the months of
June and July, 1901 :—
Libellula quadrimaculata.—One specimen, Forest of Fontainebleau
(captured). Others seen.
L. depressa.—Two specimens, males, Forest of Fontainebleau
‘(captured). Others, all males, seen by one of the artificial lakes, Bois
de Boulogne.
L. fulva.—One male, Chantilly. This handsome species is entirely
new to my collection, and I had never seen it alive before. Like
L. depressa and Orthetrum cerulescens, the male is of a lavender blue,
the female of a tawny brown, Its abdomen is larger but somewhat
narrower than is the case with L. depressa, and both longer and broader
than that of O. c@rulescens. It is by no means an easy species to
secure. I went after one subsequently which alighted on the gravel
sweep surrounding an artificial lake at St. Cloud, but failed to catch
it. I also missed two (also males) that were flying about pools left by
the rain in the lucerne field at Courbevoie. It is also possible that I
saw it in the Bois de Boulogne.
Cordulia enea.—One specimen, Forest of Fontainebleau. I ima-
gined that this was quite new to my collection, but on my return home
I found I had a second specimen from Basingstoke Canal, near Byfleet,
a year or two since. I had mistaken it at the time for an Aschna.
Afschna cearulea.—Not in my collection. If I am not greatly
mistaken, I saw this species flying hither and thither over the lake in
the Bois de Boulogne. The shape of its abdomen precluded the idea
of its being a Libellula, and on the other hand it was not large enough
to be Anaa imperator.
Calopteryx splendens.—Two or three males seen, and one female
captured by the canal, Forest of Fontainebleau. One male afterwards
seen at Courbevoie.
Sympetrum striolatum.—One in the Pare Maison Lafitte.
S. flaveolum.—One specimen captured, Forest of Fontainebleau. I
fancy it had not long emerged from pupa.
Lestes barbara.—T wo specimens captured, Forest of Fontainebleau.
Agrionide :—Forest of Fontainebleau and Bois de Boulogne. There
are in all probability one or more of the common British species,
Ischnura elegans, Agrion pulchellum, A. puella, and Enallagma cyathi-
gerum.—F. A. Watxer; Dun Mallard, Cricklewood.
{Is Dr. Walker quite certain that he is not taking some other
species for C. enea—there seems so little resemblance between that
species and an A’schna? One would hardly expect also to meet with
such a northern insect as Aschna caerulea in the Bois de Boulogne ;
might it not rather have been Brachytron pratense, or an early dischna
miata? Personally, too, I should hesitate to call Agrion pulchellum a
common British species, though possibly it is generally plentiful where
found at all; but the known localities do not appear to be very
numerous in Britain.—W. J. L.]
148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
SOCIETIES.
EntomonocicaL Society or Lonpon.—March 19th, 1902.—Dr. F.
DuCane Godman, D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the chair.—
Mr. Benaiah W. Adkin, of Brandon House, Morden Hill, Lewisham;
Mr. E. D. Bostock, of Texall Lodge, Stafford; Mr. Hubert Edelstein,
of the Elms, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex; Capt. Frederick W.
Hutton, F'.R.S., of the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zea-
land; Mr. Frederick William Lambart Sladen, of Ripple Court,
Ringwould, Dover; and Mr. Gerard Orby Sloper, of Westrop House,
Highworth, Wiltshire, were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. W. J.
Kaye exhibited a number of insects from British Guiana, many of
them taken by himself, illustrative of Millerian mimicry. Dr. DuCane
Godman remarked that in these regions many different forms of the
same butterfly would often occur within a radius of fifty miles, showing
a wide range of variation.—Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S8., exhibited
cocoons of Malacosoma neustria, collected by Mr. Hamm in 1900, spun
upon black currant and apple trees in his garden at Oxford. All of
them had been attacked by birds through the leaf, this bemg the
thinnest part of the cocoon, and the pupa thus more easily abstracted.
With regard to the resting habit of Hybernia leucophearia, he said that
he had observed that this moth usually rested in a horizontal position.
Dr. Longstaffe said that all the specimens he had observed on green
stems affected a similar position, and that he had only found one on a
birch tree. Mr. M. Jacoby said that he never found the species on
oak at all, but on palings, also in the same position, which facts
Professor Poulton said tended to show that the protective instinct of
the species was retained in such localities.—Mr. G. T. Porritt exhibited
two bred black Larentia multistrigaria from Huddersfield, and said that
the dark form was rapidly increasing in Yorkshire. Of those already
emerged and reared from the same brood, three were normal and two
dark.—Dr. Frederick A. Dixey read a paper, illustrated by lantern
slides, entitled :—‘‘ Notes on some cases of Seasonal Dimorphism in
Butterflies, with an account of Experiments made by Mr. Guy A. K.
Marshall.” He said that he had long since formed the opinion that
Catopsilia crocale, Cram., was specifically identical with C. pomona, Fabr.,
and had suspected that the differences between them might prove to
be seasonal in character. The belief in their specific identity was
held by Piepers and by De Nicéville, neither of whom, however,
thought that the dimorphism thus shown had any relation to the
seasons. In the discussion which followed, Colonel Yerbury said that
a temporary rainfall in a dry season in dry places had a marvellous
effect in producing intermediate and wet-season forms. Mr. F. Merri-
field pointed out the difference between experiments upon tropical
and Kuropean species. In the tropics there are not any very great
distinctions of seasons and temperature, whereas in temperate climates
the seasons are clearly marked off from one another. Professor HK. B.
Poulton expressed his opinion that by breeding species through, Mr,
Marshall had proved that one form gives rise directly to the other;
the pairing of the two forms being a biological test of very con-
siderable value. Colonel Swinhoe, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. F. DuCane
SOCIETIES. 149
Godman also joined in the discussion.—Professor K. B. Poulton read
a paper on ‘‘ Mimicry illustrated by the Sanger-Shepherd three-colour
process,” supplementary to his paper read at the meeting of the
Society on March 5th.—H. Goss and H. Rowzanp-Brown, Hon. Secs.
Souto Lonpon Entomotocican anp Natura History Socimty. —
March 18th, 1902.—Mr. F. Noad Clark, President, in the chair.—Mr.
A. L. Rayward, of Wallington; Mr. B. Stonell, of Clapham; and Mr.
S. P. Harry, of Clapham, were elected members.—Dr. Chapman
exhibited a number of species which he was placing in the Society’s col-
lections, including Hupithecia consignata, Hyboma strigosa, and Jocheera
alni, the first of which species was now only to be obtained in one very
restricted private locality.—Mr. Kemp, living larve and perfect insects
of the Coleoptera Hndomychus coccineus, Ptilinus pectinicornis, and Pyro-
chroa serraticornis, the two former from Epping Forest, on hornbeam,
and the latter from New Eltham, under moss.—Messrs. Harrison and
Main, specimens of the dark var. nigrofulvata of Macaria liturata, from .
Delamere Forest.—Mr. F. M. B. Carr, a considerable number of
specimens from the New Forest, including, Odonata: Ischnura pumilio,
female vars. of Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Agrion mercuriale, and Gomphus
vulgatissimus ; Lepidoptera: a large number of species, among which
were Aventia flexula, Lithosia helveola, bred Gnophria quadra, Nola
strigula, Triphena subsequa, Heliothis dipsaceus, Cleora glabraria, bred
C. lichenaria, Selidosema plumaria, and Hyria auroraria ; eggs of the
night-jar; a hornet taken from a hollow tree, Haster.—Mr. Nottle,
examples of Agrotis tritict and A. agathina, from Keston.—Mr. Barnett,
a living specimen of Nyssia hispidaria, female, from Chingford.—Mr.
F. Noad Clark, two species of tick new to the British list. They were
forwarded to him by Mr. Hewitt, of York, who found them upon
guillemots on the Yorkshire cliffs. They had been identified, after
considerable trouble, as Iwodes fimbriatus and I. borealis, both rare and
little known species. He also exhibited the common Ivodes reduvius
for comparison, together with photographs of J. jfimbriatus. — Dr.
Chapman, a living bred specimen of Hndromis versicolor and some
pupe, in the larva-cases, of Thyridopteryw ephemeriformis. — Mr.
Edwards, very fine examples of Ornithoptera lydeus and O. socrates,
from the Malays, with Parnassius imperator, from Thibet.—Mr. Turner,
a long bred series of Macroglossa stellatarum, from larvee obtained at
Bromley, Kent; and contributed notes on breeding and habits of the
larve.—Mr. Lucas, a very large number of lantern-slides to illustrate
his remarks on ‘‘ Entomological localities.’ They were chiefly of
well-known spots in the New Forest.—Mr. West, of Streatham, also
showed a few slides taken from several localities near London.—
Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
LaNcASHIRE AND CHESHIRE E\NTromoLoaicat Socirry.—A well-attended
meeting was held in the Memorial Hall, Manchester, on March 10th,
Mr. Robt. Newstead, A.L.S., F.E.S., in the chair.—Mr. E. Whitley,
of * Clovelly,’’ Sefton Park, Liverpool, and Oxford University, was
elected a member. It was resolved that the next meeting be held in
Liverpool, on April 14th, and that Messrs. F. C. Thompson, F. Birch,
and HK. J. B. Sopp be appointed a sub-committee to examine and
150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
report on the condition of the library of the Society at an early date.
A paper on Organic Evolution, with lime-lght views, was communi-
cated by Mr. William Hewett, President of the York and District
Naturalists’ Society, who, whilst dealing very ably with the subject in
general, also made special allusion to many points of peculiar interest
to entomologists, more particularly with respect to varieties in the Lepido-
ptera. An interesting discussion followed, on the melanism of Amphi-
dasys betularia var. doubledayartia and other moths, in which the chair-
man, Mr. J. Ray Hardy, of Owens College, Dr. J. Cotton, Messrs. F’. N.
Pierce, B. H. Crabtree, G. O. Day, and others took part. On the motion
of Mr. Pierce, seconded by Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, a hearty vote of thanks
was accorded the lecturer for his paper. The fine display of exhibits
included, amongst others, the drawing of an extraordinary abnor-
mality in Prionus californicus, which was double in every limb; and a
series of cases of Coleoptera by Mr. Ray Hardy; Triphena interjecta,
Noctua glareosa, N. brunnea, &¢., by Mr. R. Newstead, on behalf of Miss
Steele Perkins, of Rhyl; bone variety of Arctia plantaginis and var.
hospita, by Mr. Harold Milne; Orgyia pudibunda, by Dr. J. Cotton and
Mr. F. C. Thompson; varieties of Abraawas grossulariata, Ephyra, &¢., by
Mr. B. H. Crabtree ; two rare Dutch volumes with coloured plates by
Sepp, and Lepidoptera varieties by Mr. G. O. Day; varieties of Arctia
caia, by Mr. C. F. Johnson; Arctia lubricipeda, A. urtice, &c., by Mr.
Herbert Massey; Dianthecia conspersa by Mr. F. N. Pierce; Perth-
shire Coleoptera, and Celioxys mandibularis, a hymenopteron new to
the British list, by Mr. F. Birch; Hemiptera from Bolton, by Mr. Oscar
Whittaker ; Anechura bipunctata, an Armenian earwig, with the
Caucasian variety orientalis, by Mr. EK. J. B. Sopp.—kH. J. Burexss
Sopp, Hon. Secretary.
Biruincuam E\ntomonoeican Socrery. — March 17th. — Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.—Mr. R. C. Bradley exhibited
a few Lepidoptera taken in Wyre Forest, including a pair of Apamea
testacea, which had been taken in cop. at 38 p.m.; Sesia ichneumoni-
formis, Myelois cribrella (cribrum), Kuchloris pustulata (bajularia), and
Hemithea strigata (thyniaria).—Mr. J. T. Fountain, a series of Lasio-
campa quercus, including local bred females from young larvee taken in
the spring and bred same summer; the specimens running from very light
ones to quite dark ones; also some males taken ‘‘ sembling”’ at Sutton,
with wide light lines approaching var. callun@. In answer to questions,
he said that he had also taken full-fed larvee of the same species at
Sutton in the autumn.—Mr. A. D. Imms, Lepisma saccharina, taken
in a kitchen at West Bromwich; it is one of our four British species
of Thysanura.—Mr. C. J. Wainwright, photos of insects and parts of
insects taken by Mr. Mearns, of Aberdeen.—Myr. G. T. Bethune-
Baker, a drawerful of Lycenide of the group Amblypodia, chiefly
the genus dArhopala, and gave an account of the same, explaining his
theories of the origin of the various forms. He believes all were
originally brown, and the more blue there is, the more recent the
species, roughly speaking.—Consran J. Warnwricut, Hon, Sec.
151
RECENT LITERATURE.
Les Odonates du Continent Australien, par M. Rent Martin, in the
‘Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France,’ tome xix.
p. 220. Paris: 1901.
Ty an article extending to twenty-nine pages M. Martin has given
us a concise account of the Australian Dragonflies. Little worked as
this region has so far been, still the number of species at least equals
those known for Europe, and the number is likely to be added to con-
siderably, whereas the tale for Europe is no doubt almost complete.
Just as is the case with the higher animals of Australia, so it is with
the dragonfly fauna—it has characteristics peculiarly its own, and we
are not surprised to find that about a quarter of the known species are
peculiar to that continent; and this individuality shews up even more
clearly when reference is made to the genera. Several new species
are characterized, and in some cases figures are given which will
assist in the identification of them. Weeds Ts
E. P. Feur, “ Insects Injurious to Elm Trees.” (1902, Fifth Ann. Rep.
Fisheries Comm, New York State, pp. 351-79; 38 coloured
plates and 7 text figs.)
We noticed (Entom. xxxiil. p. 254) Dr. Felt’s report on insects
injurious to maple; the present beautifully prepared memoir deals
with the elm, and discusses and figures in their various stages the
following insects:—Galerucella luteola, Saperda tridentata, Magdalis
armicollis and barbita (Coleoptera); Huvanessa antiopa, Thridopteryx
ephemeraformis and Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera), and Gossyparia
ulmi (Rhynchota). j Gow)
General: H. Gaprau pE Kerrvitie, in an exhaustive account of the
marine and maritime faunas of a part of Normandy, enumerates 117
species of maritime insects viz. one Thysanuron (Anurida maritima),
4 Orthoptera, 65 Coleoptera, 8 Hymenoptera, 2 Lepidoptera, 21 Rhyn-
chota, and 16 Diptera (including the remarkable Clunio bicolor dis-
covered by the author). The two Lepidoptera are Detlephila euphorbie
and Zygena trifolii which, with var. orobi and ab. minoides, is discussed
in some detail (‘‘ Recherches sur les faunes marine et maritime de
la Normandie; 8° Voyage,’ 1901, Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat. Rouen
(for 1900), pp. 194-206). We are indebted to the same author for an
extended résumé on ‘‘ Galls and Gall-Insects”’ (‘‘ Les Cécidozoaires et
leurs Cécidies,” 1901, Canseries Sci. Soc. Zool. France, i. pp. 281-807 ;
2 plates and 1 text figure).
The remarkable genus Koenenia, of the Arachnid order Palpigradi
is fully discussed by H. J. Hansen (‘ On six species of Koenenia, with
remarks on the order Palpigradi,’ 1902, Kntom. Tidskv. (for 1901),
Xxii. pp. 198-240, plates 2-4). The same author has monographed
the Myriapod order Pauropoda (‘‘On the genera and species of the
order Pauropoda,”’ 1902, Vidensk. medd. naturh. foren Kjében. (for
1901), pp. 321-424, plates i.—vi.). English students will congratulate
152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
themselves that this Danish zoologist has contributed his latest three
or four fine monograpkic memoirs upon the Arthropoda in their
language.
thynchota.—T. Percanpr works out very fully the interesting and
complex life-histories of Hormaphis hamamelidis and Hamamelistes
spinosus (1901, ‘The Life-history of Two Species of Plant-Lice,”
U.S. Dep. Agric., Entom., Techn. ser. 9, pp. 1-44; 28 text figs.).
Lepidoptera.—H. Gaprau pe Kervinue discusses the copulation of
Lepidoptera (‘‘ L’accouplement des Lépidoptéres,’’ 1901, Bull. Soe.
Ent. France, pp. 76-81; 5 figs.).
Coleoptera.—The variability of the two-spot ladybird is considered
by C. Scuréper (‘‘ Die Variabilitat der Adalia bipunctata, L., gleich-
yeitig ein Beitrag zur Descendenz-Theorie’’; Illustr. Zeitschr. Entom.
1901, No. 24; 1902, Nos. 1 to 5; 1 plate and 5 text figs.).
G. W. Ke
J. H. Comstock ann Cuustro Kocui, ‘‘ The Skeleton of the Head of
Insects.”” 1902. ‘American Naturalist,’ xxxvi., pp. 13-45;
29 text figs.
Tue skeleton of the head, particularly in the more generalized
forms, is discussed at some leneth. The authors consider that the
existing nomenclature is ‘‘really of little morphological value; for
but few of the primitive sclerites of the head have remained distinct,
and some of them greatly overshadowed others in their development.
The result is that in some cases a named area includes several
sclerites, while in others only a portion of a sclerite is included.” It
is maintained that seven segments exist, with the following sclerites
and appendages. ‘‘In each section of the middle column the dotted
line indicates the division between the sternal and lateral elements of
the segment.”’
SEGMENTS. SCLERITES. APPENDAGES.
1. Ocular (Protocerebral). Vertex and gene.
dey ctaivarejalersevaie eek sale apice Ocular sclerites.
Front
2. Antennal (Deuterocerebral).Antennal sclerites.
cJiea ate eictacel uberel orate teralers Antenne.
Clypeus proper.
3. 2nd Antennal (Tritocerebral)..........0...0.-c0c00- 2nd antenne of Campo-
Labrum (Mouth). dea et al.
4, Mandibular. Postgenal.
SUSAES doododasodubaulas Mandibles.
Antecoxal pieces. Trochantin (of do.).
Pharyngeal sclerites.
PME SU perl OU ale heel metres cette Peal Stati dev Stobanoets ‘elias Superlingue.
6. Maxillary. Maxillary pleurites.
minis lole oiela nial ataiteiae tea eeat er Maxille.
Lingua.
7. Labial. Dorsal cervical ‘sclerites.
Lateral do. do.
Koons o Oda DO olen ad sogc Labium.
Ventral do. (Gula).
G. W. K.
Erratum.—Page 16, line 4, for ‘‘ prolegs ”’ read ‘“ forelegs.”
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXV.] JUNE. 1902. [No. 469.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CLIPHYRA
BRASSOLIS, Westw.
By F. P. Dopp.
Havine made many enquiries in Australia with reference to
this remarkable butterfly without receiving any information of
an important nature, it appears to me that little or nothing is
really known of its life-history. One correspondent stated that
it is ‘‘said to be found in ants’ nests in its larval and pupal
stages,” but presumably he did not know which species of ant
it was said to fraternise with. Another correspondent informed
me that ‘‘ his books gave it as a twilight flier, with a query, and
that they suggested that larve may be carnivorous, feeding on
- woolly bugs.”
I had already seen a female on a warm sunny day in July,
1900, depositing eggs upon a tree, which was in complete
possession of the wonderfully interesting green tree ant, Gico-
phylla smaragdina, Fab., which exists here in vast numbers in
the coast and mountain scrubs. Upon this tree there were
several large nests of the ants, and the butterfly would rapidly
fly over the top of the tree once or twice, then come underneath
and settle on one of the branches near the trunk; there were
four spots to which it returned at different times after its flights,
and, upon examination, I found that there were two or three
eges deposited on each. Judging by the number of flights, I
believe only one egg was laid at each rest. I have since
frequently seen the eggs on other trees in ones, twos, or more ;
but deposits of two, in several different places, is the number
usually to be met with. They are placed on the under side of
branches, or protected side of the trunk. I took several of the
ova, and in twenty-two days the larve, flat oval creatures,
appeared, but of course refused to eat, and died. I had taken
them upon the chance of their being leaf-eaters, and with the
ants merely for protection, as I had found is the case with
ENTOM.—JUNE, 1902. N
154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
several other Lycenids of ours—Arhopalas and Hypolycena
phorbas. Some weeks later I pulled the habitations of the ants
to pieces, but could find no traces of larve from the ova left un-
touched, and was unsuccessful with many other nests examined.
Then I made the enquiries alluded to.
During the next few months I examined scores of nests, in
the hope of finding larve of this, to me, mysterious insect, but
without success, and my efforts relaxed considerably. However,
eventually I stumbled across a larva when searching an ants’
nest for other insects. This specimen was half-grown, the size
and shape being about that of a medium-sized lozenge, with a
rim, as in a coin, bordering it all round, but raised somewhat
along the dorsal surface; colour a very pale yellowish brown,
seven dark spots on each side near margin, and across the centre
of dorsal surface there were three furrows, reaching nearly to
sides; these furrows are constant through all the moults—it
must be borne in mind that I have not examined larve less than
about one-third grown, those obtained from the ova were lost
before I had noticed them particularly—nor do they disappear
even when the larval skin becomes the outer pupal shell. The head,
legs, and claspers are in a groove, the edges of which close down
tightly all round, consequently they are seldom seen, except of
course during progression, when the body is raised a little.
After this discovery, I met with other larve, generally larger
and of a darker brown, and finally obtained pup, and bred out
a series of the perfect insect.
I regret my inability to describe the ova, or the extra-
ordinarily shaped larve and pupe; but I trust, Mr. Editor, that
you will kindly deal with these, for I send you specimens of
same, with examples of the butterfly as it appears soon after
emergence and when set—the set specimens, male and female,
showing the white fugitive scales on fore wings.* I furnish,
however, the following particulars, which may be considered
deeply interesting :—
Taking several larve and supplying them with ant grubs of
various sizes, | soon had the satisfaction of observing one in-
dividual approach a half-grown grub, deliberately seize it, and
withdraw it from sight ; but, being impatient, I turned him over
soon after, and he slowly released his hold of the grub; unfor-
tunately I failed to observe anything of the kind again. Finding
that the caterpillars did not thrive upon ant larve alone, they
were supplied with small nests containing ants and pupe as
well, but in a week or so they showed signs of sickness. By
changing the ant nests, I kept several other caterpillars for
** We are obliged to our correspondent for the material he has so kindly
furnished, and we are very pleased to add that Dr. Chapman has been good
enough to undertake the examination of it, and will report thereon in these
pages at an early date.—Hp.
LIFE-HISTORY OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS 155
nearly two weeks; they also became sickly, and had to be
returned to nests on the trees. However, they deposited frass,
showing that they had been feeding; thisis small for such bulky
creatures, is grey or greyish white, and is greasy-looking. So,
though I cannot positively declare that they exist upon the ant
larve, I am quite satisfied myself that they do. As five or even
six caterpillars may be found in one nest, the quantity of food
required by such large creatures must be considerable, though
they are very slow growing; but the masses of ant larve could
be drawn upon without making any great reduction in same. I
cannot discern the mandibles of the caterpillar, and incline to
the belief that when it comes to be thoroughly examined, the
mouth-parts will prove to be of peculiar construction.
As many readers may be sceptical as to this insect subsisting
upon ant larve, 1 may mention that at present I have young
caterpillars of a moth (female, 20-25 mm.) feeding upon the
larve of another species of ant which livesin the ground. When
given the fresh grubs they soon take a lively interest in them,
and affix themselves thereto, and appear to suck their victims.
None of the grubs are eaten, but they are considerably smaller
and much shrivelled when finished with. The moth is even
more greasy than our butterfly. None of the grubs given to
L. brassolis were eaten, but some had the same shrivelled
appearance as those given to the moth larve.
Moulting.—When the caterpillars are about to cast their skins,
they spin a webbed footing, nearly their whole length, to which they
affix themselves rather firmly; but in many instances the ants,
utilising the web of their grubs, secure them still more firmly to
their position, the web reaching half-way to, or even up to, the
rim. Whether this ant web is added with friendly intent, or
with a view to fasten down a larva to get rid of him if possible,
is a puzzling matter; still I have not met with any dead larve
so fastened. Pupz are occasionally treated in a similar manner,
without the escape of the butterflies being prevented. The
larger larve require three to four days after taking up their
moulting position to crawl out of their old skins, which become
a little darker, and finally split downwards under the front edge,
and right and left along the rim. ‘The old skin retains its shape
above, and being relieved of its occupant, regains its former
colour, so that, viewed casually, it is difficult to believe that it
is an empty shell, as it resembles a real larva so closely.
When the larva is about half grown, the spots so plainly
_ discernible upon young examples become much smaller, but can
always be detected, even upon the pupe. I have only observed
the moulting process in several specimens about one-third grown,
and in a fair number which had attained almost full size.
Change to the pupa.—The larval skin is not cast off, but
changes in shape, and becomes a comparatively strong and outer
N 2
156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
covering. The insect shrinks away from this and becomes de-
tached, so that it can be shaken like an Antherea pupa in its
cocoon, or a nut in the shell. The true pupal skin is very thin
and transparent, and, provided of course the outer shell is
opened, the colour changes of the chrysalis can be observed
plainly. After the larva has taken up its position for the trans-
formation, there is no change for thirty-six hours or so, the first
being a narrowing of the thoracic portion, with an increased
thickness in same. Upon examining the future pupa at this
time underneath, it will be noticed that the shell has closed in
on each side, enveloping the head and legs completely; no
closing in upon the prolegs occurs. For some hours no further
alteration takes place, then the remaining portion of the creature
contracts, accompanied by a considerable rise in the dorsal
surface; the pupal change, so far as can be ascertained from
outside observance, now being complete. However, without in-
creasing the length of these notes, I think I can safely state from
my experience that it is. For several days after, the shell is
liable to split at the outside edge or rim if care in handling same
is not taken, the whole of the top being liable to split and come
off like a lid, and the chrysalis, being particularly delicate and
pulpy, may be killed.
(To be continued.)
ACIDALIA MARGINEPUNCTATA, as.
Tur above figure represents an unusual form of A. margine-
punctata (promutata). My. Lucas has so faithfully delineated the
peculiar marking of this example that it is unnecessary to say
anything beyond stating that the ground colour is grey. The
specimen is one of two, both of the same form, taken in August
last by Mr. J. P. Lawson, of South View, Clevedon, Somersetshire.
They were flying at dusk on a hillside in the neighbourhood.
It may be interesting to add that Mr. Lawson, in reply to an
enquiry respecting the ordinary form, writes :—‘‘ From what I
can gather from other people, typical examples of this species
have never been taken at Clevedon, the nearest locality in which
itis found being Weston-super-Mare, which is some little distance
from here.”
RicHarD Sour.
157
NOTES ON THE GENUS CLUNIO,* Hat.
By A. D. Imuns.
Durine a short period of work last summer, while occu-
pying the University of Birmingham Table at the Biological
Laboratory, Port Erin, I met with some larve of a marine
Chironomid, and have subsequently devoted a considerable time
to working up what literature there exists upon the marine
species of the family. The following notes which I have made
upon the genus Clunio may not be perhaps without some value.
Our only British species is in urgent need of further investi-
gation, and probably, if carefully sought for, will not prove so
rare as our present knowledge of it seems to warrant.
The genus was erected by Haliday in 1855 for a single
species, namely Clunio marinus, the males of which he found on
the shores of Kerry. It is characterised by the presence of a
pair of enormous claspers—a feature which distinguishes it at
once from any other Chironomid. In 1856 he recorded stray
individuals of the species from Dublin Bay; in 1872 some ex-
amples were taken by Dale on the sea-coast at Hastings. From
that time onwards until 1894 no contributions appear to have
been made to Our knowledge of the insect, and Theobald, in his
* Ag far as I have been able to ascertain, the following is a complete
bibliography of the genus Clunio :—
1855. A. H. Hatiay. Nat. Hist. Rev. vol. ii. Proce. p. 54, pl. ii.
1856. ————— Ib., vol. iii. Proce. p. 73.
1856. J. R. Scutner. Ver. Zoo. Bot. Ver. vi. p. 216.
1864. —————_——- _ Fauna Austriaca, Die Fliegen (Diptera). Wien,
vol. ii. pp. 593-4.
1872. C. W. Date. New and Rare British Diptera. Ent. Month. Mag.
xx. p. 214.
1892. E.V.THEopaLp. An Account of British Flies, pp. 195-6. London.
1894. G.H. Carpenter. Clwnio marinus, Haliday,—A Marine Chiro.o-
mid. Ent. Month. Mag. p. 129.
1894. R. Cuevret. Sur un Diptére Marin du genre Clunio, Haliday.
Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gen. pp. 583-98.
1897. H. Gapeau pe Kervinix. Recherches sur les faunes marine et
maritime de la Normandie, 2e Voyage. Bull. Soc. Rouen,
pp. 366-71.
1898. A. Grarp. Sur l’appareil tracheen de Clunio marinus, Haliday.
Compte-rendu Assoc. franc. (Congrés de Saint-Etienne), 17¢ partie,
p. 299.
1898. J. J. Kierrer. Description d’un Diptere sous-marin recueilli aux
Petites-Dalles (Seine-Inférieure). Bull. Ent. Soc. Franc. pp. 105-8.
1900. H.Gaprau pe Kervitie. Description, par M. l’abbé J. J. Kieffer,
dune nouvelle espéce de Diptére marin de la famille des Chiro-
nomidés (Clunio bicolor), et renseignements sur cette espece,
découverte par M. Henri Gadeau de Kerville dans l’anse de Saint-
Martin (cdte septentrionale du département de la Manche) et
trouvée par M. René Chevrel 4 Saint Briac (Ille-et-Vilaine).
Bull. Soc. Rouen, 2 pp.
158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
‘British Flies,’ is unable to supplement the work of Haliday.
Coming to the year 1894, its rediscovery almost simultaneously
by Carpenter (from Killiney Bay, Co. Dublin) and Chevrel (from
the coasts of Calvados; he calls it Clunio syzygialis) filled some
of the blanks in the life-history of the insect. Both these
authors discovered the eggs, the larva, and the female. The
eggs are narrowly spindle-shaped, and are enclosed, like those
of Chironomus, in a gelatinous green tube. The larva is green,
and possesses no ventral blood-gills ; it lives among Cladophora
and other alge in the rock-pools, and is therefore truly marine.
It is worthy of note that blood-gills are similarly wanting in
Chironomus oceanicus, described*by Packard (Prec. Essex Inst.
1868, pp. 41-46) from Salem Harbour, as well as in the larve I
have met with at Port Hrin, and in some of the fresh-water
species. The female may be fairly described as apterous, for
what remains of the wings is reduced to tiny vestigeal appen-
dages; she crawls about over the rocks and weed at low water,
and during pairing the male flies about with her held in a
straight line with his own body by means of his strong claspers.
A full account of the habits of both sexes will be found in
Chevrel’s paper.* I might mention that in Halirytus amphibius,
discovered by Haton in Kerguelen Land, the wings are similarly
vestigeal ; although placed in the Tipulidae, Sharp considers
that it is probably a Chironomid. The degeneration of the .
wings in the female has been described as the result of complete
adaptation to a littoral habitat; for in so tiny and highly fragile
an insect, if wings were present, the chances of being blown out
to sea would be very great, and an appreciable numerical
deterioration of the species would result from the destruction of
the eggs. The mouth-parts are very rudimentary in both sexes,
a feature which distinguishes the imagines from those of other
Chironomids.
Besides marinus, two other species of Clunio have been de-
scribed, namely, C. adriaticus by Schiner, who states that it is
found on the sea-shore among sea products of all kinds, and that
Fraunenfeld found it amongst colonies of Mytilus minimus ; and
C. bicolor by Kieffer from the French coasts.
Chevrel gives a few observations upon the internal anatomy
of the Clunio larva, and Giard has described ‘its tracheal system.
Nothing is known of the anatomy of the imago.
In conclusion, I wish to state that I submitted this short
article to Mr. G. H. Verrall, and I am indebted to his kindness
‘in reading it through, and offering a suggestion upon it.
Zoological Laboratory, University of Birmingham.
* An interesting account is also given by Carpenter in ‘ Knowledge,’
1901, pp. 197-8.
159
THE CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED
GENERA.
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 142.)
In viewing the classifications that have been made of the
Gracilariads, we have seen how they have always been placed
close to the Lyonetiads, and usually more or less mixed up
with them ; in accordance, no doubt, with the fact that there
is probably no very profound difference in any important cha-
racter between them in the imago state. The superficial re-
semblance of Leucoptera (Cemiostoma) to Phyllocnistis is very
close indeed.
I am not prepared to advance any larval characters that
suffice to distinguish the Lyonetiade, but there is a very definite
pupal character that is, I think, both inclusive and exclusive.
This is that the pupa is entirely immobile, and in a special
manner that distinguishes it from other immobile pup, such as
Perittia, Thyris, &c. It has never passed through an ordinary
obtect stage, in which the wings, &c., usually are attached down
to the fourth abdominal segment only. Here the wings, &c., are
attached for their whole length to the abdominal segments. In
Lyonetia the wings and abdominal segments form one mass that
tapers to a point—a point to which the wings, antenne, and
third legs reach, as well as the abdominal extremity. This mass
is not, however, as solid as it looks. As in Pupe Incomplete,
all the appendages separate from each other, and with rather the
facility one finds in Nepticula than with the difficulty that one
meets with, say, in Yortrix. When the appendages are pushed
aside, one inclines to doubt whether they were really at all
adherent to the abdominal segments, and these again are found
to be quite movable. Still, it is tolerably certain that no move-
ment whatever takes place in the living pupa, hardly even on
dehiscence.
In Leucoptera the appendages do not come so far down, and
the pupa itself is comparatively short and dumpy ; still, it agrees
with Lyonetia in essential structure. We have here, then, a
pupa very different indeed from that of Gracilariads. But is it
after all very far off from them, if its probable evolution is con-
sidered ?
If we confine the name Obtect to those pupe that have reached
that character by the same route as, say, Noctuz have, or by
some very similar one, then the Lyonetiads are certainly not
Obtectz. They are a separate modification of the Pupe Incom-
plete. They are consolidated so far that the segments have lost
mobility, but are still very primitive as regards the soldering
160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
together of the different parts, appendages, &c. In this respect
they appear to be lower rather than higher than the Gracilariads.
Gracilaria is a Pupa Incompleta that has reached, as regards
movable segments, the highest point that such a pupa can attain.
Lyonetia has just passed this point, but is otherwise no higher
than Gracilaria, whilst both are, as regards imaginal and other
structures, still rather low amongst Micros above the Tinee.
Hiven pupally, as regards general soldering of appendages, they
are lower than Tortrices, for instance, which in the matter of
movable segments are a stage below them. Further, each in its
own way is different from any other pupa.
Taking all these things into account, it is highly probable that
the pupa of Gracilaria and that of Lyonetia are really not very
far apart. ach has taken one step forward from a similar form,
quite probably a common ancestor; but they have taken it in a
different manner.
It might be asked if they be possibly so near as this, whether
each form of pupa might not have arisen separately perhaps
several times, and whether Cemiostoma might not possibly be
nearer to Phyllocnistis, and Lyonetia to Coriscium, than Lyonetia
to Cemiostoma, and Phyllocnistis to Coriscium. Apart from the
inherent improbability of this, the larval specializations give it a
complete contradiction.
The lateral pseudopods of the larve of Phyllocnistis and of
Cemiostoma, and the curious tail-ending of the pupa of Lyonetia,
and of the larva of Phyllocnistis, show that there is close relation-
ship between the two groups, probably in the facility of develop-
ing such structures rather than in a common inheritance of
them.
Phyllobrostis daphneella is a very interesting species in several
respects to us just here, chiefly in regard to its pupal structure.
This places it outside the Lyonetiadx, but very close indeed to it,
if we accept the explanation of the pupal alliance that possibly
exists between Gracilaria and Lyonetia that I have hazarded,
and, indeed, very strongly enforces the probability of that ex-
planation. At first sight the pupa, though darker in colour, and
looking more solid, is very like that of Cemiostoma. A closer
view, however, shows that it is of a form that I have described as
occurring in Hpermenia (Ent. Trans. 1897), at a time when that
was the only one I knew with this structure, viz. with the free
segments as in Gracilaria, but without the habit of leaving the
puparium for emergence. This might very well be a connecting-
link between Lyonetiade and Gracilaria.
The classifications that have recently been made of these
groups may be taken to be well represented by Meyrick (1895),
Spuler (1898), and Rebel (1901). These seem all to be founded
more or less on characters of neuration, and the variations in the
results are largely due to the personal equation by which each
CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED GENERA. 161
systematist attributes a little more or a little less value to some
slight variations of nervine arrangement.
We may accept the result so far as showing a strong proba-
bility that the Gracilariad and Lyonetiad families are somewhat
related, and that the genera Opostega and Bucculatriz are more
nearly related to them than perhaps any others of the Huropean
fauna.
Meyrick does not divide them into families, and the series of
genera including Lyonetia and Gracilaria reads continuously.
Interpreting this by his phylogenetic table (p. 708) by placing
gaps in the list of genera, it is a little less unnatural than it
looks; but when we go a little further, and find the connecting
link between Lithocolletis and Phyllocnistis is the terribly impos-
sible one of Argyresthia, we feel sure that that table has led
Mr. Meyrick into one of the pitfalls such tables open in all
directions, even for the most wary.
Mr. Meyrick, however, discussed all these genera rather fully
in the ‘Transactions’ of the Sydney Linnean Society in 1881,
with results that are but obscurely shown in his Handbook. He
recognizes, from geographical reasons, that Gracillaria is an
older form than Lithocolletis, and that the two groups are closely
allied from their larve having the same number of ventral pro-
legs, viz. 6, in their post-Gracilarian stage. He does not, how-
ever, mention the Gracilarian trophi. I disagree with him when
he places Phyllocnistis with Cemiostoma, as he does still, and in
separating Bedellia from Lyonetia, and associating it with other
forms that are outside this group.
It is rather outside this paper, but it may be noted that he
then placed Nepticula high in this group, and in the ‘ Handbook’
he places it at the top of the group containing our Gracilarians ;
whilst the wing-structure and the pupal development both show
that it is as low as, or rather lower than, the lowest Adelide
(Tinew Aculeate), though on a different line. Apart from these
points of disagreement, and taking into account that his classi-
fication is based almost entirely on imaginal characters, one
admires the grasp he shows of the generic relationships, and how
closely he approaches the true phylogeny. It must be remem-
bered that, in taking my own results to be more correct than his,
I am accepting his facts and conclusions to a great extent, whilst
modifying them by other series of facts; and that but for the
sound and masterly foundation laid by Meyrick, Chambers,
and Stainton, my own contribution would have been of little
effect.
Spuler and Rebel divide them into families. I am not in
possession of Lord Walsingham’s classification of these genera,
beyond what I have been able to gather from a paper in the
‘Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society for 1897. From this it
appears that he associates together Bedellia, Bucculatrix, and
162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Tischeria. Where he places Phyllocnistis does not appear, but I
rather suspect in Lyonetiade. Lithocolletis he places under
Gracilariane, but does not apparently subdivide it in any way.
Gracilaria, however, is more or less subdivided, and several new
genera are given. ‘This arrangement does not quite accord with
Meyrick’s, which, however, as concerns the Tineides generally,
he approves.
Meyrick, 1895.
Opostega.
Bucculatria.
Oinophila.
Tathocolletis.
Ornix.
Coriscium.
Gracilaria.
Leucoptera (Cemiostoma).
Lyonetia.
Phyllocnistis.
Bedellia.
Tischeria.
Ocnerostoma.
SpuLER, 1898.
VIII. Gractnaripa.
Gracilarine—Gracilaria.
Coriscium.
Orniz.
Lithocolletinsz —Lithocelletis.
Bedellia.
Bucculatriz.
IX. GiNopHILIpA.
(Enophila.
X. CEMIOSTOMIDA.
Cemiostominsze—Cemiostoma.
Phyllocnistine—Phyllocnistis.
XI. Lyonetipm.
Phyllobrostis.
Lyonetia.
Opostega.
Tinea AcULEATA.
Tischerine—Tischeria.
CLASSIFICATION OF GRACILARIA AND ALLIED GENERA. 1638
Reset (STAUDINGER), 1901.
GRACILARIIDE.
Gracilariine—Gracilaria.
Corisciwm.
Ornix.
Lithocolletine—Bedellia.
Lithocolletis.
Palumbine—T'scheria.
LYONETIIDE.
Lyonetiine— Lyonetia.
Phyllobrostis.
Phyllocnistinse—Phyllocnistis.
Cemiostoma.
Bucculatriz.
Opogona.
Opostega.
Of the various other genera associated with the Gracilariads
and Lyonetiads in the several systems we have been considering,
I may say that my knowledge of the early stages does not enable
me to place Oinophila, Opostega, Ocnerostoma, Palumbina, or
Opogona ; but except Palumbina, if there be such a thing, I doubt
whether any of them are Gracilariads.
Tischeria and Bucculatrix, about which I do know something,
happen also to be those that have been most persistently placed
here. Most certainly neither of them are either Gracilariads or
Lyonetiads.
Spuler has so far recognized this, as regards Tischeria,as to
take it right away, and place it in the Tinexw Aculeate, where
also it is certainly out of place.
The pupa of Tischeria has only two fixed segments, though
the third begins to lose freedom at the abdominal base, and is
therefore at a much earlier stage of evolution than our Graci-
lariads, nor is the larva specialized like them. It is not an
Aculeate, as it has no piercing ovipositor, nor has it spiculated
wing-membrane. So far as my knowledge goes, I incline to
place it alone in a family by itself.
Bucculatria: also wants the peculiar juvenile larval trophi, and
the pupa is only a little in advance of that of Tischeria. It has
the two basal segments fixed, and the third is all but fixed.
I should classify these genera as follows :-—
GRACILARIAN COHORT.
I. GractmartaDA.—Larva with ‘‘Gracilarian”’ trophi in first
two or more stages. Pupa Incompleta 1 to 4 abdo-
minal fixed.
164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
1. Gracilariane.—First two larval stages ‘“‘ Gracilarian.”
a. Gracilaria.
b. Corisctum (cuculipennellum).
c. Orniz.
2. Lithocolletinze.—First three or more stages ‘‘ Gracilarian”’
6 or 7 larval instars.
a. Lithocolletis (Kuropean group).
b. Cameraria* (type, guttifinitella).
c. Leucanthiza (ostensackenella, Fitch).
d. Acrocercops (type, brongniardellum).
3. Phyllocnistinee.—Three Gracilarian stages and 1 modified
normal stage (4 larval instars).
a. Phyllocnistis.
II. Puynttoprostipm—Pupa does not leave puparium, but 5 and
6 free, and 7 in & (larva normal ?).
1. Phyllobrostine.
a. Phyllobrostis.
III. Lyonrrrap#.— Pupa immobile, fusion of parts feeble (larva
normal).
1. Leucopterine. — Pupa with appendages shorter than
abdomen.
a. Leucoptera (Cemostoma).
2. Lyonetiane.— Appendages reach end of pupa, weakly
fused.
a. Lyonetia.
3. Bedellianee.—Appendages to end of pupa, rather firmly
fused.
a. Bedellia.
Somewhere else, and at a lower level, but not together—
Bucculatrix.
Tischeria.
Bedellia is pupally very similar to Lyonetia, but has advanced
to a much greater solidity and fixity of parts, sufficiently possibly
to require that it should be placed in a separate subfamily.
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA.—No. 4 (Heteroptera).
By G. W. Kirgappy, F.E.S.
1. ANTILOcHUS coqUEBERTU (Fabr.).—Kanera Valley, India,
4500 ft. (G. C. Dudgeon).
2. DyspERcUS cINGULATUs (Fabr.).—Red form; Kangra Valley,
as above.
8. D. ruricotiis (Linn.).— Curacao (collns. Sceldrayers and
mine).
* “ Of or belonging to Chambers,’’
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA. 165
4. D. superstitiosus (Fabr.). — South Africa; Transkei (G.
C. Barrett). .
5. Nystus rapHanus, W. R. Howard. — 1872, Phillips’s
‘Southern Planter’ (sec. Riley), and 1872, ‘Country Gentle-
man,’ Sept. 15th (sec. Riley), and ‘Canad. Entom.’ iv. p. 409.
ee destructor, Riley, 1873, ‘ Fifth Missouri Report,’ p. 118,
g. 41.
Riley admits (J.¢c. p. 111) that Howard’s description was
published before his own, and that the two names refer to the
same species.
6. Sepaina vinuza (Stal).— Jamaica (C. B. Taylor). The
eround colour of the two'examples I possess is as red as that of
S. maculata (Dallas) from the same island. ‘This species has
not, I believe, been recorded before from Jamaica.
7. MoRMIDEA MONTANDONI, Sp. n.
This handsome little species combines the characters of the typical
subgenus and Melanochila, Stal. It is separated from all the other
described species (except M. lugens (Fabr.)) by the deflexed head and
transversely callose-fasciate pronotum. From M. /Jugens it is dis-
tinguished by the colour of the head and buccule, the general pictura-
tion, and by the pronotal fascia being practically entire.
Bronzy black; tylus, lateral margins of head, anterior and lateral
margins of pronotum, a submedian fascia and the latero-basal margin
of the pronotum, the three sides of the scutellum, two lateral and a
sublateral stripe on corium, elear pale yellow. Connexivum above and
entire ventral surface (including antenne, buccule, and legs) dilute
fusco-testaceous. Abdomen beneath with seven obscure, slightly
darker, longitudinal stripes at subequal distances apart. Membrane
bronzy fumate. Femora and tibie speckled with black, apical half of
third and the fourth segment of antenne black, first and second more
or less blackish. Head anteriorly somewhat deflexed ; rostrum reach-
ing to posterior coxe, first segment to base of head. Antenne short,
fourth segment about three-fifths longer than the third, which is
slightly longer than the second, which is two-thirds longer than the
first. Head, pronotum, scutellum, and elytra (except the subcallose
or subreflexed pallid parts) strongly impresso-punctate (the outer corial
stripe sometimes somewhat sparingly so). Pronotum a little before
the middle with a callose, entire (or almost entire) transverse fascia.
Pronotum antero-laterally obtusely denticulate, lateral angles acumi-
nately spinose. Scutellum not callosely spotted. Pleura sparsely
punctured. Apical angles of abdominal segments acute, somewhat
prominent. Long. 74-84 wmill., lat. (across pronotal spines) 53-
5} mill.
Hab. Ecuapor, Ambato (collns. A. L. Montandon and mine).
I have great pleasure in naming this well-marked species
after my friend Mr. A. L. Montandon, our chief authority on some
branches of the Cimicide.
166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
GELASTASPIS, gen. nov.
Closely allied to Ceratocoris, White, and more especially Libyaspis,
Kirkaldy, but differs from them by the form of the head (at least in
the males).
Roundly convex. The upper surface, the head beneath, and the
laminate parts of the sterna closely but irregularly punctured. Head
* horizontal, tylus small but distinct. Eyes small. Ocelli close to base
of head. Buccule very short, elevated, anteriorly not touching clypeus.
Head (with eyes) narrower than the apical margin of the pronotum ;
antenne inserted a little nearer to the base of the rostrum than to the
eyes. Head strongly callosely tuberculate between insertion of an-
tenn and intero-basal part of head, and also callosely elevated between
the former and the eyes. Apical margin of pronotum widely and
minutely emarginate, briefly truncate in the middle. Pronotum strongly
elevated posteriorly, sinuately impressed in the middle on the anterior
margin, lateral margins rounded. Prosternum strongly and pyro-
foundly depressed between the true sterna and the expanded laminate
parts. Mesosternum laminate laterally. Stink-orifices simple, elon-
gate. Coxe almost contiguous. Spiracles at lateral margins of
abdominal segments, not on connexivum.
3g. Tylus very short, juga meeting in front of the eyes, and pro-
duced somewhat overlappingly, about 33 times (or more) as long as
tylus (to base of head) ; juga not forming a single curve together, the
anterior margin of head being thus angularly emarginate in the
middle. Antennz very short, second segment one-half longer than
the first, which is subequal to the third, fourth one-seventh longer
than third. Distance between an ocellus and the nearest eye about
three times as great as between the ocelli. Fifth abdominal segment
(Verhoefi’s nomenclature) beneath apically acutely emarginate, nearly
touching apex of fourth in the middle; sixth beneath apically rotund-
ately emarginate.
?. ‘Tylus more rounded, and shorter than in the male. From
base of head to apex of tylus, scarcely shorter than the length of the
juga in front of tylus. Hyes sessile. Second segment of antenne
about equal in length to the first. Distance between an ocellus and
the nearest eye about seven-twelfths greater than between the ocelli.
Apical margin of fifth segment of abdomen beneath obtuse-angled
emarginate, sixth rotundately emarginate.
8. G. BROWNI, sp. nov.
Above flavescent or flavo-testaceous, irregularly speckled, blotched,
and marmorate with blackish brown. Beneath black; the laminate
parts flavescent, variegated as above. Antenne, rostrum, legs, &c.,
pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen beneath laterally more or less pallid
in wedges. First segment of-rostrum reaching to the middle of the
prosternum, second to middle of mesosternum, third to middle of meta-
sternum, fourth reaching beyond posterior coxe. Long. g 13-134
mill.; @ 12 mill., lat. 94 mill,
Hab. Britis Cenrrau Arrica, Mlanji, Thornwood Estate
(Henry Brown). On coffee, in company with Antestia lineati-
TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 167
collis Stal (— Aegaleus bechuana, Kirk.), Libyaspis wahlbergit
(Stal), &c. Of the last named, there is at present only a single
mangled male, without scutellum ; but I think the identification
is correct.
I have great pleasure in naming this species after its dis-
coverer, Mr. Henry Brown. ‘The difference of head-structure in
the sexes will separate the genus from Libyaspis, the only genus
with which it can be confused. In G. browni, the length of the
antennal segments, and of the head, &c., vary slightly; while
the amount of dark blotching is much less in one male than in
the other.
9. AmorGIus corporaNus (Mayr, 1852, larva), (= niloticum,
Stal, 1854).—Kangra Valley, 4500 ft. (G. C. Dudgeon). Oblig-
ingly determined as niloticum by Mr. A. L. Montandon.
10. My friend Mr. E. P. van Duzee considers (in litt.) that I
have fallen into error in placing Liburnia as a synonym of
Embolophpora (Entom. 1901, p. 340). On looking again into the
matter, I quite agree with him that Embolophpora, 1858, is not
synonymous with Liburnia as understood by later authors. The
five species included in Liburnia by him in 1866 (Hem. Afric. iv.
pp. 179-81), however, belong to at least three genera, and no type
is stated.
A LIST OF TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSE
BETWEEN 1885 AND 1901.
By A. THuURNALL.
(Continued from p. 134.)
Roxana arcuana, L.—This beautiful insect usually occurs pretty
freely wherever oak and bracken are growing together. I have still
to learn how, where, and when the larva feeds, and upon which of
these two very distantly related plants !
Kuchromia purpurana, Haw.—Local, but occurs in several places,
usually preferring rough uncultivated ground; not often in good con-
dition when captured. Larva on roots of dandelion and other allied
composites in May. Warley, Thames Haven (sea wall), Upminster,
&c. My darkest and largest specimens came from Wicken.
Orthotenia striana, Schiff.—Generally common in similar localities
to the last; I have met with it in all the localities where I have col-
lected. Larva feeds in the ‘‘crown”’ of the dandelion and other
composites. The female is not so readily obtained, and is very
much smaller.
O. (2) branderiana, L.—I have taken this in three localities: Wan-
stead (but not for some years), Ongar Park Woods, and in the
neighbourhood of Colchester amongst aspen.
O. ericetana.—This species surely ought to be found, but I am
obliged to confess that I have never seen a specimen alive either in
Kssex or any other county !
168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Eriopsela fractifasciana, Haw.—Rare and local; two or three speci-
mens were taken by me some years ago in an open space in Kpping
Forest, somewhat to my surprise. I have bred it in May from larve
taken at Box Hill the previous autumn, feeding underneath the radical
leaves of Scabiosa colwmbaria.
Phtheochroa rugosana, St.—Not uncommon, flying at dusk in early
June along hedgerows, and generally worn. The larva is more com-
monly met with in July and August, feeding in the fruit and shoots
of Bryonia dioica. This insect should be killed at once, as it is usually
very restless when boxed.
Cnephasia musculana, Hb.—Common generally; may be beaten,
usually rather freely, in May from whitethorn and birch shrubs.
Sciaphila nubilana, Hb.—Often in swarms, the males only, round
whitethorn and blackthorn (upon which the larva feeds in May). A
species which soon gets worn, and is best bred, thereby ensuring a
good set of females, which are not free fliers.
S. conspersana, Doug].—Local, but occurs in a few localities on the
coast; I have not met with it inland. Near St. Osyth, near Bright-
lingsea, and about fifteen years ago near Southend, on ground now
covered with buildings, I believe.
S. subjectana, St.—Swarming almost everywhere; an old wooden
fence skirting a dry meadow often finds a resting place for hundreds
of this variable little moth.
S. virgaureana, Tr.—Common, but not nearly so much so as the
last species; although commonly found with it at rest on fences, I
have quite as often beaten it from oaks, &c.; the shelter afforded by
trees seems to be more acceptable to this insect than to subjectana.
S. pascuana, Hb.—Distributed, but much more uncommon than
the last species. I have found it on fences in the Lea valley, and
bred it from larve found at Stanford-le-Hope in spun-together tops of
milfoil. A very curious form of this insect occurs only in the salt
marshes; pale yellowish, or straw colour, would roughly describe it.
I have bred this from a folded leaf of Aster tripolium.
S. chrysantheana, Dup.—Not common, but has occurred in many
places. Near Upminster, Harold Wood, Warley, Leyton Marshes,
may be mentioned. I found this larva on two occasions—the first
week in June, 1890, and 1891, at Harold Wood, feeding on the leaves
of Tussilago farfara, in some cases turning down a lobe of the leaf,
and in others puckering the leaf by partly drawing two portions
together with silk. Of course, I expected some common Pyrale to
appear, possibly lwtealis, and I was greatly surprised when this insect
came out. About eight were bred.
S. sinwana, St.—Loeal, as, indeed, it seems to be everywhere. I
have only taken it near Brentwood; a single male at rest on an oak,
but a fair number of larve taken on what I expect is its only food-
plant—viz. the spun-together flower-heads of the wild hyacinth (Scilla
nutans). Hleven were bred this summer, and thirteen last year (1900).
Some of the females are very fine.
S. (2) hybridana, Hb.—Fairly common; frequently found amongst
elm bushes and blackthorns, on one or both of which I expect the
larva feeds, but many hours have been spent in vain looking for it!
I once bred a single specimen from a pupa spun up in a composite
TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 169
flower, but I am inclined to think that the larva had merely gone
there to pupate.
S. ictericana, Haw.—Very common throughout, often a nuisance
when collecting at dusk. The larva is polyphagous. Lychnis, Senecio
(three species), and Aster tripolium may be mentioned as common
food-plants.
Capua favillaceana, Hb.—A true wood insect, common in many
places; Epping Forest, Brentwood and Warley, Ingatestone, Upmin-
ster, &c. Ihave never met with the larva, but should imagine oak or
hornbeam to be likely foods.
Bactra lanceolana, Hb.—Common in boggy places throughout, and
in great variety. The larva may be found well on in May, feeding
and afterwards pupating in the stems of Juncus conglomeratus.
B. furfurana, Haw.—Excessively local. I have only met with it
in the marshes bordering the River Lea near Lea Bridge. Early in
June it may be disturbed from its food-plant, H/eocharis palustris, in
the stems of which it feeds and pupates. Its habits in all stages are
exactly similar to lanceolana. I bred this species—for the first time
in England, I believe—in 1894.
Phoxopteryx siculana, Hb.—Rare and local. One or two worn
specimens beaten from Rhamnus near Brentwood. Mr. Harwood
takes it more freely near Colchester, I believe.
P. uncana.—Pretty generally amongst ling and birch shrubs.
Loughton, Epping, Warley, and several other heathy places.
P. myrtillana.—Hardly an insect one would expect to find in
South Essex. Nevertheless I took a fine male at Temple Mills, near
Stratford, near the railway sidings (June 22nd, 1890). I fancy it
must have been conveyed from Yorkshire by one of the numerous
goods-trains which run between Doncaster and London on the Great
HKastern Railway.
P. lundana, Fb.—Not very common, but widely distributed. Double
brooded. I have taken it near Stanford, Harold Wood railway bank,
Loughton (rarely), Upminster, «ec.
P. mitterpacheriana, Schiff.—-Common generally amongst oak and
beech, in the folded leaves of which trees the larva feeds in the
autumn, pupating therein in the spring. A very beautiful species
when fresh from the pupa.
P. upupana, H.§.—Searce and local. Near Loughton, Warley,
and near Ingatestone, always among birch shrubs, the food-plant of
the larva.
P. lactana, Fb.—Another local species. I have found it not rarely
in woods near Warley and Childerditch, also in Ongar Park Woods
among aspens.
Grapholitha paykulliana, D. L.—Common amongst birch, the larva
feeding in the catkins in the spring.
G. nisella, Clerck.—Fairly common, and very variable; on aspen
trunks only (I have never found it on sallow). The named vars. all
occur. Wanstead, near Loughton, Ongar, &c.
(To be continued.)
ENTOM.—%JUNE, 1902. o
170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Tae Nationat Coutection or British Lepmoprera.—As this col-
lection in the Natural History Museum at South Kensington is now
being rearranged, revised, and augmented, a convenient opportunity is
afforded for making it what we all wish it to be, that is, thoroughly
representative of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands.
One very important improvement would be the addition, in as much
detail as possible, of the early stages of each species. It is hardly to
be hoped, however, that this desirable end could be attained in any
way approaching completeness without the assistance of the entomo-
logical public. We therefore venture to ask our readers to help the
Museum to effect this useful work by contributing whatever material,
either living or preserved, that they may have to spare. There are
already larvee and pupz of a few species in the collection, but all the
examples are not good, so that gifts of ova, larve and pups of any
species would be acceptable. Lists of presentations, with names of
donors, will be published in this Journal each month.
HE=PIALUS HUMULI VAR. THULENSIS, Newman.— In these days of
priority names, why should not justice be done to the distinguished
first editor of the ‘Entomologist’? Mr. Newman first named the
Shetland form of H. hwmuli (Hntom. i. 162), and his name was
accepted by Mr. Crotch in the same vol. p. 176. I often wonder why
Mr. Jenner Weir, in the ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xiii. p. 250 (plate of
H. humulti vars.), adopted the name hethlandica, Stgr., 1871, in pre-
ference to thuliensis, Newman, 1865.—C. W. Date; Glanvilles Wootton.
May 5th, 1902.
[See also Entom. xxvi. 100; and Staud. Cat. (8), i. 410.—Hp.]
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
New Forest Norrs (1902).—The last week in April this year was
spent in the New Forest. We were favoured with wonderfully fine
weather on the whole, but, though fine, a strong east wind prevailed,
which was very bad for collecting. Treacle was tried on two occasions,
but, except for a very few Cerastis vaccinii, and a large army of beetles
and earwigs, nothing was attracted. Blackthorn blossom, of which
there was plenty, was a trifle better, but very little. A few each of
C. vaccinti, Taniocampa cruda (worn), T’. stabilis (worn), and T’. gothica
(in fine condition) were observed at the blossom, with single examples
of Trachea piniperda, Xylina socia, Scopelosoma satellitia, Anticlea ba-
diata, A. nigrofasciaria (derivata), and Hybernia marginaria (worn).
Hupithecia abbreviata common., On the wing the following additions
were made:—Pachnobia rubricosa (one, in good condition), Ligdia
adustata (one), Selenia illunaria (three males), S. tetralunaria (one male,
unfortunately badly damaged), and Anticlea nigrofasciaria (one).
Day-work was none too good either. Butterflies were in fair
numbers, especially the hybernated species. Gonepterya rhamni was
much in evidence, both sexes being well represented. Vanessa poly-
chloros, common. VJ. io, five examples seen, the two specimens netted
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. ThL
being in wonderfully good condition. V. urtice, afew. Of the spring
butterflies, Pararge egeria was the commonest, but though so freshly
emerged, a good number had the wings torn. Pieris rape occurred
sparingly, as did Cyaniris (Lycena) argiolus, and Mr. Lucas took
Syrichthus malve.
By far the most interesting moth was Boarmia cinctaria, and the
nice series obtained made up for any disappointment in other respects,
It was certainly no easy work to get B. cinctaria, but three visits to
Holmsley rewarded us with about three dozen specimens. Why this
moth refuses to rest on the trees when they grow closely together is
incomprehensible to me, but this certainly seems to be the case, for
most of the examples taken were on the medium-sized stunted Scotch
firs in the most boggy parts of the heath. On one occasion four moths
were found on one tree, and this after more than an hour’s searching
without finding one. The darker-coloured moths seem to be the best
protected, the light ones being frequently discernible at a considerable
distance. About three-fourths of the moths taken were males. Some
of the females were kept in chip-boxes, and deposited their eggs
beneath the rough wood of the box, or between the rim of the lid and
the outside of the box. In a natural state one would suppose that the
ova are deposited in the crevices of the bark of the fir-trunks. Has it
been observed whether they are deposited thus or on the food-plant ?
Besides the Holmsley specimens, two males were taken not far from
Denny Lodge, one from a birch trunk.
Two examples of a Tephrosia, which I suppose would be T. ere-
puscularia, were taken from fir trunks. Hmaturga atomaria and Bupalus
piniaria were just coming out, and Bapta taminata (bimaculata) and
Panagra petraria were taken singly, whilst a few fine examples of Anticlea
nigrofasciaria were also obtained. Five species of Hupithecia were
noted. ‘T'wo nice specimens of the pretty and local H. wriguata were
the best. E. abbreviata was common almost everywhere. KH. pumilata
was also fairly common, whilst /. coronata and EH. nanata were each
singly represented, the former being taken in the ‘ Rose and Crown’
bus. Xylina socia was taken from a post. Xylocampa lithoriza was in
fair numbers, but poor condition.
Turning to the larve, my father worked pretty hard with the
beating-stick, and met with a fair amount of success, the following
being obtained :—Gnophria quadra (two, very small), Nola strigula
(one), N. cucullatella, Halias bicolorana (two), Bombyx quercus (one),
Porthesia similis, Miselia oxyacanthe (the commonest larva), Catocala
sponsa (one), Triphena fimbria(?), Metrocampa margaritaria, Ellopia
fasciaria (prosapiaria), Thera variata, T’. firmata(?), Oporabia dilutata,
Rumia crategata, Scodiona belgiaria (2), Cleora lichenaria (about two
dozen, some nearly full-grown). On the last morning a long search
for the larva of Limenitis sibylla was well rewarded, as we took twenty-
nine between us. The small brown larva was discovered on the
brown stick of the honeysuckle just below the green shoot, generally
rather low down in the bush in sheltered positions. Mr. Lucas found
two on the green leaves, where they are fairly conspicuous, but on the
brown stick they were splendidly protected.
It was rather early for dragonflies, but three female Pyrrhosoma
nymphula were observed, and also a quite freshly emerged Libellula
172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
depressa, resting on a grass-stem with the old nymph-case just below it.
The nymphs of this species were in some numbers in the same pond,
A few Coleoptera were taken at odd moments, and Mr. 8. W. Kemp
kindly sent me the following list of species obtained :— Pterostichus
striola (F.), Dromius quadrimaculatus (.), Deronectes depressus (F.),
Staphylinus cesareus (Cever.), found under stones and turf, Anatis
ocellata (Li.), Coccinella septempunctata (.), Byrrhus pilula (Li.), Rhagium
bifasciatum (EF .), Helops striatus (Fourc.), Scyninus suturalis (Thunb.),
Flylobius abietis (i.), Rhynchites @neo-irreus (Marsh.), Rh. pausillus
(Germ.), Apion miniatum (Germ.), Balaninus villosus (F'.), and Geotrupes
typheus (L.).
Cicindela campestris was seen commonly on the heaths, flying and
running in the sunshine. Two species of Hemiptera also sent to
Mr. Kemp were identified by him as Podisus luwridus and Acanthosoma
griseum.—F. M.B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, 8.E., May 6th, 1902.
SpHinx conyonvur 1n 1901.—In the ‘ Entomologist’ for August,
1901, I recorded that Mr. Pestell, of Elstow, near Bedford, captured
four specimens of S. convolvuli at honeysuckle on June 380th and
July 2nd, 10th, and 11th. Mr. Pestell received from field-labourers
two larve of S. convolvult on August 16th, which pupated on August
22nd; one on August 28th, which pupated on September 2nd; two
larvee on September 7th, which pupated on 12th; one on September
14th, which pupated on the 16th. All these larvee were found feeding
on the scarlet runner, or french-bean. On October 4th he received a
pupa which was found in a potato patch. These pupe all failed to
emerge, and are now dead. It appears to me to be probable that the
specimens caught at midsummer were hybernated, and that these laid
the eggs which produced the larve found in August and September.—
W. Girrorp Nasu; Bedford.
SPHINX CONVoLVULI oN Dartmoor 1n 1901.—At Yelverton, South
Devon, at an elevation of about 800 feet, on the edge of Dartmoor, I
captured, at tobacco flowers, two specimens of S. convolvuli on August
20th, two on 25th, one on 26th, and one on 28th. Many specimens
were seen by others after I left the neighbourhood on August 31st. —
W. Girrorp Nasu; Bedford.
NoropontTa CARMELITA In SourH oF Scornanp.—I was greatly sur-
prised to find on April 19th last that a female specimen of N. carmelita
had emerged in one of my breeding pots, which contained pupe from
larvee collected in this locality during the last week in July and first
week in August, 1901. The larve were collected from birch and
black poplar. I knew that I had dictea, dict@oides, dromedarius, and
ziczac among those larvee, but never suspected that I had carmelita.—
J.C. Haceart; Galashiels, N.B., May 8rd, 1902.
Prusta Moneta Larva at Farnzporoucu (Kent) anp NeiGHBournoop.
—lLast season I had the good fortune to capture some imagines of this
species at Bromley Common (ante, Hntom. July, 1901). There is a
considerable quantity of its food-plant in the neighbourhood (Aconitum
and Delphinium), so this year I resolved to look for the larve. A
diligent search (mostly on private ground) resulted in the capture of
a good number, spun up in bunches of terminal leaves, undergoing
SOCIETIES. 173
their last moult. A friend of mine has also found two in his garden
at Tooting, S.W.—A. J. Lawrance; 65, Malyon Road, Ladywell,
8.E., May 19th, 1902.
Larv&% 1x Durwam.—This year has been one of the most successful
years for larve I have had. We have taken within a very few miles
of Newcastle-on-Tyne about fifty larvee of Triphana jfimbria, one hundred
of Argynnis euphrosyne, eighty of Eupithecia tenuiata, and one of A.
selene. These figures are rather remarkable, for the local records say
that 4. euphrosyne is disappearing from this district, and similarly with
A. selene. We obtained larve of the two Argynnids mentioned in about
two hours, for we only sought one day.—J. W. Harrison; 1, Craig
Street, Birtley, R.S.O., Durham, May 19th, 1902.
SOCIETIES.
Enromotocican Society or Lonpon.—April 16th, 1902.—The Rey.
Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., President, in the chair, — Mr.
James Roland Charnley, of Howick House, Howick, near Preston,
Lancashire; and Mr. A. T. Gillanders, of Park Cottage, Alnwick,
were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. O. HE. Janson exhibited
specimens of both sexes of Ornithoptera victoria, from Ysabel, Solomon
Islands, recently taken by Mr. Albert Meek; and remarked on the
variation in the colour and markings in the males.—Mr. H. W.
Shepheard-Walwyn exhibited variations of Euchelia jacobee taken by
him at Winchester in July, 1889.—Mr. Willoughby Gardner exhibited
Celioxys mandibularis, Nyl., from the Cheshire coast, a species new to
Britain ; and Osmia wanthomelana, male and female, and Osmia parie-
tina, Curt., male and female, from North Wales. — Mr. A. J. Chitty
exhibited a specimen of dglais urtice taken at sallow on March 28th,
having a large portion of the hind wings cut off, so that when folded
they were symmetrical in outline. From their appearance he con-
cluded they had been bitten off by some animal, probably during
hybernation.—Dr. T. A. Chapman called attention to the remarkable
bilateral asymmetry in the male appendages of the Hemarid Sphinx,
Cephonodus hylas, Linn. He said that bilateral asymmetry in insects
was sufficiently rare to make it always notable. In the male apo-
physes of Lepidoptera he had only been able to find records in the
case of the Hesperid genus Thanaos, to which Scudder and Burgess
first called attention—though it seems highly probable that the facts
can hardly have been unobserved in so common a species as C. hylas.
In hylas the right clasp is larger, rounded, but very imperfectly articu-
lated to the base, so as to be capable of very little movement, other-
wise, and compared with other Hemarid genitalia, one would call this
the normal clasp. The left clasp looks at first as though it had been
the same as the right, but had met with some accident that had
removed a large terminal disc, leaving two lateral cusps. It is shorter
than the right as about three to five, and the arrangement of bristles
and spines is quite different to that on the right, if it is indeed possible
to compare these very different forms. It is much more movable
than the right clasp. The arrangement suggests that it is intended to
174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
facilitate a lateral, instead of a medial approach in the capture of the
female. The upper appendage or tegument is also twisted, so as no
doubt to correspond with the obliqueness of the whole appendage, as
most definitely seen in the clasps. Dr. Chapman also exhibited speci-
mens removed from the insect, and also of the several parts, as well
as a vrough sketch of the clasps and tegumen.—Mr. C. P. Pickett ex-
hibited Hybernia leucophearia taken during March at Chingford, High-
gate, and Finchley, including the ordinary mottled, the black and
white banded, and six very deep chocolate-coloured forms, one uni-
colorous. He also showed series of Phigalia pedaria, Anisopteryx e@scu-
laria, and Nyssia hispidaria, from the North Metropolitan district.—
Mr. H. J. Turner, on behalf of Mr. W. West, of Greenwich, exhibited
specimens, males and females of Stictocoris flaveola, Bohm., a species
new to the British fauna, found amongst long grass in damp places at
Lee, Kidbrook, and Shooter’s Hill. He also exhibited several speci-
mens of Typhlocyba candidula, Kir., a species first discovered by Mr.
West at Lewisham and Blackheath on Populus alba, and remarked
that it was interesting to find two quite new species occurring in the
district so well worked by Douglas and others in years past.—Dr. D.
Sharp, F.R.S., communicated a paper by Miss Alice L. Embleton,
B.Sce., entitled “‘On the EKeonomic Importance of the Parasites of
Coccidex.’’—Colonel Charles Swinhoe, M.A., F.U.8., read a paper
entitled ‘‘ Kastern and Australian Drepanulide, Epiplemide, Micro-
niide, and Geometride in the British Museum Collection.” Mr.
William F. Kirby, F.L.8., contributed a paper entitled ‘‘ Additional
Notes on Mr. Distant’s Collection of African Locustidee.’”-—H. Rownanp-
Brown, Hon. Sec.
Sourn Lonpon Entomonocican anp Naturat History Society. —
March 27th, 1902.—Mr. F. Noad Clark, President, in the chair.—Mr.
Stanley Edwards exhibited (1) very fine specimens of Ornithoptera,
O. bormanni, O. naias, and O. criton, from the Malay Peninsula, and a
male of the rare O. plateni, from New Guinea; also a large collection of
Hemiptera-Heteroptera from all parts of the world, comprising seven-
teen genera and eighty-five species.
April 10th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Main exhibited a
twig of hawthorn from the New Forest, having a large batch of ova of
Eriogaster lanestris, and remarked on the curious spiral arrangement
of the eggs.—The Rev. F. P. Perry, a large number of specimens col-
lected during a short residence in South Africa, including a large and
conspicuous ant-lion, several species of cockroach, clusters of Mantis
eges from the gum-trees, numerous species of Coleoptera—especially
Longicorns—and a very large species of the Hemiptera. He specially
pointed out a large beetle which had powerful stridulatory organs at
the back of the pronotum.—Mr. Moore, some ten species of exotic
Blattodea, including Blabera gigantea.—Mr. Kemp, a macropterous
example of Hydrometra stagnorum from Mitcham.—Mr. Hewitt and
Mr. Nottle, long bred series of Nyssia hispidaria and Amphidasys
strataria, both from Epping Forest parents; and a number of Phigalia
pedaria from West Wickham.—Mr. Edwards, a collection of Hemiptera-
Heteroptera mainly from South America, and a number of species of
the genus Charawes, including several fine examples of C. jasius.—Mr.
SOCIETIES. 175
Lucas, specimens of Hriocranta subpurpurella, which he stated was now
common at Oxshott on fences.—Mr. Clark, microscopic slides showing
details of structure of Coriaa striata, Orgyia antiqua, &¢.—Dy. Chap-
man, specimens of Reslerstammia eravlebella bred from larve beaten by
Mr. F. M. B. Carr at Oxshott on birch; he also gave notes on its
habits and occurrence, and made remarks on the spelling of its specific
name.—Mr. South, a curious banded form of Acidalia marginepunctata,
from the hills round Clevedon, and a large number of species of British
and Eastern Asian Lepidoptera, the latter to illustrate his paper en-
titled ‘Some British species of Lepidoptera and their Geographical
Distribution.’’—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
Birmineuam Ewnromonoeican Society. — April 21st. — Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker, Vice-President, in the chair.—Mr. R. C. Bradley showed
the following species of Aculeate Hymenoptera from Wyre Forest :—
Pompilus cinctellus, Agenia hircana, Pseudagenia punctum, and Stelis
aterrima, all being new to the district.—Mr. C. J. Wainwright, a small
collection of Diptera made by Dr. T. A. Chapman in Spain last year,
chiefly in the Sierra Albarracin. Amongst the most interesting were
Volucella elegans (originally described from Spain), Physocephala chrysor-
rhea, Anthraw velutina, Systechus leucopheus, Holopogon clavipes, Cyrtus
gibbus, and a series of a species of Tachinid of the Plagia group, which had
been bred from Albarracina korbi, and appears to be quite new and very
distinct.—Mr. W. H. Flint, a long series of Brephos notha, taken in
the Forest of Dean last Easter Tuesday. The species was quite
common, flying chiefly round the aspens, and he noticed that they did
not appear to come to sallow blossom at all as B. parthenias does.—
Mr. Bethune-Baker, a number of Lycenide from South Africa, of
unusual colours and patterns for the family.—Mr. W. H. Flint gave an
account of the wings of Lepidoptera, their structure, development, &c.
Correctrion.—The Apamea testacea mentioned in last report (ante,
p. 150) were from Moseley, and not from Wyre Forest as there stated
in error.—Coxsran J. Wainwricut, Hon. Sec.
LancasuireE AND CHEsHireE Entomotocican Society. — The usual
monthly meeting was held on April 14th, in the Royal Institution. Dr.
J. W. Ellis, F.E.S., occupied the chair.—The following gentlemen
were elected members of the Society :—Mr. Hy. Champ (Manchester),
Mr. Benjamin Jones (Levenshulme), Mr. W. Raeper (Levenshulme),
and Mr. J. T. Wardley (Knotty Ash). Mr. R. Wilding proposed that the
evening meetings be adjourned until October next; Mr. Webster
seconded, and it was carried.—Mr. Wilding further proposed that a
field meeting be held in the summer, the arrangements to be made by
the secretaries; Mr. Pierce seconded, and it was carried unanimously.
Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., read a paper on the British Pulicidee, which
was communicated by Mr. G. C. Bignell, F.E.S., and was well illus-
trated by the micro-lantern.—The following exhibits were examined :—
A small collection of Coccidee, by Mr. R. Newstead; micro-slides of
Pulicide, by Mr. Pierce; Biston hirtaria, by Mr. W. A. Tyerman;
Coleoptera from Mossley Hill, by Mr. G. A. Dunlop; Coleoptera, in-
cluding species new to the district, by Mr. Wilding ; and Cymatophora
flavicornis mounted in the natural position on a branch of the food-
plant (Betula alba), by Mr. Fred. Birch.—F rep. Biron, Joint Hon. Sec.
176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
RECENT LITERATURE.
H. Kouse, ‘‘ Gartenfeinde und Gartenfreunde, die fiir den Gartenbau
schiidlichen und niitzlichen Lebewesen.’’ Gartenbau Bibliotek,
Band 84-36; pp. 1-820, and 76 text figures. Karl Siegismund,
Berlin (preface dated June, 1901).
Tuis useful little book may be compared best, perhaps, with Dr.
John B. Smith’s ‘ Keconomic Entomology’ (1896). The arrangement,
however, is quite different, the present work discussing the pests under
the heading of their food-plants, instead of in systematic order.
After an introduction upon the structure of the insect frame, and
an account of the principal economic orders and families, with analy-
tical tables for their further identification, preventive measures and
remedies are briefly discussed. The more important plants are next
considered, with an account under each of their various pests, viz.
divers fruit-trees, strawberries, vegetables, and ornamental shrubs; a
considerable amount of otherwise scattered information is here gathered
together. The second part deals with the gardener’s friends—beasts,
birds, ichneumon-flies and others.
The author’s name is a guarantee of the accuracy of the entomo-
logy, while the illustrations, most of which are from the pencil of
Dr. Rubsaamen, are clear and well-selected. The book is plainly but
substantially ‘got up,” and the printing (which is in the German
character) is wonderfully clear. G. W. K.
A. D. Micuart, ‘ British Tyroglyphide,’’ vol. i. pp. v and 291;
19 partly coloured plates (Ray Society, 1901).
A companion volume to the author’s ‘‘ Oribatide,”’ and deals with
the Acari of which the ‘‘ Cheesemites”’ are the type.
This first volume contains a history of the literature; criticism on
recent classifications of the Acarina; followed by detailed accounts of
the anatomy and development, and a systematic account of a portion of
the family. In the forthcoming second volume we are promised the con-
tinuation of the systematic account and a bibliography of the literature.
Although so minute—one thirtieth of an inch being the length of
a very large species—the Tyroglyphide are of considerable importance.
The number of known species is very few, some fifty being recognized,
and these mostly very widely distributed ; yet many of them ‘‘ swarm
in such countless myriads ... that the mind shrinks from any
attempt to estimate their numbers, even in a small space.’’ They are
enormously destructive to cheese, flour, hay, and druggists’ stores;
sound healthy bulbs as well as rotten ones, and dried fruits, attest their
ravaging powers. Biologically, however, the Tyroglyphide are spe-
cially remarkable for the possession of a ‘‘ Hypopus-stage.” The
‘“« Hypopt”’ are heteromorphous—comparatively rarely occurring—
nymphs (of both sexes) which are not true parasites, but only attach
themselves to any suitable moving creature for purposes of transit.
This Hypopus-stage was for long an enigma, but was elucidated by the
author in 1885, and is now fully discussed in the sixth chapter. We
must not omit mention of the nineteen plates containing 241 beautiful
drawings by the author, of which forty-five are coloured. They are
beyond all praise. (ema 1470)
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Pe XV. JULY, 1902. [No. 470.
ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF MEXICO (BEES AND
COCCID A).
By T. D. A. CockEreEtu.
Pror. C, H. T. Townsrnp has this year been exploring parts
of the State of Chihuahua, and has brought to light the following
forms, new to the Mexican fauna.
APOIDEA.
Melissodes tristis malvina, n. subsp.— d Similar to M.
tristis, but smaller (length about 84 mm.); eyes dark brown
(pale g greenish or sreyish in ¢ristis); antenne with the flagellum
dark reddish beneath (bright ferruginous in tristis) ; nervures of
wings mostly piceous (ferruginous in tristis); pygidial plate
narrower; otherwise as in ¢ristis. The clypeus, labrum, and
mandibles are black, as in tristis.
Hab. Cerro Chilicote, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, at mouth
of cation on south side, March 22nd, 1902, at flowers of a species
of Malvacez, apparently one of the purple species of Sidalcea.
Collected by C. H. T. Townsend.
The following table separates the males of Melissodes in
which the clypeus is black :—
Antenne reaching far beyond thorax . : : : . il
Antenne not reaching beyond thorax . ; : 3.
1. Mesothorax with much black hair. (Calif.) . personatella, rae E
Mesothorax without black hair
2. Larger, length about 10 mm. pew Mexico) . : tristis, cull
Smaller, length about 84 mm.; differing also as described
above 2 : . malvina, Ckll.
3. Antenne scarcely reaching to ‘scuteilum ; abdomen with-
out bands. (Texas) . itntorta, Cr.
Antenne reaching to metathorax ; abdomen banded k 4,
4, Antenne black, mandibles without a yellow spot. (Oaxaca,
Mexico) . . assimilis, Sm.
Flagellum bright ferruginous “peneath, mandibles with a
large yellow spot. (Sta. Fé, New Mexico) = spheralcea, Ckll.
ENTOM.—JULY, 1902. P
178 THE ENTOMOLOGISY.
Agapostemon texanus, Cresson.— 2. Bluer than usual. Cerro
Chilicote, April 3rd, on flowers of some species of Composit
(Townsend). Although this species is now first recorded from
Mexico, its occurrence in the State of Chihuahua could have
been predicted with certainty, as it is very common in the
adjacent parts of the United States.
Coccip”.
Tachardia cornuta, Ckll.—Cerro Chilicote, at mouth of caiion
on south side, March 22nd, on a bushy composite plant called
Salvilla by the Mexicans (Townsend). The specimens are more
irregular than the original types. This makes the sixth lac-
insect from Mexico.
Lecaniodiaspis rufescens (Ckll.).—Cerro del Chile, east base in
Arroyos, on green spiny shrub, March 26th, 1902 (Townsend).
Hulecanium robinie (Townsend).—Cerro Chilicote, April 10th,
on ash (?) and Ehus (?). Collected by Townsend. ‘This is a
shiny dark ferruginous convex scale; rugose, more or less pitted,
and covered with a waxy secretion at the sides. Length 6,
breadth 4, height 8} to 4mm. I have been doubtful whether to
regard it as veritable robinie, and conclude for the present, to
designate it as a new variety—subsimile—agreeing with robinie
in the general form and appearance of the scale, the character
of the skin and the dimensions of the legs, but differing in having
the antenne 8-jointed (7-jointed in robinie) and the eggs white
(pink in robinte). The antenne and legs of subsimile measure as
follows in p :—
Antennal joints: (1) 380-86, (2) 30-86, (8) 45-48, (4) 44-48,
(5) 18-20, (6) 20-21, (7) 18, (8) 28-80.
Legs: femur and trochanter, 1385-188; tibia, 96-102; tarsus,
66-75.
The scale is narrower and more shiny than specimens referred
to EH. robinie, which I iately collected at Tempe, Arizona, on
osage-orange. The Tempe insect has the antenne 7-jointed,
measuring as follows:—(1) 88, (2) 30-86, (8) 42, (4) 383-42,
(5) 18, (6) 15-16, (7) 30-88.
It seems that H. robinie and its varieties (or closely allied
species ?) are almost certainly natives of the south-west, and are
not identical with H. robincarum (Douglas), as has been supposed.
The exact classification of these forms is a matter of difficulty ;
we need more material from different plants and localities, and
a knowledge of the early stages and males.
East Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.S.A.
April 17th, 1902.
Leys
ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENO-
PTERA (ICHNEUMONIDA, CHRYSIDIDA, FOSSORES,
AND APIDA).
By P. Cameron.
ICHNEUMONIDA.
(Continued from p. 111.)
HaBrosoppa, gen. nov.
Antenne dilated and compressed beyond the middle; the apex
attenuated. Eyes small, reaching to the middle of the face, the malar
space being large; they are parallel on the inner side. Occiput mar-
gined. Clypeus not separated from the face by a suture. Labrum
hidden. Mandibles with two equal teeth on the apex. Mesonotum
reticulated, without furrows. Scutellum stoutly keeled laterally ; its
apex incised. Median segment reticulated; the basal and central
arez only are defined; the spiracles linear. Areolet much narrowed
at the top; the transverse cubital nervures almost meeting there ; it
is angled below, and receives the recurrent nervure near the middle;
the transverse median nervure is received shortly beyond the trans-
verse basal on the outer side. Legs normal; the claws simple. Petiole
long and slender, dilated at the apex; the spiracles are placed near
the apex of the basal fourth. Gastrocceli large, deep. There are seven
segments ; the last three are smaller than the others, and form a sharp
point ; the ovipositor hidden ; the ventral fold only extends to the apex
of the second segment; the last ventral segment is large, entire,
broadly rounded at the apex; its base extends to the base of the
penultimate dorsal, and does not extend to the apex of the last dorsal ;
there are only six ventral segments in the female. The apex of the
hinder femora reaches to the base of the fourth segment.
From Charitojoppa it may be known by its more slender
form, by the scutellum not being pyramidal, by the petiole being
more slender, and not broadly dilated at the apex. In the form
of the scutellum it more resembles Magrettia,* but it wants the
coxal spine, the pronotum is not incised behind, and the second
and third segments are longitudinally striated ; the petiole is
more slender towards the apex, and longer, more as in Ichnewmon
than as in Platywrt.
HABROJOPPA RUFO-PETIOLATA, Sp. NOV.
Cerulea; abdomine albo annulato, basi rufo; pedibus rufis, tarsis
posticis nigris; alis fusco-hyalinis. @. Long. 12 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Antenne black, the eighth to the thirteenth joints white, the
apical joints compressed, fuscous. Head shining, blue, the face and
* Magrettia, I find, is preoccupied in Orthoptera. I now propose the
name of Xenojoppa for it.
Pp 2
180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
clypeus sparsely punctured ; sparsely covered with short fuscous hair ;
the inner orbits from near the base to opposite the lower ocellus, a
mark on the side of the clypeus, the base of the mandibles broadly,
and the palpi yellow. The clypeus not separated from the face by a
suture, nor foveate. Mesonotum coarsely reticulated; the sides de-
pressed, crenulated ; there is a smooth furrow on either side from
nearly opposite the base of the tegule to the apex. Scutellum smooth,
impunctate, its sides keeled; at its base is a large, deep, smooth,
slightly curved depression; from shortly behind the middle to near the
apex it is pallid yellow. The areola is longer than broad ; becomes
slightly and gradually wider to beyond the middle, then becomes
gradually narrower ; its base is rough; in the middle at the apex is a
stout longitudinal keel; the posterior median area is stoutly trans-
versely striolated ; the spiracular area behind the spiracles is finely
rugose, in front of them stoutly transversely striolated. The base of
the pronotum has a few curved strixw; above, at the apex, it is
irregularly stoutly striolated; the lower side is stoutly obliquely
striolated; the upper part of the mesopleure and the apex with a few
stout irregular keels; the rest closely and coarsely punctured, almost
reticulated ; the upper part of the metapleure at the base coarsely
aciculated ; the middle at the base with fine stout curved keels; the
rest closely and stoutly reticulated. Mesosternum closely punctured ;
the furrow large, wide and triangular at the apex. Legs ferruginous,
the fore coxe paler at the base; the apex of the hinder tibie and the
tarsi black; the latter spinose beneath. The areolet is narrowed at
the top, but the nervures do not touch; the recurrent nervure is
received almost in the middle of the areolet. The petiole is ferru-
ginous, yellow at the apex, carinate down the middle, and striated on
the base of the dilated part; the second, third, and fourth segments
are blue; the second and third closely punctured, the others smooth ;
the second acutely striated in the middle between the gastroccli, which
are striated at the base, their apex smooth and brownish ; the apical
segments are for the greater part yellowish.
Houcosoppa, gen. nov.
Abdominal segments strongly constricted at the base, and clearly
separated ; the constrictions deep and closely longitudinally striated ;
the segments longitudinally striated, and broadly depressed laterally ;
the petiole raised in the middle, and bearing there two longitudinal
keels; there are seven segments; the last is small and has stout
cerci. Scutellum conical, large, distinctly raised above the level of the
mesonotum ; its basal slope is steep, its apical long and gradually
sloped from the top to the apex. Post-scutellum smooth, bifoveate at
the base, and with a deep depression on either side. The median seg-
ment is widely and deeply obliquely depressed at the base; the areola
is represented by a smooth tubercle; there are three large arew on the
apical slope; the spiracular area being also defined; there are no
spines. Wings larger than usual; the apex of the abdomen does not
reach to the areolet when folded against it; the areolet is large, five-
angled, narrowed above; the two transverse cubital nervures are
roundly curved ; the transverse median nervure is received beyond the
SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 181
transverse basal; the wings are yellowish hyaline, with the apices of
both infuscated. The hinder legs are much longer than the four
anterior ; they are longer than the body; the apex of the hinder
femora reaches to the apex of the fourth segment; the tarsi are
spinose. The head has the vertex depressed between the eyes; it is
sharply obliquely narrowed behind them; the face is longish; the
malar space is large; the labrum projects. The transverse median
nervure is almost interstitial; there is the stump of a nervure on the
disco-cubital nervure; the transverse cubital nervure in the hind wing
is broken far below the middle; the lower part of the metapleure is
bounded by a keel, and there isa stouter curved keel below the middle;
the gastroceeli are deep, narrow; the ventral keel extends to the end
of the third segment ; the antenne in the male are slightly serrate.
A distinct genus, easily known by the constricted segments of
the abdomen separated by deep furrows.
Honcosoppa FLAVIPENNIS, Sp. NOV.
Lutea, flagello antennarum tarsisque posticis nigris; alis flavo-
hyalinis, apice nigris, stigmate testaceo. g. Long. 14-15 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Uniformly rufo-luteous ; the inner orbits, the fore legs in front, the
three divisions of the pleure behind, and the petiole broadly at the
base, more or less yellowish. The scape of the antenne rufous, punc-
tured, thickly covered with short fuscous hair; the base of the flagellum
dull rufous, the rest blackish. Head somewhat triangular behind,
being narrowed to a rounded point in the middle; the face roundly
projecting in the middle, and obscurely punctured; the sides flat,
yellowish, impunctate ; the clypeus obscurely punctured; the apex
obliquely depressed; the mandibles pale yellowish ; the teeth black ;
the palpi rufo-testaceous. Thorax ferruginous above; the sides paler,
having a yellowish tinge ; thickly covered with short hair, dark on the
mesonotum, paler on the pleure. The roundly pyramidal scutellum
shining, rather thickly covered with longish fuscous hairs, and bearing
all over large deep, not very widely separated, punctures; the post-
scutellum small, not very distinct ; the space on either side of it de-
pressed, wide, smooth, and having a few stout irregular keels. The
base of the median segment widely separated from the post-scutellum,
raised to nearly the level of the top of the scutellum ; without any
defined area, but with two stout straight keels goimg down the centre,
which is coarsely irregularly transversely striolated ; the sides rugosely
irrecularly reticulated. Propleurz closely punctured above, yellowish
and impunctate below; the upper half of the mesopleure shining, im-
punctate; the middle with a wide shallow longitudinal depression
down the centre; the lower half closely punctured, and of a yellowish
hue at the base and apex; the metapleure with a wide oblique de-
pression on the base at the top; over the sternum is a wide shallow
furrow, bearing stout widely separated, slightly oblique keels. Legs
rufo-testaceous ; the apex of the hinder tibie and the tarsi blackish ;
the fore legs of a paler, more yellowish hue, and thickly covered with
short white hair; the hair on the hinder tibiz and tarsi blacker,
182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Wings yellowish hyaline, the apices blackish ; the areolet narrowed
at the top; the first cubital nervure slightly, the second distinctly,
roundly curved, the two almost uniting at the top; the recurrent ner-
vure is received almost in the middle. The basal half of the petiole
greatly narrowed, yellowish ; the apical with two stout keels down the
middle, and coarsely punctured; the other segments coarsely rugosely
punctured, striolated at the base down the centre; all the segments
separated by a deep moderately wide depression ; the ventral surface
whitish,
CRYPTINA.
OsPRYNCHOTUS PERONATUS, Sp. NOY.
Niger, tegulis, apice scutelli, post-scutello, maculis 8 metanoti, ore
orbitisque oculorum flavis; pedibus flavis; coxis, trochanteribus,
femorum posticorum dimidio apicali apiceque tibiarum posticarum
nigris. 2 et g. Long. 16, terebra 6 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Antenne black ; the tenth to fifteenth joints white, stout; the scape
yellow beneath, and covered with short white hair. Head black; the
face, except for a conical mark in the middle under the antenne, the
clypeus, labrum, the inner orbits above, and the outer more broadly
below, and the palpi, yellow; the clypeus is edged with black at the
sides and apex ; the mandibles are entirely black. ‘The face is closely,
the clypeus more coarsely and not so closely punctured. Vertex
strongly punctured, and with a few oblique striz below the ocelli; the
front depressed, at the sides very smooth and shining. Thorax black ;
a broad line on either side of the base above, the tegule, scutellum,
except at the base, the post-scutellum, the scutellar keels, the apex of
the median segment at the base and sides, the base more narrowly
than the sides, where the yellow is dilated broadly outwardly, and a
somewhat oval mark immediately under the hind wings, yellow. Meso-
notum closely and strongly punctured, thickly covered with short white
hair ; its middle lobe is distinctly raised at the base ; the scutellum
shining and thickly covered with long white hair, and sparsely punc-
tured ; the punctures are large, round, and shallow; the post-scutellum
is almost impunctate ; its base is deeply bifoveate ; the depression at
the sides is not striated, and is covered with long white hair. The
median segment, at the base behind the transverse keel, is closely
punctured ; the punctuation is stronger towards the apex, in the
middle of which is a stout short semicircular keel ; in front of the keel
the segment is coarsely punctured, rugosely so at the apex, which has
a slight oblique slope; its sides and top are bordered by a stout keel ;
the black mark in the middle is rounded at the base, transverse at the
apex, and twice longer than broad. Pro- and meso-pleure closely
punctured ; the lower part of the former with some stout longitudinal
keels at the apex; the metapleure more strongly punctured ; the punc- ©
tures run into reticulations, and are stronger on the lower side; over
the hinder coxe is a large yellow mark, twice longer than broad, and
rounded and narrowed at the top. Wings hyaline, the apex smoky ;
the stigma and nervures black; the areolet is a little longer than wide,
slightly narrower at the top than at the bottom ; the recurrent nervure
is received shortly beyond the middle; the second transverse cubital
NOTES ON NEUROPTERA OF OXON AND BERKS. 183
nervure is bullated on the lower side, but nat strongly. Legs fulvous ;
all the coxe and trochanters, almost the apical half of the hinder
femora, and the apical third of the posterior tibiw, black; the hinder
tarsi have a more yellowish paler hue, and are black at the base.
Abdomen black and shining: all the segments are banded with yellow
at the apex ; the ventral surface, except the petiole, pale yellow.
This is an Osprynchotus, Spin., sec. Ashmead, non Kriech-
baumer, which equals Linoceras, Tasch. The genus is new for
the Indian fauna.
(To be continued.)
NOTES ON NEUROPTERA OF OXON AND BERKS.
By W. J. Livecas, B.A., F.E.S.
Recentty I received for inspection from Messrs. W. Holland
and A. H. Hamm a box of Neuroptera (other than Odonata)
collected in Berks and Oxon. Insects of this order are so
seldom recorded that the list will probably prove of interest to
those who are working at them. I have to thank Mr. C. A.
Briggs for assisting very greatly in naming the specimens,
especially the more obscure ones.
OXon.
EPHEMeRIpIa.—Hphemera vulgata, Thames side near Binsey,
and canal side north of Oxford. Cloéon rufulum, Oxford. Cen-
troptilum luteolum, Godstow and Oxford.
PLANIPENNIA.—Sialis lutaria, canal side north of Oxford, and
Thames side at Binsey. Raphidia xanthostigma, Shotover Hill
(May 28th). Sisyra fuscata, Thames side at Binsey (May 29th).
Chrysopa flava, University Park, Oxford. C. vulgaris, taken in
the Museum, Oxford (Mar. 28th). C.perla, near Oxford. Panorpa
germanica, Stow Wood.
TRicHopreraA.—Phryganea striata, Charlbury, Wychwood For-
est. Limnophilus lunatus, Oxford. Anabolia nervosa, Oxford.
Notodobia ciliaris, canal side north of Oxford (May 26th); not a
common species. Leptocerus cinereus, Thames side at Binsey.
Mystacides nigra (MecLach., Trich Eur.), canal side north of
Oxford. M. azwrea (McLach., Trich. Eur.), Thames side at
Binsey.
BERKs.
Krxemeripia.— Hphemera vulgata, Thames side above God-
stow, and Reading. H. danica, Reading. Leptophlebia marginata,
Thames side above Godstow (June 1st), and Wellington College,
near Reading (April 22nd.) Centroptilum pennulatum, Thames
ide near Oxford (May 27th). Hcdyurus volitans, Thames side
above Godstow (June 1st, 1901); an interesting capture.
184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
PLANIPENNIA.—Sialis lutaria, Thames side above Godstow.
Raphidia notata, Wokingham, near Reading. Sisyra fuscata,
Thames side above Godstow (June Ist). Hemerobius stigma,
Wellington College Chrysopa vulgaris, Wellington College.
C’. septempunctata, Ferry Hincksey. C. ventralis, Tubney Wood,
and Wokingham. C. perla, Thames side near Kennington.
Panorpa communis, Tubney Wood, and Kast Ilsley. P. germanica
Tubney Wood, Thames side above Godstow, and Boar’s Hill,
near Oxford.
TrichoptEera.—Phrygania striata, Reading. Colpotaulius in-
cisus, Thames side above Godstow. Grammotaulius atomarius,
Reading. /Limnophilus rhombicus, Reading. Notidobia ciliaris,
Thames side above Godstow (June Ist). Goéra pilosa, Thames
side above Godstow. Leptocerus annulicornis, Thames side above
Godstow (June 1st). Mystacides nigra, Thames side above
Godstow, and the Kennet, Reading. Neuroclipsis bimaculata,
Reading. Tinodes weneri, Thames side above Godstow. Lype
pheopa, the Kennet, Reading. Glossoma boltoni, Thames side
above Godstow.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE LIFE-HISTORY OF LIPHYRA
BRASSOLIS, Westw.
By 2. Dopp,
(Concluded from p. 156.)
The perfect insect comes forth in twenty-one to twenty-five
days, and further astonishing developments in the life-history of
this strange insect occur. Before bursting the outer shell the
butterfly can be heard moving within, and shortly a sharp
cracking sound announces that the burst has been effected, then
either a portion of the shell, which opens in the centre in front
up to the first furrow, is broken right out, or it opens sufficiently
above after breaking away at the rim to admit of the imago’s
emergence. But who would recognize L. brassolis now as he
crawls out? Instead of the weak drooping wings of a butterfly,
he has little short appendages like a freshly-emerged moth, and
lying very flat; the front wing is creamy white to extreme tip,
and the edge of the hind wing projects from under this ever go
little; the abdomen looks very large, a thick mass of furry-
looking substance showing on each side of it to the tip; on the
thorax small tufts of loose brownish scales may be noted, which
easily roll off. It is soon seen that the white appearance of fore
wing is caused by a dense covering of fugitive scales; there is
also a small patch on each side of thorax. As the wings slowly
lengthen, the density of the scales lessens sufticiently to admit
of a view of the black and rich yellow colouring underneath.
LIFE-HISTORY OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS. 185
These white scales fly off after expansion of wings at the least
breath of air; they are blown away much more easily than the
scales on our clearwinged hawks (Hemaris kingii, hylas, and
janus). <A stroke or two of the insect’s wings detaches everyone
in a cloud; therefore it is a difficult matter to kill and set
specimens and leave a fair proportion of these scales. The
matter on the abdomen is of course also composed of scales ;
they are dark grey, packed very densely, and cover about half
of ventral surface, reach further along the sides, but do not
reach the thorax, none being on the upper surface. These are
much more adhesive, and must be scraped away, as they cannot
be blown off; they come away in masses, and fasten lightly to
anything they come in contact with, and appear to be held
together. Upon examining them with a lens, exceedingly delicate
threads can be discerned dispersed throughout. The legs and
antennez are also clothed with minute and easily detachable
white scales.
The insect requires longer than the largest Australian moths
to pump its wines to their full length. The wings of even the
gigantic Zeuzeride attain their full proportions in fifteen or
twenty minutes, and I have seen a five-inch hepialid expand the
wings in seven minutes; but our butterfly requires twenty-five
to thirty minutes, and instead of being prepared for flight in a
little over an hour, like the Antherea and many other large
moths, is quite helpless for a much longer period, and none of
my specimens exhibited the least desire to fly in three or even
four hours. The great Ornithoptera cassandra flies in a com-
paratively short time.
The butterflies are very oily; in some instances grease came
through abdomen in less than a week after setting. A thick
layer of almost liquid grease lines the abdomen, so it was
necessary to resort to stuffing the insects; unfortunately this
operation causes displacement of the extra scales io some extent,
especially in the male.
As to the butterfly being crepuscular in its habits, | may
mention that lam frequently out in the twilight, but have not
met with it; that may be on account of its rarity. However,
they are decidedly wideawake in the daytime. I have captured
several which I had disturbed as any ordinary butterfly would be
disturbed. Several times they have flown from near ant-nests
which I was about to examine; one specimen was seen flying
across an open space in the early afternoon, and had evidently
come from a fair distance, as there were no green ants in the
vicinity. Many years ago I caught my first specimen, a female,
on a hot summer day about eleven o'clock. It flew rapidly
across a scrub and settled on a branch under the foliage,
precisely as the egg-depositing female did which I observed in
July, 1900.
186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Now, concerning the loose scales on this unique butterfly, we
have no evidence that the larve are welcome inhabitants of the
ants’ nests. However, it is highly probable that the ants have
no friendly feeling for the perfect insect, and would most likely
attack and kill it during its long rest after emergence if it were
not specially and wonderfully protected. So it will be seen that
the loose scales act as a perfect protection, for directly the ants
encounter these they are in trouble; they fasten on to their feet
and impede their movements, or, if their antenne or mandibles
come in contact with any part of the butterfly, the scales adhere
thereto, so that the ant is soon in a bad way, and has quite
enough to do in attempting to free himself of his encumbrances
without taking any further interest in the butterfly, from which
he retreats as well as possible. It is exceedingly ludicrous to
observe the ants endeavouring to free themselves; their legs
move awkwardly, and their mandibles are opened and closed in
evident annoyance and perplexity, and they are much concerned
at the state of their antenne, for the obnoxious scales will not
be shaken off, and they seem to become very low-spirited.
It is amusing to observe this dejected change in an ant after
his first spar with L. brassolis, for he is such a pert pugnacious
fellow, and perfectly willing to tackle anything that moves if in
proximity to his pets or nest. As mentioned, I had several
small nests of ants taken home, and could introduce them to the
butterfly as I wished. It would doubtless be highly entertaining
to watch a numerous colony of ants making the acquaintance of a
freshly-emerged butterfly.
The small wings of the insect enable it to get through the
nest entrances. The scales on fore wing are necessary to his
safety whilst he is crawling out, for the ants might in some cases
evade his legs and get on to the thorax; but if the scales there
did not vanquish him, those on the fore wing would. As the
butterfly’s abdomen becomes strong enough, he raises the tip to
touch the support where he is hanging; in that position he is
invulnerable, hundreds of ants could not hurt him. As the fore
wings lengthen and touch there is no further need of the scales
thereon. ‘The wind doubtless dislodges the majority before the
insect flies off, but the other scales would not disappear wholly
for some time.
I placed four larvee on a nest where I knew there were none,
and afterwards visited it, and obtained two pupe therefrom.
Upon another small tree with several ant habitations, seven
larve were placed, and going there some days later I found one
chrysalis on the outside of a nest, one within, several attenuated
larvee wandering about the tree—the ants, having become
familiar with their presence, taking no notice of them—and a
dead larva on the ground. It would appear that the entrances
to the nests were too small for the larger caterpillars to gain
LIFE-HISTORY OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS. 187
admittance. Once I saw a larva on the outside of a new nest,
and I took a pupa on another; these were in localities where I
had not interfered with the ants. These instances serve to show
that the larve pass from one domicile to another, presumably
when their pabulum is exhausted in one. They are very slow
moving, and when they find it necessary to change quarters,
they must wander after sundown, for out of over eighty larve
and pup which passed through my hands not a single example
was parasitised; but the other Lycenids I have mentioned, though
seemingly always accompanied by a number of ants, in both
larval and pupal stages, are frequently victimised by Diptera
and ichneumons; but these species do not live in the ant nests,
and being day feeders (I don’t know about night), numbers are
stung.
The larva of L. brassolis are evidently so tough-skinned that
the mandibles of the ants can make little or no impression upon
them, for in placing specimens upon a nest, the inmates rush
out at them, catch hold of the caterpillar rim, and appear to be
acting most viciously. They also endeavour to reach the head
or legs, but these are at once protected, the creature just lowers
its great sides and is secure. After examining caterpillars which
have been on nests for several hours, and tugged at and nipped
by dozens of ants, not a mark or wound was discernible ; yet, if
the slightest cut is made in the rim with a knife, juices issue as
from any ordinary caterpillar with an opening in the skin.
In conclusion, | may mention that it is not all pleasure
searching for L. brassolis, or other insects, in the habitations of
the green ants. This species is as plucky and determined as
the fierce and dreaded ‘‘ bulldog” and “jumper” ants, and come
trooping in hundreds from all parts of the tree when a nest is
disturbed. Then there is the multitude in the nest itself, also
those in other nests, for often there are many in even a small
tree. They are remarkably quick to get upon and spread them-
selves over an intruder, and do not waste their energies in biting
one’s clothing ; but directly they reach the flesh they commence
operations, and one’s neck and arms suffer considerably. The
bite of the insect is trifling, but he discharges a liquid on to the
bitten spot, which gives sharp pain. In approaching closely to
an ants’ nest, or where they are in attendance upon scales,
aphides, or other insects, they show fight unmistakably. Whilst
they are prancing and plainly showing that they are desirous of
a closer acquaintanceship, it will be noticed that the abdomens
are held up and occasionally jerked forward; this jerking action
means that the insect has brought his little ‘‘ squirt” into play,
a jet of decidedly acrid liquid being discharged therefrom, sent
straight over his head, and capable of striking an object several
inches direct in front before it assumes a downward tendency.
Having received several of these jets, or part of them, in the
188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
eyes, on the lips, and often had the liquid in cuts or scratches, I
can testify as to its stinging properties. When hundreds of ants
are sending forth these jets, which can be seen against the sun,
it behoves one to be careful when in their immediate vicinity.
We have many interesting species in Queensland, but this green
tree insect, with his vast colonies, strangely used larve, and
queer and varied acquaintances, is the most remarkable of all.
Warburton Street, Townsville, Queensland.
A LIST OF TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX
BETWEEN 1885 AND 1901.
By A. Taurnatt.
(Continued from p. 169.)
Grapholitha cinerana, Haw.—Considered by many to be a var. of
nisella. Ihave not met with it, but, if [am not mistaken, Mr. Harwood
told me once that he takes it near Colchester.
G. nigromaculana.—Somewhat local, but usually common (some-
times very common) where it occurs, amongst Senecio jacobeaa, on the
seeds of which plant the larva feeds in September. I once bred a
specimen, which did not emerge till the second season after spinning
up. Near Harold Wood, Witham, Upminster, &c.
G. campoliliana, 'Tr.—Generally distributed amongst sallow, from
which it may be beaten in June.
G. minutana, Hb.—Local and uncommon amongst poplar. Near
Lea Bridge, Wanstead, and Ongar are the only places where I have
taken it.
G. trimaculana, Don.—Exceedingly abundant and variable, may be
beaten from elm in hundreds; the larva equally common earlier in
the season.
G. penkleriana, Fisch.—Common in many places amongst nut
bushes and alder, on both of which the larva feeds.
G. obtusana, Haw.—Locally common. I have beaten it from oak,
wild rose, and blackthorn. Perhaps most abundant at Fairmead
Bottom, Chingford. Larva quite unknown to me.
G. nevana, Hb.—Very common amongst holly, in the shoots of
which the larva may be found abundantly in June.
Phlacodes tetraquetrana, Haw.—Kqually common in May and early
June amongst birch shrubs.
P. immundana, Fisch.—Not very scarce (and widely distributed)
where alder grows commonly, in May; a second and less common
brood in August.
P. demarniana, Fisch.—Rather scarce and local amongst birch.
I have taken it at Loughton, Warley, and near Ingatestone.
Hypermecta angustana, Hb.—Not uncommon amongst its food-plant,
sallow, in most places where its food-plant is abundant.
Batodes angustiorana, Haw.—Very common, especially upon yew,
TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 189
which seems to be the favourite food of the larva, which, however,
feeds upon a variety of other trees and plants.
Pedisca bilunana, Haw.—Very common at rest on birch trunks,
but not always easily seen on occount of its whitish colour naebeHie
so closely the bark of the tree.
P. oppressana, Tr.—Very local on Populus nigra trunks. I have
only met with it, as far as Essex is concerned, near Loughton.
P. corticana, Hb.—Very abundant almost everywhere amongst oaks;
varying from greenish to almost coal-black.
P. profundana, Fb.—Much less common; may be occasionally
beaten from oak, whitethorn, &c., at Loughton, but I have not taken
it elsewhere.
P. opthalmicana, Hb.—Loeal, but fairly common where aspen
shrubs grow freely. May be beaten from them towards the end of
September. Ongar Park Woods, near Ingatestone, and near St. Osyth.
P. occultana, Dougl.—Probably found in most plantations where
larch grows freely, but I have only met with it near Brentwood,
where the larva is in some seasons not at all rare.
P. solandriana, Li.—Distributed throughout wherever birch shrubs
are found; some of the numerous vars. are very pretty.
P. semifuscana, St.—Usually considered a common insect, but I
have only met with a few larve on sallow near Thames Haven; it
must surely be found in many other places in the county.
P. sordidana, Hb.—Common where it occurs, more especially in the
larva state, on alders. Warley, Wanstead, Harold Wood, Witham, &c.
Ephippiphora bimaculana, Don.—Local, and never very common
amongst birch shrubs. Near Brentwood, Wanstead Park, and rarely
at Loughton.
E. pflugiana, Haw.—Generally common, especially in the larva
state, in thistle stems. Varies much in size, some of my specimens
being no larger than the next species, circiana, Gell., which I have
not taken in 8. Essex.
FE. inopiana, Haw.—-Very local. I have only found it in two or
three places. On the roadside between Stamford Rivers and Epping,
and more commonly in a boggy place near Hast Horndon, always
amongst Inula dysenterica, in the roots of which the larva passes
the winter.
Fi, brunnichiana, Fr61.—Distributed throughout amongst Tussilago
farfara, in the roots of which the larva may be found in the autumn
and early winter. I have bred spezimens of a creamy white colour,
with scarcely any markings on the upper wings.
E. feneana, Haw.—May generally be found in the larva state in
the winter in the old gnarled roots of Artemisia vulgaris; the imago
not so often seen. Laindon, Lea Bridge, Fobbing, and Pitsea.
E.. signatana, Dougl.—Mr. Machin used to beat this insect rarely
from blackthorn (its food-plant) and oak at Chingford, but I have
searched for it there many times in vain.
E.. trigeminana, St.—Usually to be found in waste places and on
railway banks wherever its food-plant, Senecio jacobea, grows. The
larva feeds on the roots, and may be dug up freely in the late autumn.
When bred, the female especially is a very pretty insect.
E. tetragonana, St.—Local, and rather scarce. My own series
190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
were obtained by beating the wild rose bushes at Loughton at the
beginning of August. Varies much in dimensions. I have a specimen
from Hunstanton scarcely larger than the little C. argyrana.
fi. populana, Fb.—Somewhat local amongst its food-plant, sallow,
and, I think, willow as well. I once bred a number from larve feeding
on dwarf sallow in Wicken Fen.
Ef. gallicolana, Zell.—May be sometimes beaten from oak, or found
at rest on the trunk, but by far the best way to obtain it is to gather
the old oak-apples in the winter ; the imago comes out, but not always
freely, in May. One season I bred over fifty, and another winter’s
work resulted in a single specimen.
E. obscurana, St.—Has been taken rarely in Epping Forest, but I
have never had the good fortune to meet with it in Essex or elsewhere.
Olindia ulmana, Hb.—A single worn female specimen beaten from
a hedge in early June last at Benfleet or Hadleigh is the only one I
have met with.
Semasta spiniana, Dup.—Decidedly rare. I have taken it flying in
the afternoon late in August at Fairmead Bottom, Chingford, and a
few worn ones (generally singly) in three or four distant localities.
Although there can be little doubt that whitethorn is the food-plant of
the larva, it has never been bred to my knowledge.
S. tanthinana, Dup.—Much more common than the last, flying
over whitethorn, in the berries of which the little pink larva may be
found in September and October, along with the greyish larva of
Laverna atra. It leaves when full-fed, and spins up in bark; when
bred it has a rich purple gloss on the fore wings, which soon fades away.
S. rujillana, Gell— Common, and generally distributed wherever
Daucus carota, 1ts food-plant, grows. Larve in abundance in the um-
bels, often eight or ten in a single one.
S. weberiana, Schiff.—Not rare at rest on apple and cherry trunks,
in the bark of which it feeds in the larval state. Most of my own
series were taken on the trunks of wild cherry growing in Wanstead
Park.
Coccyx strobilana, Hb.—Loeal, and more often found in the larval
stage in the cones of spruce fir, pupating therein in April, when by
gathering a lot of the fallen cones a series may be bred. I have only
met with it near Warley and near Blackmore.
C. splendidulana, Gn.—Fairly common at rest on oak trunks, and
may be often bred from oak-apples gathered during the winter.
C. aryyrana.—Generally common in May and June at rest on oak
trunks ; not very variable, the only notable specimen is one of a dirty
white, without any prominent markings, taken in Bushwood, Wanstead
(May 7th, 1892). May often be bred freely from oak-apples gathered
in the winter months.
C. nigricana, H.$.—Rare and very local. I took it for the first
time in Essex, I believe, on Jubilee-day, 1887, by beating the boughs
of a fir tree near Brentwood, taking about twenty on that occasion. I
took it again (two only) in 1892; have not worked for it since.
C. hyrciniana, D. L.—Very common and variable amongst spruce
fir everywhere.
Hemimene fimbriana, Haw.—Not common, but widely distributed
amongst oaks im April. I have bred a very few from oak -apple~
TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 191
gathered in the winter, and netted it very rarely flying in the sunshine
over oak bushes.
Retinia buoliana, Schiff.—Very common wherever Pinus sylvestris
erows, the larve often doing considerable damage to the young shoots.
R. pinicolana, Doubl.—Much rarer than the last species; singly in
Wanstead Park, Warley, and Blackmore at rest on P. sylvestris.
R. pinivorana, Zell.—Pretty common amongst Pinus throughout ;
variable. Some of the vars. are very pretty.
Carpocapsa splendana, Hb.—Much more abundant in the larval
than the perfect state; the acorns in September and October are
sometimes much infested with them; I bred a large number last year
from acorns picked up at Loughton the previous autumn.
C. grossana, Haw.—Locally common in the larval state in beech-
nuts, often two seasons before coming out, like the previous species.
The imago may sometimes be beaten from beech boughs, or found at
rest on the trunks. Epping Forest, Brentwood, &c.
C. pomonella, Lin.—F ound, I believe, wherever apple trees grow ;
also feeds in the apples of the wild crab. The spun-up larva may be
found in the winter and spring under loose pieces of bark or moss on
the trunks.
C. juliana, Curt.—Somewhat local, but common in certain localities.
May be found early in June at rest on oak trunks. I have met with
it in several localities, but nowhere so commonly as around Wanstead.
C. nimbana, H. 8.—This very local and very distinct species seems
to be much wanted by collectors. I have bred a good number, perhaps
fifty, in the past few years from spun-up larve found under rough
bark on beech trunks in Epping Forest in the winter. _ Very occasion-
ally found at rest thereon early in May. I have never met with the
feeding larva.
Opadia funebrana, Tr.—Larve sometimes found in bought damsons.
The late Mr. Machin used to beat the imago rarely from blackthorn at
Chingford, and he bred a series from larve feeding in the fruit. I
have not met with the imago in Essex.
Endopisa nigricana, St.—Very common in pea-fields, or on railway
banks amongst vetches; varies a good deal in size and depth of colour.
For this reason, I suppose, some authors have made two species from
this insect.
Stigmonota leguminana, Zell.—Always very rare and local. Although
constantly on the look-out for it every June, I can only boast of three
rather indifferent specimens in sixteen seasons! Strictly confined to
the Loughton part of Epping Forest, from the village to the borders
of Monkwood. Larva unknown to me.
S. perlepidana, Haw.—Not particularly abundant; may be some-
times found flying high up in the sunshine in May. I have bred it
from larve taken at Loughton feeding on Lathyrus macrorrhizus.
S. internana, Gu.—Local amongst furze in open spaces in Epping
Forest and near Chelmsford, but nowhere so abundantly as on Warley
Common at the end of May and early in June.
S. compositella, Fb.—May be found almost always in clover-fields
by sweeping in May and August. Near Childerditch, Ongar, Canvey
Island, &e.
S. weirana, Dougl.—Very common in Epping Forest, at Brentwood,
192, THE ENTOMOLOGIST. °
&e., amongst beech. The larva may be found in September and
October between two leaves spun together, pupating therein; very
easy to breed.
S. redimitana, Gn.—As common as the previous species, and more
generally distributed amongst oaks. The habits of both larva and
imago are also precisely the same as weirana.
S. regiana, Gell.—Oceurs almost everywhere where sycamores grow ;
the larva spun up under the bark through the winter and spring; the
imago not so often met with. The nearly allied and equally beautiful
trauniana, Schiff., | have never met with.
S. roseticolana, Zell Common in the larval state everywhere, in
the ‘‘hips”’ of the wild roses. Not difficult to rear if pieces of rough
bark are put in the pot for the larve to spin up in.
S. germarana, Hb.—May be beaten from or netted flying round oak
boughs in May and early June. Epping Forest, Warley, Hadleigh, &.
I have spent many, many hours vainly searching for the larva; one
was once bred casually by the Rev. G. Raynor from some oak twigs
gathered to feed other larve on.
Dichrorampha politana, Hb. — Loeal, but has been met with very
sparingly in several distant ‘localities amongst its food-plant, Achillea
millefolium. Near Upminster, Pitsea, Harold Wood, and Purfleet.
D. alpinana, 'Tr.—I have only met with it in a small clump of
Tanacetum vulgare growing in a garden at Stratford; the larva in the
roots through the winter, and the imago late in July at rest during
the daytime amongst the foliage.
D. alpestrana, H. 5.—This species, which I had the pleasure of
adding to the British list in 1898, seems to be very local; indeed, I
have only met with it in the original spot where it first turned up
in Epping Forest, and in a similar locality about half a mile away.
It has since been taken in Sussex, and doubtless in other places. °
For remarks concerning habits, food-plant, vide H.M.M. vol. xxix.
p. 175.
D. petiverella, L.—Very common almost everywhere amongst
Achillea millefolium.
D, sequana Hb.—Somewhat local, but generally common where
found. I have bred it from A. millefolium. Loughton, Ingatestone,
Childerditch, and many other places.
D. plumbagana, Tr.—Very common and generally distributed ;
seems very partial to railway banks.
D. acuminatana, Zell.—Local and uncommon. I have only met
-with it very sparingly amongst Chrysanthemwmn leucanthemum on the
railway bank near Harold Wood in September, and the first brood
early in June at Mill Green, near Ingatestone.
D. stimpliciana, Haw.—Not uncommon amongst Artemisia vulgaris,
in the roots of which the larva feeds, through the winter. The imago
is sluggish, and when beaten out immediately makes for the shelter
of its food-plant again.
D. consortana, St.—Loecal and uncommon. I have very occasion-
ally taken the larva and imago on railway banks. Harold Wood,
Woodford, and near Thames Haven. The larval habits are different
from the other species of this genus, feeding in the growing shoots of
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, and pupating therein.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 193
Lipoptycha plumbana, Scop.—Frequents the same places with
plumbagana, and the two species are generally to be found together.
The allied L. saturnana I have never met with.
Pyrodes rheediella, L.—May be taken freely at the end of May
flying in the sunshine round the tops of tall hawthorn bushes or
hedges. Generally distributed. The larva feeds in the green berries.
Catoptria albersana.—Not common anywhere, but widely distributed.
I have taken a fair number at Warley, also, but rarely at Wanstead,
Hpping, Ingatestone, and Hadleigh. The larva may be found in
September in rolled-up leaves of honeysuckle, and is not difficult
to breed.
C. ulicetana, Haw.—In swarms round almost every furze bush. I
once or twice met with specimens almost as strongly marked as the
well-known Scotch form assecluna, St., but as a rule they are very
plainly marked in Essex.
C. hypericana, Hb.—Somewhat local amongst Hypericum, in the
young shoots of which the larva may be found early in May. Localities
are Ingatestone, Blackmore, South Weald, Chelmsford, &c.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Tse Britisa Museum Conuection or British Lerprmoprera. — In
connection with the rearrangement of this collection some living larvee
have been received from Mr. A. M. Smallpeice, Ringwood, Hants, which
have been blown and preserved. We have also received promises of
larve from Mr. Kd. H. Thornhill, Boxworth, Cambridge; and of a
jarge collection of preserved pup from the Rev. J. Green, Rostrevor,
Clifton. These will all be extremely useful, and we are much obliged
to the donors. —G. F. Hampson.
Noroponta pryinopa, Lower.—I stated (ante, p. 42) that the pupa
of this moth is furnished with a sharp spike on the head, and that the
only explanation accounting for the removal of the round piece of the
hard cocoon must be that the pupa cuts it out, for no piercing instru-
ment could be found upon the moth. I have now ascertained that the
moth, with this spike, cuts the fragment out! The particulars are
these: obtaining some of this season’s cocoons, containing pupe, I cut
holes in them, determined to watch for developments, and was soon
rewarded by observing that the first moth had burst its pupal shell,
and was moving, very deliberately, backwards and forwards, in fact,
pushing against the wall in front. Upon removing more of the
cocoon, to admit of a better view of the operation, 1 was pleased and
surprised to see that the portion of the pupal shell covering the eyes
and that above holding the spike, remained fixed to the moth’s head ; it
is kep4 in position by two little pegs which pass in between the eyes.
I have since tried to bottle several of the moths with the head-piece
attached, but they strike it off directly they emerge. However, I have
sent the pupal head-pieces, cocoons, chrysalids, &e., to a well-known
ENTOM.—JULY, 1902. Q
194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
entomologist, who may have something to say upon this interesting
species.—I’. P. Dopp; Warburton Street, Townsville, Queensland.
Hawk Morn Pupatine on Brancues or Trees.—It appears that
my note upon Panacra lignaria (ante, p. 73) is not sufficiently clear, for
a leading entomologist in England has taken it to mean that the larve
had bored into the wood of the trees to pupate! Naturally, he doubted
such a strange statement. I trust no others have read the note as he
did. Of course the larve were spun up in the /eaves and twigs.—F. P.
Dovp; Warburton Street, Townsville, Queensland.
Tortrices iy Soura Essex.—When reading the very interesting
article by Mr. Thurnall on ‘‘ Tortrices in South Essex between 1855
and 1901,’’ I was reminded when I reached the note on Phoaupterya
myrtillana that I had recently seen, lying on one of the many new
roads in this district, a quantity of bilberry which had been used in
the packing of a load of drain-pipes. Such consignments, packed in
the same way, are probably commonly seen at Stratford, and might
readily account for the importation of P. myrtillana, I might add that
Orthotania ericetana does occur in South Essex. I have taken it both
at Benfleet and Shoeburyness.—F. G. Wuirrte; 3. Marine Avenue,
Southend, June 18th, 1902.
Foop-pLants oF THE Larva or CNnepHasia sinuana, Stph. —In his
very interesting ‘‘ List of Tortrices taken in South Essex, Mr. A.
Thurnall says (ante, p. 168) that he expects wild hyacinth (Scilla
nutans) is the only food-plant of the larva of Cnephasia (‘‘ Sciaphila’’)
sinuana, and no other food-plant is mentioned in Mr. Meyrick’s ‘ Hand-
book of British Lepidoptera,’ p. 5389 (1895). The idea that the larva
confines its attentions to Scilla nutans is, however, at variance with
the fact, recorded by myself in Ent. Mo. Mag., ser. 2, x. 105 (1899),
that Mr. G. Elisha has occasionally bred a few specimens of C. sinuana
(together with many of C. pasivana), from spun-up flowers of Chry-
santhemum leucanthemum, collected in a wood in North Kent.—EHusracr
R. Bankes; Norden, Corfe Castle, June 7th, 1902.
THe Coccrp Lecanorsts pueks1.— This species was very briefly
described by Signoret and Lichtenstein in 1886, and has never since
been definitely recognized. In Biol. Cent. Amer., Coccide, p. 15, I
surmised, that it might be the Ceiop/astodes niveus (Ckll., 1893). Ihave
now received examples of it from Guanajuato, Mexico, collected there
by Dr. Alfred Dugés, who tells me that he did indeed send it to
Lichtenstein many years ago, but received no reply concerning it.
This, I think, may be considered to settle the matter, and the species
will be known as Ceroplastodes dugési-—T. D. A. CocxerenL; EH. Las
Vegas, N.M., May 81st, 1902.
Cotour Cuaners In Larvan Hairs or Arcria vittica.—The influence
of certain foods in causing alterations in the coloration of some
animals is well known to everyone. As a further instance of this
influence in the case of one of the Lepidoptera may be of interest to
entomologists, I venture to record the following facts :—I have found
that if the larve of -rctia villica, which usually live on various low-
growing herbs, are fed entirely on sallow from the time they are
hatched, the hairs covering their bodies are of a black instead of the
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 195
usual brown colour. The larve are therefore perfectly black with the
exception of the red head and legs. The imagines resulting from
larvee modified in this way present no variation from the usual type.
I have observed that when the larve are partly grown, if the character
of their food is changed, and dock and other herbs are substituted for
sallow, they, after the next change of skin, are clothed with hairs more
or less approaching the usual brown colour.—Ausert May; Hayling
Island, May 16th, 1902.
Nore on Catocampa Exoteta.—On March 12th and 18th I captured
at sugar three of these insects (one male and two females). They were
placed under a glass cylinder with various food-plants, and a sprig of
sallow with catkins; the latter were occasionally moistened with syrup
on which the moths feasted every evening, Nothing particular was
observed until April 18th, when I noticed two batches of ova had been
deposited on nettle; these proved to be infertile. On April 15th and
20th pairing took place, and the male was then released. By May 3rd
over three thousand ova had been laid, and on May 18th the two
females, being still alive, were set at liberty. —Kpwarp Goopwin;
Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent, June 16th, 1902.
ProtracteD Emercence or TEPHROSIA BIUNDULARIA.—I have been
rearing the above from eggs from a female taken at Boscombe last
April. The imagoes commenced to emerge on Feb. 8th, and have
been coming out regularly up to to-day (June 16th). The imagoes
show very little variation.—J. A. Finzt; 53, Hamilton Terrace, N.W.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
CoLLEcTING NEAR TANGIER IN AuGuUsT aND SEepremBER, 1901. —
Autumn is the end of the dry season, and so everything is parched
up, including the flowers, and there is not a very large variety of
insects on the wing, but we caught Lycena telicanus, L. betica, Chryso-
phanus phleas, Papilio podalirius, P. machaon, during the first few days
of August, and Catocala elocata came in to light on the 11th; they
were beautifully fresh in condition. During the first week we saw
Charaxes jasius, but did not catch one until the 16th. They were
numerous and in splendid condition. They sit head downwards,
chiefly on branches of the cypress, and are very fond of basking with
their wings open; often they fly right away over a large area, and come
back again to the very branch they left. We saw ova of this species
on arbutus, and when the larve hatched they were green with black
horns at each end, the pair by the head having a fork. On the 14th
a fine specimen of Chwrocampa celerio flew into the hall about 6.30 p.m.,
and on the 20th we caught a worn Catocala conversa during bright
sunlight. The next day we took a perfect male H. zelleri, and a
perfect Deiopeia pulchella. I obtained C. celerio again in the hall on
August 25th; the following day freshly emerged specimens of P.
machaon were out in great numbers, and we caught several beauties.
There were also many more P. podalirius than earlier in the month.
We found several larve of the latter feeding on plum and cherry; they
196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
feed up at a great pace. When first hatched the larva is black, and the
skin very rough; after the first change it is black, then green with
orange spots, and turns yellow before it pupates. We caught twelve
Hesperia nostrodamus in one small patch of rough grass on the 27th.
They were mostly very good specimens, and seemed very fond of
sitting on the lumps of earth. C. edusa was about in fair numbers.
By watching the plumbago bushes in the evenings I caught ten C.
celerio ; one evening I caught three specimens, and on another two.
They are very regular in their appearance, always coming from 6.15
to 6.45. A friend used to watch them hovering round some begonia
plants he had in pots in his verandah, and by this means got some
ova, which are green at first and laid singly on the upper or lower
side of the leaves. The larva hatches out in about nine days, and is
light green with a long pink horn. When about a week old it has two
purple eye-like marks on the enlarged segments behind the head.
There are brown and green varieties of larve, as in C. elpenor. On.
Sept. 8rd we went to a field in an open plain, where my father had
seen two or three Deiopeia pulchel/a a day or two before, when he was
riding. We caught twenty-five without any trouble, and as many the
next day, and were able to bring back some live females which laid a
lot of ova. These hatched in about five days, and fed on a plant
which abounded in the field where we caught them; it was a low-
growing plant with woolly leaves. The larve fed-up well, and were
brown with reddish spots and some black hairs when I last saw
them. The last species 1 caught before leaving was drgynnis
pandora, a very worn female, which we induced to lay by giving her
some violet-roots in water in a breeding-cage. ‘This is the only one I
have seen here, and the date (Sept. 16th) seems very late. The next
day a good Huprepia pudica was brought to us. Some of the moths I
cot at light and while butterflying are :—Grammodes bifasciata and G.
algira, Leucanitis stolida, Catocala electa, Hemerophila abruptaria, Acontia
luctuosa, Noctua nigrum, larvee of Acronycta psi. I noticed a rather
interesting example of memory and protective colouring, for in a long
hedge of geranium there was one white leaf, and on this a white
butterfly or two used to roost regularly for over a week. We did not
see much of Sphina convolvuli, but we were early, I think, for its
appearance, as we left on Sept. 17th. Pyrameis cardwi, Vanessa
atalanta, Parage egeria, and the two whites, Pierts rape and P. brassicae,
were not very common, but Lycena aryiolus was abundant. During
the end of August Macroglossa stellatarum was common always. There
was only rain on two occasions, and then only showers, but from
Christmas to Easter it does rain.—G. Mrapr-Watpo; Eaton College.
Puusia monera, &c., at Fincatey.—P. moneta appears to be fairly
well established here, as by searching Aconitum I have taken the larve
in three gardens widely apart. Night-searching for larve at Hamp-
stead during the past two weeks has resulted in my taking Noctua
ditrapezium, Which species, however, is not so plentiful as has been the
case hitherto. Noctua triangulum, N. festiva, N. augur, N. bata, Tri-
phena fimbria, T. comes, Mania typica, Leucania lithargyria, L. impura,
were all more or less plentiful V. EH. Suaw; 8, Moss Hall Grove,
North Finchley, May 29th, 1902.
SOCIETIES. 197
Contas HYALE IN 1902. —I took a male C. hyale here to-day, not
far from where I took two specimens on Oct. 20th last year. Are we
going to have another clouded-yellow year? — Percy EK. FRexe ;
Folkestone, May 25th, 1902.
Contras EpusA Iv 1902.—To-day one of my boys, who was playing
cricket at Felixstowe, saw one of these butterflies in a field where
clover and vetches were growing. He gave chase to it and nearly
knocked it down with his cap. There were a few gleams of sun during
the afternoon, but otherwise it has been a cold unseasonable day and,
considering the wet wintry kind of weather we have experienced since
the last week of April, it is rather strange that this species should
have put in an appearance. It can scarcely have been an immigrant.
GervasE EF. Margew; Dovercourt, Essex, June 11th, 1902.
KUPITHECIA TRISIGNARIA IN ScotLtanp.—I have been fortunate in
rearing several specimens of this insect from larve taken on Angelica
sylvestris last September in Argyleshire. I cannot ascertain whether
it has hitherto been noticed in Scotland, and this record of it may
therefore be interesting. It certainly does appear in the Clyde
District list published last summer. — Joun A. Nix; 20, Hans Place,
S.W.
AMPHIDASYS BETULARIA VAR. DOUBLEDAYARIA IN Eissex.—On May 27th
I bred a fine example of the above from a larva taken here last autumn.
This is the first time I have observed the variety in this district. To-
day I bred another, a very interesting variety, thorax and abdomen
black, front part of head white, wings nearly black, dusted here and
there with white atoms. — Gervase F. Maraew; Dovercourt, Essex,
June 11th, 1902.
SOCIETIES.
EnromouoeicaL Society or Lonpon.—May 7th, 1902.—The Rev.
Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., President, in the chair. — Mr.
Charles R. Chichester, B.A., M.B., L.R.C.P., of Bathurst, Gambia,
West Africa, and Clonmore, Co. Cork; and Mr. J. H. Lewis, of Ophir,
Otago, New Zealand, were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. H. W.
Shepheard-Walwyn exhibited a gynandromorphous specimen of Antho-
charis cardamines, taken near Winchester in 1899. The left side was
that of a normal male, the right that of a normal female, with the
exception of a splash of orange pigment on the under side of the
primary.—Mr. H. Goss exhibited male specimens of Satwrnia carpini
from Essex, bred on whitethorn, and three males of the same species
caught in Surrey by the aid of bred virgin females, He remarked that
as a rule bred specimens were smaller than wild, but the bred Essex
specimens were much larger than those captured in Surrey. The
Essex specimens were light in colour, while the Surrey specimens
were not only much smaller in size, but very dark, probably because
their larve had fed upon Hrica or Calluna.—Colonel C. Swinhoe
announced the emergence of Cossus ligniperda in the Zoological
Society’s Gardens from a pupa received in a piece of wood from South
198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Africa, and said that it was remarkable that the species should have
been introduced there, and then brought back to Great Britain.—
Professor i. B. Poulton exhibited two Huplaing captured in Fiji
by Professor Gustave Gilson, and presented by him to the Hope
Department. The species, which belonged to the different genera
Nipara and Deragena, bore the closest superficial resemblance to each
other, affording an interesting example of Millerian or Synaposematic
likeness. — Professor Poulton also exhibited several specimens of
Dilina populi which had been exposed during the pupal stage to
the intense heat of July, 1900. In consequence of this ‘‘ forcing’ the
moths emerged towards the end of that month, and were markedly
different in colour from the normal, being much paler in tint with less
distinct markings, and the red of the hind wings of a very different
shade. They were also smaller, but this effect may have followed
from the larve having been brought up under artificial conditions in
the Oxford Museum.—The Rev. A. E. Eaton exhibited drawings illus-
trating the wing of Pampterinus latipennis, Ktn., MS., a remarkable
dipterous fly of the family Psychodide, from New Guinea, in the
collection of the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest.—Prof. L.
Compton Miall, F.R.S., contributed a paper ‘‘On a New Cricket of
Aquatic Habits, found in Fiji by Professor Gustave Gilson.” Mr. R.
McLachlan said this was not the first time an orthopteron of aquatic
habits had been noticed. Mr. Pascoe had brought back one such
insect from the Amazons, which leaped on the leaves of aquatic
plants, and there was a recent record of another species with kindred
habits being found in Java. Professor E. B. Poulton remarked that
Professor Miall was interested in insects which skate upon the water,
but there were also some Orthoptera which were aquatic in another
sense. Mr. Annandale had brought back from the Malay region an
aquatic insect of this order (a Blatta), which was far too heavy to
skim upon the surface. The President added that there were some
Coleoptera which, although non-aquatic, were so specialized as to be
able to use their limbs in a similar manner to water-beetles.—Dr.
T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., communicated a paper on ‘‘ Asymmetry
in the Males of Hemarine and other Sphinges.’’—Mr. EK. Meyrick,
B.A., F.Z.S., communicated a paper on ‘‘ Lepidoptera from the
Chatham Islands.’—H. Rownanp-Brown, Hon. Sec.
Sourta Lonpon Entomonoaican anp Narurat History Socrery. —
April 24th, 1902.—Mr. F. Noad Clark, President, in the chair. — Mr.
C. R. L. Boxer, of Lee, was elected a member. — Mr. Harrison
exhibited a long series of T’eniocampa opima, bred from ova collected
at Wallesey, Cheshire. More than half the specimens were of an
extremely dark coloration, and very few of the type form.—Mr. Main,
numerous species he had collected in the New Forest at Kaster.—Mr.
Kaye, a very fine series of Heliconius lindigii taken in British Guiana,
on the Rio Potaro; and also specimens of the Hymenoptera Melittia
ceto and M. caudatwn, both from South America.—Mr. R. Adkin, a
series of dark forms of Pstlwra monacha, bred from a New Forest
parent taken in 1901.—Mr. Moore, the Orthoptera Polyspilota striata
and Tenodera aridifolia from Africa; Hierodula vitula and Creoboter
urbana, from Sylhet.—Mr. Colthrup, a var. of Abraxas grossulariata,
RECENT LITERATURE. 199
in which the black markings were extended, some coalescing into
bands; and a specimen of Cicada montana from the New Forest, found
close to the pupa-case from which it had just emerged. Rev. F. Perry,
a large number of insects from South Africa, including stages of the
migratory locust, a wasp which preys upon spiders, Hemiptera showing
mimicry, &«.—Mr. Edwards, several species of the Nymphaline genus
Prepona, and the various species and races of the Agamemnon group
of Papilio.—Mr. Turner, a specimen of the harlequin beetle, Acrosinus
longimanus, from Trinidad.—Mr. Sich read a paper on “The Lesser
British Lepidoptera,” and exhibited a large number of species typical
of the various groups.
May 8th.—The President in the chair.— Messrs. Harrison and
Main exhibited avery varied series of 7’ @niocampa incerta, from Delamere
Forest, Epping Forest, and Liverpool.—Mr. Moore, Papilio ptolychus,
male and female, from the Solomon Isles, and P. erecthus from New
Guinea. — Mr. Scourfield gave an address on ‘‘ Lakes, and their
Scientific Investigation,” with diagrams.—Hy. J. Turner (Hon. Rep.
Secretary).
RECENT LITERATURE.
CuaupE Fuuuer. ‘‘ First Report of the Government Entomologist,
1899-1900.”" Natal Dep. Agric., 1901, pp. iv. and 150; twenty-
five plates and numerous text figures.
Our Colonial Governments have in general far from recognized
the pressing need for agriculturists of adequate entomological guidance,
and we welcome this first report of the recently established Entomo-
logist in Natal. The work is more in the nature of a general guide to
the principal insect pests of the country, with notes for their preven-
tion and destruction, than a special report, and is of a thoroughly
practical nature, filling up a distinct gap, as our previous knowledge
of African insect-pests was somewhat fragmentary. We hope to see
many of these reports from the pen of Mr. Fuller in the future.
Gree W a AN.
H. Ossorn and EK. D. Batt. ‘A Review of the North American
Species of Athysunus (Jasside),’” 1902, Olio, Nat. il. pp. 231-57,
plates 16 and 17 [also forming Ohio Univ. Bull. (6) 14. 7th
Contrib. from Dep. Zool. and Ent.].
Recentiy (Entom., 1901, p. 336) we had occasion to notice the
useful work by the above authors on some obscure American Homo-
ptera of special interest to entomologists in this country, on account
of the close relation of the forms treated to their allies of the
European fauna.
In the present paper the difficult genus Athysanus is dealt with,
three new subgenera being separated from Burmeister’s original
group. ‘Twenty-six species (not including four doubtful) are now
accredited to North America, and of these, three are also Kuropean,
viz. A. striola (Fall.), A. obsoletus, Kirschbaum, and A. striatula (Fall).
Gs Weak.
200 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Butterflies and Moths of Europe. By W. F. Kirsy, F.L.5S., F.E.S.
With fifty-four coloured plates. 4to. London, Paris, New
York, and Melbourne: Cassell & Co. 1902.
Iv is satisfactory to find that the British interest in Huropean
Lepidoptera is large enough to induce Mr. Kirby to produce a revised
and greatly extended edition of his popular work on the subject.
Apart from the fact that much new matter, and some illustrations,
have been added to the text, new coloured plates have been specially
prepared for this re-issue. The plates in parts 1, 2, and 4, which we
have received, are exceedingly well executed, and far superior in every
way to those in the previous edition.
The arrangement and nomenclature of the first edition have not
been materially altered, and as a result the work will be found, as
regards these matters at least, to differ very little from most of the books
on European Lepidoptera published during the past fifty years or so.
Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. 1901. Pp. 76. With two plates. Published at the
Society’s Rooms, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge, 8.H.
In addition to reports of the five field-meetings held during the
year, this volume contains two papers: one on “‘ Fossil Insects,” by
Mr. W. West, and the other by Mr. A. M. Montgomery, entitled ‘‘ Notes
on Rearing Lepidoptera.’”’ We most heartily commend the latter to
the notice of all who are interested in the observation of Lepidoptera
in their early stages. The author seems exceptionally happy in
devising means of obtaining ova from butterflies as well as from
moths, and his methods of treating larve, from the time of leaving
the ege until they attain full growth, are admirable. The paper is
illustrated by two plates.
From the Report of the Council we learn that the membership of
this firmly established Society is rather larger than in the previous
year, the exact number for the year being one hundred and seventy-
four. Judging from the nature of the exhibits, as set forth in the
‘¢ Abstract of Proceedings,”’ the business transacted during the session
was thoroughly in tov 4 with the objects of the Society.
Transactions of the City .° London Entomological and Natural History
Society, Part XI. (1901). Pp. 73. The Society's Rooms,
London Institution, Finsbury Circus, H.C.
Tur ‘Reports of Meetings’’ afford, as usual, interesting and
instructive reading. The nomenclature adopted is very decidedly up-
to-date, and in most cases the average student will no doubt experience
little difficulty in following it; without previous introduction, possibly
not a few may fail to recognize such old familiar friends as Colias edusa
and J'eniocampa stabilis under the combinations Kurymus croceus and
Graphiphora cerasi.
There are three papers dealing with collecting during holidays at
Hunstanton, Folkestone, and New Forest, as well as an important one
on the genus Cideria. The latter is by Mr. Louis B. Prout, who also
contributes a further instalment of the Lepidoptera of the London
District.
Sin
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Plate II.
Entomologist, August, 1902.
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXV.] AUGUST, 1902.
[No. 471.
VISIT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
TO OXFORD.
(Prate II.)
Ture members of the Council and Fellows of the Entomological
Society, who had accepted Professor E. B. Poulton’s kind in-
vitation to visit Oxford, assembled in the Hope Department of
Zoology in the Museum on Saturday, July 5th. After a pleasant
afternoon spent in inspecting the collections, now in process
of rearrangement, an adjournment was made to Jesus College,
where Professor Poulton entertained the following members of
the University and Fellows of the Society : the Vice-Chancellor,
Mr. D. B. Monro, Provost of Oriel; Mr. A. B. Poynton, Senior
Proctor; Mr. A. J, Evans, Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum ;
Professor Dixey, Dr. David Sharp, Mr. R. McLachlan, Pro-
fessor Meldola, the Rev. F. D. Morice, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr.
A. J. Chitty, Mr. M. Jacoby, Mr. Hamilton Druce, Mr. H. St. J.
K. Donisthorpe, Mr. Guy Marshall, and Mr. H. Rowland-Brown.
While of the uninvited but appropriate (!) guests who put in an
appearance was the rare Reduvius personatus, Linn., taken by
Professor Poulton on the college wall, crawling up toward the
electric light. On Sunday tea was served in one of the meadows
that border the Cherwell, after a pleasant pull on the river, now
in all its summer freshness, and the haunt of innumerable
Odonata, of which Calopteryx splendens and Aischna cyanea
were perhaps the commonest and most admired. Later in the
ENTOM.—auaust, 1902. R
202 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
day Colonel Swinhoe and Professor Dixey invited a number
of Fellows to their high table in Wadham, in the beautiful
garden of which college the party ended what must certainly
be considered not the least successful of the many hospitalities
Professor Poulton and the entomological Fellows of the University
of Oxford have so kindly extended to the Council and Fellows of
the Entomological Society of London.
H. R-B.
ON CARNIVOROUS LYCAINID LARVA.
By K. Ernest Green, F.E.S.
(Government Entomologist of Ceylon.)
In the June number of the ‘ Entomologist,’ Mr. F. P. Dodd
describes an interesting larva of an Australian Lycznid (Liphyra
brassolis, Westw.) from nests of an ant, (icophylla smaragdina.
Mr. Dodd gives reasons for believing that the larve prey upon
the grubs of the ants; but has failed to rear any by providing
them with that food.
That the larve are really carnivorous seems to be proved by
the fact that they seized and attempted to eat some of the
grubs; but they do not appear to have been satisfied with that
diet. Is it not possible that their proper food may be some
Coccid enclosed in the ant’s nests? In Ceylon, the arboreal
nests of this same ant almost invariably include colonies of
Coccidee, Aphidee, or Aleurodide. We have here also a coccido-
phagous Lyczenid larva (of Spalgis epius, Westw.). I have on
more than one occasion found them inside nests of another tree
ant, Cremastogaster dohrni, feeding upon “mealy bugs” (Dacty-
lopius sp.) enclosed therein.
The larve of another Ceylonese Lycenid (Aphneus lohita,
Horsf. = lazularia, Moore) frequent the nests of Cremastogaster
on Acacia and Grevillea trees, upon the foliage of which they
feed. These larve carry a dorsal honey-gland near the posterior
extremity of the body, and are cultivated by the ants on that
account. They are herded in special shelters built by the ants,
are driven out at night to feed, and brought back to their shelters
each morning.
Peradeniya, Ceylon: June 20th, 1902.
203
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF PHYTO-
PHAGOUS COLEOPTERA FROM THE ISLAND OF
MAURITIUS.
By Martin Jacosy.
In the ‘Transactions’ of the Entomological Society of London
for 1898 I have already described several species from the above
locality, which were obtained by Mons. Alluaud, of Paris. I
have now received some other species from the same gentleman,
which, although closely allied, seem again different, and of which
I give the descriptions here.
C@NOBIUS SULCICOLLIS, sp. n.
Black, the labrum flavous; thorax impunctate, deeply obliquely
sulcate at the sides; elytra moderately deeply punctate-striate, black,
shining, with a transverse flavous spot at the middle of the disc.
Length, 34 mill.
Head black, nearly impunctate, the clypeus broad, with a few
punctures ; eyes extremely large, occupying the entire sides of the
head and nearly joined at the vertex, deeply notched ; antennex sub-
filiform, the lower four joints fulvous, the rest black, basal joint elon-
gate, second one short, third and fourth joints equal, the others
slightly thickened and shorter ; thorax transverse, narrowed anteriorly,
if viewed from above, the sides greatly deflexed, the lateral margins
rounded, anterior margin accompanied by a deep groove, the surface
entirely impunctate and shining, black, the sides with a deep oblique
groove at the middle, extending nearly to the middle of the disc, the
basal margin slightly produced at the middle and truncate at that
place ; scutellum subquadrate ; elytra short and parallel, rather deeply
punctate-striate, the punctures very fine near the apex, the interstices
flat and impunctate, those near the lateral margins convex, shoulders
rounded and prominent, the surface black and shining, with a small
transverse flavous spot at the middle of the disc ; below and the legs
black ; prosternum broader than long, the base concave.
The structural characters in regard to the antenne and the
thorax scarcely fit in any of the different genera of Crypto-
cephalide, but the large and nearly joined eyes and the broad
prosternum are characters peculiar to Canobius; the deep
thoracic groove in connection with the coloration will at once
distinguish the species.
RHYPARIDA BIMACULICOLLIS, sp. 0.
Obscure testaceous or fulvous ; antenne (the basal joints excepted)
black; thorax impunctate, with two black spots; elytra strongly
punctate-striate, the interstices minutely wrinkled, the sides broadly
and the suture very narrowly black. Length, 5 mill.
Of oblong parallel shape; the head impunctate, opaque, obscure
fulvous, with a deep central groove at the vertex ; clypeus separated
by another very deep transverse groove, its anterior margin concave,
the surface finely and sparingly punctured ; labrum fulvous; antenna
R 2
204 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
slender, the lower three joints fulvous, the rest black, the second and
third joints equal, each shorter than the fourth ; thorax transverse,
the sides rounded, the anterior angles pointed, the basal margin pre-
ceded by a narrow but deep partly punctured groove, the surface im-
punctate, very minutely granulate, with a rather large black spot at
each side ; scutellum piceous ; elytra subcylindrical, strongly punctate-
striate, the punctures much finer towards the apex, the interstices here
and there finely wrinkled, the suture narrowly and the sides more
broadly black, this colour at the latter place abbreviated near the
apex ; below and the legs fulvous, the posterior femora with a small
tooth.
This species—the only one known at present from Mauritius
—resembles much in coloration many Australian forms of the
genus, but may be separated by the impunctate and. maculate
thorax, and the markings of the elytra; the latter are somewhat
variable, and probably sometimes either entirely absent or more
strongly marked. ‘The structural characters are entirely those
of the genus Rhyparida.
TRICHOSTOLA PUNCTICOLLIS, Sp. 0.
Black below, above greenish cupreous, clothed with white pubes-
cence; the basal joints of the antennz and the legs fulvous ; thorax
very strongly punctured; elytra very closely and equally strongly
punctate. Length, 2 mull.
Head metallic greenish, strongly but sparingly punctured, clothed
with single long white hairs; labrum fulvous; antenne extending
nearly to the end of the elytra, black, the lower three or four joints
fulvous, third and fourth joints rather slender, equal, the following
joints slightly thickened ; thorax about twice as! broad as long, the
lateral margins rounded, the surface very closely and deeply punctured,
cnpreous, sparingly pubescent; elytra with a feeble transverse de-
pression below the base, punctured like the thorax, the punctuation
arranged in very close rows, the interstices scarcely defined, with a
few fine punctures, partly transversely wrinkled and clothed with
white hairs ; below black, legs fulvous.
I know of no other species of this genus having an equally
strongly punctured thorax. T’. rugulosa, Fairm., is described
with a pale fulvous pubescence, and with a finely rugose thorax
and elytra; the antenne are also described as fulvous.
TRICHOSTOLA THORACICA, sp. n.
Below black; antenne and legs fulvous, above obscure cupreous ;
thorax transverse, finely rugosely punctured, clothed with grey pubes-
cence; elytra finely punctate-striate, the interstices finely wrinkled
and pubescent. Length, 3 mill.
Head finely rugose and pubescent, dark cupreous, opaque ; antenne
fulvous, the last joint darker, third joint distinctly shorter than the
fourth ; thorax more than twice as broad as long, of equal width, the
sides scarcely deflexed, the lateral margins rounded, the surface sculp-
tured like the head, and clothed with grey pubescence ; elytra with a
NEW SPECIES OF PHYTOPHAGOUS COLEOPTERA. 205
slight transverse depression below the base, rather finely punctate-
striate, more distinctly so at the sides; the interstices likewise finely
punctured, slightly wrinkled and pubescent ; legs fulvous.
The general coloration of this species is opaque cupreous,
and the thorax is less narrowed anteriorly than is generally the
ease ; the elytral punctured striz are not so well defined as in
most of its allies, owing to the somewhat wrinkled interstices.
TRICHOSTOLA FASCIATIPENNIS, Sp. n.
Pale fulvous or ferrugineous, closely pubescent; thorax clothed
with yellow pubescence; elytra strongly punctate-striate and pubes-
cent, pale fulvous, the suture and a short discoidal stripe at the disc
fuscous. Length, 2 mill.
Head smooth, not perceptibly punctured, the lower portion and the
palpi flavous ; antenne fulvous, the terminal five or six joints fuscous,
thickened; thorax more than twice as broad as long, the sides feebly
rounded, slightly narrowed anteriorly, the basal margin sinuate at
each side, surface sculptured and pubescent like the head; scutellum
similarly clothed with yellow hairs; elytra with regular and rather
closely placed rows of deep punctures, the interstices pubescent, ful-
vous, the suture narrowly fuscous, the middle of the dise with a short
more or less distinct fuscous stripe, not extending to the base or
apex ; below and the legs coloured like the upper surface.
The general coloration of this species differs from any of its
allies, but the elytral stripe is sometimes obsolete or absent.
TRICHOSTOLA FEMORALIS, Sp. Nn.
Below obscure fulyous; the terminal joints of the antenne and the
breast fuscous; above obscure exneous, clothed with fulvous hairs;
thorax extremely finely, elytra more distinctly punctured in indistinct
rows, the interstices finely and sparingly punctate ; legs fulvous, the
apex of the femora and tibiz fuscous. Length, 5 mill.
Of comparatively large size; the head obsoletely punctured and
furnished with some fulvous hairs, the anterior margin of the clypeus
and the labrum fulvous; antenne extending to about the middle of
the elytra, the lower four or five joints fulvous, the others black, the
third and following two joints slender and equal, the rest slightly
thickened, shorter; thorax more than twice as broad as long, slightly
narrowed anteriorly, the sides‘rounded, the punctuation very fine and
close, the interstices furnished with fulvous pubescence, the posterior
margin straight at the sides; scutellum pubescent; elytra with a
feeble depression below the base, punctured in rows, rather difficult to
distinguish on account of the close and but little less strongly punctured
interstices, the latter also clothed with longish fulvous hairs; abdomen
and legs fulvous, the femora with a fuscous spot or patch near the
apex; the tibie more or less similarly coloured at the base.
One of the largest species of the genus, of obscure neous or
cupreous coloration ; the punctuation of the thorax and the
elytra close and fine ; the legs marked with fuscous,
206 - THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENO-
PTERA (ICHNEUMONIDH, CHRYSIDIDH, FOSSORES,
AND APIDA).
By P. Cameron.
(Continued from p. 183.)
CHRYSIDIDA.
Curysis (TETRACHRYSIS) LEPCHA, Sp. Nov.
Viridis, supra late ceruleo ; antennis tarsisque nigris; alis fusco-
violaceis. Long.14mm. 2.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Antenne black; the basal three joints bluish above; the base of
the scape broadly green; the flagellum, except at the base, covered
with a pale down. Head green, tinged with blue; the front brassy in
the middle; the ocellar region purple; the apex of the clypeus and
the mandibles, except at the base, black. The vertex coarsely and
deeply punctured, the punctures larger and deeper at the sides near
the eyes; the front closely punctured in the middle; the sides much
more strongly punctured ; the eyes are bordered bya distinctly defined
row of punctures; in the centre of the front above is a shallow de-
pression; the orbits behind are bordered by a sharp distinct keel.
Thorax above dark green; the base and a transverse band on the pro-
notum, and the centre of the meso- and metanotum, broadly purple ;
the pronotum coarsely and closely rugosely punctured, except a smooth
impunctate space in the centre at the base, this space being broadest
behind; the mesonotum and the scutellum have the punctures larger
and deeper, especially in the middle; the middle of the metanotum is
punctured like the scutellum, its sides near the wings depressed ; the
projecting lateral angles are coarsely punctured at the base; the outer
sides at the apex have two slight depressions. The upper part of the
propleurz coarsely punctured; the middle is depressed, and bears a
few irregular striz ; below this depression is a deeper narrower longi-
tudinal one ; mesopleure deeply and largely punctured, the punctures
running into reticulations. Mesosternum brassy, closely punctured
behind; the sides and middle with stronger punctures. The meta-
pleure are irregularly longitudinally striated, the strie being stronger
and more widely separated at the base. Legs green, largely mixed
with blue; the tarsi black. Wings fuscous, paler towards the apex ;
the nervures deep black. The basal segment of the abdomen is bluish
green; the sides with a distinct brassy tinge; the base and sides are
strongly punctured; the centre has the punctures more widely sepa-
rated and smaller; between the larger punctures are smaller ones.
The second segment is closely punctured, the punctuation on the sides
being closer and stronger than on the middle, and they have a brassy
tint; the third segment is finely and sparsely punctured at the base,
the rest of it much more strongly and closely punctured ; the apical
depression is wide and deep; the fovew are also deep; the four teeth
are large ; the outer broader than the inner, and somewhat triangular.
SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 207
This is considerably larger than any of the other species of
this section.
MUTILLIDA.
MUTILLA CASIPHIA, Sp. NOv.
Black ; the basal three segments of the abdomen red; the scutellum
with a narrow deep furrow down the centre; the area on the median
segment reaches to the apex of the truncation, and becomes gradually
narrowed ; wings violaceous, paler at the base. ¢. Long. 18 mm.
Hab. Borneo.
Antenne short, the flagellum opaque; the third joint slightly
longer than the fourth, which is of the length of the fifth. Head nar-
rower than the thorax, densely covered with long griseous hair ; on the
cheeks the hair is longer, denser, and bright silvery in tint. Front
and vertex coarsely rugosely punctured ; the face and clypeus smooth
and shining ; on the centre, above the clypeus, is a conical projection,
the narrow part being above; the clypeus is depressed below it, and
foveate on either side of its apex. Mandibles broad; the apical tooth
broad, broadly rounded at the apex, the subapical tooth transverse ; at
the base, behind the middle, is a large blunt tooth, which projects
downwards; the base is thickly covered with grey pile, and with
silvery hair; the palpi are black. Pro- and mesothorax closely and
strongly punctured; the mesopleure and sternum thickly covered
with silvery pubescence ; the mesonotum thickly with longish blackish
hair ; the scutellum and post-scutellum with long black hair; there
are two furrows on the apical two-thirds of the mesonotum, a smooth
flat keel between them, and a shorter one on either side. Scutellum
roundly convex, rugosely punctured ; there is a furrow in the centre
of the apical two-thirds, bordered by flat smooth keels, and there is a
flat smooth keel at its base. Median segment coarsely and regularly
reticulated ; there is a central area which reaches to the top of the
truncation ; it is wide at the base, and betomes gradually narrowed to
the apex, which is not quite one-half the width of the base. Propleurz
closely rugosely punctured, the apex smooth, with some stout striz
behind. Legs thickly covered with white hair; the spurs pale. Wings
deep fusco-violaceous, paler at the base; the pale space on the hinder
wings more extended than on the front; the third cubital cellule at
the top and bottom is distinctly shorter than the second; the apex of
the radius is obliquely bent upwards, is straight, and at a different
angle from the lower part; the first transverse cubital nervure is
rounded, and has an oblique slope; the second is not oblique, and has
a broad rounded curve; the third is sharply angled in the middle;
both the recurrent nervures are received shortly, but distinctly beyond
the middle. The apical half of the first and the whole of the second
and third segments are rufous; the basal five segments are covered
with white, the apical more thickly with longer black hair ; the ventral
keel is stout, does not extend beyond the middle, and is roundly but
not deeply curved below. The pygidium has an elongated bare space,
narrowed at the top and bottom in the centre; the sides on the basal
two-thirds are covered with long black hair; the apex is sparsely but
not strongly punctured ; the hypopygium is flat, covered with long
black hair, and not keeled.
208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
MOUTILLA AESYCA, Sp. NOv.
Black; the head and thorax red; the front femora and the basal
three-fourths of the four posterior rufous ; the lower part of the petiole
rufous ; a quadrate spot on the centre of the petiole, a broad band on
the apex of the third segment, widest in the middle, the apex of the
penultimate, and the sides of the last segment covered with silvery
pubescence. @. Long. 11 mm.
Hab. Borneo.
Antenne entirely black; the third joint more than double the
length of the fourth ; the fourth and fifth equal in length. Front and
vertex rugosely punctured, and sparsely covered with longish black
hair; the front indistinctly keeled down the centre. Antennal tubercles
dark rufous, smooth. Mandibles black, rufous at the apex ; their base
punctured ; their apical tooth long, rounded at the apex; the hair on
their base long and pale fulvous. The head is broader than long, but is
largely developed behind the eyes; the occiput is roundly incised, not
transverse or convex. Thorax twice longer than broad; the base and
apex almost transverse, with their sides rounded; the outer edge of
the mesonotum is irregular; the sides of the apex above bear four
stout teeth. The top of the median segment has a rounded slope; it
is sparsely punctured, and is keeled down the centre. Pleure smooth
and shining ; the upper part projects. Legs black; the front femora
entirely, and the four posterior, except at the apex, rufous; they are
covered with long white hair; the tibial spines apparently are few in
number, and are black; the spurs are pale; the tarsal spines are
rufous ; their basal joints are thickly covered with pale pubescence.
The abdomen deep black ; there is a square mark of silvery pubescence
on apex of the petiole, in the middle there is a broad band of similar
pubescence, broadest in the middle, on the apex of the second segment ;
a broader one on the penultimate, and the sides of the pygidium are
thickly covered with silvery pubescence ; the last segment is punctured
at the base; the apical half is smooth, shining, and piceous. The
keel on the basal ventral segment does not project much, and is
rounded at the base and apex ; the second segment is smooth and de-
pressed on the basal half, and is there indistinctly keeled in the middle ;
the epipygium is closely punctured, and is distinctly bordered laterally.
On the side of the second segment is an elongated patch of dark rufous
pubescence.
(To be continued.)
A LIST OF TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX
BETWEEN 1885 AND 1901.
By A. THurnatu.
(Concluded from p. 193.)
Catoptria wimmerana, Wilk.—Strictly confined to the salt marshes
along the Thames, and on the coast. Wakering, near Shoeburyness,
Thames Haven, Fobbing, and Benfleet. Larva in September and
October spun up in the tops of Artemisia maritima.
TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 209
C. cana, Haw.—Very common amongst thistles, in the heads of
which the larva may be found in abundance in September. From
one of several larve taken near Clacton in September, 1888, I bred a
female in 1890. This is the only instance known to me of this species
taking two seasons to arrive at the perfect state.
C. scopoliana, Haw.—Fairly common amongst Centaurea nigra, in
the heads of which the larva feeds. Much more commonly met with
some seasons than others. Its near ally, fulvana, St., I have only met
with in the north of the county, strictly confined to Centawrea scabiosa.
C. cacimaculana, Hb.—Apparently rare and local in the county. I
once took a pair amongst Centaurea nigra, &ce., on a piece of chalky
waste ground near Grays, but unfortunately lost the boxes, so that I
am still without any Essex examples!
C. emulana, Schl. — Strictly confined to places where its food-
plant, golden-rod, grows. I have found the larva very sparingly
between Brentwood and Ingatestone. Very much more abundant on
the Kentish side of the Thames, from whence I have bred it freely.
C. tripoliana, Barr.—I have found this variable species wherever
Aster tripolium grows in the “saltings.”” The larva may be found
full-fed early in October in the seed-heads. Not difficult to breed if
kept fully exposed to all weathers.
C. expallidana, Haw.—Very local; I have only met with it in a
rough field not far from Upminster early in July.
C. citrana, Hb.—Mr. Machin used to get this species sparingly on
the sloping banks between Southend and Leigh, but I fear it is not
likely to be met with there now. Still occurs, I believe, on Canvey
Island. Larva feeds in flower heads of Achillea millefolium.
Trycheris aurana, Fb.—Local; I have netted a few in rough fields
near Hadleigh, but I am told that it occurs in many places.
Lobesia permixtana, Hiib.—Very abundant in Epping Forest,
Brentwood district, and many other places, generally amongst oak. I
have never met with the larva to my knowledge, but it has been bred
from blackthorn and birch. It is almost sure to be found on oak as
well some day.
Eupecilia nana, Haw.—Common amongst birch shrubs generally.
I once bred two specimens from a dead thistle stem, much to my
surprise, until I came to recollect that the stem was picked (in Wan-
stead Park) from beneath a birch tree.
E.. dubitana, Hb.—Rather local. Wanstead, Upminster, Waltham
Abbey, Danbury, Wakering, &c. I have bred it from golden rod,
Hieracium tridentatum and umbellatum, and Senecio jacobaa. Feeds on
the young seeds in September.
Ei. atricapitana, St.—Local and uncommon in South Essex. I
have bred it once or twice from dead stems of Senecio from near
Thames Haven, and the second brood from the green stems of the
same plant from the railway bank near Harold Wood.
fi, maculosana, Haw.—Not uncommon in plantations and woods
where its food-plant, Scilla nutans, grows. The larva feeds on the
green seeds.in July, and then leaves to spin-up amongst rubbish.
Very quick on the wing when flying in the sunshine over a bed of its
food-plant. I have met with it in the woods round Warley more
abundantly than elsewhere.
210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
E. hybridellana, Hb.—Local and scarce; more abundant in the
larva state. I have taken a very few not far from Pitsea, and found
the little pinkish larva in abundance, feeding in the seed-heads of
Helminthia echioides, but I found it very difficult to breed.
E. angustana, Hb.—The small pale form sometimes swarming in
early August over Calluna vulgaris at Loughton, Warley, Tiptree, &c.
The much more handsome and earlier form (which feeds upon the
seed of Plantago lanceolata, and, I believe, other plants) is much less
common. Thames Haven, railway banks near Romford, also rough
fields near Upminster. I was at one time. inclined to think we had
two species mixed up here.
E. vectisana, Westw.—Very common in the salt marshes amongst
Triglochin maritimum, its food-plant. Mr. Machin met with a specimen
on Hackney Marshes, where it had probably fed on the allied 7. palustre.
E. affinitana, Dougl.—Common in every salting where Aster tri-
polium grows. I have found the pupa in the spring in the upper part
of the previous season’s flower-stalks.
EF. udana, Gn.—Seldom seen on the wing, but the larva may be
found in most places in the stems of Alisma plantago, pupating therein.
The insects last over a considerable time; this summer, for instance,
I bred one on June 11th, and the next specimen came out on July 12th!
FE. notulana, Gell.—I have never bred this insect or met with the
imago in Essex; but in 1886 I found, near Brentwood, in the early
autumn, several larve in stems of Mentha aquatica, which were no
doubt this species, but I failed to rear any of them.
FE. rupicola, Curt.—Scarce and local. I have found the larva on
the banks of the Chelmer, near Chelmsford, in the old prostrate stems
of Hupatorium cannabinum, but this plant is by no means common in
the districts where I have collected.
FE. roseana, Haw.—May generally, but not always, be found in the
larval state in heads of the common teazel. Harold Wood, Benfleet,
Pitsea, and Canvey Island. From the last named locality I bred the
largest and most beautifully coloured specimens I have seen.
FE. ciliella, Hb.—Only met with at Ingatestone, where a few larvee
were found feeding in the seeds of the common cowslip, Primula veris.
FE. implicitana, H. 5.—Not rare; may be found among such plants
as Anthemis cotula, Matricaria inodora and chamomilla, in the seed of
which the larva feeds, often, but not always, pupating in the stems.
I have also bred it freely from flowers or seeds of golden rod from Kent.
FE, erigerana, Wism.—Very local in South Essex. I have only met
with it once on a piece of waste ground near Harold Wood. I found
it very abundantly near here (Croydon), and also bred it from flower-
heads of Hrigeron acre a few weeks ago (August, 1901).
Xanthosetia zoegana, L.—Not common, but very widely distributed.
I have taken the very striking var. ferrugana, Haw., near Stratford, on
Leyton Marshes.
X, hamana, L.—Very common and variable amongst the various
species of thistle in every locality I have worked. The larva is said
to feed on thistles, but I have never met with it.
Chrosis tesserana, Tr.—Common on rough, dry, waste grounds, and
in great variety, some of which are very beautiful, others nearly or
quite unicolorous. I once bred nearly forty from larve obtained the
TORTRICES TAKEN IN SOUTH ESSEX. 211
previous autumn feeding on roots of Helminthia echioides, and a few on
Picris, on the railway bank near Stanford-le-Hope.
Argyrolepia baumanniana, Schiff.—Scarce and local in damp places
amongst Scabiosa succisa, in the roots of which plant it is believed to
feed. Near Brentwood, and beside the road leading from the ‘ Robin
Hood’ to High Beech, Loughton.
A. sub-baumanniana, Wilk.— Another scarce and local species. I
have only met with it in a rough place on the chalk near Purfleet.
Iam inclined to think that Scabiosa columbaria roots will be found to
be the food of the larva.
A. zephyrana, Tr.—Not uncommonly found where Daucus carota
grows; in the root and lower part of the stem the larva may be found
through the winter. Like so many other Tortrices, it is partial to
railway banks.
A. maritimana, Gn.—Entirely confined to those places on the
coast where Hryngiwm maritimum grows. The larva may be found in
the winter far down in the sand in the root of this somewhat local
plant. I have bred a good number in past years from roots dug up in
the neighbourhood of Clacton, but I expect the plant is scarce there now.
A. badiana, Hb.—Generally common amongst burdock, in the seeds
(not the stems) of which the larva feeds, together with Parasia lapella,
leaving when full-fed and pupating amongst rubbish on the ground.
A. cnicana, Dbl.—Mr. Machin used to take this amongst thistles,
&c., in boggy places in Epping Forest. I have not met with it.
A. aneana, Haw.—This, perhaps the most beautiful of all our
Tortrices, although local, is by no means rare in Essex. I have met
with it (usually the larva) on the railway banks near Romford, Harold
Wood, Stanford-le-Hope to Thames Haven, also at Fobbing, Benfleet,
and near Upminster. The larva may be found in the autumn and
winter in the roots of Senecio jacobea, in which it pupates.
Conchylis dipoltella, Hb.—Another beautiful but far more local
insect. Mr. Machin used to find the larva in seed-heads of Achillea
millefolium near Southend; I have not met with it in any stage.
Q. francillonana, Fb.—Locally common amongst its food-plant,
Daucus carota. Harold Wood, Romford, and commonly near Upmin-
ster and Benfleet.
Q. dilucidana, St.—More commonly found in the larva state in dead
stems of Pastinaca sativa wherever it grows abundantly.
C. smeathmanniana, Fb.—Somewhat local among A. millefoliwm and
Anthemis cotula on waste ground. Very common at Temple Mills, near
Stratford, Romford, Blackmore, East Horndon, &c. I have found it
difficult to breed.
C. stramineana, Haw.—Only met with at Harold Wood and near
Pitsea, always amongst Centaurea nigra, in the heads of which the
larva feeds.
Aphelia osseana, Seop.—Common as this curious species is in many
places, I have only met with it on one occasion in South Hssex, on a
rough, dry slope near Upminster.
Tortricodes hyemana, Hb.—In great abundance in March in oak
woods, and varying considerably ; some of the specimens are rather
pretty, but the majority of them plain. ‘The female is less often met
with; I once got a good many by searching the trunks of the oaks
after dark.
912 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA
FROM THE TRANSVAAL.
By W. L. Distant.
Tue following seven species have recently been added to my
collection from various sources, and will be eventually figured in
‘Insecta Transvaaliensia,’ now in course of publication :—
Fam. Nocrvip.
TIMORA TRANSVAALICA, Sp. n.
Head pale brownish, pronotum greyish-pink, abdomen dull ochra-
ceous, sternum greyish-white. Anterior wings very pale carmine or
pinky red, with a greyish ray extending from base to about middle of
wing, above this a similar but longer ray margining lower area of cell
and extending to apical margin, other narrower and more obscure
greyish rays between the nervures; posterior wings creamy-white ;
anterior wings beneath much paler than above. Exp. wings 34 millim.
Hab. Transvaal; Johannesburg (J. Hyde).
AUDEA SUBLIGATA, Sp. n.
Head, pronotum, and legs piceous; abdomen, sternum, femora
above, and spots to tarsi ochraceous; disk, apex, and lateral margins
of abdomen suffused with fuscous. Anterior wings above piceous ;
posterior wings somewhat obscure greyish, the basal area tinged with
pale ochraceous, the veins mostly fuscous, and with a narrow marginal
piceous fascia, the fringe greyish. Wings beneath greyish; anterior
wings with the costal margin, subapical and apical fascie, and outer
marginal spots piceous, cellular’ area fuscous; posterior wings with
the posterior apical margin and a costal spot piceous. Exp. wings
88 millim.
Hab. Transvaal; Lydenburg district (Pret. Mus. and Coll.
Dist.).
CHALCIOPE PRETORIM, sp. 0.
Head pale ochraceous, its basal area and antenne darker; pro-
notum with the anterior area ochraceous-brown posteriorly defined by
a dark transverse castaneous line between the costal angles of the
wings, beyond this the colour is pale luteous; abdomen dark ochra-
ceous ; sternum and legs paleluteous. Anterior wings pale ochraceous,
sparingly speckled with small brown points; two small discal brown
spots near base, an oblique costal spot near centre of cell, a reniform
discal spot at end of cell preceded by a short costal stripe, followed by
a curved series of minute spots crossing wing, the costal largest, all
brown, outer marginal area very pale purplish brown, inwardly defined
by a white line margined with brown and outwardly by three narrow
contiguous whitish lines; posterior wings pale greyish, outer area
tinged with pale ochraceous, the discal veins marked with a short
fuscous streak. Exp. wings 52 millim.
Hab: Transvaal; Pretoria.
Allied to C. carnieola, Hamps.
NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM THE TRANSVAAL. 213
Fam. Noroponripz&.
RIGEMA AURIFODINE, sp. 0.
Head and pronotum golden-yeliow; abdomen brownish-ochraceous,
the base and apex greyishly pilose, and with a lateral marginal black
fascia on each side; sternum and legs ochraceous, with yellow pilosity ;
tarsi spotted with black; antenne pale ochraceous. Anterior wings
stramineous, with a broad central longitudinal fascia, a shorter and
narrower fascia from end of cell, and a very short subapical marginal
streak, pale brownish-ochraceous with blackish speckles; posterior
wings greyish-white ; anterior wings beneath much paler than above.
Exp. wings 87-40 millim.
Hab. Transvaal; Johannesburg (J. Hyde). Pretoria (Pret.
Mus.).
CERURA SWIERSTRH, Sp. 0.
Head, pronotum, and body beneath hoary-white; a transverse
ochraceous fascia preceded by a black suffusion between lateral pro-
notal angles; a spot at base of head, a transverse basal fascia to
pronotum, abdomen above, head beneath, tibial spots, and the tarsi
black; base and apex of abdomen above hoary-white; antenne with
the pectination fuscous. Wings hoary-white; anterior wings with
costal and outer marginal spots and a speckled suffusion on outer
basal area, black; posterior wings with a central subcostal spot and
minute outer marginal spots as on anterior wings, black. Exp. wings
32 millim.
Hab. Transvaal; Pretoria (Swierstra—Pret. Mus. and Coll.
Dist.).
Fam. Cossipm.
DvuoMITUS SQUAMEUS, Sp. N.
Body above and beneath, with legs, greyish-brown ; pronotum
thickly irrorated with pale greyish scales; head and anterior margin
of pronotum dark purplish ; pectination of the antenne dull ochrace-
ous. Anterior wings brownish, thickly irrorated with grey scales; a
purplish-brown patch occupying costal area for about one-third from
base, where it is also about one-third of breadth of wing, a similarly
coloured costal spot nearly above apex of cell; posterior wings greyish-
brown; wings beneath somewhat uniformly greyish-brown. Exp.
wings 58 millim.
Hab. Transvaal; Pretoria.
AZYGOPHLEPS LEOPARDINA, Sp. 0.
Head and pronotum pale yellowish-white; pronotum with a trans-
verse fascia on anterior collar, two transverse series of four spots in
each across disk, and four spots on posterior area—two laterally on
each side—black; antenne greyish-white, speckled with black, their
bases broadly black; body and legs pale greyish-brown, tibiz and tarsi
more or less annulated with black. Anterior wings cretaceous-white,
somewhat thickly and irregularly black spotted, on apical third the
spots transversely crossing wing, before this, or on basal two-thirds,
214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the spots in more longitudinal series; posterior wings cretaceous, with
obscure dark spots placed transversely on their outer areas; the veins
of both wings more or less ochraceous; wings beneath as above, but
anterior wings with the spots a little paler. Hxp. wings 60 millim.
Hab. Transvaal; Pretoria.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE
AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA.
By Dr. H. J. Hansen.
(Continued from vol. xxxiv. p. 154.)
D. SprracLEs AND ABDOMEN.*
As regards the number of spiracles, I do not know of any
opinions founded upon research other than L. Durour’s erroneous
statement (in 1833) for the number in Cicada (see above), + and
Wiruaczin (in 1885) for Typhlocyba. In the above cited work,
ScHIoOpTE remarks (p. 255): ‘‘ Rhynchota Heteroptera have without
exception ten pairs of spiracles, whose distribution is exactly as I
pointed out long ago in-the Coleoptera.”’ That is to say, the
first pair lie between the pro- and meso-sternum ; the second pair
between the meso- and meta-sternum; the third pair ‘‘ on the
insect’s back concealed by the wings, between the metanotum
and the first tergite of the abdomen” (p. 257); the fourth to
tenth pairs “‘lie on the ventral part of the pleural-fold of the
abdomen. There are thus seven pairs- of ventral abdominal
spiracles.”” In the types of all four families of the Auchenorrhyncha
I have likewise found ten pairs of spiracles. In the location of the
eight pairs of abdominal spiracles, one finds, moreover, features
affording exquisite family characters, and some of these deviate
from the rule formulated by ScuiéprTE as being applicable to the
Heteroptera. In discussing the abdominal spiracles it will be at
the same time necessary to deal with some points in the structure
of the abdomen, and each of the families must be treated
separately as regards this ;- while, on the other hand, the thoracic
spiracles appear not to offer special differences in the several
families, and the latter can therefore be considered together.
a. THoracitc SPIRACLES.
1. Spiracles between the pro- and meso-thorax lie in the soft
articulating membrane between these two sclerites, almost under
* A somewhat different account has been given of the spiracles by
Verhoeff (1894, Verh. Naturh. Vereins Rheinlands, vol. 1. pp. 807-74;
abstract in 1898, Entom. Nachr. xix. pp. 869-80), but Handlirsch has recently
fully confirmed Hansen’s account (1899, Verh. zool. botan. Gesellsch. Wien.
xlix. pp. 449-510; see also ‘ Entomologist,’ 1900, p. 20).—G. W. K.
+ This refers to the Historical réswmé, not translated.—G. W. K.
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 915
the root of the fore wings, either on the lateral margin of the
body (Cicada), or a little under the same (Aphrophora). They
are hidden by the flattened-out, broad, prothoracic lateral mar-
gin, and can be seen very easily when this is cut away. They
are almost perpendicular (Cicada), or inclined postero-ventrally
(Aphrophora) ; they are always conspicuous, occasionally very
large (Tettigonia, Aphrophora).
2. Spiracles between meso- and meta-thorax lie concealed under
the articulation of the hind wings, a little from the lateral mar-
gins on the ventral surface. Theyare smaller than (Aphrophora),
of equal size with (Cicada), or almost larger than (Fulgora), the
“first pair. In, for example, Fulgora they are externally visible
without preparation ; in the Stridulantia they are best viewed in
profile, as they are more or less covered by a posteriorly-directed
flap arising from the posterior margin of the mesothorax ; in the
Jasside and Cercopide they are covered by a similar plate-
shaped projection, and lie so completely hidden that they are
not easy to discover.
b. ABDOMEN AND ITS SPIRACLES.
1. Stridulantia.—The tergite of the first segment of the
abdomen is well developed, especially about the middle, but
much shorter than the following segments; the sternite is also
well chitinized, especially in the male more strongly and pecu-
larly. The second segment is solid throughout, without any
trace of membrane between the tergite and the sternite ; dorsally
it is quite as long as the following segments. ach of the third
to seventh segments is formed out of a sternite, which is far from
reaching the lateral margin of the body, and of a tergite, which
is extended to that lateral margin; between the lateral margins
of the tergite and the sternite there is found a somewhat broad
band, which, according to the explanation here adopted, is taken
to be the Plewron. This consists of two parts, viz.—externally,
a conspicuous “‘chitinous”’ plate, which (except in Cystosoma,
and partly in individuals of other forms with somewhat swollen
abdomen) is separated from the tergite by a very narrow, thin, or
somewhat thin marginal membrane ; and, interiorly, by a (except
in Cystosoma) distinct, narrow, thin membrane between the plate
and the sternite.* The tergite of the eighth abdominal segment
is coalesced with the pleural chitinous plate, whilst the sternite
is entirely modified as a genital segment. (The following seg-
ments are not considered either in this or in the following
families; it will only be stated that one finds in both sexes of
* The location of the spiracles in the third segment in, for example,
Tettigonia viridis suggests the reckoning of the plate as part of the Pleuron,
not as a ventral part of the tergite ; the structure in Cercopide and Jasside
suggests the consideration of the skin between the plate and the tergite, not
as a suture, but as a part of the Pleuron.
216 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Cicada, posterior to the eight spiracle-bearing abdominal. segments,
three distinct segments in addition to the ‘‘ anal flap”? (= telson),
and that the ninth and tenth abdominal segments are, in the
male, extremely modified; whilst in the female only the ninth
: wee strongly modified, the tenth being small and only slightly
altered.)
The first pair of abdominal spiracles lies on the ventral side of
the body close to the lateral margins in a depression at the base
of the abdomen, surrounded by solid chitin (a part of the meta-
sternum), which, particularly in the male, is very thick, and of
a considerable breadth; they are transverse like the thoracic
spiracles, but somewhat shorter than these. In most females”
they are generally not difficult to see when the abdomen is bent
a little upwards, but in some females, and in most males, they
are covered by the so-called ‘‘Opercula.”” The seven remaining
pairs of spiracles are considerably smaller than the first pair,
and of different structure; they are entirely open, with an oval or
almost circular orifice, the Peritreme being a solid ring, which is
also furnished with a great number of hairs directed towards the
centre of the spiracle. The locking-mechanism lies a little behind
the Peritreme. The first of them (thus the second pair of abdo-
minal spiracles) is not altogether easy to discover. They lie ike
the first pair on the under side of the abdomen a little from the
lateral margin close to the front margin of the second abdominal
segment, but the chitin of this segment is inclined inwards
(downwards seen from below) in such a manner that a transverse
furrow arises, so that the spiracles actually lie near the bottom
of the outer angle of this furrow, looking forwards and towards
the insect’s middle plane. In the female one can see them with-
out preparation, but in the male they are often concealed by the
‘“‘Opercula.”’ Hach of the third to eighth abdominal spiracles
lies in the sternite itself.a little behind its front margin, and
close to the Pleuron.
2. Cercopide.—The first tergite extends right to the lateral
margins, where it is moderately long,* but not strongly chitinized ;
towards the median line it shortens strongly, or even disappears
as a solid formation ; the sternite is short, well chitinized at the
middle, and terminates far from the lateral margins. The second
tergite is somewhat long, well chitinized, and extends right out
to the side margins; the sternite is shorter medianly than the
tergite, and is still shorter towards the lateral margins ; it extends
right out to this, and almost to the apical margin of the tergite
** In the original the word is ‘ broad,” but Dr. Hansen now accords with
me that the words ‘‘ broad,” ‘‘ narrow,” ‘‘long,” ‘‘ short”? should refer solely
to the situation of the margin in question with regard to the longitudinal
axis of the insect. This paper therefore is not a literal translation of the
ogy in these respects, but represents Dr. Hansen’s present views.—
G. W.K.
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 217
(the sternites of these two segments are not visible without pre-
paration, and the posterior cox should preferably be cut away,
as they project forwards over them, and partly cover them). The
third to eighth segments are formed essentially like those in the
Stridulantia. Only the inner part of the Pleuron is always very
distinctly developed, but not, however, particularly broad ; it is
now and then almost entirely membranous, but occasionally con-
tains chitinous portions. In Aphrophora alni there are thus
found in the membranous part of the Pleuron of the third to
fifth segments two distinct narrow chitinous plates (an anterior
and a posterior) in each segment.
The first pair of spiracles lies inside the lateral margins on
the lower side of the body as far forward as possible towards the
posterior margin of the metasternum, and on account of the shape
of this plate, the projection of the coxa and the aperture of the
spiracle being rather feebly defined, the spiracle is difficult to
perceive. The second pair of spiracles lies on the lateral margins
in a small chitinous piece, which projects a little forward and
downward from the lateral angles of the second sternite of the
abdomen, and, indeed, may appear to correspond with the large
outer pleural chitin-plate in the following segments. The third
to eighth pairs lie on the under side in the inner part of the
Pleuron, and if this contains chitinized fragments it is located
in the first of these. At least the second to eighth pairs of
spiracles are cleft-shaped, fairly large.
3. Jasside.—The structures of this family agree largely with
the foregoing. The form, the structure of which I have found
easiest to study—and, if one likes, most typically developed—
is the female of the very common Tettigonia viridis, L., for
which reason it is the basis for the following observations.
The tergite of the first sezment is not developed medianly,
_ but more towards the side it appears as a not particularly long
plate, which then contracts again, and terminates a little from
the lateral margin; the sternite is very short, and does not
extend quite out to the lateral margins, and is interrupted
medianly. The second tergite is well developed, not particularly
long, and extends almost to the side margins ; the sternite is
medianly nearly as long as the tergite, and its shortened lateral
margins reach almost to the lateral margins of the body. ‘The
third to eighth segments are very similar to those in the Cerco-
pids. On the fourth to seventh segments each Pleuron consists
. of a broad, strongly chitinized, exterior piece, and an inner band,
which for its entire length contains a narrow chitinous plate ; in
the third and the eighth segments an inner plate of that kind is
not developed.
(To be continued.)
ENTOM.—auausT, 1902. 5
218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Wuite Anrts or Termrres.—Among the wonders of natural history,
few can surpass the dependence of the life of these insects on that of
their queen. This, at least, is generally believed in Bloemfontein, and
I have reason to believe it true from what I have known myself. Many
years ago (1879) a colony established itself close to the cathedral and
to the house of Bishop Webb. Two Dutch Boers undertook the rid-
dance, and had to go eleven feet deep before the queen was found—a
large grub, with head like that of a bee. ‘Till then the soldiers fought
hard, and the hands of the Boers were covered with blood. After she
was captured and taken away they became lethargic, and I had some
difficulty in inducing one to attack me—but the mandibles cut like a
pair of sharp scissors. I left South Africa shortly afterwards, but was
glad to ascertain that no mischief whatever occurred afterwards. ‘The
creatures are called ‘‘ houtkoppers” (wood-cutters), and I have seen a
plant about the size of a slate-pencil cut to pieces by them. ‘The
white ants of Queensland, though about as mischievous, are, as far
as I have seen them, much smaller and different. I was told by the
Government ant-destroyer that he had found fifty-tiree queens in one
nest! He had, of course, some difficulty in convincing other experts.
In that colony another sort of ant, of a dull red, of exactly the same
size, and so able to go up their tunnels, fights and destroys many.—
(Rev.) Gzorcz Guover; 55, Church Road, St. Leonard’s-on-Sea.
Two Varieties or Lycamna icarus.—I have been fortunate enough
to take two varieties of Lycwna icarus this year in Dorking, both of
them on the same ground on the south side of Ranmore. On June 7th,
while pill-boxing Lycena bellaryus among the wet grass in the evening,
I came upon a male specimen of L. icarus quite normal on the upper
side, but whose under side was as follows :—The marginal spots are
very faint on both the fore and hind wings, and on each wing, in
place of the usual thirteen or nine black spots with white circumscrip-
tion, there is a single spot, the middle one only, all the rest of the
wings being plain ashy-grey. It is rather a small specimen, but,
luckily, in perfect condition. On June 14th, when engaged upon a
similar pursuit, I took a gynandrous specimen. It possesses the male
coloration on the left side, and the female on the right, the latter
being of the blue form, though the black discoidal spot and the mar-
ginal spots are quite distinct. This, too, is in perfect condition.—
KF, A. Oupaxer; Parsonage House, Dorking, July 11th, 1902.
VarietTIES oF AMPHIDASYS BETULARIA.—I was much interested in
Mr. Gervase Mathew’s note (ante, p. 197) on the variety of A. betularia
bred by him. Last year I took here a typical male, im cop. with a
black female, resembling the variety described by Mr. Mathew. The,
latter I kept for ova, and she deposited a large number, the larve
from which fed up well on plum. I unfortunately kept the pupe too
dry, and only thirteen moths were bred, but every one of them had
black primaries dusted with white scales, some rather more than
others; thorax and abdomen black, some examples having a few white
scales on these also, front part of head white; secondaries pale. I
may mention that I was walking in the road when I saw the male
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 219
parent, which was very conspicuous on a dark brick wall, but I had
no idea the female was there also, until I came right up to it. This
struck me as being an excellent instance of the usefulness of melanism
for protective purposes in the neighbourhood of smoky London.—
F, M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.EH.
British Tacuinin®.—I should be very greatly obliged to any rearers
of Lepidoptera, &c., who would save for me any Tachinide (parasitic
two-winged flies) they happen to breed.—Cotpran J. Wartnweicat; 2,
Handsworth Wood Road, Handsworth, Staffs.
British Ortuorrera.—Mr, W. J. Lucas, of 28, Knight’s Park,
Kingston-on-Thames, who is preparing a Monograph on British
Orthoptera, would be glad to receive local lists of the various species
of earwigs, cockroaches, grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. The lists
should include every species, however common, and those from Scot-
land and Ireland would be especially welcome.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
ACIDALIA MARGINEPUNCTATA Ap.—I see in the June number of ‘ The
Entomologist’ a figure of a curious aberration of Acidalia margine-
punctata taken by Mr. J. P. Lawson at Clevedon. I took an exactly
similar specimen in Sheppey, on the evening of Aug. 26th, 1899, with a
large number of typical examples.—K. A. Cockayne; 6, Tapton House
Road, Sheffield, June 28rd, 1902.
Pyrameis (VANESSA) cARDUI IN FiresHirE.— As the appearance of
this butterfly in Scotland is irregular, it may be worthy of note that I
took a fine specimen on Kemback Hill, four miles from here, on June
28th last. It was flying among firs, over heather adjoining cultivated
land.—Hernry H. Brown; Cupar-Fife.
SpHINX PINASTRI at WiIncHESTER.—On June 80th one of my pupils
took a fine specimen of S. pinastri on a lamp-post in the suburbs of
Winchester.—K. I. Jouns; Winton House, Winchester. °
Tpuicuipes (Papinio) popaLirius In Lancasnire.—A short time ago
a scholar attending a country school in South Lancashire brought a
live butterfly to the school and gave it to the master. The latter
killed it, and asked a friend interested in the Lepidoptera to mount
and name it. He said it was [phiclides podalirius. The specimen was
then shown to several collectors, some of whom strongly urged that
inquiries should be made concerning its capture, &c., and the results
published, as the affair was one which could not fail to be interesting
to all engaged in the study of the Lepidoptera. The inquiries resulted
as follows:—The fly was found entangled in a spider’s web, in the
forcing-house of Mr. Wm. Westwell, florist, Pennington Leigh. The
following is a list of all the plants which have been in that house
during the last year:—Small palms from Belgium, ditto from St.
Albans, roses from France, spirza from Holland, azaleas from Belgium,
aralia (seeds) from France.—Wmn. Burton; 39, Newton Road, Lowton,
Newton-le- Willows, July 1st, 1902.
22.0 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Larv#® anp Pups or Prusia Moneta 1n Lonpon. — Between June
4th and 10th last I found fifteen larve and three pupe of Plusta moneta
on Delphinium in a garden at Herne Hill, Surrey, which place is
within the four-mile radius of Charing Cross. All the larve have now
spun up, except three which died; those which spun up on the under
side of the leaves made cocoons of a semi-transparent white colour,
which after about a week changed to a rich golden yellow, while those
(the majority) which spun up on the wood of the breeding-house spun
similar cocoons, but these, however, have not changed colour. ‘Two
imagos, up to the present time, have emerged.—RateieH §. SMALL-
man; Carlton House, Herne Hill, 8.H., July 5th, 1902.
CYMATOPHORA OCTOGESIMA (OCULARIS) AND Piusta MoneTA IN MIpDLE-
sex.—It may interest you to hear that I have taken, at Hampton Hill,
two good specimens of C. ocularis at light this month, one on the 6th
and the other on the 7th; also two specimens of P. moneta over flowers
at dusk, one on the 12th and the other on the 18th of this month.—
Hersert §. Jos; The Vicarage, Hampton Hill, Middlesex, July 20th.
HyprELIA UNCULA IN Surrey.— On the occasion of the Field
Meeting of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society, held at Wisley on July 5th last, several specimens of H.
uncula were captured. On the 14th of that month the species was still
out, and I secured five specimens in fine condition: This species does
not appear to have been previously observed in the county.—RicHarp
Sourn.
DiruLA SEMIFASCIANA AND ANTITHESIA SALICELLA IN SurREY. — At
Wisley, on July 14th, whilst collecting Hupithecia tenuiata from the
lichen-covered stems of some large sallows, I obtained one example of
D. semifasciana and one of A. salicella ; another specimen of the last-
named species was missed. With regard to D. semifasciana, I may
mention that I am indebted to Mr. A. Cant for a fine specimen that he
reared from a larva found at Wimbledon in the spring.—Ricuarp
Souru.
Hepya LaRIcIANA IN Surrey. — This species is sometimes fairly
common among the larches on the Deepdene estate at Boxhill. I
looked for it there on July 12th this year, but did not see it. At
Wisley, however, on July 14th, I netted two specimens, and others
were seen, but as I had the misfortune to break the top joint of my
net-rod, I was unable to capture any more examples.—Ricuarp Souru.
ToRTRIX PICEANA AND SERICORIS BIFASCIANA IN THE HsHer District.—
As very close searching during the latter part of May and the beginning
of June had failed to detect the larva of 7’. piceana, I had formed the
opinion that the species would be scarce in the perfect state this year.
On the contrary, however, it proved to be more abundant than I have
ever known it to be before. A female specimen was beaten out during
the afternoon of June 28th, and between six and seven o’clock in the
evening of the same day several examples were seen flying high around
pines, and two males and one female were captured. Between 3 and
4 p.m. on July 1st Tortrices were flying in great numbers over and
around the pine trees; most of these were out of reach, but by four
o'clock, when a heavy thunder-shower caused me to retreat, I had
SOCIETIES. Mabel
secured six male specimens of 7’. piceana. Two males and one female
were netted on July 3rd, and twelve specimens, including one female,
were captured on July 7th. On the last-named date most of the
examples taken were disturbed from heather under the pines in the
afternoon, but scores were seen madly careering around the trees
about 7 p.m. 8. bifasciana was common on each of the dates men-
tioned, but the majority of the specimens netted were not in good con-
dition after the thunderstorm.—RicHarp Soutn; 96, Drakefield Road,
Upper Tooting, 8.W.
SOCIETIES.
Ewntomouocicat Society or Lonpon.—June 4th, 1902.—The Rev.
Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.8., President, in the chair.—Mr.
Stanley W. Kemp, of 80, Oxford Gardens, Notting Hill, W., was
elected a Fellow of the Society.—Mr. H. W. Shepheard-Walwyn ex-
hibited a recently-emerged male specimen of Lampides beticus taken at
Winchester in September, 1899, and two varieties of Lycena icarus.—
Mr. C. P. Pickett exhibited one asymmetrical male and two females of
Dilina tilig, and a series of the same insect showing great variation of
colour and marking, bred during May, 1902.—Mr. F. Merrifield showed
enlarged photographs of larve of Hygrochroa syringaria. The larva is
usually represented in an attitude in which it is practically never seen,
crawling in an elongated form with its pair of long fleshy dorsal tubercles
conspicuously projecting. But its habit is not to crawl, except in the
dark, when it cannot be seen. All day it clings to the edge of a leaf
or to a twig, in an attitude about as unlike a caterpillar good for a bird
to eat as anything can well be, presenting a quadrangular form, some-
thing like a square hassock with tassels at the corners, and in one or
two other places; the body is bent so as to form four right angles, the
head and the anal segments forming two of the tassels, and the rest of
the body forming a square from which the pair of long tubercles
project at one corner, the other dorsal tubercles making other projec-
tions. Usually the parts of the body are so closely appressed that no
daylight is visible between them, even when seen broadside against the
light, which can rarely happen in nature. The resting attitude, un-
like that of the Selenias, is practically the same in all stages of growth,
and at all ages it is especially addicted to hanging down a few inches
suspended by a silken thread, still preserving the hunched-up quad-
rangular form. Compared with the very dissimilar but equally mis-
leading attitudes of other larve—such as the rigid A. betularia or the
thorn-like Selenia—it seems an interesting illustration of the very
different forms of disguise by which the result of escape from danger is
attained. Mr. Merrifield also showed photographs of the dark-brown
bronzy pupa of this species, in its hammock of open network of silk,
very slight but exceedingly strong, from the bottom of which the larval
skin is projected, not shortened and compressed, but pushed through
the network, and hanging down like a long tail, so as apparently to
attain the same end as in the larval stages, the disguising of its real
nature; it looks very unlike an ordinary pupa.— Professor EH. B.
Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited a lantern-slide showing the perfect protec-
229, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
tive resemblance of H. leucophearia to the oak-trunk upon which it
rested.—Mr. A. Bacot exhibited hybrid larve resulting from a pairing
between a male Malacosoma neustria and a female M. castrensis, also
larve of M. neustria, and reputed larve of M. franconica, for com-
parison. He said that this year’s brood of hybrid larve had separated
into two batches, the ‘‘ Forwards ”’ being now nearly full-fed, and from
one and a-half to two and a-half inches in length. The ‘‘ Laggards ”’
were not yet half grown, being half to three-quarters of an inch long,
in this respect exactly following last year’s brood resulting from a
similar cross, in which case the ‘‘ Forwards” produced only female
specimens, while the ‘‘ Laggards’’ produced only males.—Mr. H. J.
Elwes, F.R.S., read a paper on ‘‘ The Butterflies of Chile,’ and ex-
hibited a selection of the specimens he had taken during December,
January, and February, in that country. The endemic species of
Satyride and Hesperide constituted about two-thirds of the whole
butterfly fauna, Nymphalide and Lycenide being very few in numbers.
Some butterflies of Holarctic types, such as Colias vautieri, had an
extremely wide range, and extended, with little variation, right down
to the Straits of Magellan. Among the most remarkable species
which he showed was the unique Satyrid, Argyrophorus argenteus, the
upper side of which is of a brilliant metallic silver colour, nothing
similar existing in the whole family. This flies on open grassy hill-
sides; whilst in the forests close by, a Hesperid, Cyclopides puelma, has
its wings on the under side entirely of a metallic golden colour, this
also being unique among the Hesperide. It seemed impossible to
account for such remarkable cases of coloration by any theory of pro-
tective colouring. No natural frontier appeared to exist between Chile
and Argentina, and nearly all the mountain species occurred on both
sides of the political frontier, there being little difference between the
alpine and the low country species.—Mr. 8. L. Hinde read a paper,
illustrated by lantern-slides, upon ‘‘The Protective Resemblance to
Flowers borne by an African Homopterous Insect, Plata nigrocincta,
Walker.’ He said that ‘the cluster of insects grouped to resemble a
flower-spike,’’ which forms the frontispiece of Professor J. W.
Gregory’s ‘ Great Rift Valley,’ had attracted some criticism, and that
as he was familiar with the insect figured, and with its larva, in a
wild state, it seemed desirable to publish the evidence. In the plate
the insects are collected on the vertical stem, the green individuals
uppermost considerably smaller than the red beneath, like the un-
opened green buds towards the top of a flowering spike as compared
with the expanded blossoms below. ‘The separate representations of
the green and red forms, however, indicate no difference in size, and
experience confirms this conclusion, so that the impression conveyed
by the frontispiece plate is erroneous. After further noting that the
uniform deep pink colour of the exposed parts of the insects figured was
also incorrect, Mr. Hinde remarked that he had never seen the insects
erouped according to their colours, but invariably mixed; that he had
never found larve and imagines on the same stem, or even together on
the same tree or bush; nor did the imagines affect vertical stems, but
always those actually or approximately horizontal. When disturbed
the imagines fly, and the larva hops, a short distance in any direction,
but soon collect into groups again. The larve toward the end of a
SOCIETIES. 293
growing branch are the smallest, and this arrangement might possibly
reconcile Professor Gregory’s account with the more recent observa-
tions.—H. Rownanp-Brown, Hon. Sec.
Sout Lonpon Enromotocicat anp Naturat History Socrery. —
May 22nd, 1902.—Mr. F. Noad Clark, President, in the chair. — Mr.
Edwards exhibited fine specimens of Morpho cypris from South America,
and several species of the genus Caligo.—Mr. F. M. B. Carr, a variable
series of Boarmia cinctaria from the New Forest.—Mr. Barnett,
Hybernia marginaria from West Wickham woods, one example ap-
proaching the form var. fuscata.—Mr. South, male and female Liphyra
brassolis, with ova, preserved larva, larva-skins, a pupa, and a pupa-
case, illustrating the curious life-history of this Queensland Lycenid,
received from Mr. Dodd, and read notes.—Mr. B. W. Adkin, series of
Teniocampa miniosa, pale forms, and series of 7’. incerta, both from the
New Forest. — Mr. Montgomery, bred Pieris napi, showing slight
gynandromorphism in the markings. — Mr. Main, living larve of
Lithosia mesomella. It was remarked that this larva has spatulate
hairs.—Mr. Lucas read the report of the field-meeting held at Book-
ham on May 10th.
June 12th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Ashdown exhibited
living larvee of Attagenus pellis feeding on wool.—Mr. Tonge, a Noctua
he had recently captured, and which was afterwards recognized by Mr.
South as a worn and probably hybernated example of Hadena protea.
—Mr. Moore, a specimen of the rare Psewdacrea trimenti from the
Transvaal Colony, which differed from the type in the large area of
white on the lower wings.—Mr. Lucas, Gryllotalpa vulgaris (the mole-
cricket) from Brockenhurst, and an example of the dipteron, Meriania
argentifera, from the New Forest, and new to Britain.—Mr. R. Adkin-
gave a report of the Annual Congress of the South-Hastern Union of
Scientific Societies, held at Canterbury on June 5th and 7th.—Mr.
Hy. J. Turner read the report of the field-meeting held at Reigate on
May 24th.—Hy. J. Turner (Hon. Rep. Secretary).
Biruineuam Enromonocican Socretry.— June 16th, 1902.—Mr. R. C.
Bradley in the chair.—Mr. Bradley showed Syrphus barbifrons, Fall.,
taken at Sutton on April 14th last. He went specially to find it, but
it was scarce, and very difficult to distinguish from Melangyna quadri-
maculata, Ver., amongst which it was flying. The latter species is
common, the former species very rare and local, and possibly over-
looked amongst the quadrimaculata. He obtained six males and five
females; also, at the same time and piace, he took one S. arcticus,
-Zett. (male). All were taken flying at sallow-bloom.—Mr. C. J.
Wainwright, a boxful of Trypetide, including a large number taken
in Wyre Forest on July 18th, 14th and 22nd last. On these three
days he obtained no less than thirteen species of this one family.
Trypeta onotrophes, Liw., in great abundance; 7’. florescentia, L., and
T. serratule, L., not common, but a fair series of each from various
thistles; Urophora stylata, F.; Carphotricha guttularis, Mg., and C.
puptllata, Fall., in single ones; Tephrites miliaria, Schrk., common ;
T. proboscidea, Lw., a short series; 7. ruralis, Lw. (two); ZT. tessellata,
Lw., common; and a few of the commoner and more usual species.
—Coxsran J. Wainwricut, Hon. Sec.
22.4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
RECENT LITERATURE.
G. Breppin. ‘‘ Die Hemipteren von Celebes.” 1901. Abh. Naturf.
Gesellsch. Halle, xxiv. pp. 1-217, 1 plate and 1 text-map [sepa-
rately paged copy].
As everyone knows, Celebes is remarkable, as regards its Vertebrata
at least, in belonging strictly neither to the Oriental nor to the
Australian Region. Dr. Breddin has been so fortunate as to have had
for examination the collections recently made by Fruhstorfer, Kiken-
thal, and the brothers Sarasin, and the result is an elaborate and care-
fully-prepared contribution to our knowledge of insular faunas, con-
sisting of (1) a list, with localities, of all the certain and dubious
Celebesian Rhynchota ; (2) description of new forms, &c,; and (8) the
inter-relations of the various Malayan faunas, the latter section being
very fully discussed. Of course, as is natural where non-specialists
have been the collectors, it is of the Cimicide, Lygeide (=Coreide),
Reduviide, Cicadidz, and Cercopide that we have the fullest informa-
tion, 75 per cent. of the recorded forms being referable to these
families.
The claims of 221 species are regarded as established, of which 143
are precinctive* so far as is known. Of the rest, a small number are
widely distributed throughout the Oriental and Australian Regions ;
most, however, are confined to one or more of the neighbouring
islands, principally Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Philippines. The
conclusions reached are as follows :—
(1.) A land-bridge existed formerly, connecting Hast Java and
South Celebes.
(2.) A similar bridge between the Philippines (Mindanao) and
North Celebes.
(8.) Of these two, the former has been a little the more productive.
(4.) Borneo has not a single rhynchoton in common with Celebes
(this is also the case with the mammals, land-birds, reptiles, am-
phibia, and land- and freshwater molluscs), which is not also found at
the same time in Java, or in the Philippines, or in both of these latter.
Celebes and Borneo have therefore never been in direct communica-
tion so as to render possible an interchange of species, the Macassar
Straits forming an impassable boundary. ‘The species common to
Borneo and Celebes have become interchanged, either partly by a
detour through Java, or partly through the Philippines, or probably by
both ways at the same time.
(5.) Java has not been directly connected with Borneo, Sumatra
having been the connecting link.
(6.) A bridge between Borneo and the Philippines existed formerly
vid Bangvey Island which, though nearer Borneo, shows some clear
Philippine types.
I have noted only a single omission from the list of authentic
Celebesian Rhynchota, viz. the widely distributed Clerada apicicornis,
Signoret. G. W. Kirxatpy.
* “ Confined to the area under discussion.”” See D. Sharp, 1900, ‘Fauna
Hawaiiensis,’ ii. p. 91.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vor. XXXV.1 SEPTEMBER, 1902. [No. 472.
ON THE LARVA OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS, Westw.
By Dr. T. A. Cuapman, F.E.S.
Two of the larve of Liphyra brassolis, sent to the Editor by
Mr. Dodd (ante, p. 154), are apparently a full-grown one and
another of very much smaller size. ‘These two are so very
different that, if they came from different places with different
histories, one would never suspect their being at all related.
The smaller one is 6 mm. long and 2°3 mm. wide, very
flat, reminding one very much of the larva of Camponiscus luridi-
ventris (a common alder sawfly) in its general size and form, or,
for that matter, of an ordinary Lycena larva, if we make it first
colourless, then nearly flat instead of raised along the dorsal
line, and, thirdly, if we somewhat exaggerate the rounded lateral
projections of the segmental margins. The segmental divisions
as seen dorsally are twelve, of which the first and last, of course,
are terminal. White and soft as this larva looks, the margins
nevertheless have something of the appearance and structure of
the full-grown larva, having a strong chitinous binding, divided
into small cells. The prothorax has a slight angle on either
side, allowing the front between the two angles to be a transverse
straight line; beneath it is the head, placed quite centrally
beneath it, but quite free from it and capable of much move-
ment, including probably protrusion in front. ‘The last segment,
which is seen dorsally, is the ninth abdominal, and beneath
this is the tenth, carrying the anal prolegs; the true segmental
divisions are very plain on a ventral view of the larva. The
prothoracic spiracle lies in the fold between the pro- and meso-
thorax, but the abdominal spiracles are each on about the middle
of its own segment, placed dorsally, about half-way from the
middle line to the margin. I do not detect anywhere any hairs.
or tubercles.
ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1902. T
226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The nervous ganglia are very visible as reddish brown
masses; a large one in prothorax: this represents the cephalic
and cesophageal: the prothoracic proper towards posterior mar-
gin of segments; then one each to meso-thorax and eight
following segments; the last and largest of these, though in
sixth abdominal segment, appears to belong to seventh and
following segments, which are without ganglia.
The prolegs are of much interest, not in themselves, but
when we compare them with those of the adult larva; they are
on a rather thick cylindrical base, and have the usual ‘‘ macro”
form of one row of crotchets, facing inwards, thirteen to seventeen
in number; on the anal claspers they are much smaller and few
in number (nine), and are similarly in one row. The true legs
are short and thick, and terminate in very curved claws. The
head is small, about 2°5 mm. in diameter; it has in front—on
epicranium, clypeus, and labrum—a number of short stiff hairs
(none seen elsewhere on larva), the largest about ‘08 mm. in
length. The antenne are rather longer than this, but happen
to be telescoped,—the second joint is not in evidence,—about
°06 mm. long and ‘04 mm. thick, with a terminal armament of
bristles, amongst which the third joint is not clearly discriminated.
The head itself is rather dark in colour from being well chitinised
(the true legs and crotchets are the only other dark chitinised
parts); beneath it are three circles, carrying jointed palpus-like
appendages; the central one is the largest, and represents
probably the labium, though at first it looks very like the
spinneret, with the other two as labial palpi. The two lateral
ones, however, are probably the maxillary palpi, especially as
they appear to have another, ill-developed process. The jaws
are long, and cross one another for some distance, and each
seems to consist of a straight conical process, with only one
sharp terminal point—a simple spike or dagger, and not the
flat-toothed jaws usual in leaf-eating Lepidoptera.
The large larva is a very different object. At first sight
nothing could be less like a lepidopterous larva. Looking down
on its back, we have an approximately flat surface, oval in form,
rather narrower in front than behind, with a margin smooth,
regular, uniform, and of same texture, &c., all round, no trace
of segmentation, &c. Let us turn it over: it now lies on its flat
dorsal surface, the dimensions of which, by the way, are 23 mm.
x 15mm. It stands up above the surface about 5°6 mm., with
a level, but not smooth top, but with smooth and sloping sides.
The amount of the slope may be seen by the comparison of the
top and bottom; the top (venter of larva) is 18 mm. by 7 mm.,
against the 23 x 15 just mentioned. ‘The slope is nearly nil at
the head end, and by so much the more therefore elsewhere.
The dorsum and sides are brown, hard, and chitinous. The
sloping sides show little indication of segmentation, but at the
ON THE LARVA OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS. 927
margin of the open (and soft) ventral area present a series of
dark markings, very slightly raised on rounded elevations, but
so shaded as to look very much so. As it now lies on its back,
it is not unlike a Melton-Mowbray pork-pie, of perhaps unusual
oval shape, and sides more than usually sloping, the resemblance
being heightened by the brown (chitinous) crust-colour of the
sides, and the dark markings representing the more baked mar-
ginal sinuations with which such pies are often ornamented.
The lid of the pie is the small flat ventral area of the larva,
slightly wider anteriorly, and presenting the head, legs, prolegs,
&c. This area is pale and white, and is the only portion where
any movement can possibly occur, the rest being a solid chitinous
cap. Constructed as it is to permit this soft area to be absolutely
covered and hidden on the surface on which the larva rests, one
is surprised at its widening out above this area, quite regularly
till, at a sudden sharp margin, the sides meet the flat top. The
brown marginal marks are apparently two to a segment, certainly
so at the sides where they are largest, and where a faint de-
pression along the sloping sides seems to mark each segmental
division. To see this, however, requires close examination, and
some might say a little imagination.
Turning the larva over again, to examine the back more
carefully, we find the margin very sharp, and slightly browner
than the terra-cotta centre. Laterally and posteriorly it is a
little hollowed within the margin. Across the middle are three
very distinct lines, darker in colour, and with the surface in
front of them decidedly higher than that behind. They occupy
the middle two-fourths of the surface, but do not invade the
fourths on each side next the margin. In front and behind
these the indication of the segmental divisions are very obscure.
A faint indication of a dorsal ridge exists in front of these lines.
There are also a number of dots that appear to be obsolete hair-
points, arranged in some degree as a transverse line across each
segment, but with outlines enough to make such a statement a
little doubtful or even misleading. The two segments marked out
by the dorsal lines are the fourth and fifth abdominal.
The character of the sharp margin of the dorsal area wants
a little more definite description. In the first place, the out-
sloping sides, for their top millimetre, cease to slope, but become
vertical; then inside the sharp border the surface descends again
steeply, so as to form a sharp raised border to the central area.
In front the inner slope soon bends into the flat dorsal area ;
behind it does so more slowly, resulting in the hollow above
noticed; round this portion there is, inside as well as outside,
the sharp margin, a breadth of about 1 mm., differentiated by a
slight line from the general dorsal surface. Seen microscopically,
the whole surface consists of very minute raised dots, each carry-
ing a fine point; on the marginal flange surrounding the dorsum
T 2
228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
these are modified into an arrangement that has just the appear-
ance of overlapping fish-scales. The spiracles are difficult to
find, in fact I have failed to find the thoracic spiracle; the
abdominal ones are precisely where they are in the small larva,
viz. on the flat dorsum, half-way between the median line and
the margin; they are very small, and differ little in appearance
from the hair-dots noted above; they are minute holes, with no
marginal structure; some trace of the true spiracles can be seen
at a little depth within them, accompanied by a scale-like outer
margin.
(To be continued.)
BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN ANDALUSIA
IN THE SPRING OF 1902.
By Rev. Henry Cuartes Lane, M.D., F.E.S., M.R.C.S., &c.
ArrER a marvellous recovery from a severe illness, the result
of mental strain, I was ordered to get away for rest and change
of scene, and found just what I required in the shape of an
English chaplaincy at Jerez de la Frontera, in Andalusia.
Starting from England on March 11th, I arrived at Jerez, vid
Paris, Madrid, and Seville, on Saturday, March 15th. For a
few days, as the guest of Mr. W. Buck, British Vice-Consul, at
his beautiful house ‘ Kl Palacio,’ I had every advantage in the
suggestion of likely localities. My collecting began after church-
time on Sunday, March 16th.
Jerez is an exceedingly picturesque Spanish town, full of
Moorish and medieval remains of great interest, and with quaint
old streets of dazzlingly whitewashed houses, lined with fragrant
orange trees. The vegetation in the gardens and squares is that
of the subtropical character common to Southern Andalusia,
the palm trees in the Plaza Mayor being taller than any I have
seen in Hurope. The country round is, in point of scenery, not
very striking, being of an undulating character rather than
hilly. The soil is heavy, and the roads are very dusty in dry
weather, and very sticky and muddy after rain. Vineyards and
corn-fields are the chief features of the scenery ; these are inter-
sected by roads flanked on either side with hedges of cactus or
of aloes. The latter are often the only shelter from the burning
sun, there being very few trees of any size in the district.
On my first day’s collecting, principally along one of the
afore-mentioned roads, between the cactus hedges, I found Thais
rumina (common), Pieris brassice, P. rape, Colias edusa, Thestor
ballus, Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardui, P. megera, and P. egeria.
During the next two days, on the latter of which I visited a
small estate known as ‘‘ El Pinal,” where is a small forest of
BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN ANDALUSIA. 229
gigantic umbrella pines, I added the following to my list :—
Papilio podalirius var. feisthamelii, Huchloé belemia and var. glauce,
i. euphenoides, HL. cardamines (one), Gonepteryx cleopatra, Chry-
sophanus phleas, Callophrys rubi, Lycena astrarche, Vanessa
polychloros.
During the first few days the weather was very hot—ab-
normally so, even for Andalusia; but during the last ten days of
the month it became very unsettled and cloudy, with rain at
frequent intervals, and with but little sunshine; my collecting,
however, continued whenever opportunities occurred, but by the
end of March I had only added to the list Huchloé belia and
Pieris daplidice on March 24th, and Papilio machaon and Lycena
icarus on March 25th.
The commonest butterflies during this month at Jerez were
Colias edusa and Pyrameis cardui, which seem to be very abun-
dant throughout Andalusia. P. atalanta was also common, and
appeared to be in quite a fresh condition. Apparently this
Species emerges early in the spring; none of the specimens
appeared to have hybernated. Pieris brassice was also common
everywhere.
From April 1st to 4th I collected at Ronda. I felt well
repaid for my journey thither, not only on account of the
interesting old place, with its wonderful rocky gorges 530 ft.
deep in the centre of the town, and its lofty surrounding moun-
tains, but also by reason of my successful collecting. I founda
lovely spot about two miles south of the town on the banks of
the Guadalevir, well wooded with olives, pines, and ilex, with a
thick undergrowth of mytles and bay trees, and abounding with
white and purple cistus and other beautiful flowers, precipitous
rocks rising on every side; this was my daily collecting ground,
and here I found butterflies in abundance. Thestor ballus was to
be seen in great numbers, accompanied by Callophrys rubt, which
I have never seen in such profusion, except at Digne, in Provence.
Gonepteryx cleopatra was in great numbers, and added greatly to
the beauty of the scene, at least in my eyes. Huchloé belia and
EH. belemia were also very common, but the chief prize was
HH. tagis, which was to be seen here in profusion. It is easily
distinguished when on the wing from the other two species,
being of much more feeble flight, and easier of capture. LH.
belemia, though very common, is not easy to take; it has a way
of evading the net by a dexterous doubling movement, of which
Ei. tagis seems to be incapable. L. belia also is a strong-winged
species, and requires a great deal of negotiation, but LH. tagis is
easily taken; I took fifty specimens in two days, and might
have taken very many times that number if I had chosen to do
so. This was my first acquaintance with the typical form of the
species; hitherto I had only known it in its Provencal form
bellezina, from which it is very distinct. It is very constant,
230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and is not capable of being confounded with EH. belia; most
English writers have been rather at fault in their description of
this species (myself included), but a personal acquaintance with
it will leave no room for mistaking the hazy, clouded appearance
of the markings of the under side, and the generally slender
character of the insect as compared with the other species. The
original figure of Hubner exactly represents it.
I found here Leptidia sinapis for the first time in Spain;
large and lightly marked. Other species taken here were
Papilio podalirius var. feisthamelii, P. machaon, Pieris daplidice,
Gonepteryx rhamni, Huchloe euphenoides, and Lycena bellargus.
Thais rumina was also common.
Vanessa polychloros was seen several times at Ronda, flying
about ilex trees; I mention this particularly, as it is marked in
both editions of Staudinger’s Catalogue ‘‘? And.” ‘The specimens
taken appeared to be hybernated ones.
On my return to Jerez, on April 6th, I visited a range of low
calcareous hills (Los Cruces) four miles to the south, overlooking
the Atlantic, with views of Cadiz and Puerto §. Maria; there I
found, in addition to the common species, Lycena lorquiniw
(very sparingly, however) and Melanargia ines just beginning to
appear. Syrichthus sao was also taken.
The only other species taken during the rest of my stay at
Jerez were H'pinephele pasiphaé, which became after a time pretty
abundant; and, in one spot only, Melitea etheria, now ranked as
a good species in Staudinger’s Catalogue, 1901. Of this I took
a good series in fine condition on April 18th.
On April 12th I saw a specimen, in good condition, of Argynnis
latonia, in the grounds of ‘ El Palacio.’
Two days were spent in Cadiz, but the weather was very un-
favourable, with only a few gleams of sunshine. Yet, whenever
the sun did shine, there were plenty of butterflies to be seen,
though only common ones—P. atalanta, P. cardui, C. edusa,
P. rape, P. brassice, &e. Several times observed P. cardwu
flying, moth fashion, round the gas-lamps at night.
On April 22nd I went to Malaga, where the environs are very
beautiful, and suggestive of the presence of butterflies. Here in
the hills of the Mediterannean littoral I found a fair number of
species. Melanargia ines and Hpinephele pasiphaé were abun-
dant; H. ianira was beginning to appear, also Cenonympha
pamphilus. Of Lycena betica two specimens were observed. I
also saw two or three specimens of the very small form of Colias
edusa var. pyrenaica, Gr. Gr., ‘“‘fere duplo minor,” Staudinger,
1901. Here also I took var. helice. Hpinephele ida was also
taken on April 29th. Huchloé belemia and E. belia and Pyrameis
cardui and atalanta were common.
From Malaga I went up to Alhourhin el Grande, a village
about ten miles northward; in the mountains here I hoped to
BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN ANDALUSIA. 231
find Zegris meridionalis, but did not succeed in getting it. I
found Lycena lorquinit in abundance in the higher regions,
flying about thyme flowers in little groups. This is a good
species, quite distinct from L. minima, and only occurs in
Andalusia. I was in error in describing it in a former paper as
occurring at Digne; I am now convinced that the Provencal
specimens were only a small form of L. sebrus, from which this
differs entirely.
From trying to do too much climbing after my recent illness,
I unfortunately strained my knee-joint, and was unable to do as
much collecting as I should have wished in this locality, which
seems a very good one, but I took a few specimens of Melitea
phoebe var. occitanica, Stgr., on the higher ground, and, in
addition, Melanargia syllius and Pararge mera var. adrasta.
At Gibraltar, on May 2nd, I looked out for butterflies, and
observed on the rock, and particularly at Kuropa Point, Thats
rumina (one specimen), Papilio machaon, C. edusa, P. atalanta,
P. cardui, EH. ida, E. ianira, P. megera, Cenonympha pamphilus,
Lycena astrarche, and L. icarus.
During one day’s excursion in the woods near the waterfall
at Algeciras, I found most of the common species, including
Huchloé belemia, and took one specimen of Lycena melanops.
The following is a list of the species taken in Andalusia from
March 16th to May 3rd :—
1 Papilio podalirius var. feist- 22 Melanargia syllius.
2 P. machaon. [hamelii. 23 M. ines.
3 Thais rumina. 24 Pararge megera.
4 Pieris brassice. 25 P. mera var. adrasta.
5 P. rape. 26 P. egeria.
6 P. daplidice. 27 Hpinephele ranira.
7 Euchloé belemia and var. 28 EH. ida.
8 EH. belia. [glauce. 29 H. pasiphaé.
9 EH. tagis. 30 Canonympha pamphilus.
10 E. cardamines. 31 Callophrys rubi.
11 EH. euphenordes. 382 Thestor ballus.
12 Leptidia sinapis. 33 Chrysophanus phleas.
13 Colias edusa and var. helice. 34 Lampides beticus.
14 Gonepteryx rhamne. 35 Lycena astrarche.
15 G. cleopatra. 36 LL. icarus.
16 Pyrameis atalanta. 37 L. bellargus.
17 P. cardut. 38 L. lorquni.
18 Vanessa polychloros. 39 L. melanops.
19 Melitea etheria. 40 Cyaniris argiolus.
20 M. phoebe var. occitanica. 41 Carcharodus alcee.
21 Argynnis latonia. 42 Hesperia sao.
232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE
COCCIDA.*
By T. D. A; CockErEtt.
MoNnoPHLEBIN2.
Monophlebus, Leach.
Monophlebus, Leach, in Westwood, Arc. Ent. i. (1845), p. 22.
Type, atripennis.
Guerinia, Targ.-Tozz., in Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France,
1875, p. 352. Type, serratule.
Drosicha, Walker, List Homop. Brit. Mus. Supp. (1858),
p. 806. Type, contrahens.
Tessarobelus, Montrouzier, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xi. (1864),
p. 246. Type, guerinii.
Llaveia, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1875, p. 870.
Type, ax.
Ortonia, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1875, p. 867 (not
Ortonia, Wood, 1869). Type, uhleri.
Protortonia, Townsend, Jn. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 1898, p. 169.
Type, primitivus.
?. Soft, somewhat elongated, more or less hairy, with powdery
or cottony secretion. Legs and antenne present; antenne 11- (some-
times 9-) jointed ; no long posterior ovisac. One species has 7-jointed
antenne.
$. With fleshy caudal processes, arranged along the sides of the
abdomen.
Species.—M. dubius, Fabr. (fabriciit, Westw.), Sumatra; M.
atripennis, Klug, Java; M. leachi, Westw., Malabar; M. saun-
dersi, Westw., India; M. burmeistert, Westw., India (?) ; M. zey-
lanicus, Green, Ceylon; M. contrahens, Signoret, China; M.
maskelli, Ckll. (burmeisteri, Maskell, Tr. N.Z. Inst. xxix. p. 827),
Japan ; MW. corpulentus, Kuwana, Japan.
M. illigeri, Westw., Tasmania; M. crawfordi, Maskell, Aus-
tralia; M. fuscus, Maskell, Australia; M. guerinit, Montr., New
Caledonia.
M. serratule, Fabr., Algeria; M. fortis, Ckll., Natal; M. ful-
lert, Ckll., Natal; M. raddoni, Westw., W. Africa.
M. axin, Lilave, Mexico; M. primitivus, Townsend, Mexico ;
M. mexicanorum, Ckll., Mexico; M. bouvari, Signoret, Guatemala ;
M. uhlert, Signoret, Ecuador; M. championi, Ckll., Panama;
M. cacti, Linné, St. Kustatius Island, Lesser Antilles.
Unfortunately, many of the species are known only in one sex.
The genus may be divided into a number of sections, thus :—
(1.) Monophlebus, Leach. Male with two caudal appendages.
M. atripennis, M. dubius.
* For tables of subfamilies and genera, see ‘Canadian Entomologist,’
October, 1899.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE COCCID. 233
(2.) Tessarobelus, Monty. Male with four caudal appendages.
M. guerinui, M. championt.
(3.) Llaveia, Sign. Male with eight caudal appendages ;
female antenne 11-jointed. M. axin, M. saundersit.
(4.) Drosicha, Walk. Male with ten caudal appendages ;
female antenne 9-jointed. M. contrahens, M. maskelli, M. leachii,
M. burmeistert.
(5.) Monophlebulus, Ckll. Female with antenne 7-jointed.
M. fuscus.
Stigmacoccus, Hempel.
Stigmacoccus, Hempel, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iv. (1900), p. 399.
Type, asper.
Perissopneumon, Newstead, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1900, p. 250.
Type, ferox.
?. Antenne and legs present; antenne 7- to8-jointed ; abdomen
with numerous marginal spiracles. Found in nests of ants.
Species.—S. asper, Hempel, Brazil; S. ferox, Newstead, India.
Lophococcus, Cockerell.
Lophococcus, Ckll., ‘Entomologist,’ 1901, p. 227. Type,
mirabilis.
@. Fixed, with astrongly chitinous skin, and a long erect spine on
the middle of the back, this spine originating as an elevated fold of the
skin. No ovisac.
Species.—L. mirabilis, Ckll., Natal; on Mimosa.
Pale@ococcus, Cockerell.
Paleococcus, Ckll., Canad. Entom. 1894, p. 86. Type, fusci-
pennis.
Crypticerya, Ckll., Psyche Suppt., 1895, p. 15. Type, rose.
Leachia, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1875, p. 359 (not
Leachia, Risso). Type, fuscipennis.
2. Soft, convex, without an ovisac ; genital aperture large, con-
siderably anterior to the end of the body; antenne with 9 to 11 joints.
3. Without caudal fleshy tassels.
Species. —P. fuscipennis, Burm., Europe; P. hellenicus, Gen-
nadius, Attica; P. irregularis, Germ., P. pinnatus, Germ., and
P. trivenosus, Germ., fossil in Prussian amber.
P. australis, Maskell, Australia; P. nudata, Maskell, Australia.
P. ewarti, Newstead, W. Africa.
P. braziliensis, Walker, Buenos-Ayres; P. hempeli, Ckll.,
Brazil; P. rose, Riley-Howard, West Indies, &c.; P. mexicanus,
Cockerell—Parrott, Mexico ; P. townsendi, Ckll., New Mexico; P.
pluchee, Ckll., New Mexico; P. simplex, Scudder, fossil at Floris-
sant, Colorado.
Section Mimosicerya, Ckll. Female antennez 9-jointed; skin
strongly chitinous at the sides. P. hempeli.
(To be continued.)
234 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE
AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA.
By Dr. H. J. Hansen.
(Continued from p. 217.)
The first pair of spiracles lies, as in the Cercopide, on the
under side, a little within the lateral margin close to the posterior
margin of the metasternum ; the second pair lies at the antero-
exterior angle of the second segment near the lateral margins,
so that they are looking laterally and upwards. The third and
eighth pairs of spiracles lie in the outer solid Pleural Plates,
the fourth to seventh pairs in the anterior part of the narrow
Plates in the inner part of the Pleuron. All the spiracles are
small.
In the Membracine the abdomen, as is well known, is often
elevated very considerably, compressed, and strongly chitinized,
therewith following certain peculiarities in structure, and in the
situation of the spiracles. As an example, the structure in
Centrotus cornutus 1s now described. In this the tergite of the
first segment is moderately feeble, somewhat peculiarly formed,
and terminates a good way from the lateral margin ; the sternite
is longer and more solid than in T'ettigonia, and is not interrupted
medianly. The second segment’s tergite is tolerably feeble and
short, ends a good way from the lateral margin, and at its ends
a small pleural plate is found. On both segments there is thus
a somewhat large space between the lateral margins of the tergite
and the sternite. As regards the second segment, the third seg-
ment’s pleural plate and the lateral part of its tergite form
together a strong solidly chitinized wedge, which fills up the space
mentioned. On the third segment’s tergite one sees at the anterior
margin a deep transverse furrow, and in front of this an arched
part, which one would readily take for the posterior part of the
tergite of the second segment — which it is not—as this is situated
in advance thereof as a more feeble short stripe. On the third
to eighth segments the inner part of the Pleuron is only a some-
what narrow membrane, while its chitinized outer plate is very
considerable. The first and second pairs of spiracles are con-
sequent upon the peculiar structure and altered bodily form of
the first segment, transferred considerably above the lateral mar-
gins, and look backwards ; the second pair lie in the tiny pleural
plate a little higher up than the first pair; the third to eighth
pairs are transferred to the intero-anterior angles of the pleural
plate.
: In Membracis tectigera somewhat comparable circumstances
are found, but here the pleural plates of the third to eighth seg-
ments are separated from the tergite and sternite only by a
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 235
feeble suture without proper membrane. Atthalion reticulatum
accords, discounted by tolerably small peculiarities, essentially
with Tettigonia in the structure of the first two segments, and in
the situation of their spiracles; on the other hand, they agree
essentially with Centrotus in the structure of the pleura of the
third to eighth segments, and in the situation of their spiracles.
Ledra aurita, on the contrary, agrees in all essentials with
Tettigonia.
4, Fulgoride.—The peculiar structural characters of this
family are simplest and easiest to study in one of the large
forms—-for example, a species of the subgenus fulgora—and a
species of this genus is for that reason the basis of the following
observations.
The tergite of the first segment, which is medianly indistinct
and short, is laterally longer and well chitinized, and terminates
a little from the lateral margin of the abdomen, which is mem-
branous, externally limited and coalesced with a posterior and
somewhat outwardly directed lateral part of the metanotum ; the
sternite is everywhere very short, but well chitinized, and extends
right out to the lateral margins. The tergite of the second seg-
ment is broad medianly, and shortens considerably laterally up
to the vanishing point, before it reaches right out to the lateral
mareins; the sternite is everywhere tolerably short, not very
strongly chitinized, and does not reach right out to the segment’s
lateral margins, which are entirely membranous, but very short,
as the pleura of the third segment and the outer part of its tergite
extend forward as a—taken together—considerable oblique tri-
aneular formation on the lateral parts of the abdomen. The
sternites of the first and second segments, together with a large
part of that of the third segment, are covered, as seen from below, :
by the posterior coxe and trochanters. The dorsal tergites of
the third to eighth segments reach, as usual, out to the lateral
margins, whereas their sternites (of which the eighth is modified
for the service of the genitalia) extend somewhat farther out later-
ally than in the above families. The pleura are broad, and con-
sist of a lower, well developed, but, however, not especially broad
(in Fulgora ventral) chitinous plate, and a usually broader, upper,
lateral part, which may be noted as typically membranous, appears
as such in many forms (for example, Megamelus, Issus), but in
Fulgora presents a somewhat irregularly formed, strongly chiti-
nized portion near its lower margin.
The first pair of abdominal spiracles lies on the ventral part of
the segment in front, and partly exterior to the end parts of the first
segment’s tergite, and behind and within the backwardly directed
lateral parts of the metanotum ; this is in Fulgora considerable
and transverse. The second pair of spwracles also lies ventrally at
a very considerable distance from the lateral margins behind
the lateral part of the first tergite, thus more approaching the
236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
insect’s middle plane than the first pair does; it is a little larger
than the latter, and also transverse. The third to eighth pairs le
at the side. of the insect in the membranous part of the pleuron
close to their solid chitinization ; they consist of oblique, apically
downwards inclining fissures, and are all large, the first three
pairs the biggest, and about the size of the dorsally-situated
second pair.*
Deviations from this dorsal structure in the other Fulgoridee
examined by me appear to be tolerably feeble, and of subordinate
significance. Some more essential examples may be mentioned.
In Aréopus crassicornis the first and second pairs of spiracles
are proportionately importantly smaller, and (as it seems) shorter
and broader than in Fudgora ; their situations with regard to the
outer part of the metanotum, and with regard to one another,
are the same; the third to eighth pairs lie in the solid part of
the pleuron, which here, on account of the breadth of the
sternites, looks laterally just like the upper membranous part.
In Eurybrachys sp. the third to eighth pleura are very broad, but
a chitinized lower part is not particularly developed—at least the
pleura are everywhere membranous without special differentiation
in the quality of the skin. In Tettigometra costulata the second
tergite has nearest to the lateral margins a very considerable
length, and its ovate spiracle lies in the tergite itself; but the
relative situations of this and the first pair are as in Fulgora ;
the spiracles of the third to seventh pairs lie a little inwardly in
the solid part (of the pleura), which turns obliquely outwards
and downwards; on the eighth segment the solid spiraculiferous
pleural part is coalesced with the sternite. The peculiar Flatide,
with elevated compressed abdomen, accord essentially with the
medium-sized Fulgoride.
A résumé of this well-marked family may be stated as follows :
the dorsal situation of the first and second pairs of spiracles, the
location of the first pair in the angle of the metanotum, the
looking outwards essentially or totally of the third to eighth
pairs of spiracles situated in the pleura, which are either in great
part or totally lateral, and consist of an upper essentially or
quite membranous part, and a lower portion, which is mostly
strongly chitinized.
** Judging from observations on these}lateral spiracles in Calyptoproctus,
their structure is very peculiar, but I have reason to believe that their forma-
tion is not uniform in the different forms of Fulgoride ; so that I entirely
omit a description here, as I am not able to make it complete.
(To be continued.)
237
ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENO-
PTERA (ICHNEUMONIDA, CHRYSIDIDAZ, FOSSORES,
AND APIDA).
By P. Cameron.
(Continued from p. 208.)
SCOLIIDA.
TIPHIA SPINOSA, Sp. N.
Nigra, alis flavo-hyalinis, nervis fuscis, stigmate nigro; metanoto
striolato ; petiolo subtus spinoso; mandibulis palpisque nigris. ¢.
Long. 12 mm.
Hab. Khasia Hills (coll. Rothney).
Antenne short, stout; the scape closely and distinctly punctured,
sparsely covered with fuscous hair; the flagellum covered with a pale
microscopic down. Front closely, strongly, and uniformly punctured ;
the vertex has the punctures more irregularly distributed, larger and
more widely separated; both are thickly covered with white hair.
Clypeus closely punctured, and thickly covered with white hair ; in
the middle is a slight incision, Mandibles black, shining; the base
closely punctured, thickly covered with silvery hair; the palpi dark
testaceous. Pronotum closely and strongly punctured, its apex
smooth ; behind the basal keel obscurely longitudinally striated.
Mesonotum with large deep moderately widely separated punctures; the
scutellums are similarly punctured. On the median segment are
three keels; the central is straight, the outer more irregular; the
space between them is strongly shagreened, and irregularly trans-
versely striated ; the space outside them is irregularly reticulated and
striated ; on the apex are three short stout keels, the inner of which
does not reach to the transverse apical keel; the outer converge at the
base. The apex is coarsely shagreened, irregularly reticulated, and
round the edges striated; the keel bounding the top is stouter than
usual; on the sides near the middle, extending half on to the notum
and half on to the pleure, is a large deep ovate depression with raised
sides ; inside it is shagreened. Propleurz closely striated ; the top
punctured, the apex smooth; mesopleure strongly but not closely
punctured ; metapleurz strongly striated ; the base largely and deeply
excavated on the upper part, the lower part strongly shagreened.
Mesosternum rather strongly but not closely punctured, thickly covered
with a pale pubescence, and with long fuscous hair; the middle has a
broad rounded furrow. Legs thickly covered with silvery pubescence ;
the spines rufous. ‘The radius has an oblique slope at the base; the
second transverse cubital nervure has a rounded outwardly curved
slope; the first recurrent nervure is rounded outwardly at the top, and
is received almost in the middle of the nervure. The petiole is strongly
but not closely punctured at the apex; the base of the second segment
has a narrow strongly and closely striated depression; the other seg-
ments are punctured, the punctures becoming stronger and closer
towards the apex; the apical segments are thickly covered with pale
pubescence. The base of the first ventral segment bears a stout
238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
curved, somewhat triangular, spine ; the apical part of the segment is
strongly shagreened; on the sides are two or three large irregular
fovere ; the apex is furrowed and stoutly longitudinally striated. The
pygidium is coarsely punctured; the epipygium is coarsely punctured,
with a smooth shining band in the middle; the ventral segments are
fringed with bright golden hair.
A species easily known by the tooth on the base of the petiole,
by the stoutly transversely striated middle of metanotum, and
by the stoutly striated base of the second abdominal segment.
TIPHIA CURVINERVIS, Sp. Nov.
Long.14mm. 9°.
Hab. Ihasia Hills (coll. Rothney).
Agrees closely in form and coloration with 7’. fulvinervis, but
is smaller; may readily be separated from it by the second
transverse cubital nervure being roundly curved at the top, the
whole nervure being of the shape of a reaping-hook.
Scape of antenne thickly covered with long pale fulvous hair; the
flagellum with a pale pile, its last joints rufous. Front and vertex
strongly and deeply but not very closely punctured, and sparsely
covered with long pale fulvous hair; the keel over the antenne is
large, but not stout, and is bluntly conical. Face and clypeus closely
and somewhat strongly punctured; the apex and the middle of the
clypeus smooth. Mandibles rufous in the middle, fringed below with
long pale golden hair. The basal slope of the pronotum is closely and
distinctly punctured ; the basal half of the upper part bears large deep
punctures ; the apical is smooth; the whole is thickly covered with
long white hair. Mesonotum bearing large deep scattered punctures,
the sides impunctate in the middle. Scutellum with some large deep
punctures on the apex; the post-scutellum similarly punctured at the
base. Median segment coarsely shagreened, more strongly between
the keels ; of these there are three; the outer are curved outwardly at
the base; the inner reaches near to the apex; the oblique slope is
strongly shagreened, is thickly covered with a short white pile, and is
irregularly punctured and striated round the edges. Propleure longi-
tudinally striated ; above the striw are thinner, more irregular, and
are intermixed with punctures. Mesopleure rugosely punctured,
thickly covered with white pubescence. Metapleure closely striated,
except at the base, which is broadly shagreened. Basal half of the
mesonotum strongly punctured; the apical smooth; the apical area
narrowed at the base, the narrowed part deeply furrowed ; there is a
triangular depression in the middle at the base; the sides have a few
punctures. Legs thickly covered with glistening silvery hairs; the
spines are rufous. Wings fulvo-hyaline, the hinder pair paler at the
apex and behind; the nervures and stigma are fulvous. The base of the
radius is straight, and has an oblique slope; the upper half of the
second transverse cubital nervure has a round outward curve; the
lower half is almost straight, oblique; the first transverse cubital
nervure has a rounded outward curve at the top; the second has an
oblique slope, and is received near the base of the apical third.
SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 239
Abdomen shining, sparsely punctured; the apical segments thickly
covered with long white hair ; the basal half of the pygidium is strongly
punctured, and is thickly covered with long pale fulvous hair ; the apex
is smooth, rufous, and is keeled down the middle; the epipygium is
closely and finely punctured.
TIPHIA BICARINATA, Sp. NOV.
Nigra, punctata, longe hirsuta; alis fusco-violaceis; metanoto
bicarinato. 3. Long. 16 mm.
Hab. Japan (George Lewis).
This species is larger than any of the recorded Japanese
species, from which it differs (as it does also from the Indian) in
having only two keels on the median segment.
Scape of the antenne shining, bearing large deep punctures and
long pale fulvous hairs; the basal three joints of the flagellum shining,
thickly covered with glistening fulvous hair; the rest of the flagellum
opaque, covered with a dull pale down. Front and vertex closely and
strongly punctured; there is a smooth space on the outer side of the
hinder ocelli, which is continued across behind them by a space having
only a few small punctures; the part immediately behind the ocelli is
strongly punctured. Front thickly covered with long, the vertex with
shorter, fuscous hair; in front of the ocelli there is a smooth space—
somewhat dagger-shaped in form—broad at the base, narrowed and
sharply pointed at the apex. Clypeus smooth and shining in the
middle ; the base and sides shagreened. Mandibles broadly piceous in
the middle ; the lower side fringed with long pale golden hair at the
base. The pronotum on the perpendicular base closely punctured,
except on the lower side in the middle; the upper part coarsely pune-
tured, except a broad somewhat curved space at the base. The middle
of the mesonotum is slightly depressed, closely and coarsely punctured,
the sides are bordered by a row of large deep punctures, closely united
together, followed inwardly by a row of larger ones, fewer in number,
and more widely separated; inside of these again is a smooth space,
with a large puncture near its centre. Scutellum closely punctured at
base and apex, the middle smooth. Median segment shagreened,
opaque, finely longitudinally aciculated at the apex ; in the middle are
two stout keels, which hardly converge towards the centre. The base
of the propleure bears moderately large punctures, closely united
together at the extreme base, widely separated and scattered over the
rest; the lower half is closely obliquely striated, the striz somewhat
coarser towards the apex; the whole shining. Mesopleure strongly
punctured, opaque, thickly covered with long white hair. In the
middle of the metapleurz is a shallow curved furrow ; the upper part
at the base strongly obliquely striated; the lower smooth, very finely
striated ; the apex is also finely striated. Legs black, the projection
. on the apices of the femora piceous; the coxe, trochanters, and
femora smooth, sparsely covered with soft white hair; the fore tibiz
slightly, the four posterior very thickly, covered with white hair;
coarsely punctured on the outer, smooth on the inner side; the outer
row of broad spines pale and fulvous; the calcaria testaceous. The
petiole shining, smooth, covered with long fuscous hair, more sparsely
240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
towards the apex ; the second and third segments sparsely and shal-
lowly punctured : the fourth much more coarsely and closely ; the fifth
rugosely punctured; the pygidium coarsely longitudinally striated,
intermixed with some coarse punctures ; its apex finely, closely, longi-
tudinally striated. The basal ventral segment punctured at the base ;
the second coarsely, the others more finely and closely punctured ; the
second smooth ; the third and fourth aciculated at the base; the last -
rugosely punctured. Wings fusco-hyaline ; the nervures and stigma
deep black.
POMPILIDA.
SALIUS HIMALAYENSIS, sp. Nov.
Niger, capite thoraceque dense aureo pilosis; pleuris brunneis ;
apice abdominis late rufis; pedibus rufis, coxis trochanteribusque
brunneis; alis flavo-hyalinis. ¢. Long. 15 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
A species closely related to S. flavus. The differences between
the two may be best shown in synoptical form :—
Second cubital cellule at the top distinctly shorter than
the first ; the pleure and median segment black ; the
femora broadly black at the base... was t
Second cubital cellule equal in length to the first ; the
pleurze and median segment brownish; the femora
without black ... a p: ie ... himalayensis.
Antenne pale fulvous, the scape darker in tint. Head dark ferru-
ginous; the vertex, front, and face densely covered with golden
pubescence, the face bearing also some long rufous hairs. The apex
of the clypeus is broadly rounded, closely punctured, except on the
extreme apex. Mandibles dark ferruginous, the teeth black, the
extreme base covered with depressed golden pubescence. The greater
part of the prothorax and the mesonotum densely covered with de-
pressed golden pile ; scutellum minutely punctured, and covered with
rufous hair. Median segment irregularly transversely striated, sparsely
covered with black hair; the base and apex black ; the middle with a
wide shallow furrow. The propleure are of a brighter colour than the
meso-; the metapleure darker; the mesopleural furrow is narrow ;
the metapleure irregularly obliquely striated. Legs ferruginous; the
cox blackish behind ; the tarsi are paler ; the hinder femora darker.
Wings yellowish hyaline ; the apex slightly infuscated; the first and
second cubital cellules are equal in length on the top. Abdomen
black, shining; the apical two segments ferruginous, and thickly
covered with long rufous hairs.
flavus.
PoMPILUS SETABIS, Sp. NOV.
Black, the under side of the scape white, of the basal joints of the
flagellum brown; the apex of the median segment densely covered
with white pubescence ; wings hyaline, the apex smoky; the third
cubital cellule petiolated. ¢. Long. 8 mm.
Hab. Borneo.
Antenne stout; the apical joints of the flagellum roundly dilated ;
the basal three joints brownish ; the scape for the greater part white
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 241
beneath. Head densely covered with silvery pubescence, thickest on
the front and clypeus. Eyes long, slightly converging above; the
ocelli are in a curve; the hinder are separated from each other by a
slightly greater distance than they are from the eyes. Clypeus at the
apex transverse in the middle; the labrum large, the palpi black.
Thorax densely pruinose; the apical slope of the median segment is
densely covered with woolly hair, silvery white in colour. Legs
densely pruinose; the tibial and tarsal spines long and black; the
calearia white; the longer of the hinder pair is two-thirds of the
length of the metatarsus. Wings hyaline; the apex of both wings
infuseated ; the radial cellule short, wide; the third cubital cellule is
petiolated ; below it is as long as the second; the first. transverse
cubital nervure is broadly and roundly curved; the first recurrent
nervure is received close to the transverse cubital ; the second shortly
beyond the middle of the cellule; the accessory nervure in the hind
wing is received behind the cubital. Abdomen sessile; the basal seg-
ments densely covered with silvery pubescence ; the apical segment
bluntly pointed.
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Are Cocooys Watrrproor ?—The question is suggested by my
experience of the disastrous rain-storm at Ipswich on July Ist. I
had a chrysalis of Odonestis potatoria in the cocoon on a stem in a tall
glass jar, which stood in a sheltered position near a wall. To my
surprise next morning I found the jar was filled with water to the
depth of five inches (a fact which indicates the greatness of the deluge),
and I concluded the chrysalis was drowned, and threw it aside. Two
days later, when it was dry, curiosity caused me to open the cocoon,
and I found the pupa alive and kicking! Considering that it must
have been nearly twenty hours under water, I thought the incident
worthy of record, and should be interested to hear of similar experiences.
Cuaupe A. Pyerr; 28, Waterloo Road, Ipswich.
IcunEumMoN In ZyeHNA TRIFOLU.—In July, 1901 (when in search of
Aporia cratagi), I came across a fresh locality for 7. trifolii, and the
examples appeared to be of a more blotched character than those I
usually get. This year L went to the spot in June in order to collect
a number of cocoons, and to my surprise I found that there were two
distinct sizes, one about one-third the size of the other. In about a
couple of hours I collected 400 cocoons, and after I reached home I
separated the two sizes, and found there were 275 small ones and 125
large ones. Several small larve (typical trifolit) spun up while in my
possession, and were amongst the 275. I thought there must be two
species, and anxiously waited for their emergence. Alas! I was dis-
appointed, for the large cocoons produced very normal Z. trifolii, and
the smaller ones were all ichneumoned, with three exceptions, which
produced very dwarfed trifolii. The percentage of ichneumoned cocoons
(68°75 per cent.) seems exceptionally great, for in another place 1
ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1902. U
9A9, | THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
found the cocoons of Z. jilipendule very plentifully, and, having col-
lected five hundred in a very short time (getting as many as six on
one stem of grass), only two ichneumon flies emerged, or a percentage
of ‘04, but unfortunately vars. were represented by a percentage of ‘000.
Should anyone visiting Margate find that either of these species of
Zygaena is a pest, he may blame me for having introduced them in any
numbers. I shall be glad to show anybody interested in ichneumon
flies the two sizes of cocoons.—J. P. Barrerr; St. John’s Villas,
Margate.
Pieris napt Tweive Morrus 1x Pura.—During June last several
specimens of Pieris napi emerged from chrysalids of June, 1901. For
some reason they did not emerge as second brood last year, and their
colouring is of the spring type.—C. A. Stapen; The Rectory, Alton
Barnes, Pewsey, Wilts, August 6th, 1902.
PuusiA MonetTA: A FEW Notes anp Quertus.—The above species was
first discovered, I believe, in this country in 1890; odd specimens were
captured or bred every year in and about the county of Kent by different
collectors and duly recorded, the insect being looked upon as a great
prize. In 1900 a good number of the larve were discovered and suc-
cessfully bred; in 1901 a larger quantity of the larvee were found and
more captures recorded, but this season, I think, has eclipsed all pre-
vious records; it has appeared all over London, practically wherever
its food-plants (Aconitum and Delphiniun) are cultivated ; and when one
reviews its career from the time it first appeared, we must admit it has
apparently firmly established itself, at least in Kent; but will it last ?
I should never be surprised to hear of its sudden disappearance; there-
fore, on behalf of all concerned, I think it would be most interesting if ~
some of our brother enthusiasts, older and more experienced than I,
would give us their valuable opinions re this species through the
medium of this Journal. In the meantime, I would strongly advise
those collectors who have not yet got this handsome insect to add it to
their collections while it is—as a friend of mine rightly or wrongly
puts it—so awfully ‘‘common’’!—A. J. Lawrance; 65, Mates Road,
Ladywell, 8.H., Aug. 16th, 1902.
Gynanprous Areynnis papHia.— Whilst staying at Brockenhurst,
in the New Forest, last month, I was fortunate enough to capture,
on July 28th, a very good specimen of A. paphia (hermaphrodite). It
was at rest on bramble-blossom, and was quite easily seen, due to the
distinct shades of colour. The right side is male, and the left female;
each half of head, thorax, and body also corresponds to the sex.—
Herpert Cuartes; Woodend, Torrington Park, North Finchley, Aug.
15, 1902.
Unusuat Patrine or Burrerrums. — I think the following is worth
recording. On July 15th last I found a male Hwrytela hiarbas in cop.
with a female Neptis agatha. I had not a net with me, but managed
to secure both insects with my hand. I kept the female N. agatha
alive in the hope of getting some ova, but unfortunately she would not
lay in confinement. Is it not very unusual for two such distinct spe-
cies to pair? I shall be pleased to know if any other collector in
Africa has ever found these two insects in cop. I may mention that
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 243
N. agatha has been unusually abundant here this season, and F. hiarbas
not nearly so common ag during the two previous seasons. — G. F.
Leicx; Heathfield, Sydenham Road, Durban, Natal, July 26th, 1902.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
LiycHNA MINIMA VAR. ALSOIDES IN Hampsnire. — Mr. B. Piffard
reports the capture of this large form of L. minima on the coast near
Lymington, and he has kindly presented a pair to the National Collec-
tion of British Lepidoptera. It should be mentioned that Mr. Piffard
states that there is no chalk or limestone in the district where he
obtained the specimens. :
Aporta Cratzer in Kent.—This butterfly, I am pleased to record,
still survives in my neighbourhood. Early in July I caught a fresh
male on a small patch of clover, which proved to be the ‘“‘ home”’ of a
batch of the insect, for on subsequent days I very easily took nineteen
more, making exactly a score. I also saw about another score speci-
mens. on the ‘‘rampage,” but at such time A. crateyi is not easy to
capture, for the wind takes it along at a terrific pace, and I can only
account for six examples captured away from the ‘“‘home”; the
greatest distance between specimens captured was about ten miles. I
am inclined to think the insect is domiciled in the fruit orchards.
I failed to get eggs, though one female, taken in cop., lived over a
fortnight under artificial conditions. I kept two females and a male
together with the proper food-plants and fed them regularly, but to no
purpose.—J. P. Barrett; 3, St. John’s Villas, Margate.
Prerip# 1n Lonpon.—In the daily papers one occasionally sees
letters from astonished correspondents recording the appearance of a
butterfly in London. It is doubtful whether these occurrences are
quite as rare as is generally supposed. It moat however, be worth
mentioning that on June 19th, at about 4.30 p.m., I saw a specimen
of Pieris brassicae in Northumberland Avenue. There was at the time
a strong breeze coming off the river, and, after vainly struggling
towards a plane tree, the butterfly got blown towards Trafalgar Square.
The flowers in the window-boxes at the Métropole had been changed
that morning, and the specimen may have been accidentally imported
with them. I saw another specimen of P. brassice in Northumberland
Avenue on June 24th. THarlier in the season I saw, but was not near
enough to identify accurately, a Pieris in St. James’s Park.—D. P.
Turner; 2, Shalston Villas, Surbiton, July, 1902.
Puusia Moneta In Hampsuire.—Four larvee of P. moneta were taken
here during the last week in May from plants of Delphiniwm. The
moths successfully emerged between June 28th and July 9th. It
would be interesting to learn in what form this species passes the
winter. It seems reasonable to suppose that the eggs from which
these larve were produced were laid last July, since the patch of
Delphinium was that over which a specimen of the perfect insect was
Q44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
then taken. But in the autumn the plants die down to the roots, and
in the spring the whole of the surface of the ground was disturbed
several times. It seems difficult, therefore, to imagine how either eggs
or hybernated larve could survive.—G. W. Russexi; Portchester,
Hants, July 26th, 1902.
PuusIA MONETA IN WixrsHirE.—I have to report the capture of
Cherocampa porcellus and P. moneta at honeysuckle on the evening of
July 17th last.—C. A. Suapen; The Rectory, Alton Barnes, Pewsey,
Wilts. ;
Puusia Moneta AT WincumorE Hini.—On the evening of August 6th
a fine specimen of P. moneta flew into the room where there was an
incandescent light burning.—B. Hicxiin ; Cranford, Winchmore Hill.
Pxusia MoNETA IN SuRREY.—On July 14th a specimen of this moth
was captured flymg over Delphinium in a garden at Sutton, and for-
warded tome. From that date down to the time of writing (August 1st)
twelve more specimens have been taken in the same garden, the later
captures showing signs of being worn. ‘The species has evidently
“come to stay,”’ and there is perhaps no necessity for further detailed
records. Nevertheless, I venture to forward this record, in order that
the spread of the species throughout the counties may be noted for
future reference. I may add that two of the specimens have laid
eggs, and that an attempt will be made to feed up the larve when
they hatch.—h. Mrxpora; 6, Brunswick Square, W.C., Aug. Ist, 1902.
Contras EpuSA IN Essex, 1902.—On August 10th, a very hot day,
three C. edusa were seen, and one of these was captured.—Ricuarp J.
Fircu; Brick House, Maldon, Essex.
LastocaMpa QUERCIFOLIA IN Lonpon.—On July 29th I took a fine
female specimen of this moth, resting on a window-frame of a re-
staurant in the Huston Road, N.W., about 10.45 p.m. On arriving
home, a few minutes later, I found it had already deposited about a
dozen eggs. As the moth was so fresh I killed it, thinking that the
ova would be infertile. To my surprise, on August 12th I found nine
larvee had hatched, and these are feeding all right up to the present.—
H. Perxs; 43, Charlotte Street, Portland Place, W., Aug. 17th, 1902.
RuHOpOPH®A FORMOSA AND ONCOCERA AHENELLA 1n Herts.—Among
some Lepidoptera sent to me for identification by Mr. Philip J.
Barraud, of Bushey Heath, were three specimens of R. formosa and
one male example of O. ahenella.—Ricuarp Sours.
CHROSIS BIFASCIANA IN SurREY.—So far as I am aware, Reigate
and Haslemere are the only localities in Surrey from which this
species has previously been recorded. On July 12th last, whilst
netting a few specimens of Batodes angustiorana at Box Hill, I secured
one example of C. bifasciana (audouinana).—Ricuarp Souty; 96, Drake-
field Road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
Pronea (HBuLEA) sTacHYDALIS IN SuRREY.—I took two examples of
this species in the Ksher district on July 18th last. They were dis-
turbed from herbage among which were a good many plants of Stachys
sylvatica.—Ricuarp Sours.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 945
Tue Burrerriirs or tHE Wiruerstack Disrrict.—In one of the
Lancaster local papers there appeared recently a short article stating
that nearly all the British butterflies occurred at or in the vicinity of
Witherslack, Westmoreland. A list of the different species which do
occur in that district will no doubt be interesting, and serve as a guide
for intending entomological visitors. No less than thirty-nine species
occur or have been taken in the neighbourhood, out of a grand total
of seventy-two. This is undoubtedly a fine list for one locality,
especially when we consider that, of the remaining thirty-three species,
fourteen are either very rare or only occasional visitors to our shores—
e.g. A. crategi, P. daplidice, C. hyale, A. latona, A. niobe, A. dia,
M. didyma, V. antiopa, V. virginiensis, D. erippus, S. ligea, P. virgauree,
L. betica, and LL. acis, while one, C. dispar, is practically extinct, and
eight are local,—P. machaon, M. cinwia, 1. tris, L. pruni, L. arion,
H. lineola, H. acte@on, and C. palemon.
The following is a complete list of the Rhopalocera of Witherslack
and district :—
Pieris brassicae, P. rape, and P. napi. Common everywhere.
Euchloé cardamines. Common, end of May, in the lanes, Grange,
Methop, Witherslack, &c.
Leucophasia sinapis. Common, near Witherslack and at Methop;
only one brood, end of May.
Colias edusa. Common at intervals, in ‘‘ edusa years.”’
Gonepteryx rhamni. Common in lanes about Witherslack.
Argynnis selene. This species was formerly common on a piece of
waste swampy ground near Witherslack, but cultivation and drainage
are gradually stamping it out..
A. euphrosyne. Common, beginning of June.
A. aglaia. Not common, occurs about Witherslack sparingly ; at
Warton Crag it is fairly common, also on Arnside Knott.
A. adippe. Common during July and beginning of August.
A. paphia. Rare; I took one specimen near Witherslack last
year—a record. ‘This was no doubt introduced with farm produce.
Vanessa polychloros. Rare; one specimen taken by myself last year.
The same remark applies to this as to A. paphia, vide supra.
V. urtice. Common everywhere.
V.io, Abundant. Thisis the commonest butterfly about in August,
V. atalanta. Fairly common.
V. cardui. Not quite so plentiful as V. atalanta.
EKrebia epiphron. Common on the Langdale Pikes, Helvellyn, &c.
E. ethiops. Common, beginning of August.
Pararge megara. Common, May, June, July, and August, sunning
itself on the walls.
Satyrus semele. Common, end of July and beginning of August,
on rocky ground.
EH pinephele ianira. No remarks needed.
Fi. tithonus. Odd specimens have been taken, but this species is
rare; the nearest locality is near Heysham, on the Overton Road;
end of July and beginning of August.
E. hyperanthus. Was formerly common in Maud’s Wood, near
Grange, but a hydro now stands there, and the grounds are enclosed
and private. It has been taken near Kendal, but is evidently scarce.
246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Cenonympha davus. Very common, end of June to mid-July, on
all the mosses.
CO. pamphilus. Vide EF. tanira.
Thecla betule. Local; occurs on the Silverdale road, beginning of
September. :
T. quercus. Common about the oaks on Arnside Knott, mid-July.
T. rubi. Common during May.
OChrysophanus phlieas. Common, odd specimens everywhere.
Lycena agestis. Fairly common, also var. salmacis.
L. icarus. Common; the second brood in September is diminutive.
LL. corydon. Formerly common near Arnside Tower; also occurs
on Warton Crag.
L. argiolus. Common; only one brood, end of May.
L. minima. Local; I only know of one locality, on the roadside,
near the ‘ Derby Arms,’ Witherslack.
Nemeobius lucina. Common, near Grange, end of May.
Nisoniades tages. Common on most of the heaths.
Hesperia sylvanus. Common.—C. H. Forsyrue; Lancaster.
Five Days’ Cotztectine at Dreat.—Arrived at Deal on the morning
of June 25th for five days. I was met at the station by a trap, which
was to take me to my destination, Martinsfield, which is two and a
half miles from the station, and is situated in the middle of the Deal
sandhills. As we drove along I noticed a very large pair of Cerwra
vinula on a telegraph pole. After lunch I started off in quest of Calli-
morpha dominula, but was at first unsuccessful in finding the exact
locality, which was not discovered until we again visited the spot on
the next day. The larve were then found fairly commonly, feeding
on nettle, bramble, sloe, and several low plants, though the majority
were on the first two.
Porthesia chrysorrhea larvee were abundant on blackthorn, and
single examples were also taken all round Deal. P. similis was not
nearly as common as its usually far rarer relative. Larvae of Malacosoma
neustria were abundant on fruit trees at Worth and Sandwich, and
odd larvee of L. quercus were also picked up. The full-grown larve
and cocoons of Anthrocera jfilipendule were very thick, both on the
chalk at Kingsdown and in a certain spot on the sandhills; whilst
two freshly emerged 4. trifolii were also obtained. ‘The much-eaten
mallow produced larvee of Fubolia cervinata, but searching for Cucullia
verbasci produced only two small larve on Scrophularia (figwort), which
was very abundant in the ditches on the sandhills and near Sandwich,
where the larvee were taken.
The most notable butterflies were Pyrameis cardui and Cupido
minima; the first-named was quite common, but, of course, in very
poor condition. As for C. minima, it abounded on the chalk around
Kingsdown and Martin Mill. Five or six were often to be seen in
company flying over low bramble bushes in some sheltered corner.
Those taken were mostly in perfect condition. I have never known
the species anything like so common before. Other butterflies noticed
were Pieris brassice, P. rape, Vanessa urtice (also larve of all sizes),
V. atalanta, E'pinephele ianira, Cenonympha pamphilus, Polyommatus
phleas, Cyaniris argiolus, Lycena icarus, L. adonis (a few males in grand
condition), Thanaos tages, and Hesperia sylvanus.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. DAT
The posts forming the uprights of the post and rail fences, so
common in this part of the country, were well worth searching,
especially for Noctue. At Kingsdown, Hecatera serena was the com-
monest moth taken in this way, whilst on the sandhills, where Silene
is not so much in evidence, Cucullia umbratica was an easy first, about
twenty being taken in an hour, and nearly all in first-rate condition.
Other species thus obtained were Dianthecia conspersa (one at Kings-
down), Mamestra brassicae, M. albicolon, M. anceps, Xylophasia polyodon,
X. lithoxylea, Apamea gemina, Hadena dentina (abundant), H. oleracea,
H. geniste (one), and Hepialus lupulinus.
A few Arctia villica were met with, and other insects taken or
noticed by day-work were Dianthecia capsincola, Aplecta nebulosa (one),
Plusia gamma (fairly common), Huclidia mi, Phytometra enea, Spilosoma
lubricipeda, Melanthia ocellata, Melanippe galiata (Kingsdown), MW. mon-
tanata (Martin Mill), M. subtristata, Camptogramma bilineata, Acidalia
ornata, A. marginepunctata (one only, at Kingsdown), Asthena candidata,
Cabera pusaria, Metrocampa margaritaria (Worth), Cidaria truncata,
Lomaspilis marginata, Phibalapteryx vitalbata (near Sandwich and Martin
Mill), Kupithecia rectangulata (two, Deal and Worth), Pionea forficalis,
Pyralis costalis, Pyrausta purpuralis, Hurrhypara urticata, Scopula olivalis,
Hbulea crocealis, Cataclysta lennata (abundant, Sandwich), Scoparia dubi-
talis (abundant), and Botys pandalis.
At night we treacled rows of posts on the sandhills. The first
night turned out a blank, and, though there was a somewhat strong
north-easterly wind on the other nights, there were plenty of insects at
the sugar, especially on the last night. They were mostly, however,
of the commonest. As soon as the treacle was on, and before it was
quite dark, Cherocampa porcellus turned up in grand condition, but
only two of them. The following were also attracted :—Agrotis excla-
mationis (far and away the commonest moth), 4. corticea and A. segetum
(both scarce), Xylophasia polyodon, X. sublustris (one), Leucania comma
(abundant and fine), L. pallens, Mamestra brassice, M. albicolon (at first
mistaken for brassice and passed over, but afterwards we obtained
about a dozen, mostly in fine condition), M. anceps, Miana striyilis
(dark forms with some reddish markings), M. fasciuncula, Grammesia
trigrammica, Apamea gemina (not common), Triphena pronuba, Hadena
chenopodit, H. oleracea, and a few Cucullia umbratica, which I believe
is not generally taken at sugar. Last, but not least, a fine Newria
reticulata. Light attracted, among commoner things, Arctia villica.
The Odonata were not particularly interesting, only seven species
being noticed—viz. Libellula quadrimaculata and L. depressa (one of
each), Brachytron pratense, Platyenemis pennipes, Pyrrhosoma nymphula,
Agrion puella (abundant), and Ischnura elegans (abundant).
A few species of Coleoptera were taken. The best were single
specimens of the fine Molytes germanus (Kingsdown), and Harpalus
sabulicola. The following were also obtained :—Harpalus rujicornis,
Donacia sericea, D. lemne, D. linearis (the last three near Sandwich on
Tris), Otiorrhynchus atroapterus (in the sand), Cneorrhinus geminatus,
Crypticus quisquilius, Dascillus cervinus, Malachius viridis, Pyrochroa
serraticormis, and Leptura livida. Larve of Hypera variabilis were
abundant on lucerne at Kingsdown, but beetles were not seriously
worked.—F’. M. B. Carr; 46, Handen Road, Lee, 8.H.
248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Eeconomic.—Mr. W. J. Lucas has written the first entomological
leaflet in the ‘ Nature-Knowledge”’ series, issued by the Agricultural
Kducation Committee. It deals with the Lace-wing fly (Chrysopa
perla), and is brightly and simply written; it should prove a valuable
inducement to children for the acquisition of ‘ nature-knowledge.”
(‘‘ Lace-wing or Golden-eye.” ‘‘ Nature-Knowledge’’ Leaflets, no. 9.
3 pp.; 3 figs. [No date.] )
Fihynchota.—HErBErt Osporn notes an interesting case of mimicry
presented by the South African Tetigoniid Cephalelus infumatus, a
species described some seventy years ago. The insect ‘is a little
over half an inch long, of a brown colour, and has a remarkably pro-
longed head, which anteriorly tapers out into a very long spine. This
prolonged head is almost one half the total length of the insect. The
body is slender, and the wings terminate posteriorly, somewhat abruptly,
but in such a manner that they fit very perfectly upon the stem of the
plant which is its ordinary food. The protective feature comes in from
the aborted leaf-sheaths on the stem of the plant, forming sharp spines
occurring at intervals along the length of the stem, and these are
perfectly reproduced in the form and colour of the insect. So close
is the resemblance that, when a number of the spines are mounted
separately alongside of the insects, it is very difficult to distinguish
them without the most careful scrutiny.” Cephalelus ‘lives on the
rush Dovea tectorum, Masters, the spines of which are mimicked.”
(1902: ‘ Psyche,’ p, 327.)
Neuroptera.—V. Li. Kennoce discusses the phylogeny of the Mallo-
phaga, and calls attention to an earlier paper published by him in 1896
(‘New Mallophaga, &c.,”’ in-Contrib. to Biol. from Hopkins Seaside
Lab., vil.; 117 pp., 14 Plates). From evidence based upon the struc-
ture, principally of the mouth-parts and, in a less degree, of the internal
organs, the author concludes that the Mallophaga are degenerate
Psocide, the wingless Atropos forming an important link. (1902:
‘Psyche,’ ix., pp. 839-43, “ Are the Mallophaga degenerate Psocids ?’’)
G. W. K.
OBITUARY.
Mr. J. B. Wituiamson died at Slough on June 21st last, at the
age of seventy-four years. The present writer had known him for
over ten years, and esteemed his friendship very highly. He was
by profession an artist, and formerly a frequent exhibitor in the
Academy, principally in water-colour. He was first led to take up
entomology on account of the assistance the wing-colouring of the
Lepidoptera gave him in the study of colour and in designing. He
formed a very fine collection of British Lepidoptera, but owing to
failing health he had been unable for some years to keep in touch with
other entomologists, though there are still many readers of the ‘ Ento-
mologist’ who will remember him.—E. 8. C.
<< OF ONG ES:
Entomologist, October, 1902. Plate IIT.
W. J. Lueas, del.
Meriania argentifera, Meig. (x 8.)
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXYV.] OCTOBER, 1902. [No. 478.
MERIANIA ARGENTIFERA, Metc., A TACHINID NEW
TO BRITAIN.
By Cotpran J. Wainweicut, F.E.S.
(Puate III.)
Amonest a few Diptera sent to me for identification by Mr..
W. J. Lucas in the early part of this year, I found a specimen
of this species, which, so far as I know, is quite new to the
British list. Novelties are by no means uncommon in this com-
paratively little-known family ; at the same time, I was interested
in recognizing such a well-characterized and handsome species,
and, as Mr. Lucas has prepared very excellent drawings of the
fly, and of the side view of its head, some account of it may be
generally interesting.
The Tachinide form a very large group of the Calyptrate
Muscide, nearly allied to the common ‘“ blue-bottles,’’ and in-
cluding the very abundant and familiar Sarcophagide, or flesh-
flies. Many of the species are parasitic upon other insects, and
in consequence some of them have made themselves unpleasantly
known to breeders of Lepidoptera, who have found them in their
breeding- cages in place of the expected and more desired butterfly
or moth.
We have in this country a quite uncertain number of species,
probably about three hundred, and possibly many more. Owing
to the fact that they are mostly very much alike, and the specific
distinctions minute and often indefinite, they have received very
little attention, and consequently are little known ; and a number
of species undoubtedly remain undetected and unidentified. More-
over, those that are known are often little understood—their
limits indeterminate and their nomenclature in a muddle. New
names and new species, therefore, are more nearly the rule than
ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1902. %
250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the exception in this group. Meriania argentifera, Meig., is,
however, more than usually clearly defined, and is rather a fine
insect, as will be judged from Mr. Lucas’s drawing.
The genus Meriania was founded by Robineau Desvoidy, or
rather the name was created by him, in his ‘Essai sur les
Myodaires,’ 1880. Whether his names should ever be adopted
at all is a question, and how they are ever identified with any-
thing is a wonder to me. He monographed the whole of the big
family of Muscide (sens. lat.), and only very occasionally deigned
to notice anyone else’s work. He renamed everything, genera
and species alike; he split up genera and species so that in
many cases a genus represented a species, and was of the value
of a species only, and the included species were only the various
sexes and forms of the one species; and he characterized all so
feebly that they seem to me quite unrecognizable, as a rule.
However, Brauer and von Bergenstamm, in their ‘ Vorarbeiten
zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive
Anthomylide),’ the most important work on the Tachinide yet
published, revive his name Meriania for this genus. Brauer and
Bergenstamm give argentifera, Meig., as the type. Of the three
species (all new names) placed by Robineau Desvoidy in his genus,
however, silvatica and borealis are both definitely identified with
puparum, F., by Macquart in the ‘ Annales de la Soc. Entom. de
France,’ 1848, p. 122; and the other one is a Cape species; so
that it seems to me that puparum, F., should be the typical
species, and argentifera cannot be, as it was not in the original
genus at all.
Rondani, in his ‘ Dipterologie Italice Prodromus,’ vol. i.,
p-. 64, and vol. ili., p. 74, creates a genus Platychira, quoting
puparum, F., as the type, and including other species—radicum,
F'., strenua, Meig., &¢.—which are now recognized as abundantly
distinct. This genus was constituted practically in the same
manner as the genus afterwards familiar as Nemorea, and as it
is cotypical with Meriania, R.D., the name must go at once as
a useless synonym.
Schiner, Macquart, Verrall (in his first ‘List of British Di-
ptera’), and others recognized a big genus, Nemorea (another
name of Robineau Desvoidy, is used, however, in a much wider
sense than he intended), and merged puparum into it. The name
by which it is familarly known, therefore, is Nemorea puparum.
This genus contained a number of closely allied common species
distinct from puparum; and that species, together with its close
ally argentifera, always formed a section apart, distinguished at
once from all the others by their hairy cheeks. Finally, Brauer
and Bergenstamm, in the work already referred to, showed how
different they were, and removed them not only to another genus,
for which the name Platychira, Rdi., was first adopted (part 1.,
p. 86), afterwards changed to Meriania, R. D. (part u1., p. 112),
MERIANIA ARGENTIFERA. 951
but also finally placed them in a distinct section, far away from
the true Nemorea species, calling the section Platychira; and
Verrall, in his revised ‘ List of British Diptera,’ published 1902,
accepts the name Meriania, and gives puparum, F., as the one
British representative. Platychira, with its single genus Meriania,
is well characterized by the facts that the facial angles (a) stand
well above the mouth edge (b), which projects between them ;
that the cheeks (c) are very hairy, as well as the eyes; that the
third antennal joint (d) is short and broad, and but little longer
_ than the second (e); and that the female has its fore tarsi
flattened out. The other characters of venation, &c., which
are less distinctive, can be gathered from Mr. Lucas’s excellent
drawings.
N. puparum, F., has been known as British since Walker’s
time, but, so far as my knowledge goes, seems to be always rare.
I have never met with it myself, and only possess one British
specimen, a fine large male taken at Holmbury last April by
Dr. T. A. Chapman. This particular specimen is fully 6 lines
long, and is larger than any of my Continental types. Itisa
handsome, robust-looking insect; the general colour brown, with
the scutellum and the sides of the second and third abdominal
segments red, with interrupted white shimmering bands occupy-
ing the fore half of the second to the fourth abdominal segments ;
the head dark greenish brown, with a golden shimmer on the
lower parts, and the usual dark line on the frons; the palpi are
yellow; the antenne and legs all black; the whole insect very
hairy, with discal and marginal macrochete on the abdominal
segments, the remaining characters being the same as shown in
the drawing of argentifera.
N. argentifera, Meig., seems to be a smaller insect. The one
male taken by Mr. Lucas is barely 43 lines long, and looks about
half the size of Dr. Chapman’s puparum. I expect, however,
that as a rule the difference is not great, and, of course, in the
Tachinide, size is of little, if any, value for specific distinctions.
The principal difference between puparum and argentifera is that
in the former species the hairs on the cheeks (c), and many of
those on the chins (f) and back of the head (g), are pale (Schiner
says white, but in mine they are golden, and I expect they are
always so in fresh specimens), whilst in argentifera they are black
throughout. Other differences are, that in argentifera the general
colour is more blue-black than brown, and the white shimmering
bands on the abdominal segments are very faint, and only to be
seen plainly at the sides. Schiner says that the forehead in the
male of argentifera is wider than in puparum, taking up ‘“‘almost
one-third of the whole head-width”’; it is certainly a little wider
in Mr. Lucas’s specimen than in puparum, but not much, and
certainly does not take up one-fifth of the total head-width.
Schiner also says that the red on the abdomen is less noticeable
x 2
252, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
in argentifera, but in these two specimens I have before me there
is little difference in that respect. The red abdominal markings
in the Tachinide are, however, always very variable, and of
little specific value.
Mr. Lucas obtained his specimen in the New Forest, on
April 30th, this year. Both species of Meriania appear to be
always early spring insects, and possibly for this reason have
been overlooked, as few Diptera appear so early in the year, and
dipterists are accordingly not often out collecting them. Schiner
says that they occur ‘‘in the earliest spring, on sunny tree-
trunks, and like to sport with one another and with other
Muscide.” Brauer records the breeding of argentifera from a
lepidopteron, Mesogona oxalina, Hb.; and puparum has been
bred from Panolis piniperda, Pz.
I have to thank Mr. Lucas for kindly presenting me with
the, at present, unique British specimen.
ON THE LARVA OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS, Westw.
By Dr. T. A. Coapman, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 228.)
Prernaps the most remarkable thing about this remarkable
larva is the modification which has affected the prolegs. When ~
we examine the soft under side of the larva, the head, true legs,
and prolegs are seen very much as in the young larva; the head,
however, is nearly white, and so are the true legs, except the
tarsal tips.
Beginning at the margin of the dorsal shield where it sets
down on the surface on which the larva may be resting, we find
that the shagreened points of the general surface carry hairs of
various lengths, some almost evanescent, others nearly °25 mm.
long; these no doubt assist in making the opposition of the
larva to its resting place more complete. These seem to be true
hairs jointed at the base, and the points over the dorsum are
probably also really hairs rather than spicules. The shagreened
dots are about ‘08 mm. in diameter. As one passes inwards
from the margin, the hairs get rather thicker, and retain their
length of *2 to °28 mm., the shagreened bases lose all chitinous
colour, and, a short way in, is apparently a smooth surface,
thickly studded with white, short, thick hairs; as we approach
the prolegs these get shorter and sharper, and fail altogether at
a line just below the summit of the column, at top of which is
the retractile portion of the leg. Then, just at the margin of
the summit of the column, is a compact circle of crotchets, that
differ in no very decided manner from those ordinarily found on
ON THE LARVA OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS. 2538
prolegs. Within this circle is a white projecting mass of tissue,
with a ridge along its summit from front to back, with parallel
striz running down to the margin. The crotchets are hooked
outwards, have a short flat base applied to the surface of attach-
ment, and, without forming two or three regular rows, are in
more than one row. The little smooth space outside them gives
them room for movement without being interfered with by the
hairs that clothe the rest of this under surface.
These circles of crotchets, which are to all appearance identical
with the complete circles found on the prolegs of ‘‘ Micro” larve,
are not the ordinary crotchets at all, but an entirely new struc-
ture. The true crotchets exist in the young larva, but in this
full-grown one are merely represented by the striz on the central
fleshy mass noticed, which is really the true proleg; the crotchets
here existing are round the summit of the pillar, at the centre of
which the true proleg is here, as often, placed. Its method
of working must be very similar to that of the ‘‘ Micro” full
circle, but, instead of having a central tendon as they have, it
has the whole proleg structure, by the movement of which it
must be expanded and contracted so as to take and relax
its hold.
The true legs are rather small and rather thick, and densely
or at least very closely and regularly clothed with fine white
hairs, and terminate in a claw; slightly hooked, slender as com-
pared with the last joint of the leg, dark in colour, making it
look very strong and sharp, and capable of being flexed, so as to
fold up on to the last (tarsal) joint of the proleg, reminding one
of the tibiz of Nepa or Mantis.
The head is nearly colourless, about 1°7 mm. wide; centrally
below the mouth, and pointing backwards, is the labium or part
of it, a pale conical rather than cylindrical process ending in a
short chitinous tube (spinneret ?). On each side is a long palpus
(maxillary ?) of three joints, the last very small, projecting ven-
trally, and apparently with a fleshy process (maxilla?) towards
the middle line; in front is a tolerably normal labrum, square
and notched below, with a good many short hairs on its anterior
surface. The antenne are very long, about 1:1 mm., and regularly
clothed with fine hairs; I cannot recognize a basal joint, if there
is one; the next, therefore however, first, is very long, 1 mm.,
and also thick about ‘22 mm.; the last joint is a small square
piece about ‘1 mm.
The labrum is very fixed in its position and moves little ;
even if I am deceived in this matter by having only stiff pre-
served specimens to deal with, it is certain that it fits down very
closely and tightly laterally in the maxillary bases, leaving in
front an oval opening between it and the labium, within which
the jaws are visible, with apparently some room for movement
in the cavity thus formed.
254 THE EN'TOMOLOGISY.
Each jaw carries three teeth, not mere notches as in Lepi-
doptera generally, but each tooth is a long sharp spine, capable
of piercing, but certainly not of biting; each jaw is probably
capable of meeting the other, so that the teeth may interlock,
but in the specimens examined one jaw is entirely in front of
the other.
The eye-spots are six, five of them in a semicircle, the
other separate.
The head, which looks sunk into the white fleshy tissue of the
under side of the larva, is really very moveable, and has a definite
neck (?), so that the mouth-parts, which are at front of head
and point more or less forwards, can be directed directly back-
wards, between the true legs, exposing the front or dorsum
of the head, which is rather longer than broad, nearly colour-
less, and has some hairs, and the usual suture marking off the
clypeus.
I should like, by again mentioning, to emphasize what seems
to me as remarkable a feature as any it possesses—viz. the de-
velopment, de novo, of a ‘‘ Micro”’ proleg, by the obsolescense of
the real crotchets, though not of the base that carries them, and
by the appearance of an entirely new set of crotchets round the
base of the proleg proper.
Not so remarkable as a structural modification, but more so,
perhaps, as connected with most unusual habits, is the modifica-
tion of the jaws, as piercing and tearing and no longer biting
organs, and, if I observe correctly, the alteration of the trophi
into a suctorial tube, from which the jaws are just able to pro-
trude; remarkably similar, functionally, to the tube surrounding
the jaws in Phyllocnistis, though the details of structure and
habits are so widely different.
The jaws would most effectively take a hold of the skin of an
ant larva, piercing its skin at the same time in six places; they
would then draw the piece so seized within the closed cavity
formed between labrum, labium, and (laterally) maxille, so that
the juices of the larva could be easily sucked out.
There is also a larva of intermediate size, which differs from
the larger one in nothing except perhaps that the spiracles are
more readily seen than in the full-grown one.
The pupa I have before me is very large, 28 mm. long, 14
mm. broad, and 10 mm. deep, whilst it is depressed in front, in
a way apparently due to pressure; were the rounded contour of
the dorsum and sides continued its depth would be 12mm. It
is typically Lycznid in form, being very round at either end,
broadest at fourth and fifth abdominal segments, narrower
thoracically ; head beneath; no moveable segments; no trace of
cremastral hooks or of any silken girth; first leg equally against
head and antenne. The maxille are well developed; they appear
to contain no maxilla (the specimen being close on emergence),
ON THE LARVA OF LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS. 255
but the labial palpi are very evident beneath them. The most
special feature of the pupa is a set of flanges, or raised ribs. If
the pupa were divided into a dorsal and ventral piece, by a
section through its widest dimensions, the line of section would
mark one of these ribs, which starts round the abdominal seg-
ments from the anal angle of the wings (end of vein 1c), and
goes round the end of the pupa, dividing the last segment into
two portions; this segment is consequently of considerable antero-
posterior dimensions, stretching a good way under the pupa, but
also having a portion, as it were, lifted right out on to the dorsum
by having to be above the flange. The segmental incisions are
all raised into double ridges, but ventrally, 7. e. below the mar-
ginal flange above noted, but with no trace of anything of the
sort above it, each segment has another single ridge or flange
about one-third of the way in front of each incision. The scars
of prolegs are well-marked by large areas ae which these ribs
do not intrude.
These flanges are obviously the remains of the great marginal
border of the caterpillar, and of the division beneath it of each
segment into two. The marginal ridge extends forwards through
the wings, but the pupal shell is so delicate that it is difficult to
say whether this ridge is in the wing-covers, or an indication of
a flange on the segments beneath them, showing through.
The spiracles are more obvious than in the larva, and occupy
a similarly dorsal position. . The pupa is very smooth and
polished at least thoracically ; the abdomen has very numerous,
almost microscopic hair-points.
I have also a specimen of the pupa within the larva skin.
This fully illustrates Mr. Dodd’s account of how pupation
occurs. The larva skin becomes a little altered by the dorsum
being rather raised and rounded, but substantially it is the
adult larva one sees, and this forms a case or cocoon, precisely
as happens in the pupation of the Muscide.
The pupa inside lies quite free from any attachment to the
skin, but the ventral depression of the pupa is due to its having
to fit on the ventral aspect of the larval skin, which is raised
centrally by the head, legs, prolegs, &c.
The larval skin dehisces by cracking round the marginal
crest in front, by a crack across the front of the three ridges,
i.e. between third and fourth abdominal segments. The semi-
circular portion thus marked off again divides longitudinally
into two portions; in my specimen one of these portions is
missing, the other loose.
[A plate illustrating the early stages of Liphyra brassolis is
being prepared, and will be published in the present volume.—
Ep.|
256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CICADIDH FROM
CEYLON.
By W. L. Distant.
CosMOPSALTRIA GAMAMEDA, Sp. 0.
3¢. Head and pronotum greenish ochraceous—possibly pale green
in fresh specimens; head, front with black carine on each side, leaving
a pale spot at base and a smaller spot at apex, vertex with the area of
the ocelli connected obliquely with a lateral streak, black, eyes piceous;
pronotum with two central discal lines connected at anterior margin,
two contiguous converging spots near centre of posterior margin, the
margins and incisures black; mesonotum with a central discal line,
on each side of which is a broader curved lineate fascia, followed by
two small spots on anterior maigin, a lineate fascia on each lateral
area, and a small spot near each anterior angle of the cruciform
elevation, black; abdomen brownish ochraceous, the lateral and basal
areas paler ochraceous, with a small central black spot on basal
segment; sternum, rostrum, and legs pale ochraceous, abdomen
beneath brownish ochraceous ; basal margin of face, excluding central
spot, striated with black, and a black fascia between face and eyes ;
apices of femora and tibiz more or less piceous. Tegmina and wings
hyaline, the venation ochraceous, here and there tinged with fuscous.
Body robust, oblong, slightly greyishly tomentose; face not pro-
minently gibbous, obliquely transverse and moderately striate ; rostrum
reaching apex of posterior coxe, its apex piceous; opercula short,
subtriangular, a little sinuate outwardly, obliquely straight inwardly,
apices subacutely rounded and reaching the third abdominal segment.
?. Abdomen above reddish ochraceous.
Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 39, 9 31 millim.; exp. tegm. g 110,
? 105 millim.
Hab. Ceylon; Pundalu-oya (K. E. Green).
Allied in markings above to C. vibrans, Walk., but a larger
species, with a broader head and the opercula altogether different.
Synonymical Note.
Mr. Matsumura, who has studied Dr. Horvarth’s types at
Budapest, and who recently passed through London on his
return to Japan, informed me that Leptopsaltria japonica, Horv.
= Pomponia japonensis, Dist.; both descriptions published in
1892. He wished to know the date of publications, and I have
looked into the question.
Pomponia japonensis.
Pomponia japonensis, Dist., Mon. Orient. Cicad. p. 102
(Part V. pp. 97-120, May, 1892).
Leptopsaltria japonica, Horv. Termész. Fiizetek, xv. p. 186
(October 31st, 1892).
257
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE
COCCIDA.
By T. D. A. CocxEretu.
(Concluded from p. 233.)
Walkeriana, Signoret.
Walkeriana, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1875, p. 390.
Type, floriger.
@. More or less covered with dense waxy lamelle; antenne
10-jointed.
Species.—W. floriger, Walker, W. compacta, Green, W. euphor-
bie, Green, W. polei, Green, and W. senex, Green, Ceylon.
W. pertinax, Newstead, and W. andrea, Green, Central Africa.
Section Aspidoproctus, Newstead, P.Z.S., 1900, p.948. Female.
Genital opening covered by a flap; waxy processes small, not
covering body. W. pertinax.
Icerya, Signoret.
Icerya, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1875, p. 851. Type,
seychellarum.
Proticerya, Cockerell, Psyche Suppt., 1895, p. 15. Type,
rileyt.
Crossotosoma, Douglas, Ent. Mo. Mag. March, 1890, p. 79.
Type, egyptiaca.
?. Soft, with a long (usually ribbed) posterior ovisac ; antennze
typically 11-jointed.
3. Without caudal processes.
Species.—I. seychellarum, Westw., islands of Indian Ocean ;
I. natalensis, Douglas, Natal; J. albolutea, Ckll., W. Africa; J.
formicarum, Newstead, India; I. egyptiaca, Douglas, Egypt,
Ceylon ; I. tangalla, Green, Ceylon; J. crocea, Green, Ceylon ;
I. pilosa, Green, Ceylon; I. purchasi, Maskell, Australia, &c. ;
I. koebelei, Maskell, Australia.
I. brasiliensis, Hempel, Brazil ; J. schrottkyi, Hempel, Brazil ;
I. montserratensis, Riley-Howard, West Indies ; I. palmeri, Riley-
Howard, Mexico 3 I. rileyi, Ckll., New Mexico; J. littoralis, Ckll.,
' Mexico.
Section Proticerya, Ckll. Female antenne 9- to 10-jointed.
I. rileyi, I. littoralis.
MARGARODINE.
Margarodes, Guilding.
Margarodes, Guilding, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xvi. (1829),
p. 115; Giard, C. R. Soc. Biol. Feb. 10th, 1894, p. 412. Type,
formicarum.
Porphyrophora, Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. 1834, 1835.
258 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Spheraspis, Giard, C. R. Soc. Biol. Nov. 10th, 1894, p. 712.
Type, vitiwm.
Subterranean, anterior legs of both sexes adapted for digging.
?. Adult soft, mouth absent, legs and antenne present; inter-
mediate stage hard, globular, more or less like a pearl, with no legs.
Species. —M. gallicus, Signoret, France; M. hameli, Brandt,
Armenia; M. perrisi, Signoret, France; M. polonicus, Linné,
Poland.
M. trimeni, Giard, 8. Africa; M. capensis, Giard, 8. Africa.
M. formicarum, Guilding, West Indies; M. rileyi, Giard,
West Indies; M. hiemalis, Ckll., New Mexico; M. vitiwm, Giard,
Chile.
Section Spheraspis, Giard. Intermediate stage ovoid, with.
out any appearance of segmentation. M. vitiwm, M. capensis.
Section Porphyrophora, Brandt. Anterior legs less swollen ;
antenne with 7 to 9 joints. M. hameli, M. polonicus, M. gallicus,
M. perrist.
Celostomidia, Cockerell.
Ceelostomidia, Cockerell, ‘ Nature,’ Feb. 15th, 1900, p. 367.
Type, zealandicum.
Celostoma, Maskell, Trans. New Zealand Inst. xii. (1879),
p. 294. Type, zealandicum (not Celostoma, Brullé, 1835).
2. Soft, with legs and antenne, but no mouth. Anterior legs
in both sexes normal.
g. With no caudal brush.
Species.—C. assimilis, Maskell, C. wairoensis, Maskell, C.
zealandica, Maskell, C. compressa, Maskell, and C. pilosa, Mas-
kell, New Zealand.
Subgenus Ultracelostoma, Ckll. Female. Adult without mouth
or legs; antenne with about five joints, more or less rudi-
mentary. C. assimilis.
Callipappus, Guerin.
Callipappus, Guérin-Ménéville, Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 129;
Fuller, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1899, p. 435. Type, westwoodt.
@. Body more or less triangular, thin in front; abdomen with
only the first two or three segments visible, the rest forming a pouch
which contains the eggs. Antenne 10- or 11-jointed. Mouth absent.
g. With acaudal brush.
Species.—C. westwoodi, Guérin ; C. australis, Maskell; C. im-
manis, Maskell; C. rubiginosus, Maskell; C. farinosus, Fuller ;
C. bufo, Fuller: all from Australia.
Sasakia, Kuwana.
Sasakia, Kuwana, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1902 (not yet pub-
lished).
?. ‘Enclosed in cottony secretion; antenne 9-segmented ; body
CLASSIFICATION OF THE COCCID. 259
distinctly segmented; no digitules on claw nor on tarsus; mouth
wanting in adult ; anal tube absent.” (Kuwana.)
Species.—S. quercus, Kuwana, Japan.
Xylococcus, Loew.
Xylococcus, Loew, Verhandl. d. k.k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. xxxii.
(1882), p. 271; Pergande, Bull. 18, n.s., Div. Ent. Dep. Agric.
(1898), p. 18. Type, jiliferus.
?. Antenne 9-jointed; legs well-developed; mouth absent ;
digitules present, but without knobs. In all stages between larva and
adult the mouth is present, and the legs and antenne are absent.
g. With an abdominal brush. Arboreal insects, living on Tilia,
Betula, and Quercus.
Species.—X. jiliferus, Loew, Central Europe; X. betula, Per-
gande, North America; X. quercus, EKhrhorn, California.
ORTHEZINAE.
Orthezia, Bosc.
Orthezia, Bose, Journ. de Phys. xxiv. (1784), p. 171; Louns-
bury, 32nd Ann. Rep. Mass. Agr. College. Type, characias
(= urtice).
Cyphoma, Gistel, Nat. des Thier. (1848), p. 151. Type, cha-
racias (not Cyphoma, Bolt. 1798).
?. Body compact, short, more or less covered with waxy white
lamelle ; a more or less elongated ovisac of firm texture; legs long
and well-developed ; antennee 8- (rarely 7- or 9-) jointed; mouth well-
developed.
g. Hyes compound; abdomen with a caudal brush.
Species.—O. cataphracta, Shaw, Northern Europe, Siberia,
Greenland; O. urtice, Linné, Europe; O. delavauxi, Thieb.,
Kurope ; O. floccosa, De Geer, Hurope; O. menariensis, Douglas,
Ttaly.
O. occidentalis, Douglas, Colorado, New Mexico; O. anne,
Ckll., New Mexico, &c.; O. nigrocincta, Ckll., New Mexico; O.
sonorensis, Ckll., Mexico; O. artemisie, Ckll., New Mexico; O.
garrye, Ckil., New Mexico; O. monticola, Ckll., New Mexico;
O. cheilanthi, Tinsley, New Mexico; O. graminis, Tinsley, New
Mexico; O. lasiorwm, Ckll., New Mexico.
— O. insignis, Douglas, Tropics of the New World, Ceylon; O.
prelonga, Douglas, Tropics of the New World; O. ultima, Ckll.,
Argentine Republic.
Section Arctorthezia, Ckll. Waxy secretion dense, not easily
removed ; wedge-shaped lamellz in dorsal line. Boreal types.
O. occidentalis (type of section), O. cataphracta.
Ortheziola, Sule.
Ortheziola, Sule, SB. Bohmisch. Ges. 1894, p. 5.
?. Similar to Orthezia, but antenne 4-jointed.
260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Species.—O. vejdovskyi, Sule, O. signoreti, Haller, Kurope ;
O. fodiens, Giard, Guadeloupe.
PHENACOLEACHIINE.
Phenacoleachia, Cockerell.
Phenacoleachia, Cockerell, Canad. Entom. 1899, p. 274.
?. Form elongated, labium long; anal ring with six hairs;
antenne 11-jointed, with curved spines at the end.
3. With two long caudal filaments; and compound eyes con-
sisting of ocelliform bodies forming a single ring round the head,
interrupted above and below.
General form of both sexes resembling the Dactylopiini.
Species. —P. zealandica, Maskell, New Zealand.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE
AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA.
By Dr. H. J. Hansen.
(Continued from p. 236.)
Tec
As above mentioned, I accept the classification of the
Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera into four families (proposed by
Sra in ‘ Hemrerera AFRICANA,’ vol. iv.), with the limitations for
these given by him. At the same time, Srau’s fundaments of this
system are very defective, so that not one of the later authors,
not once even J. SanutperG, has adopted them. I now attempt
to collect the chief points of the new results of my researches,
with the earlier known facts for an analytical table of the family
characters.
The exclusive characters are printed tn italics, the not absolutely
exclusive but well characterized structures are printed in ordinary
type.
od When one has to deal with several types (here families) the
nature of the analytical table sometimes causes a difficulty, 2. e.
the strong emphasizing of a character absolutely peculiar to one
family (for instance, the absence of an empodium in the Stridu-
lantia in contradistinction to its presence in all the other families) ;
I have endeavoured to obtain this by the employment of special
printing; square brackets are used for sentences inserted, and
are not used when a special point is to be brought into relief.
A. Second segment of peduncle of the antenneé without sensory
organs, flagellum with several or many sensory fovee. Intermediate
coxe with the intero-basal angles a little remote inter se; coxal ab-
THE AUCHENORRHYNCHOUS HOMOPTERA. 261
duction somewhat small. Metasternum either entirely chitinous, or
with two medium-sized membranous areas. Posterior coxe mobile,
trochantins apparent; posterior trochanters a little or not wider
than the femora; a flexion only possible between trochanter and
femur ; posterior femora without a ‘yellow spot” on the upper sur-
face. Pleura of third to eighth abdominal segments entirely located
on the lower side, formed of a larger exterior chitinous plate, and
of an interior narrower area, partly membranous or evanescent.*
First pair of abdominal spiracles placed either laterally or ventrally.
Third to eighth pairs placed ventrally, looking downwards. Tegule
always absent.
a. Three ocelli.
Flagellum consisting of five (or four ?) elongate segments ;
sensory fovez very numerous in the two basal segments of the
flagellum (some even found in the other segments). Con-
spicuous part of the mesonotum very large. Anterior femora
very different from the intermediate pair [always considerably
incrassate|. No empodium. Second pair of abdominal spiracles
placed in a transverse ventral furrow, looking anteriorly and
medianly ; third to seventh pairs placed in the sternites, not im the
pleura. Stridular organ present in the male. Antenne always
placed in deep pits in front of the eyes under the anterior margin
of the vertex. Tegmina unarmed beneath. Anterior margin of
the wings a little curved towards the base, unarmed. Meta-
sternum entirely chitinous. Posterior scarcely wider than the
intermediate coxe, never reaching to the lateral margin of the
thorax. Posterior femora simple, posterior tibie cylindrical.
1. Stridulantia.
b. Ocelli two or none. Flagellum composed of either numerous
segments, or of an inflated basal segment and a very slender ‘‘ seta” ;
some sensory fovee present, never numerous. Conspicuous part of
the mesonotum medium-sized, or small or absent. Anterior femora
scareely different from the second pair [most often not incrassate}.t
A large empodium present. Second pair of abdominal spiracles
placed laterally, looking exteriorly or partly upwards. Third to
eighth pairs placed in the pleura. No stridular organ.
a. Flagellum composed of a large subpyriform basal segment,
and a very slender ‘‘ seta”’—generally subarticulate ; basal segment
with some sensory organs, “* seta”’ without them. Tegmina with a
carina towards the base on the lower surface. Anterior margin of
wings towards the base with a triangular plate, which is fur-
nished on the exterior margin with some hooks. Metasternum
somewhat long, with two medium-sized membranous areas,
Posterior coxe scarcely wider than the intermediate pair, not reach-
ing to the lateral margin of the thorax.
* In Cystosoma entirely coalesced with the tergites and sternites.
: + In Darnis, Fabr., the anterior and intermediate femora are strongly
inerassate.
262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Posterior femora towards the base on the upper surface
with a wider transverse keel. Hmpodiwm thicker, beneath with
two chitinous spinose strips, the free margin a little or scarcely
emarginate. HKyes always placed on the vertex towards the base.
Antenne always placed in deeper pits in front of the eyes under
the anterior margin of the vertex. Intermediate coxe with a
strong meracanthus. Posterior tibie cylindrical, each with a
single process, or with two conical larger processes on the outer
surface. 2. Cercopide.
3. Flagellum always composed of numerous segments; basal
part longer, formed either of some (2-6) segments, or transversely
furcate, furnished with some scattered sensory pits; distal part
divided into many segments, at least in part. T'egmina beneath not
carinate. Anterior margin of the wings without a triangular plate,
sometimes somewhat convex. Metasternum short, entirely chitinous.
Posterior coxe@ much wider than the intermediate pair, extending
as far as to the lateral margin of the thorax. Posterior femora
simple at the base. Hmpodium thinner beneath, without apparent
chitinous spines ; free margin profoundly incised medianly.
Ocelli sometimes on the vertex, sometimes on the front, occa-
sionally evanescent. Antenne usually inserted in front of the
eyes, sometimes under the eyes. Intermediate coxee somewhat
rarely with a meracanthus. Posterior tibie very often prismatic
or foliaceous, very rarely almost cylindrical, generally seriately
spinulose, very rarely unarmed. 3. Jasside.
B. Second segment of the peduncle with many or very many
peculiar (composite) sensory organs ; flagellum with a single larger
sensory organ on the pyriform basal segment. Intermediate coxe
with the intero-basal angles considerably or very distant inter se ;
coxal abduction well developed. Metasternum almost entirely mem-
branous, and this thin cuticle is extended outwards to the lateral
parts of the metathorax, which is inflected somewhat on the lower side
of the body. Posterior coxre immobile, their exterior part coalesced
with the metathorax ; trochantins absent. Trochanters very much
stouter than the posterior femora ; both an adductionjand a flexion
possible between trochanter and femur. Posterior femora with a
* yellow spot’’ near the base on the upper surface. Pleura of the
third to eighth segments largely or altogether situated laterally,
either altogether membranous, or with a large upper area in large
part or altogether membranous, and a lower plate chitinous. First
paw of abdoninal spiracles situated dorsally within the exterior
produced part of the metanotum. Third to eighth pairs situated
essentially laterally, and in large part or altogether turning out-
wards.
Ocelli more rarely evanescent, more often two at the sides of
the head in front of the antenne; sometimes a third ocellus is
found on the lower margin of the front near the base of the
clypeus. Antenne inserted under the eyes; flagellum composed
SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 263
of a thicker basal segment, and a very slender ‘‘ seta,” either
exarticulate, or partly or altogether divided into numerous seg-
ments. Tegula almost always present. Hmpodium coalesced
with the claws throughout a shorter distance, and at most
through two-thirds of the length of the claws; free margin a
little emarginate or simple. Second pair of abdominal spiracles
dorsal, somewhat remote from the lateral margin.
4, Fulgoride.
(To be continued.)
ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENO-
PTERA (ICHNEUMONIDAL, CHRYSIDIDA, FOSSORES,
AND APIDA).
By P. Cameron.
(Continued from p. 241.)
SPHEGIDA.
AMPULEX LONGICOLLIS, sp. Nov.
Cerulea, antennis pedibusque nigris, femoribus posticis dimidio
basali rufo; alis fusco-violaceis. @. Long. 16-18 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Antenne black, sparsely covered with black hairs; the third joint
twice the length of the fourth. Head dark purple, the cheeks and oral
regions of a brighter tint; the front and vertex coarsely rugosely punc-
tured; the former with a keel down the apical two-thirds. Clypeus
aciculated, stoutly keeled down the middle, and sparsely haired; the
apex rounded ; the sides armed with an oblique longish tooth. Man-
dibles black, keeled down the middle and at the sides. The front and
vertex are sparsely haired. Thorax blue, mixed with purple and
green; the median segment for the greater part indigo-blue. Pro-
thorax smooth, aciculated, and with a few scattered punctures ; its
base distinctly separated, and the apex is depressed; the apical part
narrowed towards the apex and transverse at the base; the prothorax
is if anything longer than the mesothorax, which bears large deep
scattered punctures, as do also the scutellum and post-scutellum ;
these are sparsely covered with long black hair. The central keel on
the median segment is straight, and reaches shortly beyond the
middle; the second keel is of similar length; the outer longer,
reaching to the apex; the segment is stoutly transversely striated,
the striz becoming more curved and irregular at the apex of the keels;
the middle part at the apex is smooth; the apex of the segment is
perpendicular, and ends at the sides above in stout teeth. Mesopleure
coarsely irregularly punctured; the metapleurzee with a longitudinal
keel below the keel which ends in the tooth; the space between the
two bearing, near the middle and apex, some straight keels; the base
below is aciculated, the rest reticulated. Mesonotum bearing large
deep round punctures; its base smooth; the middle furrow deep.
264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Legs blue; the tarsi black; the apex of the hinder femora and the
tibize black; the basal half of the hinder femora red. Wings fuscous-
violaceous, more hyaline in the discoidal cellules. Abdomen blue,
shining ; the basal half of the petiole very narrow; the apical half
abruptly dilated, and distinctly narrower than and separated from the
second segment, which is constricted at the base.
AMPULEX TRIGONA, Sp. NOV.
Cerulea ; antennis tarsisque nigris, femoribus posterioribus rufis ;
alis fusco-violaceis, nervis fuscis. 9. Long. 21 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Antenne stout, shorter than the thorax, black, covered with a pale
down ; the third joint about one-third longer than the fourth. Head
sharply obliquely narrowed behind the eyes; the vertex has a wide
shallow furrow in the middle behind, and is sparsely punctured later-
ally; the front has some elongate fovez or punctures on the sides; in
the centre over the antenne are some semicircular keels, and one also
encloses the front ocellus. The antennal keels are stout, slightly
curved, and narrowed at the top; in the middle immediately above
them is a distinct black tubercle. The clypeus is sharply keeled
throughout in the centre ; the apex in the middle roundly and broadly
projects, and has on either side a small rounded tooth. The eyes dis-
tinctly converge above, and are there separated by about the length of -
the third antennal joint. Pronotum slightly longer than broad, of
almost equal width ; in the basal half above is, in the middle, a distinet
keel, the space on either side of which is slightly depressed. Meso-
notum smooth, the furrows deep; the space between them darker, of
a more violaceous hue than the sides. The median segment is trans-
versely striated throughout; the strie# enclosed by the inner keels
being more widely separated; and those on the extreme outside are
stouter and still more widely separated. All the keels reach to the
apex, being united there to a stout semicircular keel; its posterior keel
is broadly depressed in the centre. The lower two-thirds of the apex
of the segment is closely transversely striated ; the upper part has a
keel down the middle, and three or four irregular keels on the sides.
The spine on the top is stout, narrowed and transverse above; below
it is a smaller triangular one. ‘The upper half of the propleure is
raised, and distinctly separated from the lower; below the middle, on
the apical half, are a few stout keels; the upper half of the mesopleure
bears large deep irregular punctures; the apex of the metapleure is
striated. Mesosternum with a few scattered. punctures ; the central
furrow moderately wide, and with transverse keels. The anterior
trochanters, femora, and tibie are reddish in front ; the four posterior
trochanters and femora are bright red; the hinder claws are stout at
the base, and have a stout subapical tooth. The alar nervures are
fuscous. Abdomen smooth, the middle purple; the petiole with the
narrowed basal part short; the basal part beneath is stoutly trans-
versely striated. ‘The head is more sharply narrowed behind than
usual, and the legs have more red.
(To be continued.)
265
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Foop-puants oF THE Larva oF CNEPHASIA sINUANA, Steph. — Mr.
Bankes’s remarks on the food-plants of this species had escaped my
eye until the other day, when I was looking over the July number of
the ‘ Entomologist.’ He there (p. 194) states that Mr. G. Hlisha bred
it from spun-up flowers of Chrysanthemum leucanthenwm, collected in
North Kent. If he will turn to the ‘ Kntomologist’ for the year 1879
(vol. xil. p. 61) he will there see that Mr. Elisha says: ‘‘I have also
bred S. pasivana (sinwana) rathe. iteely the last two seasons from larve
feeding in the flowers of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum ... . various
parts of Kent and Surrey.’’ Now the question is, Did he breed
sinuana, Steph., from this plant at all? Of course pasivana, or more
correctly pascuana, Hiib., is, as everyone knows, a very different species,
bearing no resemblance whatever to sinuana, Steph., and it does feed
(as well as upon several other plants) upon the flowers of the ‘‘ dog
daisy.”’ I am aware that for some extraordinary reason Dr. Wocke
sank stnuana, Steph., as a synonym of ‘‘ pasivana,’’ Hib. ; not by any
means the only mistake he made. Possibly Mr. Elisha was using
Wocke’s name, otherwise surely there must have been some mistake
somewhere! There is one great difficulty to get over. If the late
Mr. Sang saw the specimens which were bred from C. lewcanthemum
and pronounced them to be sinwana, Steph., I of course must bow to
his decision, as so good an entomologist could never have mixed up
two such very distinct species.—A. THurnatL; ‘‘ Mascotte,” White-
hall Road, Thornton Heath, Sept. 12th, 1902.
Nore on Evuzopuera pineuis.—On Thursday, August 7th, I was
passing (about 8 p.m.)a solitary ash tree about ten minutes’ walk from
here, and upon glancing at the trunk as I passed was rather surprised
at counting thirteen specimens of Huzophera pinguis upon it; most of
them had only just left the pupa, their wings being held butterfly |
fashion over their backs. I visited this tree for several successive
evenings until the 17th, and never failed to find several on each visit.
On two occasions the moths were seen to leave the pupa. After an
interval of nearly a fortnight I revisited the tree, and /. pinguis was
still coming out, but in much smaller numbers, and last evening (31st)
I saw one just emerging. In all I boxed forty, and saw quite fifty
more out of reach, as they come out late in the afternoon, and very
soon run up the trunk, generally well out of reach. How long they
had been appearing before the 7th of course Iam unable to say, but
during the month I think I may say, without much exaggeration, that
hundreds must have emerged from this one unfortunate ash !—A.
Tuurnatt; Whitehall Road, Thornton Heath, Sept. Ist, 1902.
ABERRATION OF VANESSA uRTICH.—Miss G. Jeddere-Fisher caught
a specimen of V. urtice at Kast Grinstead, Sussex, on August 28th,
1901. This example is entirely without the two spots on the dise of
the wing, and is similar in form to that mentioned in Newman’s
‘British Butterflies ’ as the variety tchnusa of Bonelli.
Aperrations or Zye@na minos.—On June 18th I visited the Welsh
locality for the above-named species, and found it in great numbers.
ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1902. Y
266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The imagines were just emerging and drying their wings, hanging on
to the heather and short herbage. Amongst them was one without
any trace of crimson, both upper and lower wings being entirely
bronzy black; another specimen had the crimson very much reduced
and darkened, whilst three others were decidedly darker than is the
usual form.—C. F. Josnson ; Brinnington Crescent, Stockport.
Rapuipia Larva ATTACKED By A F'uneus.— At the Oxshott Field
Meeting of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society on Sept. 6th one or two larve of Raphidia, a neuropterous
insect, were found on tree-trunks with abdomen very much distended
and pale in colour where the integument was soft enough to distend.
On the surface of the glass-tube in which one was placed I afterwards
found a multitude of spores, and some of them were evidently ger-
minating. On enquiry at Kew Gardens it was found that the larve
were attacked by Hmpusa lampyridarum. In conversation with other
field entomologists I have heard of similar instances. Probably the
wet season is in a large measure responsible for this.—W. J. Lucas.
Proposep Enromonoeican Society In MancuestEr.—We are making
a strong effort here to form an Hntomological Society, and would be
pleased to hear from any of your readers who are in any way interested
. in the movement, and who could assist us in our object.—Watter H.
Harpy; 52, Bedford Street, Moss Side, Manchester, Sept. 8th, 1902.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Cyanrris (LycaNA) anciotus 1n Wesrminster.—I have lately dis-
covered that L. argiolus has permanently taken up its abode near
Westminster Abbey. During the last day or two I have seen one
or two specimens flying round some ivy not fifty yards from that
building.—L. A. Sperncer; 52, Burghley Road, Highgate, N.W.,
Aug. 29th, 1902.
CoLias EDUSA IN Sussex.-—-One cloudy and very windy day about
August 10th, I noticed a specimen of C. edusa flying along the downs
not far from Brighton. This is the only specimen I have so far seen
this year on the wing.— A. W. Carpinatt; 18, Cromwell Road,
Brighton.
Conias EepuSA 1n Wares. — On August 26th, whilst staying at
Pwllheli, North Wales, I saw a fine male specimen of C. edusa. It
was flying close to the sea-shore.—(Mrs.) M. Atprerson; Park House,
Worksop.
Contas EDUSA NEAR Norwich.—On August 16th I saw a male
C. edusa flying by the roadside about two miles from Norwich, but
failed to capture it. Two more were seen near this city on Sept. 6th;
and a male was captured near my residence on Sept. 9th.—R. Lappr-
maAN; 25, Drayton Road, Norwich, Sept. 17th, 1902.
PoLyoMMATUS ARTAXERXES, Fabr., 1n BanrrsaireE.—On July 8th last
my son and I found this rare butterfly in a valley among the cliffs on
the Banffshire coast. As the food-plant of the larva (Helianthemum
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 267
vulgare) was abundant at the spot, I have been for some time in
expectation of getting the butterfly, but I failed till this year. There
seemed to be only a few individuals in flight, as we did not see more
than two at one time during a whole month.—Henry H. Brown;
Cupar-Fife.
Pyramets (Vanessa) carput, Linn., ar 1050 rr. 1n Banrrsumre.—My
son captured a specimen of this butterfly beside the cairn on the
summit of the Binn Hill at Cullen, Banffshire, 1050 ft. above sea-
level, on July 22nd last. It was faded and rubbed, having probably
been carried to that elevation by a high wind, although it is not easy
to account for the vagaries of cardui.icHenry H. Brown; Cupar-Fife.
Srauropus Fact At Micknenam.—On July 27th last, after a poor
day's collecting, I took a fine female specimen of the above species
resting on the trunk of a beech tree about ten feet from the ground.
It was quite perfect, and I think had not been out of the pupa more
than a day.—E. C. Gounron; 4, Carnford Grove, Balham.
APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA AT BatHam.—On August 26th last I took a
worn specimen of this insect at electric light in the town. Although
I have kept a good look-out, it is the only one I have seen, and should
like to know if any others have been taken here.—H. C. Govutton;
4, Carnford Grove, Balham. [See report of 8. Lond. Ent. and Nat.
Hist. Soc., Aug. 28th, published in this number.—Ep.]
Dicycta oo 1n Kent.—I took a fine specimen of this species on a
gas-lamp near Chislehurst towards the end of June last.—G. B.
Browne; 48, Southbrook Road, Lee, 8.H., Sept. 17th, 1902.
Prionus coriarius IN BrErRKsHiRE AND IN HertrorpsHIRE. — On
August 26th last Mr. W. H. Warner, of Fyfield, near Abingdon, sent
me, for identification, a specimen of this somewhat uncommon beetle,
which he had found on the 21st of the month ‘‘ crushed and lying on
a path in a neighbouring wood.” I may mention that in 1893 I
captured an example of this species as it was flying across a pathway
on Batchworth Heath in Hertfordshire.—Ricuarp Sourn; 96, Drake-
field Road, Upper Tooting, 5. W.
BuLATTA AUSTRALASIA IN SoutH Drerpysutre.—A cockroach forwarded
to me by Mr. Hugo Harpur Crewe from South Derbyshire proved to
belong to this species. Enquiries kindly made for me by Mr. Harpur
Crewe show that it has been established for the last five years, and
that it first made its appearance in a greenhouse where some orchids
were unpacked which were received from Queensland in 1895,—
Francis C. R. Jourpamw; Clifton Vicarage, Ashburne, Derbyshire.
_Oponata BRED IN 1902.—F rom nymphs obtained in Byfleet Canal,
and a few from the river at Wye, I bred this year the following
species :—Of the Anisopterids, A’schna grandis (eight or nine, sexes
in about equal proportion), Libellula quadrimaculata, Sympetrum
striolatum ; of the Zygopterids, Ischnura elegans, Hrythromma natas,
Einallagma cyathigerum. The greater number of the ZAygopterid
nymphs turned out to be Hrythromma naias; nearly all the Anisopterids
were of the family Aischnide, and all of these of the species A’schna
grandis, The first A. grandis imago appeared in the earlier part of
268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
July, the latest in the last week of August—an isolated case long after
all the other nymphs had duly accomplished their last transformation.
It is a curious thing that every Adschnid nymph I have obtained from
Byfleet Canal during the last three years has proved to be 4. grandis.
Some, it is true, have come to a premature end before emergence, and
I could not say certainly that they were grandis, but I have very little
doubt that they were. Can anyone explain why the nymphs always
turn head downwards to devour any prey they may have caught ? and
why the head of the empty nymph-case after the emergence of the
imago is invariably inclined to one side, and (from my observation)
usually to the right ?—Harotp Hopexr; 9, Highbury Place, London, N.
Lestes pryas at Hanwetu, Minpiesex.—During July of the present
year I was delighted to discover a large colony of Lestes dryas at ponds
near Hanwell, in Middlesex. The males were abundant, but females
were not so common. During last winter the ponds were absolutely
dry; so, apparently, the nymphs must have burrowed down into the
mud during that season. The species was about from July till the
first week in August, but was over by the end of the latter month.
Points of distinction from the common Lestes sponsa will be found in
the bronze spot on the dorsal surface of the first segment of the
abdomen, and in the shape of the anal appendages of the male—these
in addition to the much bulkier and heavier appearance of the better
insect. The distinguishing points are figured in Lueas’s ‘ British
Dragonflies,’ pp. 280 and 234.—S. W. Kemp; Notting Hill, Sept. 2nd.
THe Larce Harwie, Lasipura ripartA, at Poxkespown. — Major
Robertson has shown me a female of this scarce insect, taken by his
daughter, Miss Nellie Robertson, at Bournemouth, on July 17th last.
I understand that others have been taken this season. It would be
interesting if those who have taken the insect during late years would
record their captures, so that its position as a British insect might be
better understood.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames, Sept. 8th.
ERyTHRoMMA NAIAS IN Berxs.—Mr. W. Holland took a male of this
local dragonfly during the present season at King’s Weir on the
Upper Thames.—W. J. Lucas; Sept. 1902.
Lestes pryas at Wicken.—On August 12th, 1901, Mr. A. H.
Hamm took a male of this scarce dragonfly at Wicken Fen. It was
undetected at the time of capture amongst the common Lestes sponsa.—
W. J. Lucas; Sept. 1902.
HvurrtHecia JASIONEATA IN Norra Wautes.—I have to record Eupi-
thecia jasioneata from two localities on the Welsh coast. I found the
larva sparingly last August in Carnarvonshire, and also noticed it in
some flower-heads of Jasione montana sent me by a friend from the
neighbourhood of Barmouth.—J. HK. R. Auuen; Enniskillen.
PsaMoTIsS PULVERALIS IN SuRREY.—I am very pleased to add this
species to the list of Lepidoptera occurring in the county of Surrey.
I took one example last August in the Ockham district. — Ricnarp
Soutu; 96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W.
Nores on Leprpoprera in Avcust.—On August 1st I visited Enfield
Lock with the intention of getting a number of larve of Saturnia
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPOR'S. 269
pavonia. Two years ago one could have brought away four or five
hundred without difficnlty—I am afraid this fact was only too well
known to entomologists; now it would be hard to find twenty.
Judging from the empty cocoons, (rastropacha quercifolia and Odonestis
potatoria are becoming more numerous in this district. At indoor
light at Chingford the following were taken :—Zeuzera asculi, Cerura
bifida, Pterostoma palpina (several), Notodonta dictea, Stilpnotia salicis
(abundant), Porthesia auriflua, Miltochrista miniata, Philea irrorella,
Arctia caia, Spilosoma menthastri (a nuisance), Gastropacha quercifolia
(one spoilt), a worn-out specimen of Cymatophora ocularis, Hydrecia
micacea, Aaylia putris, Xylophasia rurea, Xylophasia polyodon, Dipteryyia
pinastri, Agrotis puta, Mania maura, and many other common Noctue.
All these were taken during the first fortnight of August—not a bad
product for a London suburb! Sugaring seemed altogether a failure,
and there was apparently little worth netting in the Epping Forest
district. Some worn-out specimens of Cossus ligniperda were brought
to me, but this latter moth is one of the commonest in this district.
Chisel a little in the willow-trees in June and you may obtain as
many pupe as you wish. The latter, 1 may mention, are extremely
easy to keep. lLarve of the ‘‘ kittens’? were common enough, but I
have seen not a sign of Cerwr vinula in any state this season. At
Dawlish, during the second and third weeks of August, Callimorpha
hera was abundant. I did not see another collector all the time I was
in the district. The weather was charming, and the return of insects
was equally so. Pupa-digging is not much patronized in August—
why I do not know; I have always found it most productive. I
obtained about a dozen Amphidasys strataria (it was rather early for
the species, however). I could have taken home a large number of
Agriopis aprilina, or of the Twniocampide. Cerastis vaccinit and C.
ligula (spadicea) were in force. Two pupe of Ennomos tiliaria and one
of Acronycta alni were found under bark of willow, and one of the F.
tiliarié has since emerged. A pupa of Notodonta dromedarius should
be mentioned. Altogether I procured five hundred and ninety-three
pup, to more than half of which it would be difficult to assign the
right names. In August, 1900, I obtained over two hundred pup at
Lyndhurst, and I scarcely knew the name of one, but there emerged
a lot of very good things, well worth the trouble of digging.—SrrepHen
Granam ; Chingford, Essex.
A Forrnicut at Dreat.—In the course of a fortnight’s holiday at
Deal, commencing with August 10th, I found the moths at night-
time extremely abundant on the sand-hills. I put up at Martinsfield,
between Deal and Sandwich, and had therefore a fine opportunity of
night work in this locality. The garden at Martinsfield was surrounded
by a privet-hedge in full bloom, and simply swarmed with life by day
and night. I found treacling in this garden gave the most remunerative
results, the moths coming in large numbers nearly every night to the
posts and trees I had selected; at one time I counted over thirty
insects on one patch alone, and it was amusing to watch them
struggling for the sweets I had provided. The specimens of Xylophasia
polyodon were particularly pugnacious and a great nuisance, as they
doubtless drove away some of the rarer sorts. The following were
in abundance and great variety :—Agrotis obelisca (by far the most
270 THE ENTOMOLOGIS'.
numerous), A. valligera, A. puta, A. exclamationis, Apamea gemina,
A. oculea, Hydrecia nictitans, Triphena pronuba, T. orbona, Mamestra
brassicae, X. polyodon (fine light and dark varieties), and Noctua wantho-
grapha. Among the others less numerous were :—Miana literosa, M.
furuncula, Noctua e-nigrum, N. baia, Acronycta rumicis (three), Amphi-
pyra tragopogonis, Noctua suffusa, Agrotis corticea, T. interjecta (two),
T. fimbria, Calymnia trapezina, Leucania impura, L. pallens, L. obsoleta
(two), Phlogophora meticulosa, Xylophasia sublustris (one), Luperina
testacea, Cossus ligniperda (one), Mania maura, and Leucania lithargyria,
In the privet-hedge Plusia gamma swarmed, and examples of this
species also came to light in such numbers that they were quite a
nuisance in the music-room on the lawn. There were also several
locusts in the hedge, and one came to the treacle. Thinking that the
season for Callimorpha dominula was over, I did not work especially
for this species, but I was fortunate enough to capture one in ‘the
garden during the day in fair condition. I also took by day Acidalia
enutaria (one), Zygana filipendula@ (very numerous), 7’. interjecta (one) ;
and at dusk, Porthesia auriflua, and one Hremobia ochroleuca in fine
condition. Among the butterflies here were—Pyrameis cardui, P.
atalanta, Vanessa urtica, V. io, V. polychloros, Chrysophanus phleas,
Pararge megara, Hipinephele ianira, FE. tithonus, Cenonympha pamphilus,
Lycena agestis, L. alexis, L. argiolus, Pieris brassicae, P. rape, and
Hesperia linea, but, as a whole, day-collecting was not propitious; the
hours of sunlight were few and far between, and when the sun was
shining the wind was cool and rather high, and suggestive always of
rain blowing up. In fact, the only ideal day was the one on which I
came away, and I was then too busy packing up to be able to take
advantage of it. In the few opportunities 1 had of exploring the
country round about on my bicycle, I saw several Colias edusa, and
captured seven, five in fine condition, but C. hyale was not apparently
about. I also took four more Hremobia ochroleuca on some thistle-
heads in a lane near Sandwich. P. cardui were also very abundant
in the same spot, and indeed all about that neighbourhood, and I
captured as many perfect insects as I wanted. I found Melanargia
galatea plentiful near Folkestone, and also took one Aspilates gilvaria
there. 1 went down and returned from Deal on my bicycle by way
of Dover, Folkestone, Hythe, and Ashford, but had little opportunity
of doing any collecting on the road, as the weather during the two
journeys was most unfavourable. I slept at Dymchurch, near Hythe,
on the outward journey, and did a little dusking there, with the result
of capturing Cleora lichenaria (three), Lithosia molybdeola (two), and C.
phragmitidis (one). Abraxas grossulariata were flying about here in the
bushes in large numbers. It will be observed that nearly all my insects
were taken in the garden at Martinsfield, and, considering the poor
success I had had at sugar all the season up to this fortnight (I treacled
in the New Forest for seven nights in early July, with the result of two
insects), the few days I spent at Deal were quite a revelation to me.
Too many insects at a time (especially to a novice) have certain draw-
backs, and I have little doubt that my list of captures could have been
largely extended had I not been only a comparative beginner, as I
must have passed over many varieties that a more experienced eye
would have readily detected.—G. B. Browne; 48, Southbrook Road,
Lee, §.H., Sept. 17th, 1902.
271
SOCIETIES.
Soutn Lonpon Enromonoeican anp Naturan Hisrory Socimtry. —
July 10th, 1902.—Mr. F. Noad Clark, President, in the chair.—The
President, in a few sympathetic words, referred to the sudden death
of Mr. Mark Winkley, an old member, and until recently a regular
attendant at both ordinary and field meetings.—Mr. West (Greenwich)
exhibited the following Hemiptera taken by Mr. Ashby at Deal during
the last week in May and the first week in June :—Podops inuncta,
Sctocoris cursitans, Rhyparochromus chiragra, h. pratextatus, Trapezonotus
agrestis, Macrodema micropterum, and Plinthisus brevipennis.—Mr. Ashby,
several species of Coleoptera he had taken on the Deal sand-hills in
June, including Zabrus gibbus, Saprinws virescens, Melanotus puncto-
lineatus, Chrysomela distinguenda, and Apion sedi.imMr. West, a piece
of amber from Maldon, found some forty feet below the surface. There
were numerous insects imbedded in it, and, from there being no smell
of pine when rubbed, he thought it was not true amber, but gum
animi.—Mr. Machachlan communicated a note on Cotyledon wnbilicus,
pointing out its occurrence at Winchelsea and other places in Kent.—
Mr. Step read a short report of the Field Meeting at Ranmore Common
on June 7th, 1902, and regretted the unfavourable weather which the
nineteen who attended had to endure.
July 24th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. F. M. B. Carr ex-
hibited twelve varieties, and the male parent of Amphidasys betularia,
bred from ova deposited by a black female, taken im cop. at Lee in
1901.—Mr. Kemp, a series of Lemostenus complanatus, a species new
to the British list, nearly related to Pristonychus terricola, and taken
by him near Dublin. He also showed Carabus clathratus, Pelophila
borealis, Blethisa multipunctata, Chlenius nigricornis, dark Pterostichus
cupreus, Bembidium bipunctatum, Calambus quinque-lineatus, C. novem-
lineatus, Orectochilus villosus, and Rhopalomesites tardyi from Lough
Neagh, together with Bembidium argentiolum, a recently added species,
also from Lough Neagh. From near Dublin he showed Phytosus
balticus, Diglossa mersa, yellow Cercyon littorale, Saprinus maritimus,
Telephorus darwinianus, Cillenus lateralis, Polydrusus chrysomela, Hydro-
porus several species, Silpha atrata and var. subrotundata, Haemonia
appendiculata, Chrysomela banksti, Barynotus schénherri, Meloé violaceus,
and a series of the purely Irish Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus.—Mr.
Kemp, a series of the rare Lestes dryas from Hanwell, with L. sponsa
for comparison.
August 14th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Edwards exhibited
ova of Anthrocera trifolit from Byfleet.—Dr. Fremlin said that, during
a recent visit to the Isle of Man, he had taken Dianthecia cesia and
larvee of Polia xanthomista var. nigrocincta.—Dr. Chapman, specimens
of Neuroptera bipennis (lusitanica) from Bajar, in Spain.
August 28th.—Mr. E. Step, Vice-President, in the chair.—Mr. EH. J.
Riley, of 94, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, was elected a member.—
Mr. South exhibited a series of Apamea ophiogramma, bred from larvee
taken in his garden at Tooting.—Mr. Turner, a short series of Agrotis
rip@, bred at the end of June, 1902, from larve taken in August, 1901,
at Dawlish. The variation was very considerable, from very snowy
forms to an exceedingly dark example.—Mr. Bowman, a large number
272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of species of the genus Hrebia, including series of F. zapatert, from
Spain, and /. christi from Switzerland. He also showed a series of
Melanargia lachesis—Mr. South, ova of Tortrix piceana and Retinia
pinicolana from Oxshott.—Mr. Adkin, several masses of cocoons of a
species of Apanteles, which had emerged from the larve of Boarmia
gemmaria in his garden. A discussion ensued as to the cause of the
curious curved position of the larval remains over the cocoons.—Dr.
Chapman, a specimen of Scoliaula (Bohemannia) quadrimaculella from
Reigate.—Hy. J. Turner (Hon. Rep. Secretary).
RECENT LITERATURE.
W. F. Jounson and J. N. Hatperr. “A List of the Beetles of
Ireland.” 1902. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. (8), vi., pp. 585-827,
and 1 map.
Ir was but a few months ago (Entom. 1902, pp. 54-6) that we
hailed the termination of Mr. Kane’s ‘ Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera,’
and we have now to welcome a similar summary of our knowledge of
the Coleoptera. A number of local records and partial lists have been
published since the days of Haliday, the father of Irish entomologists,
in 1828, but Johnson and Halbert are the first to present us with a
complete list, a large proportion of the records, indeed, having been
made by these author’s themselves.
In noticing Kane’s work, we briefly summed up the views upon the
Kirse Fauna held by various specialists in geographical distribution,
and these remarks naturally apply also very largely to the beetles.*
Some 1630 species are enumerated, a little less than half the total
British Coleopterous Fauna; of these some forty are noted as having
been probably introduced more or less recently. There are no species
certainly peculiar to Hrin, though one form (Silpha atrata var. sub-
rotundata) occurs in the Isle of Man, but not on the Continent, and
has been recorded only very doubtfully from England. ‘There are,
however, five species of Huropean distribution not yet found in
England — viz. Dyschirius obscurus, Stenus argentellus, Bembidium
argentiolum, Xantholinus cribripennis, and Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus,
the last three being recorded for the first time as British. °
In the Bibliographical List there are cited fifty-five authors who are
responsible for nearly 250 papers and isolated records of Irish beetles.
This work, accompanied as it is by notes of capture, &c., of the rare
and local species, must prove of high value to the working coleopterist.
We believe that the authors have also devoted considerable attention
to the Rhynchota, and we hope that they will before long produce a
similar account of that highly interesting but sadly neglected order.
G. Wake
* Led astray by a misprint in Scharff’s work, we unfortunately over-
looked a suggestive paper by G. H. Carpenter, “‘ The Problems of the British
Fauna”’ (‘Natural Science,’ 1897, x1., pp. 875-86).
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
VoL. XXXV.]
NOVEMBER, 1902. [No. 474.
VARIATION OF LYCAINA CORYDON IN NORTH WILTS.
By tHe Rev. C. A. Siuapen.
Tis species—the ‘‘ chalk-hill blue,” as it is commonly
called—occurs in profusion on the downs of North Wilts. Here
about harvest-time the foot of the downs, where the turf ends
and cultivation begins, is red with the flowers of the knapweed
(Centaurea), or ‘‘hardhead,’’ as it is sometimes locally called ;
and on the flowers of this plant LZ. corydon swarms in countless
numbers, fighting its fellows for standing room, or expanding its
wings to the sun.
In this neighbourhood it varies little in size, though I have
occasionally caught little dwarfs of less than an inch in wing-
expanse, and other fine fellows of over 14 in.
The male varies little in colour, but the female varies much ;
and this applies both to the upper and the under side.
Upper side, male type.—Silvery blue, sometimes with black
discoidal spot on fore wings :—
1. With broad black hind margin.
2. With narrow black hind margin.
3. With spotted black hind margin.
In this latter the ocellated spots of the under side show through
the hind marginal band on the upper side. The extreme form
of this variety has a row of white spots along the hind margin,
the black border disappearing. Sometimes specimens occur
with the ocellated spots on the hind margin of the hind wings
tinged with orange, as in the female.
All these variations are mentioned by Mr. South in his notes
on the genus Lycena in the ‘Entomologist,’ vols. xx. and xxxiii.,
var. 3 being figured on Plate L., fig. 9, in the former volume, and
the extreme form of it in Plate IIL., fig. 5, in the latter.
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1902. Z
274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Upper side, female type.—Brown or black-brown, with black
discoidal spot on fore wings, sometimes also visible on hind
wings, and with more or less distinct hind marginal row of
orange ocellated spots on hind wings :—
1. Variegated with white.
(a) Discoidal spots edged with white.
(>) Hind wings with one or sometimes two interrupted rows
of white spots or dashes between the hind margin and base of
the wine.
2. Variegated with blue.
(a) Hind wings with blue spots or dashes, sometimes wholly
blue ; the fore wings also less commonly with spots or dashes of
blue, and sometimes with a central splash of blue, the distri-
bution of colour in this latter case resembling that of dark
forms of Lycena argiolus. This form, though apparently not
uncommon elsewhere, I have not come across here before this
year.
(b) All the wings blue as in the male, but of a richer colour,
with or without black discoidal spots, the black hind margin
varying in width, as in the male, but always with orange
ocellated spots along hind margin of hind wings, as in typical
female. This is the variety Syngrapha, and it is figured in
Dr. Lang’s ‘ Butterflies of Kurope,’ plate xxvi. fig. 7. I found
this variety here first in 1870, though it no doubt occurred here
before my time ; but I have only lately tried to obtain a series.
Last year, when there was favourable weather, while L. corydon
was on the wing, I caught thirty specimens of this variety ; this
year, in unfayourable weather, I only obtained twelve.
One female caught last year is a small specimen with blue fore
wings, and hind wings normal, with few blue scales, reversing the
ordinary course of variation in this species. One female caught
this year has the veins of the hind wings blue, the intervening
spaces being normal colour. In the usual form of partial blue
variation the veins remain black, while the intervening spaces are
blue. Another female caught this year is of a dull black colour,
with white-edged discoidal spot on fore and hind wings, and with
indistinct greyish dashes from the hind margin to the base of
hind wings. The under side of this specimen is creamy white,
wanting the basal spots on fore wings, and several of the spots
on hind wings, the other spots, though reduced in size, showing
up very distinctly against the light background.
Under side, male.—This does not vary much as to the
number of spots, though the spots often vary much in size.
Occasionally some of the spots are duplicated, occasionally some
are confluent. The variety without basal spots on the fore wings
is not uncommon, and the discoidal spot on the hind wings often
lacks the black centre.
ZONOSOMA (EPHYRA) PENDULARIA. 275
Under side, female.—The spots vary much both in size and
number. An extreme specimen has only discoidal spot on the
hind wings, the basal spots being absent on the fore wings, and
the row of spots inside the hind marginal row being also very
small and indistinct. I have many varieties leading up to this.
The ground colour of the under side varies from dark brown to
- pale or yellowish brown, and on the fore wings to almost white,
the white form of under side generally coinciding with variation
of colouring of the upper side.
Alton Barnes Rectory, Wilts: Sept. 30th, 1902.
THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE FORM OF ZONOSOMA
(EPHYRA) PENDULARIA.
By F. C. Wooprorpg, B.A., F.E.S.
Tux object of this paper is to call attention to a remarkable
form of Zonosoma pendularia, which appears to be confined to a
very small area in North Staffordshire. The typical form of this
species has a very pale, nearly white, ground colour, which makes
the insect almost indistinguishable when sitting on the white
stems of birches. In the variety under consideration the ground
colour is a slaty grey, rather closely approaching that of Z.
orbicularia, while the whole of the centre of the wing is filled
up with a rosy pink. This rosy coloured portion has no clearly
defined edges, but merges gradually into the ground colour. It
is very difficult to describe colouration of this sort where the
colours are thus suffused, so as to convey a clear idea of the
object under description ; and the Editor, to whom I sent some
specimens, has kindly promised to include figures of one or two
of them in the next coloured plate of varieties published in the
‘ Entomologist.’
The habit of most of the species of the genus is to sit during
the day on leaves, and, although I have often seen Z. punctaria
sitting on the trunks, yet I have obtained far more by beating
the bushes. Z. porata and Z. annulata (omicronaria) seem
always to choose a leaf for a resting-place; Z. pendularia, on
the contrary, as far as my experience goes, seems always to rest
on the stems, generally of small birches, but not unfrequently
on the trunks of oak-trees. Very few of the birch-stems in this
district of North Staffordshire are white, by far the larger pro-
portion being reddish brown, mottled with dark green by lichens.
On such a stem the type-form, which is almost invisible on the
white birch-trunks of the New Forest, would stand out most con-
spicuously ; whereas the form under consideration is extremely
hard to see, even when one is close, and looking at the very spot
Z 2
276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
where the insect is sitting. Forms approaching the _typical
occur here, but the palest is greyer than the type, and individuals
of the darker forms are more numerous than representatives of
the pale one.
It would appear therefore that this aberration from light to
dark is a change brought about for protection, the conspicuous
pale form having gradually developed into the very inconspicuous
dark one.
Mr. Barrett, in his great work, figured a specimen that I sent
him for that purpose, with a very similar but darker form of the
same aberration from Mr. Webb’s collection ; but the locality
from which this latter specimen came is not given. After
numerous inquiries I cannot discover that anyone has ever seen
or heard of this peculiar form occurring in any other locality,
though my inquiries extended even into Germany.
Such a distinct and remarkable variety seems to deserve
a distinctive name, so I propose naming it Z. pendularia var.
subroseata.
Market Drayton: October, 1902.
ON THE BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN EQUATORIAL
AFRICA BY CAPTAIN CLEMENT SYKES.
By Eminy Mary Suarpr.
(My journey into the interior of Africa I commenced early in
1898. Starting from Mombasa in the train, which in those days
only took one 120 miles, I soon got to Kebwezi and Nairobi.
Both these places were excellent haunts for the entomologist,
and I much regret that I did not embark on making a collection
of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera until the time came for my return.
Alas! I found myself steaming through these places in 1900 in
a train, and my opportunity had gone.
I commenced my collection about July, 1899, when I was at
a place called Lamogi, in the valley of the Upper Nile, close to
Baker’s old fort of Fatiko. Though there are woods in those
regions, there is little or no forest, and butterflies were rather
scarce. ‘I'he Nymphalide were principally represented. In
December, 1899, I journeyed to Wadelai, which is a far drier
and sandier place, and there the Pieride were fairly prolific.
More especially did Teracoli abound in great numbers and
varieties. Near the sandy banks of the Nile I could always
catch as many as I wanted. But the Nile District is a dis-
appointing country for the entomologist, who would naturally
expect many new species in such little frequented regions. In
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 277
March, 1900, I began my return journey to the coast, and com-
menced then to work more seriously. Had I known earlier in
my career how easily butterflies are sent home, and in what
good condition they arrive, I should have sent many thousands
more than I did. As it was, I waited until I could bring
- them to the coast personally, fearing to trust the fruits of so
much labour to the tender mercies of the various savages through
whose hands they would have to pass.
Through Unyoro I collected a fair number, in the swamps, of
the Nymphalide and Acreide, and on entering Uganda proper,
' the wooded dells, fringed with swamps, afforded opportunities
for considerably increasing the collection, especially amongst the
Hesperide. During the evening and at night it was my custom
to sit with one end of my tent open, and two lights burning. As
the moths came towards and around the light, I watched my
opportunity, and directly they were stationary I pressed them to
death with the handle of a spoon or fork, having no killing-
bottle. I found this possible without doing any appreciable
damage to the scales of the specimens. I thus got all the
Hesperide and Noctuide in the collection.
All the wooded shores of the Victoria Nyanza are admirable
hunting-fields, and I have seldom seen such a sight as the
butterflies on the shore opposite Lubwa, where an arm of the
lake forms an exit for the old river Nile. The steep hill over-
looking an exquisite view was ablaze with their colours, and I
stood for many hours netting as hard as I could.
Passing through Usoga and Kavirondo, I encountered a
famine, where dead bodies of natives and animals lay at frequent
intervals in the pathway. Over these hideous objects beautiful
butterflies hovered, and it seems strange that nature should give
such repulsive food to perfect works of her art. Then I came to
the great primeval forest of Nandi, and within its depths the
species of Charaxzxes seek the many putrefactions which are
always to be found amongst trees and damp heat. As they
shake and quiver over some filthy morsel they gradually make
themselves drunk, aud fall easy victims to the collector. Some
enthusiasts hang up putrid meat and carcases to attract these
foul feeders, but if forest is near this is unnecessary. It is prac-
tically the only way to catch all those butterflies that have a
strong flight.
And so I finally got to the train and reached the coast.
I could not take the collection home myself, as I had to hurry
off to the war; but I carefully put the specimens in paper
“envelopes,” these into biscuit tins, and these again into air-
tight tin uniform cases, with plenty of naphthaline, and packed
them off by sea to England, where they arrived in a most satis-
factory state.—C. A. Sykes, Capt. R.H.A.]
278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Family Danatpam.
1. TrruMALA PETIVERANA (Doubl. ¢: Hewits.).—a, 3. Usoga;
April, 1900.
2. Danais curysippus (Linn.). — a, ¢. Lamogi; November,
1899, b, ¢. Wadelai; January—March, 1900.
3. D. auciepus (Cram.). — a, g. Wadelai; January—March,
1900.
4. D. xuvem (Butl.). — a,b, g. Wadelai ; January—March,
1900. c, 2. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
5.. D. porrppus (Klug).—a, 2. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
6. AmauRIs DAMOCLES (Pailsot de Beauvois).— a. March from
Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
7. A. ENCELADUS (Brown).—a, 3. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
8. Nepropa aLBrMacunaTaA (Butl.).— a,b, 3d 2. March from
Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
Family Sarvripam.
9. Menanitis LeEDA (Linn.). —a, 3. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
10. Mycauesis FUNEBRIS (Guén.). — a,b, d 2. Wadelai;
January-March, 1900. c, @. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
11. M. pEsonata, Butl.—a,b, g 2. Lamogi; November,
1899.
12. M. anaunosa, Butl.—a, 3. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
13. M. perspicua, Trimen.—a, 3. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900. 6, ¢. Unyoro; March, 1900.
14. M. miriam (Fabr.).— u, @. Wadelai; January—March,
1900.
15. M. saussurer, Dewitz,—a,b, 3 ?. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
16. APHYSONEURA PIGMENTARIA, Karsch, Ent. Nachr. xx. p. 191
(1894). Rhaphiceropsis pringlei, HK. M. Sharpe, P.Z.8. 1894,
p. 336, pl. 19, figs. 1, 2. a. March from Usoga to Nandi; April,
1900.
17. Yeruima aupima, Butl. — a. March from Usoga to Nandi,
April, 1900.
18. Y. pupmuaris, Butl. a. Wadelai; January—March, 1900.
19. Y. astERorE (Klug).—a, 3. Lamogi; November, 1899.
20. Y. ironta, Hewits.—a,b. Lamogi; November, 1899.
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 279
Family Acra1pm.
21. Ackma SERENA (F'abr.).—a, 3. Lamogi; November, 1899.
b, 2. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
22. A. vinip1a, Hewits. a,b. Unyoro; March, 1900.
23. A. Bonasta (Fabr.). — a, b. Wadelai; January-March,
1900. c. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
24, A. auicia, H. M. Sharpe.—a. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
25. A. sykEsI, sp.n.—Allied to A. atergatis, Westwood, and
A. gaekwari, E.M. Sharpe; but is distinguished from the former
by the much darker ground colour, and from the latter species
by having no transparent patch on the primaries.
Primaries: Ground colour light chestnut-brown, the nervules
black, the costa, apex, and hind margin narrowly edged with
black, the cilia white; the spots, which are all black and well
defined, are situated as follows: two in the discoidal cell, and
one at the end of the cell; just beyond this a transverse band
consisting of five spots between the nervules, the first four being
all united ; two small spots above the submedian nervure, and
one somewhat larger between the first and second median ner-
vules ; near the hind margin a row of black streaks situated be-
tween the nervules, commencing above the submedian nervure ;
the basal area suffused with brownish black. Secondaries: The
ground colour somewhat pinker in tint than that of the primaries ;
a distinct black border on the hind margin, the cilia white, the
base dusted with black, and having three distinct black spots ; an
uneven row of small black spots crossing the discal area, each spot
situated between the nervules, which are not black as in the fore
wing. . Under side: Ground colour much lighter, the apical
area being paler; all the black spots and markings as on
the upper surface, the hind marginal border being very narrow ;
near this border, situated between the nervules, are seven ochra-
ceous coloured spots or streaks, the second one from the costa
extending almost to the black transverse band on the upper side.
Secondaries pale in colour, the whole of the basal area thickly
spotted with black, and also showing some pink spots; the black
hind marginal border relieved by half-circles of yellowish-white
spots. Expanse,2 in. Wadelai; January—March, 1900.
Female.—General colour of both wings more tawny brown,
the black spots on the primaries similarly situated as in the
male, but larger, the submarginal row of streaks being more
suffused ; beyond the black band, on the apical side, a paler band
is indicated. Secondaries lighter in colour, the black spots
larger, and the hind marginal border broader. Under side
agreeing exactly with that of the male above described, the pink
spots on the secondaries having faded to a more ochre-yellow.
280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Tixpanse, 2°3 in. (Spec. ex White Nile. Consul Petherick ;
Mus. Brit.).
The collection in the Natural History Museum contains two
males from Wadelai (collected in the months of March and
April, 1887, by the late Emin Pasha), and the female above
described, from the White Nile.
26. A. caprra, Hopff.—a. March from Usoga to Nandi; April,
1900.
27. A. pick, Drury.—a. Wadelai; January—March, 1900.
28. A. insianis, Distant.—a. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
29. A. PENELEOS, Ward.—a-c. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
30. A. pomponia, Grose Smith.—a. Unyoro; March, 1900.
31. A. NEOBULE, Doubl. ¢ Hewits.—a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
32. A. puDoRINA, Staud.—a, 3. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
33. A. nataLica, Botsd. —a-c, fg. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
34. A. cmcruia (Fabr.).— a-c, 9 2. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1901. d, ¢. Wadelai; January-March, 1900.
(To be continued.)
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA.—No. 5.
By G. W. Kirxappy, F.E.S.
Fam. GERRIDA.
v HyDROMETRA AGENOR, Sp. Nov.
Brownish castaneous, a narrow median longitudinal very pale
bluish grey line on pronotum, apical margin of pronotum black.
Antenne (except pallid base of first segment), apex of head, &c.,
black. Abdomen above shining black, connexivum flavo-stramineous,
extero-lateral margin narrowly black. Abdomen beneath pale flavous,
except the dark genital segments. Legs pale flavo-fuscous, tarsi
and apices of femora and of tibie black. Elytra lurid, nervures black.
Rostrum reaching to eyes, but not beyond ; antenne equal to about
two-thirds of insect’s length; anteocular part of head more than twice
as long as the postocular ; head somewhat dilated at apex, scarcely so
at base; anteocular part of head four times as long as first segment of
antenne, third more than twice as long as the fourth, four times as
long as the second, which is two-thirds longer than the first. Apex
of anterior femur scarcely reaching to apex of head. 3g. Long.
134 mill.
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA. 281
Hab. Ecuapor, Guayaquil (colln. Montandon).
Allied to H. caraiba, Guérin, but separable by the proportions
of the antenne, &c.
i HyYDROMETRA NAIADES, Nom. nov.
= H. mensor, Champion, nec White.
Besides unimportant colour differences, Champion mentions
‘‘anteocular portion (of head) about twice as long as the post-
ocular portion,’ while White describes H. mensor as ‘“‘anteocular
part not quite once and a half as long.” As this proportion of
the head is one of the most important characters in the specific
differentiation of Hydrometra, it is impossible, at present at least,
to retain the name mensor for Champion’s species. White’s type
is unfortunately lost or destroyed, as is also that of H. metator.
RHEUMATOMETRA, gen. nov.
Allied to Kallistometra, Kirk., and Halobatopsis, Bianchi, but
differing by the proportions of the antenne, legs, &c.
Suboval ; antenne short, subequal to the pronotum in the winged
form ; first segment shorter than the other three together, fourth
fusiform, one-fourth longer than the third. Apical segment of anterior
tarsi three or fourth times as long as the basal; posterior femora
a little longer than tibie and tarsi together; intermediate legs very
long, tibie longer than femora, which are a trifle longer than tarsi.
Macropterous form : Pronotum slightly convex, rounded posteriorly.
Elytra long, extending far beyond apex of abdomen.
Apterous form: Pronotum short, transverse.
R. PHILARETE, sp. nov.*
Velvety black ; base of first segment of antenne, a large spot in
the middle of the anterior lobe of pronotum, lateral margins of the
nota, the connexivum above, cox (in part), &c., bright luteo-flavous.
Male anterior femora and tibie strongly curved and somewhat in-
crassate. Female anterior femora and tibie only slightly, if at all,
curved or incrassate. Long. (to apex of abdomen), ¢ 21 mill., 2
41 mill.; lat. g 13 mill., 2 2-21 mill.; long. to apex of elytra, 9
6 mill.
Hab. Avsrrauia, Victoria, Alexandria (collns. Montandon
and Kirkaldy).
MICROVELIA STELLATA, Sp. NOV.
Apparently allied to M. albonotata, Champion, but that species
is described as not having the vertex longitudinally sulculate, and
the colouring is somewhat different.
Elongate. Black; basal half of first antennal segment, basal
three-fourths of femora pale flavescent. Anterior margin of pronotum
(entirely) fulvous. Antenne, elytra, and legs dark sienna-brown, the
* T have a revision of the Gerride in progress, where these and other
forms will be described in more detail.
282, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
elytra being largely silvery white basally ; there are also seven or eight
much smaller silvery spots from base to apex. Beneath black, con-
nexiva fulvous. First segment of antenne distinctly longer than
second, fourth a little longer than third, which is one-fourth longer
than second. Pronotum not carinate medianly. Long. 2} mill. ; lat.
0°85 mill.
Hab. Ecuapvor, Guayaquil (collns. Montandon and Kirkaldy).
Fam. PYRRHOCORIDA.
AstemMA (DyspERcUS) MImMus (Say).
Jamatca (C. B. Taylor).
Fam. Mrripm.
Makva, gen. nov.
Belongs to div. Capsaria, Reuter.
Macropterous form: Impunctate, pronotum slightly rugulose.
Vertex immarginate, not sulcate.. Head strongly declivous, about as
long as high; clypeus confluent with the front, but well separated.
Rostrum not reaching beyond intermediate coxe. First segment of
antennee extending well beyond apex of head, distinctly shorter than
the pronotum. Pronotal collar shorter than width of second antennal
segment at base. Pronotum slightly transverse. Scutellum some-
what convex. Corium without supplementary nervures; cuneus
longer than wide at base. Greater membranal areole angulate-
rotundate. Posterior femora short, not nearly reaching apex of
abdomen, shortly hairy ; tibiz with spiny bristles.
M. PSOLE, sp. nov. -
Head, pronotum, scutellum, elytra, connexivum, ventral surface,
and legs sordid luteo-testaceous; pubescence whitish. Eyes, two
basal segments of antenne, tarsi, and apex of rostrum blackish.
Clavus and corium (interiorly) dark purplish brownish; pronotum
laterally smoky. Corium intero-apically sanguineous, membrane
dilute smoky, nervures sanguineous. Clypeus and narrow sublateral
stripe on sterna sanguineous. Vertex about three-fifths wider than
an eye, rounded apically (as seen from above); second segment of
antennee three times as long as first, and twice as long as pronotum
(excluding collar). Long. 54 mill., lat. 13 mill.
MozampiqueE, Rikatla.
PLEXARIS, gen. Nov.
Belongs to Capsaria, Reut.
Strongly punctured. Head large, distinctly wider than half the
base of pronotum. Vertex immarginate. Hyes not widely divergent
apically. Second segment of antenne slightly incrassate apically.
Rostrum not reaching as far as posterior coxe. Pronotum widely
sinuate at the base, latero-posterior angles acute, base nearly four
times as wide as the collar, lateral margins straight, widely diverging.
Collar very slightly wider than the vertex at base. Scutellum convex.
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA. 283
Cuneus deeply incised, major areole of membrane widely rounded
apically. Posterior femora short, not nearly reaching to apex of
abdomen ; first segment of posterior tarsi distinetly shorter ce the
second, third the longest.
Allied to Deracecoris. Stal, but distinguished by fie large
head, &c.
P. SATURNIDES, Sp. NOv.
Suboval; more or less shining black above and below; a triangular
spot at base of vertex posterior to eyes, an elongate spot on vertex,
middle third of second segment of the antenne, postero-lateral mar-
gins of pronotum, a spot in middle of apical margin of pronotum, and
the tarsi testaceous ; a longitudinal narrow stripe on middle of basal
half of pronotum fulvous. Tibiz annulate alternately with black and
white. Rostrum fusco-testaceous, apically black. Membrane hyaline,
with a median curved band and the nervures black Long. 5 mill.,
lat. 2 mill.
Hab. Natau, Howick.
M2&GINOE, gen. noy.
Belongs to Capsaria.
Subelongate; not (or only superficially) punctured. Scutellum
rugose-punctured. Head strongly declivous. Vertex immarginate,
very narrowly longitudinally sulcate, a little impressed subtransversely
near the base. Clypeus somewhat prominent, not forming a continuous
curve with the head. Hyes large, contiguous with pronotum, extending
almost to internal margins of rostrum, second as long as high (in pro-
file), posterior margin sinuately emarginate (in profile). Antenne
inserted almost at middle of eye (in profile). First segment of rostrum
reaching to about the middle of prosternum, fourth segment extending
beyond posterior coxe. Pronotum one-half wider than head and eyes,
base two and three-quarter times as wide as collar; one-third longer
than length of head (profile); base subsinuately rounded widely ; two
small sharply marked rounded tuberculate callosities ; lateral margins
not reflexed. Collar somewhat narrow. Stink-orifices large, suboval,
subauriculate. Major areole of membrane narrowly rounded apically.
Cuneus longer than broad at base.
Not very closely allied to any other genus.
M. HOVANA, Sp. Nov.
Hairy and pubescent. Head pale serdid flavous, multistriate sub-
rotundately, and clouded transversely with sanguineous. Pronotum
pale luteo-flavous, mottled with brownish. ‘l'wo subconfluent dark
brown blotches in the middle of the basal margin of the pronotum ;
callosities black. Three apical segments of rostrum and the stink-
orifices testaceous. Scutellum blackish brown, posterior angles pallid.
Elytra fuscous, cuneus blackish brown, a broad curved pale yellow
band across the middle. Membrane hyaline, fumate, nervures fuscous.
Underneath pale fusco-fulvous, darkening laterally. Eyes prominent,
each as wide as—or a little wider than—vertex between them. Vertex
284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(as seen from above) rounded anteriorly. ?. Long. 7 mill., lat.
21 mill.
Hab. Manvaaeascar, Diego Suarez.
GUTRIDA, gen. nov.
Belongs to Capsaria.
Suboval ; glabrous, abdomen above, &c., sparsely pubescent; pro-
notum and elytra punctured. Vertex marginate. Head vertical, about
twice as wide (in profile) as high. Eyes (profile) more than one-half
of the length of the head; first segment of antenne extending beyond
apex of head, inserted within the apical margin of the eyes. First
segment of rostrum very short, reaching a little beyond base of head.
Kyes contiguous with pronotum. Pronotum declivous, not or only
very slightly callose anteriorly; base widely rounded (subsinuately),
more than two and a half times as wide as the length of the first seg-
ment of antenne, about four times as wide-as collar, not quite twice
as wide as head and eyes together. Lateral margins of elytra a little
rounded, apical margin of corium extero-laterally reaching somewhat
beyond base of cuneus, the latter a little declivous; membranal ner-
vures angulately rotundate apically. Posterior femora not much
stouter than the other pairs. ‘Tarsi with bristly spines.
G. GABONIA, Sp. NOV.
Head, pronotum, and scutellum flavous, a subbasal elongate
blackish brown spot in the middle. Eyes red-brown. Anterior angles
of scutellum fumate. Elytra pale sordid yellowish, lateral margins of
clavus widely dark, apical margin of corium clouded irregularly with
brownish. Base and apex of cuneus blackish brown, membranal
nervures fuscous. Head rounded apically (seen from above). Long.
6 mill., lat. 24 mill.
Hab. Gasoon (ex coll. Montandon).
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
GoNEPTERYX RHAMNI, AB.—Mr. Sabine, of Erith, has kindly sent for
inspection an example of G. rhamni, which is apparently a female,
but the fore wings are tinged with the male colour, especially at the
base and on the costal and hind marginal areas; the hind wings are
very similar in colour to those of the male. The specimen was taken
this year in the New Forest by Mr. L. W. Newman.
Lycmna corypon as.— Ground colour of all the wings blackish.
Fore wings have a black centred white discal spot and a series of six
quadrate white spots on the submarginal area; the latter are dusted
with black atoms, especially the lower three of the series, and are
traversed by an interrupted, blackish, diffuse line extending from the
inner margin to the third spot ; the basal and central areas are heavily
dusted with blue scales. The markings on the hind wings are some-
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 285
what similar to those of the fore wings, but the white spots on sub-
marginal area are smaller and not so well defined ; marginal spots
white with blackish centres. The under surface of all the wings is
very like that of a normal male. The specimen was taken at Wrotham
in August last by Mr. W. A. Carter, and is now in the possession of
Mr. Sabine.
Variety oF VANESSA ANTIOPA.—One of the imagines resulting from
a batch of German larve of Vanessa antiopa bred by me this season is
rather a remarkable variety, of which I can find no mention in my
entomological books. On the upper wings there is a complete absence
of the blue spots, and on each of the lower wings there is only one
small blue spot. The specimen is somewhat smaller than the normal
ones of the same brood, and I had noticed a sort of indentation on the
wing-cases of the pupa, which led me to fear that the imago might not
emerge. However, though it was not the first to pupate, it came
through first, on July the 24th, having been sixteen days in the pupa
state.—F. A. Otpaxer; Parsonage House, Dorking, Sept. 23rd, 1902.
TYPHLOCYBA COLORADENSIS IN Mexico. — Dr. Bonansea Silvio has
just sent me numerous specimens of this grape-vine leaf-hopper,
collected at Cuidad Porfirio Diaz, Mexico. The insect is common in
New Mexico, but is, I believe, new to the fauna of Mexico.—T. D. A.
CockERELL ; Sept. 16th, 1902.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Conias epusa at Bexuiii.—In August last I took C. edusa near
Bexhill—one male on the 13th, another male on the 16th, anda
male and two females on the 20th.—P. Towrexrt ; Homesdale Road,
Teddington.
Contas HYALE AND C, EpusA in Kenv.—As far as I can ascertain, only
the early brood (consisting of immigrants) of C. hyale has appeared
this year at Sheerness, the headquarters of this species. My in-
formant, Mr. E. Griffiths, very kindly sent me all his captures, which
amounted to seven specimens, consisting of six males and one female
(which proved infertile). These he captured on June 27th, 29th, and
July 12th. He now informs me he has not seen one C. hyale since the
latter date, and that C. edusa has been scarce, having only seen ten
altogether, three of them in June. ‘The above is interesting, showing
how unsuitable a cold English summer is for the existence of these
butterflies—F. W. Fronawx ; October, 1902.
I noticed two specimens of Colias edusa at Folkestone in August of
this year, on the golf links.—Haroxp Hope ; 9, Highbury Place, N.
While staying at Folkestone the first fortnight of September, I
captured a few Colias edusa, one var. helice, and four C. hyale.—W.E.
Burier ; Hayling House, Reading, October 4th, 1902.
Cotias EDusA, &c., In Sussex.—My boy caught here, in September
last, four male C. edusa, in quite fresh condition ; also about six
Vansesa cardui, and four V. io, in equally good condition. The latter
insect only turns up occasionally here. It has been a very bad year
for insects ; treacle and light absolutely useless. I collect on my
286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
small estate of four hundred acres, on which are about a hundred
acres of wood, chiefly oak. Since I came here, five years ago, my
experience has been very disappointing. Both treacle and light seem
to be losing their power of attracting. I shall be glad to hear from
some of your correspondents, whether they have had a similar expe-
rience in other parts of the country. I live about two miles and three-
quarters from Hayward’s Heath, in a country which looks very suit-
able for collecting, but I have not found it so. V. atalanta has been
very scarce this year, as it was last. Two years ago it swarmed.—
A. H. Rypon ; Awbrook, Lindfield, Sussex, Oct. 4th.
Conias EDUSA In CornwaLL.—I noticed two specimens of C. edusa
in September of this year, on the West Cornwall golf-links at Lelant,
Hayle, Cornwall.—Harotp Honer; 9, Highbury Place, N.
SESIA MYOPIFORMIS IN Lonpon. —I took a perfect specimen of S.
myopiformis in the garden of this house early in June last. There
are several pear-trees in the gardens about here, one quite close by
of great size and age. But, though I have observed the insects in this
garden for over fourteen years, I have never seen S. myopiformis here
before.—Harotp Hoper ; 9, Highbury Place, N.
Capture oF Sesta ALLANTIFoRMIS, Newm. (= anpRENIFoRMIS, Lasp.)
In Dorsersutre.— On August 23rd I swept a male of this grand
addition to our county fauna at Glanvilles Wootton, off feverfew
flowers. This enables me to state that my specimen from the New
Forest, recorded as Sesia conopiformis (intom. vol. xxvii. pp. 245, 842 ;
vol. xxix. p. 185), is the female of S. andreniformis. Laspeyres, in his
work on Huropean Sesiidx, states that he has not seen the female.
This sex differs from the male in having three instead of two yellow
rings round the abdomen, and in having a black anal tuft with a few
yellow hairs on each side instead of the yellow tuft so characteristic
of the male. like the male, the femora are violet black, but the
tibial portions of the legs are yellow.
Previous records of S. allantiformis:—1. By Mr. Chant, in a wood
near Greenhithe, in July, 1829 (Ent. Mag. vol. i. p. 80). 2. By Mr.
Harding, also near Greenhithe, in July, 1846 (‘ Zoologist,’ vol. iv.
p. 1515). 8. By Rev. A. H. Wratislaw, between Dover and Folkestone,
in 1859 (Entom. vol. iv. p. 214). 4. By Rev. A. M. Matthews, near
Market Harborough, in 1868 (Newman’s ‘ Moths,’ p. 15). 5. By Master
Jenney, near Tring, on July 15th, 1876 (Entom. vol. ix. p. 204). 6. By
R. C. L. Perkins, at Wootton-under-Edge, in 1886 (Entom. vol. xx.
p. 108). 7. Two, by Mr. Davis, at Dover, on July 10th and 14th, 1889
(Entom. yol. xxii, p. 211). —C. W. Date; Glanvilles Wootton,
August 27th, 1902.
Pieris DAPLIDICE IN Sussex.—Mr. A. Wood records in the ‘ Field’
the capture of P. daplidice on August 29th, 1902, near the racecourse ~
at Brighton.—F. W. F.
Papinio MacHaon in Berxs.—Mr. A. Wood reports in the ‘ Field’
a specimen of P. machaon captured near Wellington College station in
July, 1902.—F. W. F.
Lycmna arcionus ar RoraerHitHe.—I captured a male specimen
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 287
of L. argiolus in this vicarage garden on Aug. 22nd last, as it was
flying around some ivy, of which there is a quantity in the garden ;
one Pieris napi and a few Vanessa urtice also seen here. There is
nothing like a garden nearer here than Southwark Park, which is a
good mile away.—H. W. Swertinc; Holy Trinity Vicarage, Rother-
hithe, S.E., Oct. 17th, 1902.
Dicycua 00, &c. In Mipptesex.—On July 27th I took D. 00 at rest
on the trunk of an oak at Palmer's Green. I should like to know if
this insect has been taken in Middlesex before. I also took, on Sept.
8rd, Calymnia diffinis and Noctua c-nigrum, in the same locality, at
sugar, and a friend of mine took Pararge megera at Potter’s Bar on
Sept. 7th.—Laurence 8. Hopson; 8, The Villas, Palmer’s Green,
Sept 11th, 1902.
Dicycna oo in Kentr.—I was very pleased to read of Mr. Browne’s
capture of this species near Chislehurst, as recorded in the last
number (ante, p. 267). It occurred very plentifully at Bromley (adjacent
to Chislehurst) in 1888, when the late Mr. Collins, of that town, took
a great number at sugar, a portion of my own series being some of
them ; but, strange to say, in spite of much annual sugaring near the
‘‘old’’ ground (now built over), it has never been seen since, to my
knowledge, so that Mr. Browne’s record proves without a doubt that
it still occurs near its old locality—A. J. Lawrance; 76, Samos
Road, Anerley, 8.K. (late of Ladywell).
DEILEPHILA Livornica In SoutH Devon.—On July 22nd last, just
as I was leaving home for Devonshire, I received from Starcross a full-
grown Sphingid larva, found by a boy as it was crawling in a lane.
At first sight this appeared to me closely to resemble the dark form of
Deilephila galii. On arriving at my destination I supplied it with
Galium verum and G. mollugo, but it had ceased feeding, and made at
once preparation for pupating. It then occurred to me that the time
was too early for D. galii, and later on, when referring to my books, I
found that the description of D. livurnica tallied with my larva. On
Sept. 27th, however, all my existing doubts were dispelled, as on that
day a perfect imago of D. livornica emerged. During a recent visit to
Starcross I ascertained the locality, which is a lane where G. mollugo
grows in profusion, on which the larva had probably been feeding. I
am told that there is no record of this rare moth having been
previously found in the larval state in Britain.—J. JAcEr; 65, Saint
Quintin’s Avenue, North Kensington, Oct. 4th, 1902.
Cuc@RocaMpA CELERIO IN HampsutreE.—On Sept. 27th I had a living
specimen of C. celerio brought to me to name, by Miss Stevenson, of
Reading (a young collector), who informed me it was sent to her, by
post, by some friends who know nothing about entomology, and was
taken on Lady Munday’s estate, Emsworth, Hants, two days pre-
viously.—W. E. Burter; Hayling House, Oxford Road, Reading,
Oct. 5th, 1902.
Late Emercence or Cucuniia asteris. — This species generally
emerges in June, July, and the early part of August, the larve in the
Essex marshes being found on Aster tripolium until quite late in
September. This year the imago has continued to emerge during
288 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
September, culminating with a very fine perfect specimen bred to-day,
September 23rd. This seems to me worthy of record, as the progeny
of such late specimens would assuredly perish, as even by the time
when the ova hatched the flowers of the sea aster and the alternative
food-plant Solidago virgaurea would be unobtainable.—(Rev.) GinBEert
H. Raynor; Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon, Essex, Sept. 28rd, 1902.
MESoryYPE VIRGATA (LINEOLATA) IN BerKsHirE.—I am very pleased to
add this species to the list of Lepidoptera occurring in the county of
Berks. I took one example on August 4th last, on one of the chalk
hills near Streatley.—W. E. Burter; Hayling House, Reading, Oct.
4th, 1902.
AGROTIS OBELISCA: A Correction.— The species recorded by me as
Agrotis obelisca (ante, p. 269) has been wrongly determined, and I now
find that it is A. tritici. I much regret having been led into this error
of identification.—G. B. Brownz.
AGritus sinuatus IN Hampsuire.— During the second week in
August this year, I had the fortune to take eleven specimens of A.
stnuatus. Two were sunning themselves on some sallow leaves, the
rest I obtained off one hawthorn bush by beating. This was in Hurst
Wood, near Lyndhurst, New Forest. I beat a good many shrubs and
trees, but came upon no more of this species. I should like to know
upon what the larve feed. I and my companion also beat three
Acronycta alni larvee in their final skin, and two Stauropus fagi in
their second skin.—F. N. Hircucocx; Ben Omar, South Road, Clapham
(Park, sow:
Turee Weeks 1x Sourn Dorsrer.—Karly in July, Dr. H. M.
Stewart and I started off for a holiday in South Dorset, determined
to spend a large portion of our time in entomological pursuits. The
subjoined list of one hundred and forty-two species of Lepidoptera
show that there is a large variety of insects to be met with there, and
had the weather been kinder there is no doubt that the list would have
been largely augmented.
Of the butterflies, Hesperia actwon was exceedingly plentiful in its
restricted localities, while Melanargia galatea and Satyrus semele
swarmed on the cliff-sides. Limenitis sibylla was seen in sheltered
situations near the woods, and Pieris napi was coming out in numbers
as we left. Huchelia jacobew was very common in the lanes, while the
woods gave us plenty of Lithosia deplana and L. lurideola. Sugaring,
sadly interfered with by stormy winds, yielded <dAgrotis lunigera,
Thyatira derasa, and the commonest insects at 1t being Dipterygia sca-
briuscula, Agrotis exclamationis, and Xylophasta monoglypha (polyodon).
fences and trunks produced Hecatera serena and Hadena dentina in
considerable numbers, also Cucullia umbratica and numerous Geo-
metrid moths. The heaths swarmed with Plusia gamma, while both
Anarta myrtilli and Heliothis dipsacea were in some numbers. June
would, I believe, be a very good month there in a normal season, and
we hope to test it another year.
Rhopalocera :—Pieris brassicae, P. rape, P. napi, Argynnis euphro-
syne, A. aglaia, A. adippe, Vanessa urtice, V. atalanta, V. cardua,
Limenitis sibylla, Melanargia galatea, Satyrus semele, Epinephele ianira,
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 989
E. tithonus, Cenonympha pamphilus, Thecla rubi, Chrysophanus phlaas,
Lycena egon, L. icarus, Hesperia acteon, H. sylvanus.
Heterocera :—Hemaris fuciformis, Trochilium crabroniformis, Zygana
lonicere, Lithosia deplana, L. lurideola, Emydia cribrum, Huchelia
jacobea, Spilosoma lubricipeda, Hepialus humuli, H. hectus, Porthesia
similis, Malacosoma neustria, Odonestis potatoria, Thyatira batis, T.
derasa, Acronycta psi, A. acerts, A. megacephala, Leucania conigera, L.
lithargyria, L. comma, L. impura, L. pallens, Xylophasia lithoxylea, X.
monoglypha, X. hepatica, Dipterygia scabriuscula, Cerigo matura, Ma-
mestra sordida, M. brassice, Apamea didyma, Miana strigilis, M. bicoloria,
Grammesia trigrammica, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, C. taraxact,
Riusina tenebrosa. Agrotis suffusa, A. segetum, A. lunigera, A. exclama-
tionts, A. corticea, A. nigricans, Noctua triangulum, Triphena ianthina,
T. fimbria, T. comes, T. pronuba, Orthosia upsilon, Hecatera serena, Hu-
plexia lucipera, Phlogophora meticulosa, Aplecta nebulosa, Hadena den-
tina, H. trifolii, H. oleracea, Cucullia umbratica, Gonoptera libatrix,
Habrostola tripartita, Plusia gamma, Anarta myrtilli, Heliothis dipsacea,
Acontia luctuosa, Phytometra viridaria, Zanclognatha tarsipennalis, Hy-
pena proboscidalis, Uropterya sambucaria, Rumia luteolata, Metrocampa
margaritarta, Ellopia prosapiaria, Pericallia syringaria, Amphidasys be-
tularia, Boarmia repandata, B. gemmaria, Tephrosia biundularia, Gnophos
obscuraria, Pseudoterpna pruinata, Nemoria viridata, Hemithea strigata,
Acidalia dimidiata, A. bisetata, A. dilutaria, A. virgularia, A. margine-
punctata, A. imitaria, A. aversata, Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemata,
Macaria liturata, Bupalus piniaria, Abraxas grossulariata, Lomaspilis
marginata, Larentia viridaria, Hupithecia castigata, EK. subnotata, EK.
minutata, H. tenuiata, FB. pumilata, Thera variata, T. firmata, Hypsi-
petes sordidata, Melanthia bicolorata, M. ocellata, M. albicillata, Melanippe
procellata, M. unangulata, M. rivata, M. sociata, M. galiata, M. fluctuata,
Anticlea rubidata, Camptogramma bilineata, Phibalapteryx tersata, Ci-
daria immanata, C. dotata, C. associata, Hubolia limitata, FE. plumbaria,
Anaitis plagiata, Tanagra atrata.—K. EK. B. Presr; Arva, Dacres
Road, Forest Hill, S.E.
Leripoprera at THE New Forest in June.—So much has been
said and written of this glorious hunting-ground that I am afraid I
can add little that will be of interest. I arrived at Brockenhurst on
June 15th, and my first capture was Hadena genista, at rest on a
paling, on my way to our rooms. Needless to say, perfect insects
were very backward, and the species that are usually so plentiful in
this district at this time of the year were conspicuous by their absence.
Larvee-beating (which I went principally for), on the other hand, was
fairly profitable, the following species occurring—mostly from oak—
every day during my stay:—Vhecla quercus, common; Limenitis sibylla,
larvee and pupe fairly plentiful on honeysuckle around tree-trunks ;
Nola strigula, fairly plentiful, very few emerging after successfully
pupating; Liparis aurijflua and L. monacha, very common; Lithosia
quadra, plentiful, but fearful cannibals in confinement; Malacosoma
neustria, occasionally; Pericallia syringaria, a few on honeysuckle ;
Himera pennaria, Phigalia pilosaria, and Amphidasys prodromaria, all
plentiful; Cleora lichenaria and C. glabraria, occasionally on the
lichens, but difficult to find; Phorodesma bajularia, very scarce, I only
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1902. 2a
290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
sot two; easily overlooked, owing to its remarkable resemblance to
refuse and bits of dead leaves, &c., with which it covers itself;
Cheimatobia brumata, M swarms, a positive nuisance; several species
of the genus Hupithecia, difficult to recognize, possibly EH. trriquata
occasionally ; Hybernia defoliaria, very common, difficult to get into
pup successfully ; Petasia cassinea, a few at night on blackthorn, &c.;
Notodonta chaonia, occasionally, from oak; Cymatophora flavicornis,
very local—I got seventeen full-fed larve from a solitary birch in
Stubby Copse on June 20th; C. ridens, very few compared with other
years; several species of T'’eniocampa, especially 7’. miniosa, rather
common; Anchocelis rufina, occasionally ; Scopelosoma satellitia, very
common ; often found in one’s pockets after a day’s beating; the same
remarks applying to Cosmia trapezina; Agriopis aprilina, sometimes
at sugar at dusk. Catacola promissa and C. sponsa were also plentiful,
and I successfully reared all those I obtained. I was too late for
heather-searching, and missed Agrotis agathina and Noctua neglecta,
although I did obtain one full-fed larva of the former on my return
home across the moor on June 19th, but it unfortunately died. Why
is this species so difficult to rear? I have tried them now for several
years in succession, but without any success. (Genista angelica pro-
duced Pseudoterpna cytisaria, which were very plentiful, especially near
Jones’s Enclosure, Lyndhurst, and at the foot of Hurst Hill, Brocken-
hurst. What struck me very much on entering the enclosures was
the fearfully barren state of the oak. Gazing at the gaunt leafless
branches overhead reminded one more of Christmas than of mid-
summer. Late frosts and countless larve had, no doubt, wrought the
mischief. It is really a marvel how the latter thrived at all on
practically bare branches (which when beaten, strange to say, produced
the most larve). Probably the lichens are resorted to as a last resource
by larve. Butterflies were few, only Argynnis euphrosyne, Gonepteryx
rhamni, and Syrichthus alveolus appearing in any numbers worth
mentioning, with occasionally a stray Nemeobius lucina just to relieve
the monotony. Macrothylacia rubi (males) were occasionally seen, and
on June 18th a turf-cutter gave me a very nice female, which he had
found on the heather. Lithosia rubricollis made up for many dis-
appointments ; I was fortunate enough to take forty altogether, mostly
found drying their wings on bracken at Aldridge and Hurst Hill.
Macroglossa fuciformis and M. bombyliformis were fairly plentiful on
sunny days in the Ornamental Drive, Rhinefields, at rhododendron
and azalea bloom. At light, the only visitors that put in an appear-
ance were Chelonia villica (very fresh) and a few ‘daddy long-legs.”’
Lastly, at sugar the following occurred :—First and foremost ‘‘ ye
hornet,’’ and extremely formidable ones too; and then, in their
Doubl. List order: Cherocampa elpenor, several each evening ; Lithosia
rubricollis, one; Thyatira batis, common; Diphthera orion, three,
turning up about 10 p.m.; Miana strigilis, two; Grammesia trilinea,
three, and one var. bilinea; Teaniocampa gothica, one, just out ap-
parently, and two months overdue; Huplexia lucipara, one; Aplecta
herbida, common ; and Hrastria fuscula, common and easily mistaken
for M. strigilis. Several species of Coleoptera, Diptera, &c., occurred,
but, as I do not collect these, I am sorry to say I cannot name them ;
some were new to me, and most extraordinary. As was the case last
SOCIETIES. 291
year, sugaring was very bad indeed, the results being extremely poor.
Leucania turca, which I felt almost certain of getting, was either not
out, or extinct, at Hurst Hill. The weather, too, taken on the whole,
was shocking—rain almost every day; so, packing up my baggage, I
left on Tuesday, June 24th, having only spent ten days in Brocken-
hurst, where I had intended spending a whole fortnight.— A. J.
Lawrance; 65, Malyon Road, Ladywell, 8.E., Sept. 16th, 1902.
SOCIETIES.
EnromonocicaL Society or Lonpon.—October 1st, 1902.—The Rev.
Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., President, in the chair.—Mr. H.
St. J. Donisthorpe exhibited specimens of Dibolia cynoglossi, taken
by him near Pevensey on the 11th August last. He said that the
beetle had not been recorded as British since 1866.— Mr. O. E.
Janson exhibited a fine hermaphrodite specimen of Argynnis paphia,
taken in the New Forest by Mr. Herbert Charles on July 28th,
and recorded in the ‘Kntomologist’; also a melanic specimen
of Papilio demoleus, from Ceylon, in which all the usual marginal
and submarginal yellow markings were absent and the discal mark-
ings much obscured; on the under side the yellow markings were
entirely wanting.—Mr. C. P. Pickett exhibited a male Callimorpha
dominula with the hind wings suffused with black, and an extra black
spot in the centre, the white spot on the fore wings being absent ; and
a very large female of the same species, both bred from larve found
at Walmer at the end of March; and three aberrant specimens of
Triphena fimbria, bred from larve taken at Wood Street during the
same month.—Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited specimens of a wasp
(Zethus chalybeus) and a neuropteron (Mantissa semihyalina), received
with a collection of Hymenoptera from Rio Janeiro, suggesting a
curious case of mimicry.—Mr. F. B. Jennings exhibited specimens of
Hister merdarius, from Broxbourne, Herts, part of a large colony of
this usually scarce species found with H. 12-striabus and other beetles
inhabiting a heap of a chemical substance, probably gas-lime, in
which also many larve, presumably of H. merdarius, and burrows,
were observed. The soil was warm and moist, and this, and the
presence of a quantity of vegetable refuse thrown on the heap, was no
doubt the attraction to the Histers to settle there.—Mr. A. J. Chitty
exhibited a specimen of Metoecus paradoxus with a part of the cells of
a nest of Vespa vulgaris, in which place the beetle is invariably found.
The beetle in the cell tucks in his head, only displaying on the surface
the thorax, which is coloured similarly to the face of the wasp. This
peculiarity suggests a case of mimicry, and Professor Poulton, F.R.S.,
said that it fitted in with the case of some other bees and wasps.—
Mr. H. Rowland-Brown exhibited, on behalf of Mr. G. F. Leigh, of
Durban, a female and male specimen of a rare noctuid, Musgravia
leighi, Hampson, discovered by him in Natal, and read remarks upon
the life-history of the species, communicated by the captor.—Mr.
Stanley W. Kemp exhibited two additions to the British list of Coleo-
ptera—Bembidium argentiolum, from Lough Neagh, Armagi; and
292 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Lemostenus complanatus, from the neighbourhood of Dublin—taken in
June, 1902.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited examples of Heliconius lindigii,
H. antiochus, and Morpho achilles, from British Guiana, with notches
taken out of the hind wings, presumably by birds; to illustrate that
these distasteful or warning-coloured species are subject to attack, this
helping to show that experimental tasting, as propounded by the
Millerian theory of mimicry, does exist and go on.—Professor L. C.
Miall, F.R.S., communicated a paper by Mr. T. H. Taylor, M.A.,
entitled ‘‘ The Tracheal System of Stmulium.’’ — Professor Auguste
Forel, M.D., communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Descriptions of some
Ants from the Rocky Mountains of Canada (Alberta and British
Columbia) collected by Edward Whymper.’”’—Dr. T. A. Chapman
read a paper entitled ‘‘On Heterogynis paradoxa.’’ — H. Goss and
H. Rowranp-Brown, Hon. Secretaries.
October 15th.—Professor Kdward B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.,
Vice-President, in the chair.—Mr. A. J. Chitty showed an entirely
black specimen of Metoecus paradowus, as tending to disprove the
mimicry suggested by him at the meeting on Oct. 1st. Dr. Chapman
said that in his experience one out of every six specimens of this
species was black: Mr. Donisthorpe stated that out of about one
hundred specimens he had never caught or bred a black Metoecus.—
Mr. H. P. Pickett exhibited a variety of the female of Argynnis aglaia,
varieties of Satyrus tantra, and a long series of Lycena corydon, taken
near Folkestone and Dover in August last, including four males of
the last-named species, with the black band on the edge of the fore
wings much deeper than usual; also twelve dwarf male specimens of
this species, four dwarf females, and many other aberrant forms.
Mr. Goss said this dwarf form of L. corydon occurred constantly,
according to Mr. Sydney Webb, in one valley about two miles east of
Dover, but he was unaware of its regular occurrence elsewhere in
this country. He remarked that a dwarf form of L. arion occurred
wherever the type was found, both in Gloucestershire and Cornwall.
Professor Poulton, Dr. Chapman, and Mr. Sloper also remarked on
the dwarf forms of L. corydon.—Dr. Chapman exhibited specimens of
Notodonta (Hybocampa) dryinopa from Queensland. It was remarkably
similar in appearance, structure, and habits to Hybocampa milhauseri
(see ‘ Kntomologist,’ 1889, and p. 48 of 1902). He stated that the
pupa with a similar spine to that of H. milhauserit does not cut out a
regular oval lid from the cocoon like that species, but by a stabbing
process pierces it with a number of holes, so that a piece is more
easily pushed off. The cocoon being covered with bits of bark, stone,
&c., a cutting process would be impossible, whereas the cocoon of
H. milhausert was of pure gum-like silk. He pointed out that the
larva much resembled that of H. milhauseri, but the hinder segments
were more like those of Stawropus fayi. He also exhibited living eggs,
larve, and imagines of Orina tristis var. smaragdina, from Pino, Lago
Maggiore. The beetles, since they were taken on May 80th, had laid
many eggs. Dr. Chapman said that the embryo, ready to hatch, might
be seen within some of the eggs, and its hatching spines observed.
Mr. Sloper exhibited a specimen of Lycena hylas, said to have been
caught at Dover on the 7th September last.—Mr. Martin Jacoby com-
municated a paper entitled ‘* A further Contribution to our Knowledge
“SOCIETIES. 293
of African Phytophagous Coleoptera.’’—Mr. Malcolm Burr read a com-
munication from Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner von Wattenwyl, entitled
‘‘ Observations sur le nom générique Acrida.’’—H. Goss, Hon. Secretary.
Sout Lonpon Entomonocican anp Naturat History Society. —
September 11th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. South exhibited
a series of Pygara curtula, bred from ova laid by a large silver-grey
female taken at Batchworth. The larve were fed on poplar, and the
imagines were all small and dark in colour.—Mr. Turner, two Longicorn
Coleoptera taken by Mr. Tutt at Torre Pellice—viz. Cerambya heros
(cerdo) and Purpuricenus koehleri.—Mr. Kemp, numerous species of
Coleoptera taken in the New Forest in August, including Prionus
coriarius, Halyzia 16-guttata, Abdera bifasciata, Bembidium decorum,
Tomoxia biguttata, and Deronectes latus:—Dr. Chapman, examples of
the Hesperid Heteropterus morpheus, from St. Jean de Luz, and cases and
imagines of the Psychid Oreopsyche leschenawitt from San Sabastian.
September 25th.—The President in the chair.—Dr. Chapman ex-
hibited typical examples of Huchelia jacobee, bred from larve found at
Bejar, and stated that the black bands or rings of the larve were
broken into four black marks.—Mr. Kaye, a short series of Leucania
albipuncta, from the Isle of Wight, taken this year. Mr. Kirkaldy, a
remarkable case of insect mimicry in a number of Brazilian Rhyn-
chota. Mabelia pulcherrima, a new species of Miride, was shown with
the Pyrrhocorine Theraneis oleosus, from Costa Rica, and T. luridus,
from Brazil.—Mr. Kemp, species taken by him at various field-meet-
ings of the Society :—Wisley, July 5th, Coleoptera: Donacia thalassina,
Pederus riparius, Agrilus angustatus, Xyloborus dryophagus, and Anthero-
phagus nigricornis. Odonata: Orthetrum cerulescens. Epping Forest,
Sept. 20th, Coleoptera: Zeugophora flavicollis and Ilybius fenestratus
Oxshott, Sept. 6th, Coleoptera: Hydaticus seminiger, Pelobius tardus,
Tiybius ater, Rhantus bistriatus, Bidessus geminus, Hydroporus tristis, H.
umbrosus, and Celambus impresso-punctatus. — Mr. Lucas, a coloured
sketch of a var. of Asphalia ridens, bred from the New Forest. The
contrast of light and dark markings was unusually strong. He also
showed a specimen of a very rare Dipteron, Physocephala nigra, and a
female of Hetobia lapponica, with its egg-capsule, which it had carried
protruding for five days before dropping it. Mr. Colthrup, Lasiocampa
quercus vars. (1), with splashes of yellow at base of fore wings; (2),
male with male antenne and wings, but body showing ova through
abdomen ; (8), with yellow band on hind wing extending to fringes ;
also Agrotis corticea, with a white submarginal band on the fore
wings.—Mr. Lueas read the report of the field-meeting held at Wisley
on July 5th, and exhibited lantern slides to illustrate his remarks.
October 9th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Jennings, four rare
species of Coleoptera :—Cathormiocerus socius, from Sandown, Isle of
Wight; Gymnetron liniarie, from Southport; Baris lapidii, from Ed-
monton Marsh ; and Hister merdarius, from Broxbourne.—Mr. Kemp,
examples of Carabus violaceus var. exasperatus, from North Cornwall
and the New Forest.—Mr. R. Adkin, a Cossus ligniperda from the same
fence referred to in the ‘ Proceedings’ for 1889 and 1900, and read
notes. — Dr. Chapman, imagines, pups, and cocoons of Hybocampa
(Notodonta) dryinopa, from Queensland.— Mr. South, four aberrations of
294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the female of Lycena corydon, including two fine examples of var. syn-
grapha ; all were taken by the Rey. C. A. Sladen, in Wiltshire. He also
exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Robinson, of Boscombe, Hants, L. minima,
almost devoid of markings on the under surface, from Swanage, and
Himaturga atomaria, a melanie male from Bournemouth. Zonosoma
pendularia, four specimens from Market Drayton, of a dark gray form,
said by Mr. Woodforde to be typical of the district; also a specimen of
the rare Pyralis lienigialis taken near Oxford, Aug. 22nd, 1902, and sent
to Mr. South for identification, by Mr. Robinson.—Mr. Clark, a large
number of slides illustrative of his paper entitled ‘‘ Contributions to
the life-history of Argulus foliaceus, the parasite of the stickleback.’’—
Hy. J. Turner (Hon. Rep. Secretary).
RECENT LITERATURE.
Catalogue of the described Orthoptera of the United States and Canada.
By 8. H. Scupprr. (Proc. of the Davenport Acad. of Nat.
Sciences, vol. viii.) Oct. 1899.
Though somewhat late in reaching us, this useful pamphlet is not
less welcome. We find that the total number of species at present
known for the United States and Canada is about eight hundred and
fifty-six, nearly double that given in Brunner’s ‘ Prodromus’ for
Kurope, while of course there is more scope for additions there than
in Kurope. Four of the earwigs, five cockroaches, and the house
cricket are either British insects, or have at least been taken here.
What appears to be a useful synonymy accompanies each species, and
there is an appendix giving descriptions of eleven new species, and
illustrated by three good plates.
oo Woda das
The Tettigide of North America. By Josep Lane Hancock.
Chicago. 1902.
Preceded by an excellent and lengthy introduction treating of the
habits, anatomy, &c., of a family of rather curious grasshoppers, and
followed by many notes on vivarium experiments, this splendidly got
up monograph of one hundred and ninety pages will be read with
interest by all students of the Orthoptera who are able to procure it.
Hach species, some eighty-seven in all, is fully treated, and the work
is enriched by a number of illustrations in the text, and eleven plates,
several being very beautifully executed photogravures. Periodically
revisions and monographs of parts of the American Orthoptera appear.
In the pages of the ‘ Entomologist,’ Scudder’s ‘ Revision of the Mela-
nopli’ has already been noticed, while we have before us an excellent
illustrated ‘ Revision of the Truxaline of North America,’ by Mr.
Jerome McNeill (Nov. 1895), which has not previously been noticed in’
these pages. The treatment of the latest group to be looked after—
the Tettigida—shows up well in company with the rest. gra
RECENT LITERATURE. 995
Faune Analytique illustrée des Orthoptéres de France. By C. Hourserr.
Paris. 1900.
The present is a suitable opportunity for calling attention to a
cheap publication extracted from the ‘ Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes,’
année 1900. It consists of short descriptions of the French Ortho-
ptera, and a very large number of sufficiently well-drawn figures. As
the French Orthoptera contains practically the whole of the British,
this treatise should be of considerable use to British orthopterists as
well as to their French brethren.
Naas ie a 77
Aquatic Insects in the Adirondacks. (Bulletin No. 47, New York State
Museum.) By J.G.Nexpsam. Albany, U.S.A. Sept. 1901.
In this bulky and extremely interesting bulletin we have the result
of ten weeks spent by Dr. Needham and his assistant, Mr. C. Betten,
in examining the aquatic insect fauna of this district in the north-east
of the State of New York. Dr. Needham’s work, especially in con-
nection with the Neuroptera, is getting well known amongst Hnglish
entomologists, and by them this report will be read with interest.
The entomological field-station in the Adirondacks was taken up ‘‘ to
collect and study the habits of aquatic insects, paying special attention
to the conditions necessary for the existence of the various species,
their relative value as food for fishes, the relations of the forms to each
other, and their life-histories.’’ Accordingly, ‘‘ the routine work of the
station consisted in collecting and studying aquatic insects in all their
stages of development, in conducting feeding experiments, in making
quantitative studies of the life of certain situations, in gathering the
materials for the study of the natural and habitual food of trout, bull-
frogs, and some of the larger species of dragon-flies, in running trap-
lanterns, and sending their nightly catch to the State museum, &c.”’
As a result, about one hundred life-histories were worked out in more
or less detail, material additions were made to the list of insects
occurring in the State, while ten new species and two new genera
were discovered. In the 213 pages of text there are forty-two illus-
trations, while there are in addition no less than thirty-five plates,
several of being them coloured. Would not many of the remote and
less-known British and Irish lakes repay similar close attention ?
’ W. J. Lueas.
Genera Insectorum, (Published by P. Wytsman, Brussels.) Fase.
3: Coleoptera Clavicornia, Fam. Lathridiide, by R. P. Breton.
Pp. 1-40; 1 Plate-—Fasc. 6: Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera, Fam.
Papilionide, sect. Troides, by BR. H. F. Rippon. Pp. 1-15;
2 Coloured Plates. (1902.)
The plan of this work is to provide a systematic account of all the
genera of the Insecta, including a list of Species. Having regard to
our fragmentary knowledge of certain families, considerable time must
necessarily elapse before the completion, but if all the groups are
treated in the same manner as those before us, the work will retain a
296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
very high position in entomological literature. The paper is sub-
stantial and the printing clear, while the size is convenient. We have
only two parts for review, but apparently each part is paged separately
and complete in itself.. After a general survey of classification, a key
to the genera is given, followed by a description of each genus, a list
of their several species (with synonymy), accompanied by their geo-
graphical distribution. ‘he third fascicule summarizes the Lathri-
diidx, a family of tiny clavicoru beetles, of which 5 tribes are accepted,
containing 22 genera and 435 species; these are elucidated by a plate
containing 28 species. The sixth fascicule is treated in a more sump-
tuous fashion, being adorned with two plates, embracing some fourteen
coloured figures and eight details of venation. Six genera of ‘‘Troides”’
(Ornithoptera, &c.) are upheld, and 46 species are enumerated, of
which, however, little more than thirty are considered by Rippon to
be good species.
Ga Wk:
K. P. Fert. (a) ‘Elm Leaf Beetle in New York State,” Hd. 2
57th Bull. New York State Mus., pp. 1-48; 8 Plates
(1 coloured) and 2 text figures. Aug., 1902.—(@) ‘‘17th Rep.
of the State Entomologist for 1901; 58rd Bull. New York
State Mus., pp. 699—925; 6 Plates and 29 text figures. Aug.,
1902.
These two recent bulletins maintain the high repute of the pub-
lications of the New York State Entomologist. The 57th (No. 262
of the State University) being a revision of the 20th (June, 1898).
Although comparatively easy to control, the elm-leaf beetle
(Galerucella luteola) is still the cause of extensive injuries to elms
in cities and villages along the Hudson, and is regarded by Dr. Felt
as the most important natural enemy of shade-trees in New York
State. The causes for this condition of affairs are not hard to find,
as the majority, if they notice the work of this pest at all, are inclined
to trust in Providence and hope that its ravages will not be as severe
the next season.’ The beetle is widely distributed over Europe, and
is abundant and destructive in parts of Germany, France, Italy, and
Austria. It is supposed to have been introduced into America about
1834, and its extension there now is from north of Massachusetts to
North Carolina. It was noted in Albany about 1892, in 1897 most
of the Huropean elms in the streets were completely defoliated, and it
is computed that fully 1000 elms were destroyed within the city limits
in 1898. Dr. Felt cites cases even more lamentable in other towns.
A coloured plate shows the metamorphoses, the other illustrations
consisting of photographs of damage, spraying operations, and so forth.
This bulletin should be as necessary to the restricted Kuropean
worker as to the American.
The chief pest noticed in the 58rd Bulletin (No. 263 of the State
University) is the Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia destructor), the rest of the
report being taken up chiefly with a description of the Entomologic
Exhibit, which must have been of exceptional interest, at the Pan-
American Exhibition in 1901.
GoW:
Plate IV.
Entomologist, December, 1902.
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XXXV.]
DECEMBER, 1902. [No. 475.
LIFE-HISTORY OF VANESSA ANTIOPA.
By F. W. Frouawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
I am deeply indebted to Mr. Frederic Raine for his kindness
in procuring for me living examples of V. antiopa, which has
enabled me to work out the life-history of this interesting species.
On the 7th of April last I received from this gentleman eight
females and three males, alive, which he captured at Hyeres on
the 5th; again, on the 7th, he caught two males and one female,
and these he also sent me, arriving on the; 9th. Five females
of the first consignment I placed on two growing plants of willow,
the same morning they reached me, but owing to the continuance
of cold dull weather they remained quiet until the 13th, and on
the 14th, with bright sunshine at midday, I had the pleasure of
watching one of the females deposit a number of eggs, and made
a sketch of her in the act. She clung to a small stem, and de-
posited 192 eggs in one batch, which encircled the stem; while
depositing the end of the abdomen curves from side to side of the
branch ; the ovipositor, feeling for the last egg laid, carefully
places another beside it, in circles round the stem, working
upwards, until the batch is completed. On this day another
batch was deposited by another female, and others on the
following days; so that by the 25th eight batches were laid.
These five females continued depositing at intervals for several
weeks, and the last eggs were laid in. smail batches on
June 27th.
On May 21st four batches were laid, consisting of about 450
eggs, the smallest batch containing 53, and the largest about 160.
On May 27th another lot of eggs deposited in four batches, the
smallest batch of 3 doz. and the largest 170—in all 336. All five
females still alive on May 25th. The first one died on the 26th ;
the other four were quite lively, and had a big drink each after
ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1902. 2B
298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
depositing the 886 eggs. Another female died on June 4th ; the
third one died on June 22nd. On June 27th 100 more eggs
were deposited in batches ; these were the last eggs laid. The
following day another female died, and on June 30th the last one
succumbed, having lived in my possession exactly three months
(eighty-four days).
From the above it will be seen that this species deposits its
eggs in two or three or even more batches, averaging from about
150 to 250 eggs in a batch. When a stout stem is selected for
the eggs, the batch does not encircle it, but only covers that por-
tion (generally about half the circumference, and always on} the
under side) which the abdomen can cover with the ovipositor.
These five females laid over 2000 eggs—as well as I could count
them, I found there were about 2200; therefore the complement
of eggs laid by antiopa nuinbers between 400 and 500. When
resting these butterflies usually clustered together at the top of
the gauze covering the plant.
The egg measures 5; in. high, of an oblong form, and having,
as a rule, eight, but occasionally nine, longitudinal keels, com-
mencing below the summit, and rising prominently; they then
gradually decrease in height, and disappear before reaching the
base; they are fluted, and resemble white frosted glass; the
spaces between the keels are slightly concaved, and very finely
fluted transversely, the ridges being extremely fine. The micro-
pyle is slightly raised in the centre, and is finely granulated ;
near the base the surface is faintly ridged longitudinally; the base
is firmly embedded in glutinous substance. The colour when first
laid is a rather deep ochreous yellow, inclining to olive-yellow,
which very gradually deepens to an olive-brown to the naked eye ;
but when viewed under the microscope the whole surface presents
a finely mottled appearance, resembling in pattern crocodile-
skin, the ground colour being amber-brown, with light amber-
yellow reticulations; this pattern is under the shell. When
about fourteen days old one batch of eggs had changed to a deep
lilac-red, approaching indian-red, and on the eighteenth day had
assumed a deep leaden grey, and hatched on the 21st. Other
batches did not attain such a deep red colour, the normal change
of colouring being from a deep ochreous-yellow and olive-brown
to a deep red-brown; then the larva begins to show under the
shell, exhibiting a pale ochreous body and dark brown head,
which gradually turns to black; the shell is then of a glistening
pearl-grey. To the naked eye the entire batch appears of
a beautiful silver-grey-blue just before hatching. The larva
begins making its exit by nibbling tiny holes in a circle
round the crown of the egg; this continues until it is com-
pletely cut round; then it pushes off the cap and emerges. It
immediately starts spinning a carpet of silk as it crawls away,
spinning as it goes, crawling to the extremity of the branch.
LIFE-HISTORY OF VANESSA ANTIOPA. 299
They all do precisely the same, and at once form a colony on the
last cluster of leaves, covering the bases with web, on which they
live and feed in company.
The first batch hatched on May 3rd, remaining in the egg
state nineteen days; this batch contained 192 eggs, all of which
hatched, excepting one. On May dth another batch hatched, and
all did the same as the first lot; and on the 16th a very large
batch hatched, the eggs being on the same branch as those which
hatched on the 5th; and directly the larve emerged they all started
Spinning and crawling up the branch till they arrived at the part
already covered with web by the previous brood, and, following
the web-covered branches, every individual of the large batch
ascended and joined the elder company, which were eleven days
old; the two families then formed one big community, the ones
just hatched nestling among their larger companions. On the
17th of May another big batch emerged, which divided into two
companies.
The larva, directly after emergence, measures # in. long; the
head is large and shining black, and a few fine black bristles are
scattered over the surface ; the segmental divisions are clearly
defined, each segment having about four transverse wrinkles and
ten black hairs (five on each side) ; those on the dorsal surface
are very long, slightly curved, and three in number above the
spiracle ; immediately behind the spiracle is another, which pro-
jects laterally ; and slightly in front and below the spiracle is the
fifth, which curves downwards; all these are black, with shining
black bulbous bases; the surrounding skin is bare of the minute
black granulations which cover the whole of the surface of the
body; these bare places form a pale circular disk round each
hair, and also the spiracles, which are black; the claspers are
granulated with black at the base, and have two whitish spines
directed downwards; the foot is large, and furnished with very
ample claws. The entire colouring of the body is pale olive-
yellow, inclining to citron.
The larve always rest in a dense mags, all crowded together,
some on top of the others; they cover the leaves with web. As
soon as the leaves are stripped of the cuticle the entire company
move to a fresh supply. If disturbed they curve upward the
anterior portion of the body, and remain in that attitude for a
short time. When the whole company are slightly on the move
in the sun, they form a curious sparkling mass, due = the im-
mense number of glistening black heads.
Shortly before the first moult the larva measures 5%; in. long ;
it is uniformly cylindrical, the segments deeply ee and very
glossy. The ground colour is amber-brown, with a medio-dorsal
series of longitudinal dark brown marks, and mottlings of the
same colour form a dark spiracular band ; the spiracles are also
amber-brown; the sub-dorsal surface is freckled with brown.
2B2
300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
When undergoing the change for moulting they occasionally
move about on the web-covered leaves, a habit unusual among
other species of butterflies.
The first moult occurred on May 20th. Directly after moulting
the head is ochreous, but in a very short time turns jet-black
and shining; also there are ochreous dorsal markings, which
soon change to dull brown.
Before the second moult, when twenty-three days old, it
measures 2 in. long; the body is covered with minute black
points, being so small that they give the glossy surface a granular
appearance ; besides these, tiny black warts are sprinkled over
the whole surface ; these vary in size, and each emits a tiny
black hair; there are also longitudinal rows of small black
tubercles; the first is medio-dorsal, the second sub-dorsal, the
third super-spiracular, and the fourth sub-spiracular; these
all terminate in a rather long, slender, curving, black bristle,
and several shorter ones spring from the sides of each tubercle ;
the spiracles are black; the ground colour is brown freckled
with ochreous, and a broad band of the latter colour extends
dorsally, which is broken up by a medio-dorsal series of dark
markings as in the previous stage; the head is shining black and
beset with hairs ; legs shining black ; the claspers are clear ochre-
yellow, the same colour as the dorsal band. ‘The larve feed upon
the topmost leaves, at first eating the basal portion of them,
which hang down by the weight of the larvee, the ends resting on
the next lot of leaves, and feeding on these in turn, and so on,
working their way downwards, feeding as they go, eating all the
leaves, and covering everything with web.
Second moult on May 27th. Before the third moult—twenty-
nine days old—it measures 7% in. long. The ground colour is a
deep ashy or purplish black ; the dorsal band orange, broken up
with black markings as in former stage ; immediately below the
spiracles are very faint crescentic markings, almost invisible ;
the tubercles of the previous stage are now developed into
moderately long black spine-like tubercles, each terminating
in a longish curved white bristle, and numerous much smaller
lateral hairs, and all the minute body-warts bear white hairs
instead of black as in the last skin; the head and legs are
shining black, with fine white hairs; the claspers are amber
colour. The medio-dorsal series of spines are very short, and
commence on the sixth segment and end on the eleventh, one on
each of these six segments. They still remain gregarious. When
one branch is denuded of leaves, they all descend until reaching
another branch, which they ascend to the end, and, again
clustering together in a mass, feed downwards as before; when
moving they are extremely active, and feed rapidly. Warm
weather greatly influences the rapidity of their growth, cold
retarding them considerably.
GONEPTERYX RHAMNI AND CLEOPATRA IN IRELAND. 301
~ Third moult on June 2nd. Before the fourth moult —thirty-
four days old—it measures 14 in. long; the ground colour is
velvety black, otherwise very similar to previous stage, but the
dorsal orange band is richer and deeper in colour, and there are
numerous very small pearly-white warts sprinkled over the body
(mostly forming circles round each segment on the two posterior
wrinkles) ; these, as well as the minute black warts, emit fine
curved white hairs; the black spines also bear fine white hairs ;
‘the dorsal spines terminate with black spine-like bristles; the
super- and sub-spiracular spines end with longish curved white
hairs with black tips; the black head is bilobed and cleft on the
crown, and covered with white hairs ; legs shining black; claspers
bright tawny, excepting the anal pair, which are black ; on the
eleventh segment is a small medio-dorsal shining black disk, and
on the twelfth segment is a much larger one, which closely
resembles the head. They still live in close company.
(Lo be continued.)
GONHPTERYX RHAMNI ‘AND CLEOPATRA IN IRELAND.
By EK. Bacawetu-Pureroy.
In the December number of the ‘ Entomologist’ for the
year 1896 (xxix. 363), I reported the successful introduction of
Gonepteryx rhamni into the County Tipperary. A few further
notes on the subject may possibly prove of interest. To re-
capitulate as briefly as possible :—In 1890, and again in 1894, a
number of plants of Rhamnus frangula, and a few of R. catharticus
were planted about over grounds which may be roughly estimated
at five hundred acres. In the autumn of the latter year, between
two and three hundred imagines of G. rhamni were turned out in
the most suitable spots of the same grounds. The result, as
observed in 1896, was of a most gratifying nature; the butterflies
had ‘‘ caught on,” and had enormously increased in numbers.
During the five succeeding years [ was continuously abroad,
and plants and insects alike were left strictly to take care of
themselves. Returning home once more in the autumn of 1901,
I visited the South of Ireland about the middle of September,
and found that the plants, on the whole, had done well, many
of the R. frangula having grown into fine big trees; some of the
Rh. catharticus, too, had not only survived, but had developed into
strong plants. The first bit of sunshine revealed the fact that
G. rhamni, also, was still flourishing, and, during a fortnight of
fair weather, I counted a goodly number on the wing.
Early in November I planted out one hundred small trees of
fh. frangula around the borders of the place, and, at the same
302 THE EN'TOMOLOGIST.
time, I placed about in the shrubberies a few each of some eight
different foreign species of Rkamnus. The unfavourable spring
of this year kept me from paying the district a visit before
June 24th, and this date proved quite early enough. The
number of ova and small larve which I observed was quite
astonishing. From off the newly planted R. frangula I took
over three hundred and fifty larve; half of these I placed on
older trees better able to support them, and the other half I
brought in to rear myself, but of these more anon. I may men-
tion here that it is not the healthiest trees with abundance of
foliage that receive the best patronage, but rather the weaklings—
sometimes, indeed, those that are just dying off—and many larve
must perish every year through this peculiar penchant of their
mothers.
The ‘‘ foreigners”’ had all been planted in pet, sunny spots,
and were growing well. Five out of the eight species received
attention from G. rhamnt, and four out of the five produced fine-
sized larve in due course. ‘The following are the plants in
question :—R. latifolius, R. tinctorius, R. purshianus, R.imeritinus,
and f. alpinus. A considerable number of eggs were laid on
the last-named plant, but the little larvae did very badly on it. »
Of six that I brought in, I only succeeded in obtaining one pupa.
This pupa was considerably less than half the normal size, and
failed to produce an imago. Latifolius was the only evergreen
species which was noticed, and it produced the largest larve I
have seen.
On June 16th I received twelve dozen pupx of Gonepteryx
cleopatra, which Mr. H. W. Head, of Scarborough, had procured
for me from South Austria. Some of the insects began to
emerge before I was able to get over to Ireland on the 24th, but
these were kept snug in a big tin box with wet grass, and in no
way suffered. The last imago appeared on July 1st, and, all
told, I had been able to liberate about one hundred healthy
insects. The place is peculiarly suited to an experiment of this
kind, the young plantations being intersected by broad rides,
sheltered from the wind and open to the sun, with an abundance
of wild flowers, and, lastly, a total absence for miles around of
the man with the net and collecting box. Cleopatra quickly
settled down to her changed surroundings, and very comely she
looked floating about in the sun—a sun which failed not during
the first few days of her liberation. Bramble blossoms proved
the chief attraction at first, and later on thistle-heads, scabious,
knapweed, and other composites.
I had found it very hard to obtain any information about
this insect, and was working under the impression that it was
single-brooded, after the manner of our native G. rhamni. I
was, however, quickly undeceived. Pairing commenced at once,
and on July 13th I observed a female depositing ova on a big
GONEPTERYX RHAMNI AND CLEOPATRA IN IRELAND. 3038
tree of R. frangula. The male insects are the most ardent
suitors imaginable, and I have many times watched one for over
half an hour persisting in a courtship which was evidently not
welcome. In this particular case the female had laid several
eggs on the tree, and was proceeding down the ride to another
bush, when she was seized upon by a male, and the usual
struggle for supremacy began. I watched them for many minutes,
till they finally disappeared over the tops of the larch trees. (I
have since had access to certain German works on European
butterflies at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington,
and find that the fact that this variety is double-brooded is
well known.) From the middle of July onwards the work of
Ovipositing was busily proceeded with, HK. frangula receiving
nearly all the attention, A. catharticus, however, being noticed
occasionally.
Up to this point all had gone smoothly, but, alas! this was
not to continue: the little larve, on emerging from their eggs,
did not look upon R. frangula as food fit to be eaten. Some,
indeed, nibbled a little, and kept themselves alive for three or
four days, and then disappeared, but the large majority passed
away at once, and were no more seen. JBetter luck, however,
attended those few which found themselves born into the world
on ft. catharticus. Provided they had been laid on, or had access
to, the tender, only half-unfolded leaves of a young shoot, their
fate was never in doubt. They crawled into one of these half-
closed leaves and remained there until after the first moult, or
perhaps longer. For the first half of their larval career they
ate nothing but the very youngest leaves, and even when nearly
full-grown would refuse foliage which was in the least degree old
or tough. Thus I was confronted by the annoying spectacle of
the mother butterfly almost invariably choosing the useless food-
plant whereon to place her eggs, and passing by the one really
suitable for her purpose. On several occasions I have seen a
female, after hovering all round a bush of catharticus, refuse it, and
proceed at once to a neighbouring frangula and lay on it. The
full-grown larva of cleopatra is generally slightly superior in size
to that of rhamni, and exhibits a bluish hue over the dorsal
surface, the white lateral lines being remarkably clear. The
pupal stage, I found, lasted twenty-five days, sometimes a little
longer, and for eight to ten days previous to emergence the orange
colour on the fore wings of the males showed through the wing-
cases as a broad patch of colour. The previous autumn I had
planted out three or four small plants of R. alaternus var. an-
gustifolius, and I placed several newly-hatched larve on sprigs of
this plant, but they would not touch it. This I am quite unable
to explain, alaternus being the natural food-plant of cleopatra in
Southern Europe.
As soon as I had quite convinced myself that R. frangula
3804 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
could not rear them, I proceeded to collect all the eggs I could
find on that plant, and transfer them to R. catharticus, by the
simple expedient of pinning the portion of leaf wheron they had
been deposited to the most suitable situation on the new shrub.
In this manner I procured a large number of larve, the food-
plant evidently suiting them admirably, as comparatively few
failed to grow and wax strong.
On August 4th, a bright, sunny day after several dull ones,
I placed a box containing a number of my home-reared G. rhamni
beneath a clump of brambles and left it open, so that the insects
could fly as soon as they felt inclined to. Returning to the spot
a couple of hours later, | was surprised to see no less than four
males of cleopatra hovering over the brambles, but on drawing
quietly near their presence was soon explained to me. Beneath
each cleopatra was the quivering form of a female rhamni, with
abdomen pointing upwards and wings half open and flattened
out in a most unnatural position. The unexpected and un-
welcome suitors were most persistent in their court, and by
sheer rough treatment one after the other succeeded in forcing
the object of its attentions to take to wing, when the pair would
soar high in the air and then return low down among the
herbage, the female doing her utmost to escape. Later on in
the month the wild chase of rhamni by cleopatra was a matter of
common occurrence, though whether any results were obtained
is more than doubtful.
At the end of August I had to return to England, and it was
necessary to abandon my caterpillars to their own devices. I,
however, took with me half a dozen pupe* (just turned), and
about fifty larvee of cleopatra, which were all doing well. On the
R. catharticus of the hedgerows of Bucks I found no succulent
young leaves to offer them, and the want of these made itself.
apparent at once. Many turned prematurely, and many died.
How those that I left behind have fared I know not, but their
parents were still on the wing, healthy and strong, up to the
end of August, and I am of opinion that they will so have con-
tinued through September.
NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN CHRYSIDIDA.
By Masor C. G. Nurse, Indian Staff Corps.
THE species described in the following paper form part of a
collection of Hymenoptera made by me during the past two
years at Deesa in Northern Gujarat, Quetta in Baluchistan, and
during a two months’ trip to Kashmir in 1901.
* Two of these pupe kindly sent to me by Mr. Purefoy produced fine
specimens of cleopatra in September last.—R. 8.
NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN CHRYS(DIDA. 305
NorozUs KASHMIRENSIS, 0. sp.
@ g. Front from above base of antennex to about half-way to
vertex concave and finely striate, the strie running in a circular
direction, with the base of antenne as centre; remainder of head and
thorax somewhat coarsely punctured, except the extreme base of
mesonotum, which is finely punctured; abdomen very finely and
minutely punctured ; inner orbits parallel; mucro conspicuous and very
coarsely punctured, rounded at apex; abdomen about the length of the
* head and thorax united, very convex above, gradually rounded towards
the extreme apex, which is transverse or slightly emarginate. Deep
metallic blue or blue-green, the antennz and tarsi rufo-testaceous ;
wings hyaline at base, the outer half infuscated, tegulee shining bronzy
brown ; abdomen and legs covered with a very sparse and short
greyish pubescence, only perceptible with a strong lens; the antenne,
when examined under a microscope, are closely punctured and densely
hairy. Long. 4-5 mm.
Hab. Kashmir, 5000 ft., on the banks of the Jhelum ;
several specimens.
This genus has not been previously recorded from India.
HiLLAMPUS TIMIDUS, N. sp.
2. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum shallowly and somewhat
irregularly, scutellum, postscutellum, and median segment more
coarsely and closely punctured, abdomen impunctate; the incision at
the apex of abdomen, characteristic of the genus, small and incon-
spicuous. Deep metallic blue; antenne piceous, microscopically
hairy; tarsi testaceous; clypeus with a few long hairs, legs with
greyish pubescence, head, thorax, and abdomen almost entirely smooth ;
wings hyaline, nervures testaceous, tegule brownish testaceous.
g. Similar; more conspicuously shining; vertex of head, pro-
notum, and mesonotum above almost, if not quite, impunctate.
Long. 2°5-3 mm.
Hab. Quetta; Peshin ; five specimens.
This species has not previously been recorded from India.
Honopyea CUPREATA, Nl. Sp.
3g. Front from below vertex to base of antenne very concave,
and finely transversely striate, head behind ocelli somewhat finely
punctured ; remainder of head, thorax, and median segment coarsely,
abdomen closely and finely punctured ; head slightly wider than pro-
notum, abdomen slightly longer and broader than thorax; a little
short, sparse pubescence, visible only with a lens, on the head, legs,
and abdomen; a trace of a median longitudinal carina on 2nd
abdominal segment. Head and thorax dark blue, the vertex, pro-
notum, and mesonotum with a greenish tinge; abdomen brilliant
coppery golden, scape of antenne dark blue, flagellum and tarsi very
dark testaceous, almost black; wings hyaline at base, the outer half
tinged with fuscous, tegule black. Long. 5-6 mm.
Hab. Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft. ; two specimens.
306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
HeEpyYCcHRIDIUM PERVERSUM, N. Sp.
? g. Vertex of head, and thorax, closely, but not very finely,
abdomen minutely and regularly punctured—all the punctures some-
what shallow; front concave, with stiff, white pubescence, which
hides the sculpturing; pronotum smaller than the head, its sides
almost parallel; posterior angles of median segment acute and con-
spicuous ; abdomen wider than head and thorax. Metallic green, with
some bluish reflections, especially about the joints of the segments
and near the tegule; abdomen with a slight coppery effulgence ;
flagellum of antenne dark rufous; the whole of the head, thorax,
abdomen, and legs covered with very short greyish pubescence ; wings
hyaline and iridescent, nervures testaceous, tegule metallic blue or
blue-green. Long. 2°5-3 mm.
Hab. Peshin; Quetta; five specimens.
The smallest species hitherto described from India.
HEpDYCHRIDIUM SELECTUM, N. Sp.
3. Head and thorax closely and finely, postscutellum more
coarsely, abdomen minutely and closely punctured; pronotum and
head subequal, the former with its sides almost parallel; abdomen
wider than thorax, very convex, 3rd segment almost vertical. Dark
blue; 2nd abdominal segment with purple reflections; antenne dark
rufous, tarsi testaceous; wings hyaline, their apical margins very
slightly darker, nervures and tegule testaceous; a little sparse, short,
greyish pubescence on head, thorax, abdomen, and legs. Long. 3°5 mm.
Hab. (Quetta; a single specimen.
This species is easily distinguished from H. perversum above
by its being dark blue, and not light green, and by its longer
pronotum. The basal nervure is also more sharply curved in
the present species than in H. perversum.
CHRYSIS JALALA, N. sp.
?. Slenderly built; head, except front, thorax, and abdomen,
closely but not very finely punctured, and very sparsely covered with
short greyish pubescence; clypeus emarginate anteriorly, front con-
cave from below a transverse ridge which is situated just below the
vertex, covered with a somewhat sparse white pubescence, and finely
transversely striate in the centre; head, thorax, and first two abdo-
minal segments of about equal width ; head, when viewed from above,
equal in size to pronotum; scutellum and postscutellum somewhat
more coarsely punctured than the rest of the segments; abdomen as
long as the head and thorax united, the 2nd segment with a median
longitudinal carina, 3rd segment rounded at apex, with a conspicuous
subapical row of fover. Dark blue, the clypeus bright green, the
pronotum, mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum, and a spot on
the 8rd abdominal segment just above the subapical row of fovez,
ereen; the first abdominal segment, except the extreme base and a
line on the centre above not reaching the apex, and the apical two-
thirds of the 2nd abdominal segment bright coppery golden; second
and following joints of flagellum of antenne dark red; tarsi dark
NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN CHRYSIDIDA. 307
testaceous, almost black; remainder of legs metallic green; wings
hyaline, tegule dark blue, radial cell closed.
g. Similar; the patch of blue on the 2nd abdominal segment not
transverse, but somewhat wedge-shaped; no green spot on 3rd abdo-
minal segment; antenne light red below, except the first two joints,
which are metallic green. Long. 6°5-9 mm.
Hab. Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft.; three specimens.
CHRYSIS KASHMIRENSIS, Nl. Sp.
? ¢. Head closely and regularly, thorax somewhat coarsely pune-
tured and rugose, abdomen with the first segment coarsely punctured,
but not rugose, 2nd and 8rd segments finely punctured, especially at
base of 2nd segment; the whole insect sparsely pubescent; elypeus
slightly emarginate, and with a median carina; front not forming an
angle with the vertex, and the puncturing little, if any, finer than on
the remainder of head; head, when viewed from above, considerably
larger than pronotum; abdomen nearly as long as head and thorax
united; pronotum with a slight median depression ; a hollow at the
base of postscutellum ; the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments with an
ill-defined median carina; 38rd segment rounded, with subapical fover.
Dark blue or biue-green; base of mandibles, clypeus and front, scape
and first two joints of flagellum of antenne, and the legs, except the
tarsi, light metallic green; mandibles, remainder of flagellum of
antenne, and the tarsi, reddish black; abdomen below light metallic
green, the base of the apical segment and two large basal macule on
2nd segment, reddish brown; wings hyaline, apex of fore wing with a
very slight fuscous tinge, which is sometimes confined to the radial
cell; tegule dark blue, finely punctured; radial cell of fore wing
closed. Long. 9-10 mm.
Hab. Kashmir, 5000-6000 ft. ; five specimens.
CHRYSIS QUMRITA, 0. Sp.
g. Rather stoutly built; head, thorax, and abdomen closely, but
not very finely, punctured, and covered with a short, sparse, greyish
pubescence ; head about as wide as pronotum and, when viewed from
above, subequal to it; abdomen not quite so long as head and thorax
united, vertex overhanging the front, but with no distinct ridge
between them; front concave, closely and finely punctured, and with
stiff, somewhat sparse, white pubescence; pronotum with a median
longitudinal depression ; 3rd abdominal segment tri-sinuate, with sub-
apical fovee. Dark blue, with a greenish tint in some lights; front
and scutellum light green; mandibles, antenne, and tarsi black;
wings hyaline, the radial cell subfuscous and closed. Long. 6 mm.
Hab. Deesa; a single example.
CHRYSIS ABUENSIS, 0. sp.
?. Head and thorax finely and rugosely, abdomen finely and
closely punctured ; a little short greyish pubescence on the cheeks and
on 2nd and 8rd abdominal segments; front, basal half of antenne,
and legs with short white pubescen@e ; head at least as wide as pro-
notum, and, viewed from above, about equal to it; abdomen about the
308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
length of head and thorax united; clypeus convex, its anterior margin
slightly concave; a conspicuous {-shaped carina in front of anterior
ocellus, and the front below it slightly concave, finely and very
closely punctured, the punctures running into strie, and with a median
longitudinal carina; a median longitudinal depression on the basal
half of pronotum; 1st and 2nd abdominal segments with a trace of a
median longitudinal carina, 38rd segment rounded posteriorly, with
subapical fovere. Dark blue; front, pronotum, and the centre ot
1st abdominal segment green; scutellum and large lateral spots on
1st abdominal segment coppery golden ; postscutellum bright greenish
golden; seape and first two joints of flagellum of antenne blue or
blue-green, remaining joints and tarsi reddish black; fore wing sub-
fuscous, hind wing hyaline, radial cell of fore wing closed.
3. Differs only in having the vertex of the head green, and the
mesonotum, and 2nd and 8rd abdominal segments of a greenish blue -
colour; the eyes are somewhat convergent below, not parallel, as in
the female, and the joints of the antenn are thicker and somewhat
shorter. Long. 9-11 mm.
Hab. Mt. Abu; common in September and October.
CHRYSIS CHAVANH, N. sp.
?. Head and thorax closely but somewhat irregularly, abdomen
rather more regularly and finely punctured; head wider than pro-
notum, the latter with sides almost parallel; 1st abdominal segment
with a deep median longitudinal indentation at base, 2nd and 38rd
segments with traces of a carina, apical segment without teeth, slightly
sinuate. Head and thorax dark blue, the mesonotum with greenish
reflections; abdomen light metallic green, with a coppery effulgence
on 2nd and 8rd segments; legs dark blue; flagellum of antenne
piceous; tarsi dark red or reddish black; the whole insect more or
less covered with rather sparse greyish pubescence; wings hyaline,
fore wing with the central portion very slightly infuscated, nervures
dark testaceous. Long. 6 mm.
Hab. Quetta; a single specimen.
(To be continued.)
ON THE BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN EQUATORIAL
AFRICA BY CAPTAIN CLEMENT: SYKKS.
By Eminy Mary Suarpe.
(Continued from p. 280.)
35. ACRHA CHCILIA (a variety).—a, 3. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
This species has the black spots on the primaries larger,
especially those at the end of the discoidal cell. The same thing
occurs with the discal spots on the secondaries, the first three
being black streaks; with the costal one united to the hind
marginal border.
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA. 309
36. A. perENNA, Doubl. & Hewits.—a, b, 8. March from Usoga
to Nandi; April, 1900.
87. A. pHARsaLus, Ward. —a, b, 3. March from Usoga to
Nandi ; April, 1900.
38. A. zeTES (Linn.).—a-c, 3 2. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
39. A.astricERA, Butl.— a,b, 9 2. Wadelai; January-March,
1900.
40. A. Eaina (Cram.).—a, d. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
41. A. nycra (Fabr.). — a. Lamogi; November, 1899. J, c.
March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
42. Puanema arcrirascia, Butl. —a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
43. Parpopsis puncratissima, Boisd. — a,b. Wadelai ; Janu-
ary—March, 1900.- c. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
Family NympyaLipz.
44, ATELLA PHALANTHA (Drury).— a,b. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
45. A. cotumBia (Cram.).—a, b. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
46. Pyrameis carpur (Linn.).—a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900. b. Unyoro; March, 1900.
47. ARGYNNIS HANNINGTONI, Hlwes.—a, b. March from Usoga
to Nandi; April, 1900.
48. Vanessuna minca, Hewits.— a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
49, Hypanartia ? DELIUS (Drury).—a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
This specimen represents a melanistic phase, as the upper
surface is entirely brownish black, the characteristic chestnut
‘band on the primaries being obsolete, but distinctly indicated on
the under surface, as are all the other spots and markings.
50. H. nrpromene, Hubn.—a. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
51. Junonra cLewt1s (Cram.).—a, b, ¢ 2. Wadelai; January—
March, 1900. c. 9. Lamogi; November, 1899.
52. J. ceprene, J'rim.—a, b. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900. c¢. Unyoro; March, 1900.
53. J. odris, T’rim.—a, 9. Wadelai; January—March, 1900.
b, ¢. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
54. J. westermanni, Westw.—a,), d 2. March from Usoga
to Nandi; April, 1900. c, ¢. Unyoro; March, 1900.
310 ‘ THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
55. Precis sesamus, T'rim. —-a, b. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
56. P. canescens (Butl.).—a,b. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
57. P. canestina, Dewitz.—a. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
58. P. ancHgsia (Cram.).—a, b. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
59. P. ceryne (Boisd.).— a,b. Wadelai; January-March,
1900. c. Unyoro; March, 1900.
60. P. aauamt (Boisd.).—a. Unyoro; March, 1900. b. March
from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
61. P. penarca (fabr.).—a. Wadelai ; January—March, 1900.
b. Unyoro; March, 1900.
62. P. inracta (Butl.).—a. Wadelai; January-March, 1900.
b. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900
63. P. turEa (Drury).—a. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900. 6. Unyoro; March, 1900.
64. P. ontHosta (Klug).—-a. Wadelai ; January—March, 1900.
b,c. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
65. P. erecorit (Butl.). — a-c. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
66. CATACHROPTERA CLOANTHA (Cram.).— a, b. March from
Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
67. PsHUDARGYNNIS HEGEMONE (Godt.).—a. March from Usoga
to Nandi; April, 1900.
68. KuryTELA DRYOPE (Cram.). —a, b. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
69. EK. opHione (Cram.).—a. Unyora; March, 1900.
70. HRGouis ENOTREA (Cram.).—a—d, 3 2. March from Usoga
to Nandi; April, 1900.
71. Bypura tmrrayia (Drury).—a. Lamogi; November, 1899.
72. CRENIS OCCIDENTALIUM, Mabille.—a, b. March from Usoga
to Nandi; April, 1900.
73. C.NATALENSIS, Boisd.—a, b.—March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
74. Nepris maressa, Hopff.—a. Unyoro; March, 1900.
75. N. agatHa (Cram.).—a, b. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
76. Panopea LucRETIA (Cram.). —a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
77. Hamanumipa pmpauus (fabr.).—a, b. Wadelai ; January—
March, 1900. c,d. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
78. Hyponimnas misrppus (Linn.).—a, b, ¢. Unyoro; March,
1900. ce, ?. March from Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA. St
79. H. anruepon, Doubl.—a, 3. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
80. H. monrerronis (Druce).—a, 2. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
81. Sanamis anacaRDII (Linn.).— a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
82. S. cacta (Fabr.).—.a, . March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
: ie S. tremors, Feld.—a. March from Usoga to Nandi; April,
900.
84. HuryvpHene THEeoGNIs, Hewits. — a,b, 9 2. March from
Usoga to Nandi; April, 1900.
85. EupHmpra uGanpa, Auriv.—a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
86. CymorHor LurRIDA (Butl.). —a, ¢. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
87. EuxanTHE crossueyi (Ward).— a, ¢. March from Usoga
to Nandi; April, 1900.
88. E. ansexuica (Butl.).—a, ¢. March from Usogato Nandi;
April, 1900.
89. CHaraxEs castor (Cram.). — a,b. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
90. C. nicHas (Doubl. & Hewits.).— a. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
91. C. numenes (Hewits.). — a, b,3 2. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
92. C. Trr1tpatEs (Cram.). — a,b, ¢d. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
93. C. xrrxu, Butl.—a,b, ¢. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
94. C. erHEocuEs (Cram.).— a,b, ¢. March from Usoga to
Nandi; April, 1900.
95. C. nresirEe (Godt.).—a, ?. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
96. C. npisasius, Reiche.—a, b, 3. Wadelai ; January—March,
1900.
97. C. Pponnux (Cram.).—a. March from Usoga to Nandi;
April, 1900.
98. C. varanes (Cram.).— a,b. March from Usoga to Nandi ;
April, 1900.
(To be continued.)
312 THE EN'TOMOLOGIS.
ON SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENO-
PTERA (ICHNEUMONIDAH, CHRYSIDIDH, FOSSORES,
AND APIDA3). |
By P. Cameron.
(Continued from p. 264.)
AMPULEX BREVICORNIS, sp. nov.*
Ceruleo-viridis ; antennis tarsisque nigris ; femoribus posterioribus
rufis; alisfusco-violaceis. 9. Long. 23-24 mm.
Hab. Khasia (coll. Rothney).
Antenne short, stout, about twice the leneth of the head; black,
opaque; the third and fourth joints equal in length ; the fourth to sixth
joints incised at the base beneath. Head shining, smooth, except for a few
large deep punctures above each antenna; each puncture bears a long
hair. Eyes converging slightly above, the width separating them
being about the length of the basal three joints of the antenne united.
The apex of the clypeus is largely depressed, the depression becoming
gradually wider towards the apex, which is not toothed; backwards the
keel extends to the base of the antenne. Antennal tubercles stout ;
there is no keel over the antennz ; behind the head is developed to a
ereater length than the length of the eyes. The apical part of the
prothorax is broader than long, the sides almost straight; its basal
half bearing large deep distinctly separated punctures, and with a
narrow distinct longitudinal furrow. ‘The basal half of the mesonotum,
except in the middle, bears large deep clearly separated punctures, and
is covered with long black hairs; the middle has a distinct furrow,
extending from the base to near the apex. The scutellum has a row
of punctures round the sides and apex, as has also the post-scutellum.
There is no central keel on the median segment, except at the extreme
base; the inner lateral lines form a large triangle, which is distinctly
striated; the basal strize are slightly oblique, and arise from the
centre; the apical ones go right across; at the apex the keels are
waved and reach to the apex. The apex has an almost perpendicular
slope, is smooth at the base, the rest with curved striations, which are
finer on the inner side. The propleure smooth; the middle under
the keel striated at the apex. Mesopleurz smooth, the upper and
apical parts striated ; the lower middle part more finely and closely
striated. Mesosternum smooth, sparsely pilose; the furrow keeled in
the middle. The mesonotum at the base and sides and the greater
part of the median segment are more or less indigo-blue. There is no
distinct tooth on the apex of the median segment, only the second keel
on the metapleure projects slightly. The anterior femora blue; the
** This species has the basal ventral segments formed as with Ampulex
assimilis, Kohl, from Guinea, and figured by him (Annal. d. k.k. Natur. hist.
Hof. Mus. Wien, viii. pl. xii. f. 88), and not as in A. cognata, fig. 34, .e. the
lower side is roundly curved and incised at the'apex, somewhat as in A. late-
frons, but not roundly dilated at the apex as in that species (¢f. Kohl, l.c.
f. 43). The apical half, too, of the clypeus is cleft, not the apical third, as in
cognata.
SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA. 313
tibia and tarsi blackish; the apex of the tibie rufous. The four
hinder femora are red, blackish at the extreme apex; the trochanters,
tibiz, and tarsi black; the end joint of the tarsi with a heart-shaped
dilatation, which reaches to the middle of the joints; the claws bifid.
Wings fuscous-violaceous ; the appendicular cellule is open; the apex
of the radial nervure is united to the nervure bordering the radial
cellule, not received in front of it as in 4. latifrons ; the two abscissx
of the radius are equal in length; the first recurrent nervure is
roundly curved from top to bottom, and is received shortly beyond the
middle ; the second has three slight curves, and is received before the
middle of the cellule. The cubital nervure in the hinder wings is
interstitial. Abdomen smooth and shining, blue; the apices of the
segments piceous. The narrowed part of the petiole as long as the
widened apex ; the second segment is as long as the succeeding united.
Allied to A. latifrons.
TRYPOXYLON GENICULATUM, Sp. NOV.
Nigrum, trochanteribus tarsisque anterioribus, tibiis anticis basique
tibiarum posticarum testaceis; alis hyalinis, stigmate nigro; abdo-
minis medio rufo. @. Long. 13 mm.
Hab. Khasia (Coll. Rothney).
Antenne black, the second joint rufous beneath; the scape and
flagellum almost bare. The face and clypeus thickly covered with
silvery pubescence; the front and vertex almost bare, finely punctured
and opaque; below the ocelli is a shallow, but distinct, furrow; below
this furrow is a stout keel, with oblique sides. Mandibles rufous; the
palpi pale testaceous. Mesonotum shining, plumbeous; distinctly,
but not strongly, punctured all over. ‘The middle depression on the
base of the median segment is wide, shallow, narrowed at the base,
and finely transversely striated ; the lateral furrows are wide, slightly
narrower and deeper than the middle one, and striated like it; the
apex of the segment has an oblique slope; its furrow is deep, with
oblique sides; its apical half transversely striated. Pleure smooth
and shining; the tubercles have a thick hair fringe behind; the
furrow on the base of the mesopleure deep; the central fovea large,
round. Mesosternum closely and finely punctured; the central furrow
wide. Legs black; the anterior tibie and tarsi, all the trochanters
and the four posterior knees, rufo-testaceous. Wings clear hyaline ;
the stigma and nervures black. Abdomen black; the apices and
sides of the second and third segments rufous; the petiole is slightly
longer than the second and third segments united ; its base is distinctly
channelled above ; its apical fourth is dilated.
TRYPOXYLON TROCHANTERATUM, Sp. Nov.
Nigrum, abdomine rufo, petiole nigro; alis hyalinis, stigmate
nervisque fuscis. @. Long. 12 mm.
Hab. Khasia Hills (Coll. Rothney).
Antenne black, covered with a short pile. The face, the eye
incision, and clypeus thickly covered with silvery pubescence; the
clypeus projecting broadly in the middle and at the apex, where it is
ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1902. 2c
314 THE ENTOMOLOGISY.
smooth, shining and glabrous. Mandibles rufous, sparsely covered
with long pale hair; the palpi rufo-testaceous. Front and vertex
opaque, the front finely and closely punctured ; the upper half with an
indistinct furrow down its middle; the lower half keeled in the middle;
the upper half of the keel distinctly furrowed in the centre. Thorax
opaque; the pleuree and apex of the median segment covered with
silvery pubescence; the base of pronotum on the top raised; the
raised part dilated laterally. The base of the median segment longi-
tudinally striated; the rest of the basal region closely transversely
striated ; the central depression wide, not much widened towards the
apex; the apex of the segment has an oblique slope, and has a narrow,
deep furrow down the centre. Pleure smooth, the mesopleurs covered
with silvery pubescence. Legs black; the trochanters, the tibie in
front, the anterior tarsi, the spines, and the claws rufous. Abdomen
rufous ; the petiole black, except at the apex; it is as long as the
second and third segments united; the apical half is distinctly wider
than the basal, which is furrowed down the middle; on the apex of
the second segment is a small black mark; on the third a larger cleft
mark.
VESPIDA.
ZETHUS QUADRIDENTATA, Sp. NOV.
Deep black; the mandibles broadly lined with pale yellow in the
middle; wings fuscous-violaceous, paler at the base; the tegule bright
red; apex of mandibles with two sharply pointed teeth in the middle,
and a broader, blunter one on either side. g. Long. 15 mm.
' Hab. Borneo.
Antenne black, distinctly thickened towards the apex; the last
joint brownish below; the hook long, curved, stout. Head closely,
rugosely punctured; thickly covered with pale fuscous pubescence,
which is longest on the front. Clypeus broader than long, sparsely
punctured and thickly covered with long fuscous hair; its apex is
broadly rounded; the teeth are only distinctly visible when looked at
from below. There is a narrow reddish line on the pronotum near
the tegul, where it is less strongly punctured than elsewhere. Meso-
notum shining, not strongly punctured, the apical half less strongly
than the base; the furrows extend from the base to the apex; they are
deep and smooth. Scutellum punctured, but not deeply or closely ;
there is a short, deep longitudinal furrow on the apex behind; the
post-scutellum is more strongly punctured than the scutellum; its
sides are bordered by a distinct raised keel. The central part of the
apical slope of the median segment is bordered laterally by a stout
keel; between the two is a shorter broad keel; the enclosed space is
coarsely transversely striated; the outer side and the apex of the
metapleure coarsely reticulated. The middle of the propleure bears
some stout keels; the apex is smooth, with a row of punctures on the
lower edge. The upper part of the mesopleure is more strongly
punctured than the lower, and there is a longitudinal punctured furrow
in the middle; the apical two-thirds of the upper part of the meta-
pleure are strongly obliquely striated. Legs black, thickly covered
with pale pubescence; the knees and calcaria pale. Wings fuscous-
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA. 815
violaceous, the stigma and nervures black; the top of the second
cubital cellule is not much more than half the length of the space
bounded by the recurrent nervures. The petiole is coarsely rugosely
punctured; on the sides the punctuation is coarser, more irregular,
and running into reticulations.
(To be continued.)
MISCELLANEA RHYNCHOTALIA.—No. 5.
By G. W. Kirxaupy, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 284.)
Lamocoris POSEIDON, Sp. NOV.
Allied to LZ. coste, Reuter, but the latter has much smaller
eyes.
i Clothed with sparse white pubescence. Head, pronotum, and
scutellum blackish. Elytra brownish, basal third of corium (base
itself excepted), a large spot on the costal margin near the apex, not
reaching to the claval or membranal margin, whitish. Membrane
fumate, iridescent. Antenne brownish white, basal half of the first
segment blackish brown, apical half dirty whitish. Beneath pale
brownish, apex of coxe and the rostrum whitish. Lateral margins
of the sterna blackish. yes very large, occupying the greatest part
of the head (in profile). Rostrum reaching well beyond posterior
cox ; second segment of antenne one-fifth longer than the third,
more than three times as long as the first, the latter reaching a little
in front of the head. Vertex scarcely wider than an eye. Base of
pronotum one-half wider than the head and eyes, twice as wide as the
eyes together. Long. 3:2 mill. (with elytra), 2°5 mill. (to apex of
abdomen), lat. 1 mill.
Hab. Guinea, Addah (ex coll. Montandon).
Lamocoris (?) RAVENAR, Sp. Nov.
Clothed with fairly long, somewhat bristly, yellowish hairs. Head,
pronotum, scutellum and under side, antenne, rostrum, &c., pale
flavous. Elytra pale olivaceo-flavous, a whitish band across elytra at
apex of clavus, and a large whitish spot at apex of corium, not
reaching to interior margins. Head (in profile) twice as long as the
thickened first antennal segment, vertex a trifle wider than the eyes
together. Rostrum reaching to apex of posterior cox. Second seg-
ment of antennz three times as long as the first, one-sixth longer than
the third. Long. 8 mill. (including elytra), lat. 2 mill.
Hab. Java (ex coll. Montandon).
SHANA, gen. nov.
Belongs to Capsaria ; distinguished from Polymerus, Reuter,
and Peciloscytus, Fieber (to which it is remotely allied) by the
very distinct stink-orifices ; from Charagochilus by the slender
collar and the length of the tarsi.
202
RY atl Pies
316 THE ENToMoLoarst. | “CO 2=
More or less punctured; clothed with pallid pubescence. Head
smooth, polished, declivous, longer than high; width of vertex with
eyes equal to twice the length of the first antennal segment. Vertex
strongly and entirely marginate at base. Eyes oblique. Clypeus not
very prominent. Pronotum at base nearly twice as wide as head,
collar short, not as wide as the vertical margination. Pronotal
callosities subconfluent, behind these the pronotum is punctulate ;
lateral margins somewhat rounded, not reflexed. Lateral margins of
elytra ampliate, wider near the apex than the cuneus, fracture of the
latter deeply marked ; cuneus nearly isosceles, or a trifle wider than
long. Posterior femora not strongly incrassate, reaching a little
beyond apex of abdomen, tibie long and slender. Third segment of
posterior tarsi longer than either first or second, second longer than
first.
S. RAVANA, Sp. Nov.
Apex of head, two basal antennal segments, base of pronotum,
scutellum, elytra, femora and base of tibie#, underneath, black or
brownish black. Remainder of head and pronotum reddish testaceous.
Legs pallid fuscous. _ Stink-orifices pallid. Membrane fumate. Abdo-
men beneath smooth and polished. Second segment of antenne
three times as long as first, apical two-thirds incrassate a little, two
and one-third times as long as the slender third segment. Rostrum
reaching posterior coxe. ¢. Long. 5 mill. ;
Hab. Brrma, Chan Yoma (ex coll. Montandon).
Fam. Lyamipm (= Corerps#, olim).
ACANTHOMIA TOMENTICOLLIS (Stal, sub. Clavigralla, 1855)
= tomentosicollis (Stal, 1865).
Fam. TEriconiips”.
Harmonipes, n.n. for Parmula, Fairm., nec Heyd., 1825
(Mollusca).
Agonpas, n. n. for Janthe, Stal, nec Marseul, 1865 (Coleoptera).
THE PUBLICATION-DATE OF THE RHYNCHOTAL PART
OF THE ‘VOYAGE OF THE COQUILLE.’
By G. W. Kirgappy, F.E.S.
WHEN preparing the first part of my work ‘‘ On the Nomen-
clature of the Genera of the Rhynchota”’ (Entom. 1900, p. 25
et seq.), | was able to examine only a separate copy of the Rhyn-
chotal portion of Duperrey’s ‘ Voyage autour du monde sur la
Coquille.’ This was dated 1830, and as the work was cited by
Laporte in 1832, and Boisduval in 1835, I did not question its
correctness. Lately, however, I have been able to examine the
whole work, and find that I was led into grievous error. The title-
page of the zoological part, vol. 11. pt. 2, division 1, bears the date
WHAT IS MONOPHLEBUS. 317
1830, but the ‘Avant-propos’ is subscribed Nov. 15th, 1838, by
Guérin Méneville, and this year is the actual date of the text, as
is seen by a reference to the lepidopteral portion (p. 271, not 171,
as stated in the ‘Avant-propos’), where Guérin mentions the dates
of publication of the various “‘livraisons”’ of the Atlas. Plates
x.-xil. (Rhynchota) were published in 1831, but the text not till
1838. It may be noted that Hagen (‘ Bibliotheca Entom.’) cited
1829-32 as the date, but had not seen the work. The references
in Laporte and Boisduval are to the plates only. According to
Guérin, the second volume, by Boisduval, of the ‘ Voyage de
découvertes de |l’Astrolabe ’ was published May, 1835.
This will unfortunately necessitate some slight alterations in
my “Nomenclature,” which will be effected at the end of part 1,
now in the press.
WHAT IS. MONOPHLEBUS, lUeacu ?
By T. D. A. CockERELu.
In Entom., September, 1902, p. 232, I gave an account of
Monophlebus which I supposed would not need correction. Since
then, however, some facts have developed which call for a recon-
sideration of the whole matter.
(1.) Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy wrote me that Monophlebus did not
date from Westwood’s publication, but from Burmeister, Handb.
ii. p. 80, published in 1835. It is also to be remarked that
Westwood’s paper dates not from 1845, but from 1842 (fide
Kirkaldy) or 1841 (according to a date pencilled by M. Wytsman
on the copy before me).
(2.) The question arose, however, whether Leach himself
published Monophlebus at any earlier date. Prof. C. H. Fernald
has exhaustively investigated this matter, with the following
principal results :—
(a.) Agassiz’s ‘Nomenclator Zoologicus ’ cites “‘ Monophlebus,
Leach, Probos. Ins. 1817.” This doubtless refers to Hprobos.
Ins. (Wern. Soc.), but Professor Fernald has examined this work,
as well as several others by Leach, and finds no reference to
Monophlebus. It seems very improbable that Leach ever pub-
lished the genus. Samouelle’s ‘Compendium,’ 1819, has no
reference to Monophlebus.
(b.) Latreille (‘ Familles Naturelles du Regne Animal,’ p. 429,
1825) published a genus ‘‘ Monophlebe,” with characters de-
rived from the male antenne. This name being only in the
vernacular has no standing, but in ‘Dictionnaire Classique
d’Histoire Naturelle,’ vol. ii. p. 99, published in 1827, the name
is published as Monophlebus. The male antenne are said to be
moniliform, and of about 22 joints, which is an error known to
have resulted from counting each joint as two, some as more.
318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
So far, however, no really distinctive character had been given,
and no type had been cited.
(c.) In Cuvier’s ‘ Regne Animal,’ edition of 1829, vol. v. p. 282,
the genus is called JJ/onophleba, is said to be of Dr. Leach, and we
are informed that it is based on an insect from Java, with antenne
of about 22 joints, very hairy, and having thick and almost coria-
ceous wings. Still, however, the type is unnamed.
(d.) Next we come to Burmeister, ag cited above. Here the
genus is properly introduced, and the first species is M. atri-
pennis, Klug, from Java. It does not appear that Klug himself
ever published atripennis, but there is every reason to suppose
that it was the species known to Leach and others, and made the
type of the MS. genus Monophlebus. M. dubius (Fabricius) was
from Sumatra.
(3.) On all grounds, therefore, M. atripennis is the type of
Monophlebus. This species, along with W. dubius, is placed by
me (loc. cit.) in a section characterized by having only two fleshy
caudal appendages. No female of this section has been described,
but we have assumed that the female must be similar to that of
the other sections.
(4.) This assumption, however, proves to be unwarranted.
Prof. C. H. T. Townsend has lately discovered a new form of
Icerya (Icerya littoralis var. tonilensis, Ckll.) at Tonila in Jalisco,
Mexico. He sent me both sexes, and the male reached me alive,
having hatched en route. This male has two long hairy fleshy
crimson processes at the end of the abdomen, nearly as long as the
abdomen. The female has the regular Icerya ovisac, well-ribbed,
suffused with yellow at the base.
(5.) Since it is consequently just as probable (to say the
least) that the females of Monophlebus atripennis and M. dubius
pertain to the Icerya group as that they belong to what we have
called Monophlebus, we find ourselves in a dilemma. I am not
yet prepared to use Monophlebus in place of Icerya; or of a
section of Icerya containing males with long caudal processes,
which might be regarded as a valid genus, so as to save the well-
known term Icerya for purchasi, &¢. At the same time, we can-
not safely use Monophlebus in the old sense. It seems best, on
the whole, to provisionally recognize several genera, as follows :-—
(a.) Monophlebus, with M. atripennis, M. dubius, and M. (?)
littoralis (Icerya littoralis, Ckll.). The last I will still call an
Icerya, pending new evidence from the Malay Archipelago.
(b.) Tessarobelus, with T. guerinii, Montr., and T. championt
(Ckll.).
(c.) Llaveia, with L. axin (Llave) and L. saundersit (Westw.).
(d). Drosicha, with D. contrahens (Walker), D. maskellt (CkIl.),
D. leachit (Westw.), D. burmeistert (Westw.), D. corpulenta (Ku-
wana), D. crawfordi (Maskell).
(¢). Monophlebulus, with M. fuscus (Mask.).
PARENTAL CARE OF THE CIMICIDA, 319
This unfortunately leaves several species, known only in the
female, unclassified. So far as known, the female of Monophle-
bulus has 7-jointed antenne, of Drosicha 9-jointed, of Tessarobelus
10-jointed, of Llaveia 11-jointed ; but it is by no means certain
that these characters are severally always associated with par-
ticular forms of male. Mr. E. EK. Green (in litt.) tells me that
his Monophlebus zeylanicus belongs to Sasakia. Several American
species must for the present be treated as Llaveia; viz. L. cacti
(L.), L. bowvari (Sign.), L. whleri (Sign.), L. primitiva (Towns.),
LL. mexicanorum (Ckll.). Monophlebus fortis and M. fullert, from
Natal, may possibly go in Llaveia, but their males are much to
be desired.
Monophlebus illigerit, Westw., and M. raddoni, Westw., are
known only in the male; they have numerous short lateral abdo-
minal processes. They come nearest to Drosicha, but their
position is doubtful.
I am very greatly indebted to Professor Fernald for kindly
communicating the results of his bibliographical researches.
East Las Vegas, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Sept. 30th, 1902.
P.§.—I have been trying to see whether any generic charac-
ters could be found in the larve of what has been called Mono-
phlebus. Unfortunately very few larve are known, and, so far as
I can see, these do not afford any good generic characters. They
may be separated as follows :-—
Long hairs all round the body; antennz 6-jointed, but the
suture between 3 and 4 indistinct, 4 much longer than 3 crawfordi.
Long hairs on the last seven secments ; ; antenne i: jointed,
3and4equal . . arin,
Long caudal hairs, but relatively short hairs round the body 1.
1. Long caudal hairs four; antenne 6-jointed, 4 shorter
than 3 : . serratule.
Long caudal hairs two ; ‘antenne 5 jointed ( fide Maskell) 2
2. With very long brittle glassy threads; ‘legs relatively
longer : : 2 : f . suscus.
Without such threads ; legs relatively shorter ‘ . maskelli.
ON THE PARENTAL CARE OF THE CIMICIDA
(RHYNCHOTA).
By G. W. Kirxaupy, F.E.S.
Writers have often cited a species of Acanthosomatine as one
-of the few known instances where insects display parental care
for their young. The original observations of De Geer were con-
firmed by Hellius, and have been reproduced or quoted in most
entomological text-books. This habit is, however, probably not
320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
exceptional among the Cimicide, for I have recently found a
similar reference in the ‘Ann. Soe. d’Agriculture de Lyon,’
1855 (2), vil. p. 91, where Montrouzier, in dealing with the bugs
of Oceania, writes :—‘‘ The habits of the Scutellerines are inter-
esting. Many deposit their eggs on the under surface of leaves
out of reach of the rain, covering them with their body, and when
they are hatched, lead their young ones, looking after them until
they have acquired their wings. Their numerous family is seen
following them along the trees, and crowding close to them at
the least danger.’’ I have also examined specimens sent to me
in spirits of a species of Spudaeus (?), which seem to show
similar signs.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Foop-pLants OF THE Larva or Cnepuasia SINUANA, Stph.—Temporary
separation from my library prevented me from penning an answer to
Mr. A. Thurnall’s note (ante, p. 265) in time for insertion in the
November number of this magazine. When writing my paper on the
life-history of Cnephasia sinuana, Stph., which was published in the
Ent. Mo. Mag. ser. 2, x. 105-6 (1899), I was fully as aware as he is
that the two totally distinct species—sinuana, Stph., and pasivana
(rectius pascuana), Hb., had formerly been often confused together,
and that their names had erroneously been used as synonymous by
various writers, as, for instance, by Mr. G. Elisha in 1879. But
since, in 1891, I had had some detailed correspondence with Mr.
Elisha about his experience with these two species, and had specially
guarded against any possibility of confusion or misunderstanding about
them, my assertion, in the paper alluded to above, that he had bred
sinuana from larve in flowers of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, rested
upon the clearest possible proof of the fact (viz. upon Mr. Sang’s iden- .
tification of the bred moths, as there mentioned), short of having
actually seen with my own eyes the specimens in question. Moreover,
Mr. Thurnall, in the same note in which he questions my statement,
himself admits that that statement is beyond question, as the following
facts will show. He says (ante, p. 265), ‘If the late Mr. Sang saw
the specimens which were bred from C. leucanthemum and pronounced
them to be sinwana, Steph., I of course must bow to his decision ...”;
whilst in my paper in the Ent. Mo. Mag. (/.c.), to which I referred
Mr. Thurnall (ante, p. 194), I had, more than three years previously,
clearly stated, on p. 105, that ‘‘ His specimens (i.e. the specimens of
C. sinuana, Stph., bred by Mr. Elisha from flowers of Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum, as the context most plainly shows) were identified by
the late Mr. J. Sang, who knew the true sinwana well.’’-—EKustacr R.
Banxes; Norden, Corfe Castle, Nov. 17th, 1902.
Puusta MONETA IN EXnGLanD.—I was interested in Mr. Lawrance’s
note on P. moneta (ante, p. 242), but I do not share his pessimism.
My opinion is that it has come to stay, and I should not be surprised
to hear that other Continental species which come to light should
turnupalso. My reason for thinking this is that Porthesia chrysorrhea,
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 321
which is very plentiful on the French coast, has turned up at New-
haven, Folkestone, Dover, Margate, and Harwich, where there are fast
steamer services running. The vessels load alongside a pier or wharf,
where there are bright electric lights or incandescent lamps, and what
is to stop an impregnated female flying on board, and getting carried
over? This, I think, also applies to Ennomos autumnaria on the south-
east coast, and Callimorpha hera in Devon. P. chrysorrhea is now
rapidly spreading over the South of England, through the medium of
‘the hawthorn hedges on the railway banks, and has been taken as
near London as Bromley.—C. W. Cotrurur; 127, Barry Road, Kast
Dulwich, S.E.
Hawk Mors Puratine on Trees.—Referring to Mr. F. P. Dodd’s
note relative to the above (ante, p. 73). I am able to give the name of
one sphingid that does the same here; this is Nephele variegata. In
almost every instance the larva spins up in the leaves and between the
small branches of the fig-tree. The cocoon, too, is very thick for this
species of moth. Out here it is undoubtedly done for protective pur-
poses, as on the few occasions when I have found a few where the
ground and an exposed root of the tree has been used for pupation,
the pupz have nearly always been eaten by ants. The ants seem to
commence the attack directly the change takes place, and when the
pupa-case is soft, as I have ascertained by experiment that they will
not attack a perfectly dry pupa of this moth. The pupa is very active
indeed, and when it is touched rolls itself completely round and round,
and then gives a series of jerks for some time afterwards. It is very
common here, and I have found as many as seventeen on one tree,
but they were very badly ichneumoned. I have also found pupe of
N. varieyata in holes of trunks of the trees, and, when so placed, the
larve had carefully spun a thick web over the opening. ‘This moth
always emerges from the pupa between 10 and 12 p.m., and flies at
dawn, feeds at the flowers of honeysuckle, and is the swiftest flier I
know of for its size.—G. EF. Le1eénH; Durban, Natal.
Lycna corypox, aB.—In the note on this aberration (ante, p. 284),
the sex symbol was accidentally omitted. The specimen is a female.
VANESSA URTICH, AB.—Early in September this year I obtained a
well-marked variety of this butterfly, differing from the ordinary type
in the following particulars :—It is somewhat small in size; the two
outer blotches on the costal margin of the fore wing are confluent ;
the two black spots near the anal angle are absent; the hind wings
are entirely black, aud there is no trace of blue on the wings whatever.
In fact, it seems to correspond to the third variety figured in New-
man’s ‘ British Butterflies. —B. L. Mippteton; Mullingar, Ireland,
Oct. 27th, 1902.
[Somewhat similar aberrations of V. urtice are figured in the
‘Entomologist’ for 1896, p. 73, and 1900, pl. iii. fig. 1; see also
Entom. xxxiil. p. 103.—Ep.]
CurysopHanus pispar, Haw.—Will lepidopterists who possess speci-
mens of this species kindly communicate with J. R. Charnley, F.E.S.,
Howick House, Preston, Lancs., who states that he is endeavouring
to find out how many specimens of British C. dispar there are in
existence.
.
322 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Proressor Rosert Watuace is preparing for publication the
‘Reminiscences’ of the late Miss HK. A. Ormerod. This was the
work of her later days, and was enjoyed by her as a relaxation from
the more arduous labours of Agricultural Entomology. Although the
Autobiography was not completed, yet there is much material of a
very interesting character on which to work. Professor Wallace would
be glad to receive such letters from Miss Ormerod as her correspondents
may deem of sufficient importance, together with any other information
which they think will be of interest to the general public. His address
is The University, idinburgh.
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS.
Conias EpUSA IN THE New Forest.—About Aug. 14th last I saw a
specimen of C. edusa flying across Butt’s Lawn, near Brockenhurst,
and a friend saw one in the same place a day or two later.—KH. C.
AnsorcEe; Bedford Park.
*
Cotas EpusSA IN Kent 1n 1902.—I took fine specimens of C. edusa
at Margate, between Aug. 23rd and 30th; one example was seen flying
over Peckham Rye on Sept. 8th; and at Deal, on Sept. 9th, I saw
two specimens.—C. W. Coxturup; 127, Barry Road, K. Dulwich, §.H.
Vanessip& In 1902.—Pyrameis cardui was by far the most plentiful
Vanessid in the Isle of Thanet; it abounded in every clover or lucerne
field. I noticed only a few Vanessa urtice, and but one specimen of
V. atalanta.—C. W. Couturvp.
AGRoTiIs CINEREA.—I captured a specimen of this insect, at sugar,
on the Sussex downs, in June last.—C. W. Coururvr.
Dasycampa (OrRHODIA) RUBIGINEA.—From the egg my kind friend
Mrs. Fogden, of Apuldram, near Chichester, skilfully reared to the pupal
stage about a dozen O. rubiginea, which she most generously handed
over to me in the flower-pot in which the larve pupated. The first of
these beautiful ‘chestnuts ’’ emerged on Oct. 9th, another on the
13th, another on the 14th, one on the 21st, one on the 22nd, another
on the 28th—six fine specimens up to the time of writing. It is
somewhat singular that one only emerged on each occasion. — JosEPH
Anperson; Chichester, Oct. 29th, 1902.
EINNOMOS EROSARIA AND Himera PENNARIA.—On Oct. 10th last I took
a specimen of FH. erosaria on a gas-lamp in this district. H. pennaria
has been exceedingly abundant in this locality ; I counted no less than
sixteen in an evening’s walk on Oct. 29th last.—H. G. Fave; 3, Mary-
land Road, Bowes Park, N., Nov. 5th, 1902.
DEILEPHILA LivorNicA IN SourH Devon.—Mr. J. Jiiger (ante, p. 287)
records the capture of the larva of D. livornica, and says, ‘‘ I am told
that there is no record of this rare moth having been previously found
in the larval state in Britain.” If reference is made to the ‘ Entomo-
logist,’ vol. v. p. 169, it will be seen that it was obtained by me in
1870. I figured the larva, and the drawing is reproduced in Barrett’s
‘ British Lepidoptera,’ vol. ii. The same year Mr. Rickard obtained
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 3238
nine larve and bred the moths; the larve were found on dock in a
nursery garden in Plymouth (vide Entom. vi. 522), and fed up on the
same.—G. C. Bieneti; Saltash, Cornwall, Nov. 8rd, 1902.
PLusIA MONETA NEAR TuNnBRIDGE Wetis.—This insect made its
appearance much later than was the case last year. On June 10th I
went over to my old home at Bidborough (near Tunbridge Wells), to
search for it upon the plants where I was so successful last year about
the same date; but after a long hunt I only obtained three young larve,
~ although they were in the chrysalis state at the same time last year.
A fortnight later—June 24th—TI revisited the garden, when upwards
of three hours’ search in the broiling sun produced three cocoons only.
The experience was disappointing, to say the least of it, after having
obtained three dozen or so the year before. The protective nature of
these cocoons is very striking, for those which are placed upon the
‘under side of the yellow withered leaves of the Delphinium are invari-
ably of a beautiful golden colour, which exactly harmonises with the
leaf, but if one of the larve be placed in a box it will usually spin a
pure white cocoon.—H. W. Suepuearp-Watwyn; Dalwhinnie, Kenley,
Surrey, Oct. 18th, 1902.
_ Large Apprarances.—I was at Charmouth on Oct. 27th, and was
surprised to find Sutyrus ianira and Nonagria lutosa still out. How-
ever, I well remember taking bright and fresh specimens of the former
at Ventnor, on Oct. 11th, 1868.—C. W. Daze; Glanvilles Wootton,
Nov. 8rd, 1902.
GONEPTERYX RHAMNI IN NovemsBer.—On Noy. 18th I saw, in the
morning, near Horsley, Surrey, a specimen of G. rhamni on the wing,
and tried to catch it, but without success. By its colour it appeared
to be a male.—H. Woopeatr; Teddington.
Draconrity 1n Lonpon. — Whilst walking along Queen Victoria
Street on Sept. 29th last, I was suprised to see a species of Aischna
(cyanea, I think), flying swiftly along the road. The weather was cold
and dull at the time.—Sranuey A. Buenxarn; Hast Dulwich, Sept. 30th,
CERASTIS ERYTHROCEPHALA NEAR BourneMoutH. — On Nov. 7th I
took, at sugar, near Bournemouth, a fine male specimen of C. erythro-
cephala. Major R. B. Robertson had taken one also three weeks pre-
viously, about two miles away from my locality—W. G. Hooker ;
125, Old Christ Church Road, Bournemouth, Nov. 80th, 1902.
CERASTIS ERYTHROCEPHALA NEAR BournemMoutTH. — Sugar has been
giving better results lately. I took a fine C. erythrocephala on Oct. 14th
last.—R. B. Rosertson ; Pokesdown, Nov. 16th, 1902.
Caprures oF Rare Trichoprera AT GLANVILLES Wootrton.—Hydro-
psyche ornatula, McLach., one on Aug. 14th, 1900. Trienodes conspersa,
Ramb., occasionally; I have also taken it at Torquay, and Mr. D.
Cork used to meet with it in Dovedale. Tinoides wnicolor, Pict., occa-
sionally ; I have also taken it at Ventnor. Micropterna sequan, McLach.,
one on Sept. 19th, 1901.—C. W. Date; Nov. 8rd, 1902.
Tur Season or 1902.—The first entry in my diary for 1902 is the
sight of Gonepterya rhamni and Vanessa urtice on March 5th. On the
324 THE KNTOMOLOGIST.
following day V. poiychloros was first seen, and during the rest of the
month the first and last named were very plentiful, urtice being seen
in greater numbers during April than March. On April 17th a batch
of larvee of Polygonia c-album emerged from ova sent me from York-
shire, and these fed up very well on elm. ‘They pupated from May
26th till May 30th, and the resultant imagines appeared from June 8th
till June 17th. The under sides of all were of the pale ochreous
ground colour. On April 27th the first Cyaniris argiolus was taken,
but this species was not nearly so common here this year as it was
last. I took a good number of the second brood near St. Leonard’s on
August 15th, and noticed that these were much larger than the speci-
mens of the early brood taken in Dorking. Pieris rape and P. napi
began to appear during the first week in May, and many very small
specimens of each were seen. On May 4th the first of a batch of forty
Melitea cinxia larve, which had been sent me from Ventnor about the
middle of April, pupated, and they continued to do so till May 26th;
but only fourteen reached the pupa stage, all the others being stung.
I counted twenty-four cocoons of ‘‘ichneumons” that emerged from one
larva, but about fourteen or fifteen was the usual number. They deve-
loped into little black flies. Thirteen imagines of M. cinaia came
through successfully, but the fourteenth failed to develop its wings
properly. The first appeared on June 15th, and the last on June
27th. On May 24th a good number of male Huchloé cardamines were
seen, and from that date till June 22nd this species was very plentiful.
On May 24th, also, Nemeobius lucina, Hesperia malve, and Thanaos
tages were observed for the first time. The first-named was not
nearly so abundant as it was last year, doubtless owing to the scarcity
of sunshine; but a good number of ova were discovered on the under
side of cowslip leaves, and I reared a few through to the pupa stage.
The young larve began to appear on June 19th, but about sixty per
cent. of them died before pupation. They took a long time to feed up,
as it was well into August before the last one had changed. Callophrys
rubt was first seen on May 24th, and several were taken from that date
till the first week in June, but never in any numbers. Pararge egeria
was taken on May 28th, on which date Hesperia malveé was to be seen
in profusion. Chrysophanus phleaas was seen on May 81st, but the
early brood did not seem nearly so plentiful as that of August, when
I found it quite common at Bembridge, in the Isle of Wight. Pieris
brassice was first seen on June 2nd, and in August very fine specimens
of this species were observed in great numbers at Bembridge and at
St. Leonard’s. Lycena icarus was first noticed on June 4th, but,
owing to the absence of sunshine, few were seen on the wing. Boxing
off the long grass in the evening produced two fine varieties (ante, p.
218), one a gynandrous specimen, and the other having only one spot,
besides the marginal ones, on the under side of each wing. <A very
small specimen was taken at Bembridge on Sept. 8th, and a single
male was seen in the long grass on Oct. 7th. On June 8th L. astrarche
was taken, and at Bembridge, during the latter part of August, several
specimens, including one very small one, were caught. My experience
with this insect is that it is never seen in any numbers, four being the
most that I have ever taken at one time on the same ground. L. bell-
argus was to be taken from June 8th till June 24th, after which date
CAPTURES AND FIELD REPORTS. 325
the specimens seen were worn. This species, as well as L. icarus, and
later on L. corydon, were caught far more plentifully this year in the
evening than during the daytime. On June 9th hybernated specimens
of Vanessa cardui were swarming on the shore near Bembridge, and
the newly emerged insects could be taken in any number during the
latter part of August. This was by far the commonest species of
Vanessa observed this year, V. io being fairly plentiful, V. wrtice rare
at Bembridge, and V’. atalanta far from common. On June 9th, and
again in August, Pararge megera was swarming. June 18th, which I
have entered in my diary as “ tlie first really fine day for weeks,’’ was
marked by the profusion of Hesperia malve and Fuchloé cardamines,
and by the fact that several females of Nemeobius lucina were seen ovi-
positing. I took one female and placed her in a pill-box with a cowslip
leaf, and by the time I had reached home she had deposited twenty-
four ova, some on the leaf and others on the box. On June 21st we
found a large number of very fine larve of Vanessa urtice; they were
so large that I took a few, which pupated the next day; and the
resultant imagines, which emerged on July 3rd, are not only the
largest but also the darkest specimens of this insect I have ever seen.
Their markings, however, are quite normal. A larva of Hpinephele
jurtina (ianira), found by chance in long grass, pupated on June 22nd,
and the imago appeared on July 9th. On June 24th Lycena alsus was
first taken, but this species was never plentiful in Dorking this year.
On June 28th an imago of Thecla w-album emerged from the pupa; the
larva was found on Boxhill, and pupated on June 10th. Hesperia
sylvanus was first seen on June 28th, and from then till July 14th it
was common on Ranmore. Some German larve of Vanessa antiopa
began to pupate on July 8th, and the first imago appeared on July
24th. It was a curious variety, without a trace of the blue spots on the
upper wings, and with only one small spot on each of the lower wings
(ante, p. 285). The other specimens were quite normal. Aphantopus
hyperanthus was taken on July 9th and following days, but was far
from being as plentiful as in 1901. On July 12th Hesperia thaumas
was first seen, and from then till the end of August was very common
at Dorking, St. Leonard’s and Bembridge. On July 12th, also, Satyrus
semele was first noted, and some very good specimens were taken near
the Culver Cliff, Isle of Wight, on Sept. 4th. On July 17th a female
Lycena arion, sent from Bude, deposited eight ova on wild thyme, but
they produced no larve. Although I had made many attempts, I did
not succeed in taking Hesperia comma this year till July 26th, and then
I only obtained one specimen. Several were captured by others after-
wards, but as I had to leave Dorking on the 28th, I was unable to go
for it again. A fine larva of Pieris brassice pupated on July 27th, and
a female emerged from it on Aug. 16th. LHpinephele tithonus and, of
course, Cenonympha pamphilus were common, the latter from the
beginning of July onwards, and the former from the beginning of
August. On Aug. 29th I came upon a swarm of Lycena corydon, but
they had emerged some time, and it was difficult to find males in good
condition, though the females were perfect. They were on a small
patch of long grass close to the sea, by the Culver Cliff. I saw two
specimens of Colias edusa, both males, on the shore by Bembridge
326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Point, one on Sept. 5th, and the other on Sept. 8th; but I had no
net with me, so did not take them.
The above represents the bulk of my observations among the
Diurni during the past year. Two facts seem to stand out pro-
minently, when one looks back upon the season as a whole: the
weather has been atrocious, and even moderate success has only been
gained after unusually hard work; and nearly every species has been
much later than usual in its time of appearance.—F. A. OLDAKER ;
Parsonage House, Dorking, Oct. 28rd, 1902.
Notes rrom SHropsuire.—Asthena blomeri was very common at
Hopton Wagers, near Clevening Mortimer, during the first week of
July last. It occurred only in some covers bordering a small stream,
resting on the trunks of beech-trees; and I also beat it out of bramble-
bushes growing amongst the trees. The part where it was to be found
was only about three quarters of a mile long and about fifty yards
wide. Other captures in July :—Argynnis selene, common in lanes ;
A. euphrosyne, Pararge egeria, Thecla rubi, Lycena icarus, Syrichthus
malv@ (one), Hesperia sylvanus, Zygena filipendule, very common in
some fields; Dasychira pudibunda, a few; one female laid several
batches of eggs, from which hatched out over three hundred larve.
Thyatira batis, caught last year, as also were Chareas graminis, Melan-
thia albicillata, Melanippe montanata. Triphena pronuba swarmed round
laurel bushes in full bloom.—C. R. Y. Boxer; 151, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee.
SOCIETIES.
EnvromonocicaL Society or Lonpon.—November 5th, 1902.—The
Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.8., President, in the chair.—
Lieutenant T. Delves Broughton, R.E., of Alderney, Channel Islands ;
Mr. Arthur Percival Buller, of Wellington, New Zealand, and of the
Inner Temple, 1.C.; the Rev. Canon C. T. Cruttwell, M.A., of Ewelme
Rectory, Oxfordshire ; Mr. R. 8. Hole, of the Rectory, North Tawton,
Devon; and Mr. W. EK. Sharp, of Ledsham, Shakespeare Road, Han-
well, W., were elected Fellows of the Society. —The Secretary informed
the meeting that a request for certain alterations in the bye-laws,
signed as required by Chapter 21 thereof, having been received by the
Council, Mr. Arthur J. Chitty had been good enough to draft the
necessary amendments. Mr. Chitty then read the proposed amend-
ments, and explained the course to be taken to carry them into effect.—
Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., exhibited, on behalf of Mrs. Mary de la
Béche Nicholl, a collection of butterflies made by her in February,
March, and April, 1902, in Southern Algeria; also a collection of
butterflies afterwards made by her in the Picos de Europa, in Spain;
the latter collection comprised about eighty-five species, and was made
in twenty-five days. Mr. Elwes remarked that these collections con-
tained several interesting species of Mrebia, Lycena, and other genera,
and included three species not at present represented in the British
Museum Collection.—Dr. Chapman exhibited, and made remarks on,
two butterflies taken last July at Bejar, in West Central Spain, both
notable as being very decidedly larger than any forms of the same
species recorded from any other locality. He stated that one of them
SOCIETIES. 327
belonged to a form of Lycana argus (the L. egon of the British list).
They were taken about one and a half miles east or south-east of
Bejar on July 9th and following days. He said that he proposed to
name this form var. bejarensis—Mr. R. South exhibited four specimens
of a large form of Cupido minima (Lycena minima) from Cumberland,
sent to the Natural History Museum by Mr. Mousley, of Buxton. He
also exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. H. Fowler, of Ringwood, a series
of Lithosia deplana, Esp., from the New Forest, showing interesting
variations in both sexes, but expecially in the females. It was stated
that Mr. Eustace Bankes had recently recorded somewhat similar
aberrations of the species from the Isle of Purbeck.—Mr. Hamilton
Druce exhibited a specimen of Limenitis populi, L., caught whilst
being chased by a small bird in July, 1901, near Riga, Russia; also a
specimen of Sesamia nonagrioides, Lefeb., bred from a larva found
feeding in the interior of a banana.—Mr. J. H. Carpenter exhibited a
gynandromorphous specimen of Lycena icarus, having the coloration
of the male on the left side, and that of the female on the right side,
captured on Ranmore Common, Surrey, in June last; also several
aberrations of this species from Ranmore Common and the Isle of
Wight. He also showed specimens of Vanessa antiopa, bred from
German larve, including a remarkable aberration, in which the usual
blue spots on the upper wings were entirely absent.—Mr. H. St. J.
Donisthorpe exhibited a foreign specimen of Quedius sutwralis, lent
him by Mr. Keys, of Plymouth, and a British specimen taken by
himself at Gravesend in 1891; also, for comparison, a specimen of
Quedius obliteratus taken at Plymouth. He said that most of the
specimens of so-called Quedius suturalis in British collections were
really Q. obliteratus.—Mr, Pickett exhibited a remarkable series of
Angerona prunaria, the result of four years’ interbreeding between
dark males from Raindean Wood, near Folkestone, and light-coloured
females from Epping Forest; also unicolorous light orange-yellow
males, light yellow females, dark orange males sprinkled with black,
and other unusual aberrations.—Professor EH. B. Poulton, F.R.S.,
exhibited a series of lantern slides prepared from negatives taken by
his assistant, Mr. A. H. Hamm, of the Hope Department, and Mr.
Alfred Robinson, of the Oxford University Museum. The slides repre-
sented a series of the larve and imagines of British moths photographed
under natural conditions. Mr. Hamm’s photographs of moths clearly
showed the attitude of the insect in relation to the background which
it had selected. Some of the species were shown upon their normal
background of the bark of various kinds of trees, others upon lichen-
covered stone walls. Mr. Robinson’s photographs similarly represented
the larvee of species of British moths in their natural attitudes upon
the food-plants. Prof. Poulton also showed a representation of the
pupa of Limenitis populi, prepared from Portschinski’s figure and de-
scription, and explained the highly ingenious hypothesis by which the
appearances are accounted for by the Russian naturalist.—Mr. C. O.
Waterhouse communicated a paper by Mr. L. R. Crawshay, entitled
“On the Life-history of Drilus flavescens, Rossi.’,—H. Goss, Hon. See.
SoutH Lonpon Enromotocicat ann Naturat History Society. —
October 28rd, 1902.—Mr. F. Noad Clark, President, in the chair.—
Mr. Inglis, of Clapham, and Mr. Scollick, F.E,S., of Wimbledon, were
328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
elected members.—Mr. South, on behalf of Mr. Fowler, of Ringwood,
exhibited varieties of the female of Lithosia deplana: (1) grey in colour,
with yellow costa extending to the fringe = var. ochreata; (2) with
fore wings almost as yellow as L. sororcula, and the hind wings only
slightly tinged with grey; they were from the New Forest. Mr. Tutt
pointed out that variation in the Lithosiids took one of two directions,
either a general darkening or an intensification of the yellow.—Mr.
Dennis reported that on October 9th all stages of Cyaniris argiolus
were to be found at Earl’s Colne, Essex.—Mr. Turner, a number of
examples of Hydriomena furcata (Hypsipetes sordidata) illustrative of
local forms, and remarked upon the inconvenience caused by the
continual change of the specific names.—Mr. B. W. Adkin, some
remarkable forms of Pachygastria (Bombyx) trifolii, bred from larvee
taken on the Scilly Islands. One female was conspicuously light in
colour, and the wedge-shaped markings of the fore wings of several
males were much enlarged.—Mr. Lucas showed a number of lantern-
slides illustrating (1) choice spots in the New Forest; (2) protective
resemblance in insects; (38) various botanical characters of interest ;
and (4) some of the idiosyncrasies of collecting.
November 18th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Colthrup ex-
hibited a bred series of Lymantria monacha, originating from the New
Forest, and exhibiting considerable black suffusion.—Mr. R. Adkin had
had a number of larvee from the same source, but the few imagines he
bred were quite normal.—Messrs. Harrison and Main, long bred series
of Aglais (Vanessa) urtice from Eastbourne, Delamere Forest, and
Argyllshire, and contributed notes on the characters of the several
races. Those from the last-named locality were generally darker.—
Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Lycena corydon from Eastbourne, taken
between Sept. 18th and Sept. 25th, and called attention to the fre-
quency of blue scaling in the females. He also showed melanic forms
of Acronycta menyanthidis from Selby, Yorkshire-—Mr. H. J. Turner,
(1) a bred series of Hypsilophus marginellus from Banstead Downs,
he also reported it from the Roman Road, Mickleham; (2) a long and
very varied series of Pedisca corticana, taken on a wet day in July in
Epping Forest; he referred to the exceedingly perfect protective re-
semblance exhibited by the species, as well as to the great range of
variation ; (3) a female Pechypogon barbalis, set to show the secondary
sexual characters existing in the extreme development of tufts of hairs
on the fore legs; and (4) two varieties of Polyommatus icarus from
Banstead, one, a small male, with all the basal spots of the under side
missing, the marginal markings very faint or suppressed, and only a
few of the submarginal ocelli remaining; the second, a female, with
much-enlarged ocelli on the submargin.—Mr. Kaye, a fine female
variety of Fidonia atomaria, having the ground colour very light and
much increased in area at the expense of the dark bands; and a series
of Tiliacea awrago, bred from ova laid by the only female he had ever
captured, at Worcester Park, Surrey.—Mr. H. Moore read a paper
entitled “A Visit to the Forest of Arques (Dieppe),’’ and showed a
number of species of insects of various orders in illustration. Perhaps
the most interesting were a series of dark, small, and thinly scaled
Cenonympha arcania, no doubt indicative of the fact that here the
Species was near the limit of its area of distribution.—Dr. Chapman
SOCINTIES. 329
read a paper entitled ‘‘On Inflation in Insects,’’ summing up the
results of more than thirty ycars’ observation and experiment. In the
discussions which followed, Mr. Tutt pointed out that the problem
was as yet unsolved, why C. arcania and other species characteristic
of very adjacent Continental areas were absolutely non-British.—
Hy. J. Turner (Hon. Rep. Sec.).
Birmincuam Enromonoeican Socrery.— September 15th, ~1902.—
-Mr. R. C. Bradley in the chair.—Mr. G. W. Wynn showed various
Lepidoptera, including Protoparce convolvuli, taken at Hampton-in-
Arden, September 28th, 1901; series of Cymatophora duplaris from Wyre
Forest, Sutton, and Hay Woods, near Knowle; those from Wyre (a
long series) were typical, with well-marked transverse markings and
quite pale median bands; whilst those from Sutton and Hay Woods
were all dark, and approaching a unicolorous character, the pale
markings practically gone and the dark ones indistinct, one dark band
beyond the middle being fairly distinct, and the others quite faint. He
said others he had from Tamworth were also of this dark form, and
suggested that it might be due to the neighbourhood of Birmingham
to these three localities; also a fine variety of Xanthia lutea Strom.
(st/ago, Hb.), from Hampton-in-Arden, which showed a broad intensified
median band and an intensified costal spot near the base of the wings,
and practically no other markings, the small spots being absent; also
Cymatophora octogesima and other insects from Wyre Forest.—Mr. A. H.
Martineau, Volucella inanis from Littleham, South Devon, where it was
taken on rubus flowers on August 6th, 1902.—Mr. J. T. Fountain,
Cherocampa elpenor bred from larvee found near Shirley in 1901; also
a series of Spilosoma menthastri bred from a nearly unicolorous one; a
few resembled the parent, and these, he said, appeared first.—Mr. R. C.
Bradley, Aculeata from Barmouth, 1902: Ayenia variegata, a good
series of both sexes, taken in June and August; and Sapyga 5-punctata,
a series with one male only, taken in June; both must have been com-
mon, but hard to take.—Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, rare Tachinide:
Parexonista fimbriata from Tan-y-bwleh, North Wales, 1901; and
Phytomyptera nitidiventris from Bournemouth, 1901; both taken by
Mr. R. C. Bradley.—Mr. W. H. Flint exhibited the following Lepido-
ptera :—Drymonia chaonia, a fine bred one from the Forest of Dean
district; Notodonta trepida, found at Kingswood, just emerged; Larentia
cuculata (sinuata) and Acidalia rubiginata (rubricata), one of each, from
South Devon, between Marychurch and Newton Abbott; also three very
fine varieties of Larentiasordidata (elutata) from the Forest of Dean, which
showed a broad pale median band, with a broad dark hind marginal
band, and a broad dark band before the median one; also Sesia chrysi-
diformis and S. ichneumoniformis from the Forest of Dean district; of
the latter he showed a fine series, and said he had traced it to its
headquarters, where he found it commonly flying over trefoils and other
low-growing flowers; he could have taken two dozen a day easily; also
a fine specimen of Lycena semiargus (acts), which he took himself at
Wolvey, in Warwickshire, in 1896. He did not recognize it till he got
it home, but it is in fine condition and unmistakable ; also a specimen of
Augiades comma, said to have been taken in Warwickshire, near Stone-
leigh, but needing confirmation.
ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1902. D2
330 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
October 20th.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.—
Mr. C. J. Wainwright showed a specimen of Meriania argentifera, Meig.,
a Tachinid new to Britain, taken by Mr. W. J. Lucas in the New Forest
on April 30th last; also M. puparum for comparison.—Mr. W. H.
Flint, various Lepidoptera: Larentia unangulata from Yardley and Hay.
Wood; L. sordidata (elutata), and L. autumnalis, Strém. (impluviata,
Hb.), showing a great range of variation; Boarmia repandata, dark
specimens, one from Sutton very black, but not suffused, the markings
clear but all very dark grey, not brown; also others from Forest of
Dean almost as black, and a dark one from South Yorkshire, which,
however, was brown and not grey in colour; dark Hybernia leuco-
phearia from the Forest of Dean; Lygris populata, dark suffused speci-
mens from near Glasgow; Calymnia trapezina, a very dark specimen
from Sutton of a deep olive green, nearly black; Hybernia marginaria,
nearly black suffused specimens from Sutton; Larentia suffumata, a
suffused but not black specimen, also from Sutton. He pointed out
that amongst these specimens were four species from Sutton with more
or less tendency towards melanism.—Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, a series
of the Midland species of the coleopterous genus Cercyon, Leach ; four-
teen species out of the total of eighteen found in Britain occur near
Knowle, including granarius and quisquilius—Mr. J. T. Fountain,
Lepidoptera, including Mamestra serena from Sutton, Knowle, Spark-
brook, &¢.; Dianthecia nana (conspersa) from Jersey ; Hurymene dolabraria
from the Wyre Valley; &¢.—Mr. G. W. Wynn, various Lepidoptera,
including Hylophila bicolorana (quercana), two fine specimens taken in
Wyre Forest on August 22nd last; Ayrotis neylecta, one fine one taken
at the same time and place; Zeuzera pyrina, a pair from Hampton-in-
Arden taken in cop., the female being quite double the size of the male ;
and Metopsilus porcellus, taken at Hampden-in-Arden on June 26th last.
—Coxsran J. Warinwericut, Hon. Sec.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE HNTomoLoGicaL Socimry.—The opening
meeting of the winter session, held on October 18th, in the Royal
Institution, Liverpool, was largely attended. In the unavoidable
absence of the President, Mr. 8. J. Capper, Dr. John Cotton, F.E.S.,
of St. Helen’s, occupied the chair.—Mr. EK. J. B. Sopp proposed, and
Mr. F. C. Thompson seconded, that Messrs. Oscar Whittaker, of
Bolton; James Roland Charnley, F.E.S., of Preston; A. G. Walling-
ton, of Warrington; John Lea, and J. Jervis Richardson, of Liver-
pool, be elected members of the Society. It was unanimously decided
to hold the next meeting in Liverpool, on Nov. 10th, and that a
meeting be held in Warrington, on Dec. 8th, provided the secretaries
were able to make all necessary arrangements for the same. A large
and interesting display of insects was shown by members, amongst
the more striking being the following :—Fine series of Lepidoptera
captured during 1902, by Dr. J. Cotton, on Simonswood Moss and in
North Devon, in exhibiting which he gave much valuable information
regarding the methods employed in the taking of Notodonta dicteoides.
Captures at the Delamere field-meeting by Mr. F. N. Pierce included
excellent specimens of the local J'ephrosia biundularia var. delamerensis,
Cidaria corylata, Thera variata, and’ other moths.—Mr. C. F. Johnson
exhibited very fine black varieties of Zygena minos. Mr. J. R. le
SOCIETIES. 331
Brockton Tomlin, F.E.S., a valuable collection of British Coleoptera,
containing, amongst other scarce species, series of recent captures of
the very rare Hydrovatus clypeatus, a water-beetle that had not been
taken for many years; the rare ‘“‘skipjacks,”’ Hlater miniatus, F.. lythro-
pterus, and EF. sanguinolentus; Anthaxia nitidula, Agrilus biguttatus,
and Cryptocephalus sexpunctatus, from the New Forest; Phosphenus
hemipterus, from Southampton; and the beautiful longicorn, Saperda
scalaris, from Sherwood.—Dr. G. W. Chaster, recent captures in the
Southport district, which included many unique additions to the
Lancashire county list. Of the many species in his exhibit, perhaps
the following attracted most attention :—Medon obsoletus, Thinobius
brevipennis, Pseudopsis sulcata, Anisotoma furva, and A. ciliaris. The
extremely local Ammecius brevis, Aigialia rufa, Telephorus darwinianus,
Gymnetron collinus and G. linaria, and Ceuthorrhynchus euphorbia.—My.
J.T. Wardley, a case of Cossus ligniperda, bred from Formby larve ;
and Mr. Oulton Harrison (Wavertree), on behalf of Rev. T. Eddrup,
a box of Eimmetica cervinata, from Bremhill, Wilts, kindly sent for
distribution.—Mr. R. Tait, fine varieties of Boarmia repanduta, some
rosy forms of dgrotis agathina, a beautiful series of A. ripe from
Cumberland, and bred varieties of Acidalia contiguaria, including two
unique aberrations.—Mr. J. Roland Charnley, a fine male Chryso-
phanus dispar.—Mr. J. Collins, long bred series of Hupithecia debiliata,
from Stafford; Crambus warringtonellus ; C. hamellus, from Lancashire
Mosses, Lithosia sericea, and Exeretia allisella. — Mr. H. B. Prince,
a remarkably fine series of H'rebia cassiope, and other species.—Mr. B.
Crabtree, a long series of Canonympha typhon (davus) var. rothliebt,
arranged to show the extreme range of variation on the under side.
Mr. W. Raeper, Scotch captures during the present season, including
many interesting moths.—Mr. J. Jervis Richardson, exotic Lepido-
ptera, including Jntomeris io, reared this season; also a series of
beautifully produced photographs of British lepidopterous larve.
Mr. E. J. B. Sopp, a collection of palearctic and exotic Forficulide,
which included representatives of our giant Christchurch earwig,
Labidura riparia; Anisolabis mauritanica, from Tunis; Spongiphora
Croceipennis lherminieri, from Santo Espirito (Brazil) ; Chelidura
bolivari, from Castile; Apterygida japonica, from Japan, and Forjicula
pubescens, a Southern-EKuropean earwig recently taken at Colchester by
Mr. Harwood.
The usual monthly meeting was held in the Royal Institution,
Liverpool, on November 10th, Dr. J. Cotton (St. Helens) in the chair.—
Messrs. Oscar Whittaker (Bolton), J. R. Charnley, F.E.S. (Preston),
A. G. Wallington (Warrington), John Lea, and J. J. Richardson
(Liverpool) were duly elected members of the Society.—The arrange-
ments made for the forthcoming meeting to be held in Warrington
having been approved, a highly interesting paper on ‘“‘ Some Famous
Collecting Grounds” was communicated by Mr. Oulton Harrison
(Wavertree), whose instructive descriptive account of various entomo-
logical *‘ centres”’ in Switzerland and Britain was rendered still more
attractive by nearly two hundred lantern views. Many of the typical
lepidopterous and other denizens of the Meiringen district, Lucerne,
Rosenlaui, &¢., were enumerated, and descriptions given of favourite
haunts of some of our insular insects and birds in the New, Epping,
332 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and Delamere Forests. A hearty vote of thanks having been accorded
the lecturer, the following exhibits were described and shown :—British
Donacia, by Messrs. J. F. Dutton and J. R. le B. Tomlin; Emmetica
cervinata (Wilts), by Mr. O. Harrison; Lithoside, by Mr. F. N. Pierce ;
hymenopterous captures during 1902, by Mr. F. Birch; Trigonogenius
globulum from Hoylake, and Ixodide from leg of a tortoise, by Mr. W. H.
Jennings; Metecus paradowus, and recent coleopterous captures at
Liverpool, by Mr. Guy A. Dunlop; some magnificent exotic Lepido-
ptera, and photographic slides of British lepidopterous larve shown
upon the screen, by Mr. J. Jervis Richardson; and Coleoptera from
the Sibutu and Sulu Islands, by Mr. EH. J. Burgess Sopp.—E. J.
Burecess Sopp, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
J. W. Turr.—British Lepidoptera. Vol. iii. 558 pages. London:
Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Paternoster Square, H.C.
Ir is pleasant to be able to review such an eminently satisfactory
book as is the third volume of ‘ British Lepidoptera.’ Its predecessors
were very welcome, but to a large number of entomologists the mass
of material relating to the ‘ Micros’’ was probably unread, and thus
a large portion of vols. i. and ii. appealed only to a limited number.
This third volume, therefore, should find more support, as the species
treated of are all very well known to the great majority of collectors.
The minutie inevitably involved in such an undertaking are again
manifest, and with what effect they have been utilized it is for each
individual to judge for himself. It is strongly to be hoped that the
necessary increased support will be forthcoming, and that many more
numbers are in store for us.
The super-family Lachneides is continued, and the first species
treated is Pachygastria trifolii, which occupies exactly thirty pages.
Following this comes the species that has doubtless caused more
research and taken up more time than any hitherto already done, viz.,
Lasiocampa quercus. Preceding the description and all that follows
concerning the life-history of the type and its numerous forms and
varieties, is a summary of the experimental work in the hybridizing of
the different local races. Although nominally we have no chapter to
commence vol. iii., this summary of hybridization is a very good sub-
stitute, and has as much general interest as any such that has appeared
in the previous volumes. By the time the ‘Times of Appearance,”
‘‘ Habits,” ‘‘ Localities,” &c., have all been worked through, eighty
pages have been covered over this species alone, and it is doubtful if
anything of any moment concerning this insect can have escaped
Mr. Tutt’s attention.
Passing on to Macrothylacia rubi and Cosmotriche potatoria, perhaps
one of the most interesting collection of facts is to be found in the
length and diversified character of the habits of the larve of these two
species. To the former as much as five and a half pages are alone
given to this part of the scheme. Gastropacha ilicifolia comes, in its
RECENT LITERATURE. 338
turn, with full descriptions of larva, cocoon, pupa, food-plants. para-
sites, and so on ; and the collector will doubtless read with avidity the
‘‘ Habits and Habitat’ section.
Under Dimorpha versicolora the question of its allies is freely dis-
cussed, and the reader is referred back to vol. i., pp. 124-125, and
vol ii., p. 440, for further discussion. One cannot help wishing, however,
that the author would point out where (when possible) the imaginal
characters are in agreement with the biological ones in assigning, or
‘helping to assign, a position to a sub-family. The larval and pupal
habits under this species are again full of interest, and cannot fail to
engage the attention of both student and collector.
At p. 265 the super-family Attacides is brought under review. In
the Preface the author says he is ‘‘ entirely dissatisfied with his know-
ledge of the relationships of the various families of the Saturniides
(Attacides) inter se, of those of the Sphingides inter se, and of these two
super-families to each other.’’”’ It, however, cannot be that he has not
probed deep enough, for the thirty pages or so, before our only British
Attacid (Saturnia pavonia) is treated, require the closest attention of
the reader. The very thorough examination and diagnoses of the
characters afforded by the larve of the Attacides will call for time and
thought for full digestion.
From p. 342 to the end of the volume the classification and position
of the Sphingides are discussed, and the complete natural history of
the British species of Amorphinze and Hemarine recorded. Starting
with Linneus, and working through Fabricius, Scopoli, Lamarck,
Latreille, Hiibner, Laspeyre, Oken, Leach, Dalman, Ochsenheimer,
Swainson, Boisduval, Stephens, Curtis, Duponchel, Duncan, and
Westwood, a very complete review is given of the generic synonymy
of the British Sphingids, and at the close a list of the types of the
genera deduced is set forth. Another long diagnosis is given to the
history of the super-family, and, starting with Réaumer, the works of
Hubner, Stephens, Grote and Robinson, Butler, Herrick-Schiffer,
Meyrick, Poulton, and Dyar, are all brought under the focus in the
order given. On pp. 365-866 is a scheme, drawn up by Bacot, for
separation into genera, based on larval characters, and close following
is a family and sub-family division proposed by Chapman. Concerning
the latter, one notes that the Sesiine are only separated from the
Kumorphine by the tufts to the abdomen, a character that certainly
does not hold good throughout. Perhaps in vol. iv. some better
character will be furnished when the true Macroglossids come to be
reviewed. The high specialisations of both larva, pupa, and imago
are fully discussed. The details concerning the pupa offer food for
reflection, both as regards the proboscis-casing and the varying
position of the glazed eye, which latter, if we are not mistaken, is
brought forward for the first time. We have descriptions given of all
the different hybrids produced in the Amorphine, not the least
interesting being the comparison between the hybrids produced by
Amorpha populi and Smerinthus ocellata, and hybrids from Amorpha
austautt and Smerinthus atlanticus. A very complete classification of
the forms and aberrations of Mimas tilig is to hand at p. 404, and the
same long lists of localities are given, showing in many cases unsus-
pected curtailment or otherwise in the range of distribution. On
don THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
reference, for instance, to Hemaris fuciformis, 16 is noted as ‘ exceed-
ingly rare, if not entirely absent in Scotland and Ireland.” No one,
after this, will deny that these extended lists serve a purpose other
than that for the collector.
In conclusion, there is only one matter we really regret, and that
is that we have had to wait two years for the present instalment. It
is pretty certain, however, that the book is all the more complete.
Wed 3 ae
Recent Economic Literature.
(By G. W. Kirxanpy, F.E.8.)
G. Darsoux and C. Howarp. ‘‘Hilfsbuch fir das Sammeln der
Zoocecidien mit Beriicksichtigung der Nahrpflanzen Kuropas und
des Mittelmeergebietes,” pp. xiiand 68. Berlin, 1902. Gebriider
Borntraeger.
Tus is a list of the “ gall-makers ” of Hurope and the basin of the
Mediterranean, arranged under their respective plants, the latter being
catalogued alphabetically under their genera and species. The location
of the attack is also indicated by signs. The title-page and preface
are in German and I’rench, and there is an alphabetical appendix of
183 genera of gall-makers. The little work is plainly but well ‘ got
up,” and of convenient compass, and should be indispensable to
students of galls and economic entomologists generally.
ProceEpines of the 18th Annual Meeting of the Association of Kco-
nomic Hntomologists (1902, U.S. Dep. Agric. Hntom. n.s.
Bull. xxxi. pp. 1-103 ; two plates and four text fig.).
Amone the numerous interesting papers read at the 1901 meeting
were KE. P. Ginuerre’s account of the Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomo-
nella), and notes on Colorado Insects; H. P. Frenr, on the Hessian Fly
(Cectdomyia destructor), and observations on forest and shade tree
insects in New York State; W. M. Scorr and W. F. Fisxs, on ‘ Jar-
ring for the Curculio,” with a list of tbe numerous Rhynchota and
Coleoptera collected ; OC. L. Maruart’s Preliminary Report on the San
José Scale; and H. Gossarp’s Review of the Whitefly (Alewrodes citrt)
problem. The discussion on the San José Seale ( Aspidiotus pernictiosus)
seems to have been very animated, Marlatt and Howard holding that
the pest was introduced from America into Japan, while Cockerell and
Kellogg considered that it came to America vid Japan. The Japanese
forms were generally considered to be the true perniciosus.
EK. E. Green. ‘ Mosquitoes and Malaria’’ (1901, December, Botanic
Gardens, Ceylon ; Circular, 1st series, no. 25, pp. 345-68).
In common with all other practical investigators, Green holds that
the connection between malarial fever and mosquitoes has passed out
of the hypothetical stage; the only debatable point, even about which
there is very little difference of opinion, is ‘‘ whether the mosquito is
RECENT LITERATURE. Fa)
the sole medium of infection.’’ The ‘‘ mosquito”—of which twenty
species belonging to nine genera are noted as Sinhalese, though only
one species, viz. Anopheles rossit, Giles, ‘‘ has been definitely proved to
convey the malarial germs’’—is pronounced guilty of an appalling
series of crimes; malarial fever, filariasis (including elephantiasis),
excessive anemia, yellow fever, and ‘‘ after-effects ’’ following repeated
attacks of malaria, such as the dangerously enlarged spleen so preva-
lent amongst natives, derangement of the liver, &c., ‘‘ Bright’s Disease,”
‘&e. It is therefore obvious that practical studies in the most minute
detail are of the highest national importance, and it is remarkable that
British entomological journals should have devoted so little attention
to notices of some part at least of the vast amount of work already
done.* It is evident from perusal of the daily and weekly news-
papers that an enormous amount of misconception and pig-headed
ignorance as to the causes of malarial fever, &c., still remains to be
combatted.
As these Circulars are primarily for the benefit of residents in
Ceylon, not specially entomologists, the present one is necessarily to a
certain extent a compilation ; at the same time the whole subject is
very adequately treated in the brief space at the author’s disposal, and
it is evident that Mr. Green has thoroughly and practically investigated
the details discussed.
Preventive measures are considered at some length.
1. ‘* Those aimed at the extermination of the mosquito”; and 2. ** The
elimination of the malarial element.—To destroy the early stages in their
breeding-pools, as advocated by L. O. Howard, rags soaked in kerosine
are employed for painting the surface of the water, thus forming a
thin film, which is rapidly fatal to the inhabitants of the pools. Of
course this treatment is not feasible for drinking-water ; the tanks or
cisterns for this should be constructed with closely fitting covers.
Moreover, as the oil is as destructive to plants as to animals, it is in-
applicable for ornamental lakes containing water-plants. or for rice-
fields. A good system of drainage of useless pools is strongly advo-
cated. For protection against the adults, ‘‘ mosquito cones,’ castor-
oil plants, &e., are considered entirely useless; the isolation of active
‘cases’? of malarial fever and the proper use of quinine are advo-
cated.
3. “ Protection from the bites of mosquitoes. —The construction of
mosquito-proof bungalows, such as have been experimentally erected
in Africa and Italy, and are in use in America, is recommended ;
but Mr. Green fears that the question of expense and the esthetic
feeling of those who would dislike to reside in a huge meat-safe
are likely to prevail at present. The use of properly constructed
mosquito-nets and applications of various substances, particularly
common soap, are advised, the latter being very effective for curative
purposes.
Joun B. Surra discusses interesting insecticide experiments at some
length in ‘The Entomologists’ Experimental Orchard” (1902, New
Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta., Buli. 155, pp. 1-71).
* See, however, ‘ Entomologist,’ 1900, pp. 183, 218, 363, &c.
336 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Matcotm Burr. ‘The Karwigs of Ceylon.” 1902, Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1901, pp. 59-78 and 816-36; two plates (one
coloured).
A vALUABLE account of the Sinhalese Forficularia, which are of
Special interest as embracing the long enigmatic Dyscritina, now,
through the researches of EH. EK. Green, known to be the larva of
Diplatys. After an introduction dealing with the external morphology
of the group,* the genera and species are fully discussed systematically.
Fifteen genera and thirty-five species (four new) are credited to the
fauna; of these seventeen are precinctive, ten confined to the Southern
Oriental Region, three extend over this and also over the Malayan
Archipelago, one of the latter also over Polynesia; one is found in the
Kamemns, and in Ceylon, and four are cosmopolitan. The large pro-
portion—practically 50 per cent.—of precinctive species is doubtless
due largely to the indifference of collectors in the Oriental Region.
The two plates, by Mr. Schuster, are carefully drawn and effective.
Geographical Distribution.—R. F. Scuarrr publishes a preliminary
note on the influence of the Pyrenees on the animal migrations be-
tween France and Spain. ‘The details are taken from Vertebrata and
Mollusca, with the exception of a reference to the butterfly Parnassius
apollo, but the conclusions will be interesting to other workers. Dr.
Scharff states (a) that although the Pyrenees formed an obstacle to
the migration of animals between France and Spain, and vice versa,
nevertheless they would readily be able to go round on the east and
west sides; and (() that the older, widely distributed species have
travelled mostly over the mountain-ridges. It is also to be accepted
as a fact that this migration took place in most cases before the Ice
Age (‘* Uber den Hinfluss der Pyreniien auf die Tierwanderungen
zwischen Frankreich und Spanien,’ 1902 Verh. VY. Internat. Zool.
Congr. Berlin, 1901, pp. 1-5 [sep. ?] )
Rhynchota.—Mrs. C. H. Fernatp discusses the application of the
type of the Linnean genus Coccus, and concludes that that distinetion
should be conferred upon hesperidum Linné. Coccus, therefore, replaces
Lecanitum Burmeister (= Calypticus and Calymnatus Costa). The
species so long known as Coccus cacti will, as shown by Cockerell,
now bear the name Monophlebus cacti. We are glad to learn that Mrs.
Fernald will soon publish a synonymic Catalogue of the Coccide.
Owing to their economic importance, stability in their nomenclature
is more important even than in other groups, and many wide changes
have been effected in this respect since the appearance, in January,
1899, of the first supplement to Cockerell’s Check-list (1902, “On
the type of the genus Coccus, L.” Canadian Entom., pp. 232-8).
* Mr. Burr believes that many ‘‘so-called cases of gynandromorphism
are merely males with one branch of the forceps undeveloped, ¢. ¢. simple,
and resembling those of the female. In all the instances that I have seen
there have been nine abdominal segments visible, as in the normal male.”
yy’ ¢ a} /,
, pH
yy V
/ SPECIAL INDEX.
New Genera and Species are marked with an asterisk.
COLEOPTERA.
Acanthocinus edilis, 135
Adalia bipunctata, 31, 64
Aigialia rufa, 124
Agabus arcticus, 324; nebulosus, 137
Agrilus sinuatus, 322; viridis, 322
Aleochara fuscipes, 324
Ammeecius brevis, 363
Anchomenus gracilis, 344; thoreyi, 344
Anisotoma picea, 363
Anomala frischi, 344
Anoplodera sexguttata, 135, 323
Anthaxia nitidula, 322
Antherophagus silaceus, 363
Anthicus bimaculatus, 363; floralis,
SL
Aphodius lapponum, 186
Apoderus coryli, 135, 232
Asemum striatum, 323
Attelabus curculionoides, 232, 360
Bagous cylindricus, 137, 363
Balaninus venosus, 135
Bembidium monticola, 135 ; nigricorne,
186 ; schuppeli, 161
Bradycellus collaris, 324
Bryaxis juncorum, 135
Buprestis sanguinea, 321, 323
Byturus sambuci, 136
Calandra oryze, 344
Caltha palustris, 324
Campylus linearis, 344
Carabus arvensis, 186; glabratus, 186,
363; hampei, 64; nitens, 186
Cassida equestris, 290, 323
Cerambyx edilis, 298
Ceuthorhynchus sulcicollis, 133 ; quer-
ceti, 344
Ceuthorrhynchidius dawsoni, 363
Chlenius nigricornis, 364; vestitus, 136
Chrysomela cerealis, 364; salisburien-
sis, 59
Cicindela campestris, 104
Coccinella sedecim-guttata, 323; 19-
punctata, 344
Colydium elongatum, 322
Corymbites eneus, 135
Crepidodera modeeri, 344
Crioceris asparagi, 31, 135, 136
Crypticus, 344
Crytophagus pubescens, 324
Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 344
Cteniopus sulphureus, 135
Cychrus rostratus, 232
Deporaiis betulw, 232
Diabrotica 12-punctata, vittata, 300
Disonycha argentinensis,* 147; caroli-
ana, 148; costipennis, 147; creni-
collis, 148; floridana,* 146 ; glabrata,
148 ; labiata,* 148; pennsylvanica,
147; venezuelx,* 148
Donacia aftinis, 344; bicolor, 231; cin-
erea, 231; clavipes, 344; comara,
344; crassipes, 323; discolor, 231,
324; impressa, 344; menyanthidis,
344; semicuprea, 231, 344; sericea,
231, 323; simplex, 231; versicolorea,
323
Dytiscus circumflexus, 140; marginalis,
118; punctulatus, 107, 118
Klater pomorum, 232
Erirhinus nereis, 344
Hros aurora, 135
Galeruca lineola, nymphes, sagittarie,
344; tenella, 344, 363
Gastroidea viridulis, 118
Geotrypes spiniger, 63
Glyphoderes sterquilinus, 209
Gymnetron pascuorum, 344
Gymuusa brevicollis, 256
Heliocopris gigas, 183
Hister marginatus, 321
Homalota trinotata, 324
Hydrena nigrita, 363
Hydrochus elongatus, 363
Hydrothassa hanoverana, 324
Hylastinus obscurus, 361
Hypocephalus armatus, 59
Lachophilus interruptus, 344
Lemophleeus ater, 361
Larinus carline, 135
Leiopus nebulosus, 323
Leptinotarsa 10-lineata, 64
Lucanus cervus, 256
Malthodes dispar, 344
Medon castaneus, 322
Melasis buprestoides, 135, 322
Melasoma zneum, 136; cupreum, 64
b
11 INDEX.
Melolontha solstitialis, 106
Metzcus paradoxus, 324
Microzoum, 344
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, 210
Necrophorus ruspator, 106
Notiophilus expunctatus, 135
Odontzus mobilicornis, 209
Onthophagus vacca, 62
Orina, 59
Orthochetes setiger, 363
Pathocerus wagneri, 209
Phloeophthorus rhododactylus, 361
Phlceopora corticalis, 363
Phyllobrotica 4-maculata, 135
Phyllotreta nemorum, 124; undulata,
124
Phytodecta rufipes, 232
Platydema violaceum, 322
Psammeechus bipunctatus, 344
Psylliodes cyanoptera, 133; duleamare,
tricina, 344
Pterostichus «thiops, 186; striola, 232
Ptinus brunneus, 64
Pyrophorus noctilucus, 210
Rhagium bifasciatum, 231
Rhinoncus gramineus, 363
Rhizobius jujube, 127
Rhizotrogus solstitialis, 250
Rhynchites cupreus, 324
Saperda scalaris, 135
Scolytus intricatus, 322
Silis ruficollis, 344
Silpha biguttata, 183; sinuata, 363
Sinodendron ecylindricum, 136, 137
Sitones cambricus, 136
Spherites glabratus, 324
Stenocorus fasciatus, 63
Stilicus, 135
Strangalia nigra, 323
Tachypus flavipes, 135
Telephorus abdominalis, 324; darwini-
anus, 324; figuratus, 344
Tetraphalerus wagneri, 209
Trichius fasciatus, 135
Velleius dilatatus, 321
Xantholinus linearis, 324
DIPTERA.
Actina tibialis, 203
Anopheles, 121
Anthrax fenestralis, 29; fenestrata, 29,
137; flava, 137; paniscus, 28, 137,
203, 362
Asilus crabroniformis, 187
Atherix crassipes, 28
Beris vallata, 345
Bittacomorpha clayipes, 140
Calobata petronella, 345
Cecidomyia campanule, 276; destructor,
64; pruni, 276; salicis, 274
Ceromasia spectabilis, 345
Ceroxys crassicornis, 345; crassipennis, °
136
Chironomus plumosus, 120
Chrysogaster hirtella, macquarti, 345
Chrysops relictus, 345
Chrysotoxum festivum, 203
Cordylura, 29; albipes, apicalis, 345
Corethra asiatica,* Giles, 196; plumi-
cornis, 122
Culex, 121; albopectus, 193; guberna-
torius,* Giles, 194; fasciatus, 192;
notoscriptus, 192; pseudoteniatus,*
Giles, 192; pulchriventer,* Giles, 194;
scutellaris, 193; teniatus, 192; tri-
teeniorhynchus,* Giles, 192
Didea alneti, fasciata, intermedia, 137
Dioctria rufipes, 345
Dysmachus trigonus, 203, 345
Ensnia sonchi, 136, 202
Hristalis sepulchralis, 345
Gastrophilus equi, 63
Hematopota italica, 158; pluvialis, 136,
345
Helophilus lineatus, versicolor, 345
Hippobosea equina, 63
Hoplogaster bicolor, mollicula, 345
Hyetodesia errans, variabilis, 345
Hypoderma bovis, 63
Leptis, 28
Leucozona lucorum, 345
Limnia marginata, rufifrons, ungru-
cornis, 187
Liogaster splendida, 345
Melanochelia riparia, 345
Melanostoma hyalinatum, 137
Melophagus ovinus, 63
Microchrysa flavicornis, polita, 345
Mochlonyx, 196
Morinia nana, 345
Notiphila uliginosa, 345
Odontomyia ornata, 158; tigrina, 158,
345; viridula, 158
(Hstrus ovinus, ovis, 63
Oncomyia atra, 203
Oxycera pulchella, 137, 158, 203; trilin-
eata, 158
Pelecocera tricincta, 137
Physocephala rufipes, 203
Pipunculus confusus, 345
Platychirus fulviventris, 345
Polietes lardaria, 345
Pteropectria frondescentrix, 203, 345
Pyrophena ocymi, rosarum, 345
Rivellia syngenesiz, 203
Sargus flavipes, 158
Sciomyza albocostata, 345
Sepedon sphegeus, 187; spinipes, 187,
345
Sphenella marginata, 202
INDEX. lil
Spilographa alternata, 202
Stegomyia gubernatorius,* 194; pseudo-
teniatus,* 192; scutellaris, 193
Stratiomys chameleon, 137, 203
Tabanus anilis, annulata, 158; bromius,
29
Teniorhynchus ager,* Giles, 196
Tephritis bardanz, 136, 202; miliaria,
202; tessellata, 136, 202; vespertina,
203
Tipula maculosa, oleracea, 124
Trichocera, 40
Tropidia milesiformis, 345
Trypeta cornuta, tussilaginis,
202
Urellia eluta, stellata, 136, 203
Urophora solstitialis, 202
Volucella zonaria, 187
136,
HYMENOPTERA.
Aglaoapis,* Cameron, 262 ; brevipennis, *
Cam., 262
Allantus arcuatus, 360
Ammophila campestris, hirsuta, 137 ;
sabulosa, 137, 202
Andrena apicata, ambigua, 187; bi-
maculata, 136, 201, 202; bicolor, 201;
cetii, 136, 201, 202; cingulata, 136;
coitana, 201; fucata, 187; gwynana,
201; helvola, 187; lapponica, 187;
minutula, 345; nigriceps, 201 ; simil-
lima, 201; tridentata, 201; varians,
187
Andricus cirratus, curvator, inflator,
quadrilineatus, ramuli, 275; termin-
alis, 270
Anthidium manicatum, 201
Astata boops, 135, 136, 202
Aulax rheeadis, 271
Bassus leetatorius, 344
Biorhiza aptera, 272; terminalis, 272,
275
Blennocampa albipes, ephippium, fusci-
pennis, 344
Callimone equalis, 274; affinis, 270;
angelice, 272; autumnalis, 275;
chloromerus, 274; confinis, 275; cy-
nipedes, 271; dauci, 275; devonien-
sis, 272; eurynotus, 271; formosus,
275; inconstans, lateralis, 272; lepto-
cerus, 275; littoralis, 270; macro-
ptera, minutus, mutabilis, 275; no-
tatus, pubescens, 270; quadricolor,
regalis, roboris, 272; rosaceus, 271;
rudis, subterraneus, 272
Cephus linearis, pygmeeus, 344, 345
Chelostoma campanulum, 136
Chrysis viridula, 136 ;
Cilissa, 202; hemorrhoidalis, leporina,
201
Cleptes pallipes, 187, 202
Ceelioxys acuminata, elongata, 201
Colletes fodiens, succincta, 201
Collyria calcitrator, 344
Crabro anxius, 202; chrysostoma, crib-
rarius, 202; clavipes, 136,345 ; pan-
zeri, palmarius, 202; peltarius, 345;
quadrimaculatus, 136, 202; tibialis,
136
Crypturus fulvipes, 330
Cynips kollari, 272
Diastrophus rubi, 275
Dinura stilata, 344
Diodontus minutus, tristis, 202
Diomorus armatus, nobilis, 270
Diplolepis juniperi, 274
Dryophanta divisa, 272 ; folii, 272; longi-
ventris, 271
Eciton sumichrasti, 140
Emphytus calceatus, 344
Entomognathus brevis, 202
Epeolus, 202; productus, 201
Kriocampa annulipes, 344
Formica rufa, 209
Gorytes quinquecinctus, 360
Halictus eylindricus, 201, 345; albipes,
201, 345; rubicundus, 201; zonulus,
201
Hedychrum rutilans, 361
Holaspis holaspis, militaris, 271
Ichneumon albicinctus, 344; bedegu-
aris, 273; erucarum, fulgens, 271;
juniperi, 274
Lasius fuliginosus, 137; niger, 184
Macrophya albicincta, 12-punctata, 344
Megachile centuncularis, maritima, 201
Mellinus sabulosus, 135, 136, 202
Mimesa equestris, 135, 202
Monodontomerus obscurus,
270
Myrmosa melanocephala, 202
Nematus abdominalis, 344; cinerea,
345; fulvipes, 344; gallicola, 273,
274; ribesii, 344; salicis, 345 ; vallis-
nerii, 273
Neuroterus lenticularis, 274, 275
Nomada flavoguttata, laterales, 136 ; ob-
tusifrons, 136, 201; solidaginis, 201
Nysson dimidiatus, 136, 202
Odynerus callosus, 202; gracilis, 136 ;
parietum, 345 ; pictus, 202
Oligosthenus stigma, 271
Ophion luteum, 62
Osmia, 59; aurulenta, 136, 187; bi-
color, cerulescens, xanthomelana, 136
Oxybelus uniglumis, 202
Parevaspis, 262
Pemphredon lugubris, 202
Perdita affinis, albipennis, 190; asteris,
bigelovie, 191; bruneri, crawfordi,*
b2
dentipes,
lv
Cockerell, 190; phymate, 191; per-
pallida,* Cock.,190; maura,* Cock.,
vagans, 191; wootone, 190
Perilissus fumatus, 344
Perisemus triareolatus, 344
Pheogenes collaris, 344
Poecilosoma excisum, guttatum, liturata,
344
Polistes, 331
Pompilus niger, 202; viaticus, 202
Pteromalus, 274 |
Rhodites eglanteriw, 270
Rhogas circumscriptus, 344
Rhyssa persuasoria, 344
Salius propinquus, 360
Selandria morio, 344
Sirex gigas, 136, 344, 345; juvencus,
136
Sphecodes, 202
Spinoliella australior, 191
Stelis, 262; aterrima, 201
Syntomaspis cyanea, 271;
pubescens, saphirina, 270
Tachytes pectinipes, 136, 202
Telenomus grapte, 211
Tenthredo atra, moniliata, punctulata,
344
Tenthredopsis tiliw, 344
fastuosa,
INDEX.
Tiphia femorata, 135, 202; minuta, 136,
202
| Torymus abbreviatus, 273; abdominalis,
affinis, 272; amethystinus, amcenus,
appropinquus, 274; armatus, 270;
auratus, 275; azureus, 272; bedegu-
aris, 273; campanule, 276 ; caudatus,
270, 272; chlorinus, chlorocopes, 274 ;
chrysocephalus, 272; compressus,
275; cyaneus, 271; dauci, 275; dru-
parum, 273; elegans, 273 ; erucarum,
271; euchlorus, 274; fastuosa, 270;
foerster1, 273; fulgens, fulgidus, 270;
fuscipes, 274; galii, gracilis, 275;
hibernans, 274; holaspis, 271; igni-
ceps, 274; juniperi, 274; macropterus,
muscarum, 275; nigricans, nobilis,
272; propinquus, 275; pruni, 276 ;
pubescens, 270; pumilis, 274; pur-
purascens, 275; regius, 272; sapphi-
rinus, 270; sodalis, 275; tipulari-
arum, 274; vallisnierii,* Cam., vari-
ans, 273; ventralis, 272 ; viridis, 276 ;
viridissimus, 275
Tryphon scotopterus, 344
Trypoxylon clavicerum, 136, 202; figu-
lus, 202
_ Xyphidria camelus, 34
RHYNCHOTA.
Acanthicus, 177 (urlz
Acanthocephala compressipes, latipes,
Acanthocerus, 219; sanctus, 178, 218
Acanthosoma griseum, 135
Acinocoris calidus, 218
Acocephalus, 219, 338; albifrons, 324
brunneobifasciatus, 30, 324; flavo-
striatus, 324
Acompus rufipes, 346
Actorus fossularum, 219
Acucephalus, 219, 279
AAlia acuminata, 135
Ajlioides inflexus, 135
AXthalia, 219
Agallia, 337, 338; consobrina, puncti-
ceps, 178, 339
Agapophyta bipunctata, 176
Agonosoma flavolineata, 178
Alebra, 338
Alidus, 219
Amaurus, 218
Amblycephalus viridis, 178
Amorgius, 6; americana, 114; dey-
rollii, 50; impressa, 114; indica, 51,
113, 215
Amphibolus venator, 176
Amphiscepa, 176
Anasa tristis, 300
Anisops breddini,* Kirk., ciliata, fie-
beri,* Kirk., nivea, productus, 5; vit-
reus, 6
Anisoscele foliaceus, 178, 219
Anisoscelis, 176
Anoplocnemis phasianus, 115
Anthocoris, 177 ; nemorum, 135
Apache,* Kirk. ; rosea, 6
Apheena, 176
Aphana, 219
Aphanus rolandri, 177
Aphelocheirus estivalis, 179
Aphis gossypii, 300
Aphrodes albifrons, 178, 338 ; brunneo-
bifasciata, flavostriata, fuscofasciata,
nervosa, rivularis, serratule, striata,
338; testudo, 178
Aphrophora, 49 [218
Apiomerus, 176; hirtipes, nigrilobus,
Aptus, 176
Aradus, 177
Areopus crassicornis, 340
Archimerus, 219
Arenocoris, 218
Arilus, 176
Arma, 177
Ascra bifida, 176
Asiraca clavicornis, 340
Asopus, 218
Aspidiotis (-us) duplex, 226; moorei,
peonie, 226; perniciosus, 233; rho-
dodendri, tesserata, thex, trilobiti-
formis, 226
Aspidotoma capitata, 178
Aspongopus janus, 178
Astacops, 219
INDEX. Vi
Atelocera armata, 178
Atelocerus, 219 [338
Athysanus obsoletus, striatus, striola,
Atractus cinereus, 177
Attus pulicarius, 177
Atypa gibba, 177
Augocoris, 219 [116
Austrocapsus,* Kirk.; martigena,* Kirk.
Azinecera, 176
Balclutha punctata, 338
Batrachomorphus irroratus, 219 ; micro-
cephala, 219, 339, 340
Bellocoris, 218
Belostomum, 219 [113
Belostoma, 6; fluminea, 116; indicus,
Benacus grisea, 114
Blissus hirtulus, 176; leucopterus, 300
Bocydium, 176; globularis, 179
Becula, 286
Bonacialis,*
Dist., 347
Bothriocera tinealis, 219
Brachyplatys vanikorensis, 219
Brachyrynchus membranaceus, orienta-
hiss i [178
Brachystethus geniculatus, marginatus,
Bryocoris, 176
Bythoscopus, 179 ; flavicollis, 346 ; lanio,
219, 339, 340; tilize, 340
Crelidia, 176
Calidea signata, 178
Caliscelis bonellii, 178; heterodoxa, 179
Callidea, 219
Calliscelis, 153
Calmar,* Kirk.; punctata, 6
Caloscelis, 219
Calymnatus acuminatus, angustatus,
flaveolus, hesperidum, longulus, min-
imus, nanus, schini, terminalis, viri-
dis, 91
Calypticus spumosus, 91
Calyptoproctus, 153; stigma, 151
Cantao ocellatus, 52
Catacanthus nigripes, 52
Centrotus cornutus, 323
Cephalelus, 219 ; infumatus, 177, 339
Cephalocterus, 219
Cephalocteus, 219; histeroides, 218
Ceptocris, 218
Cerascopus marginatus, 176
Cerbus, 176, 218; umbilicatus, 219
Cercopis lineata, spumaria, 338
Cerynia maria, 259
Chariesterus armatus, gracilis, 177
Chermes fuscus, 91; quercus, reni-
formis, 92 (249
Chionaspis myrthi, 93 ; retigera,* Cock.,
Chlenocoris impressus, 219
Chlamydatus marginatus, 178
Chondrocera laticornis, 177
Chorosoma arundinis, schillingi, 176
Chrysocoris stolli, 218
Chrysomphalusmimose, 226; phenax,*
Cock.; rossi, 225
Cicada, 187; bihamata, 49; clavicornis,
Distant, 346; dixoni,*
340; crassicornis, 340; flammata,
leechi, 49
Cicadella, 176
Cicadetta, 187; pellosoma, 50
Cicadula punctifrons, sexnotata, vari-
ata, 338
Ciccus, 176
Cicus, 177
Cimbus, 176, 219; versicolor, 178
Cixia, 219
Cixius, 153
Clinocoris, 218
Coccus alni, 92; amygdali, 93; betula,
carpini, 91; clematidis, coryli, costa-
tus, 92; crategi, 90; fuscus, 91; mes-
pili, 90; persiez, persicorum, tilir,
92; tuberculatus, 93; uva, 92 ; vitis,
90
Ceelidia venosa, 219
Colliocoris griseus, subapterus, 179
Colmadona,* Kirk., fenestratus, 6
Colobathristes, 219
Colpoptera, 219
Combophora, 179
Conorhinus, 177
Copius, 177
Coptosoma 218; globus, scutellatus, 178
Coranus, 179 ; pedestris, subapterus, 178
Corecoris cinnamomeus, 179
Corixa, 52; affinis,6; geoffroyi, 9 ; hiero-
glyphica, lateralis, 6
Corixia, 177
Corizus, 176
Cosmopsaltria few, hainanensis,* Dist.,
247; opalifera, 49
Craspedum, 88
Crinocerus, 219
Criomorphus albomarginatus, 178
Cryptostemma alienum, 176
Cryptotympana pustulata, 49
Cydonus, 218
Cylapus tenuicornis, 176
Cyllecoris, 218
Cymatia, 9
Cymus, 177; glandicolor, 346; clavyi-
culus, 219
Cyphonia ornata, trifida, 177
Cyphotes nodosa, 219
Cyptocoris lundii, 219
Dactylopius filamentosus, 224
Dasycoris hirticornis, 135
Dasynus coccocinctus, 218
Delphax, 153, 340
Deltocephalus, 337, 338; ocellaris, 338
Deroploa parva, 218
Diactor elegans, 178
Diaspis auranticolor, crawii var. fulleri,*
Cock., pentagona, 225
Dicraneura, 6, 339
Dicranomerus, 176; nugax, 219
Dictyonota eryngii, strichnocera, 176
Dictyophara, 153, 179; Dictyophora,
219
Dictyotus vilis, 52 [338
Dikraneura, 6, 338, 339; flavipennis,
Vil ‘
Dindymus sanguineus, 52
Dinidor, 176
Dinocoris, 219
Diplonychus rustica, 177
Discocephala marmorea, 178
Discocera, 178, 218
Discogaster, 219
Discomerus erosa, 177 [114
Disphinctus dudgeoni, 115; formosus,
Dorycephalus, 338
Dorydium infumatus, 219, 339; lanceo-
latum, 339; paradoxum, 219, 339;
westwoodi, 339
Dryptocephala, 178; brullei, 177
Dundubia opalifera, 49
Eetrichodia, 219
Ketrychotes, 219
Edessa, 176
Embolophora, 6, 340
Embolophpora, 340
Empicoris variolosus, 218
Empoasca smaragdula, 338
Entilia, 179, 219
Eodelphax,* irk., 39; serendiba,*
Kirk., 40 [39
EKogypona,* Kirk., 38; kirbyi, walkeri,
Huacanthus, 219, 338
Kuagoras, 219
Eulecanium alni, coryli, 92; fuscum,
91; persice, tilie, vini, 92
Kulopa, 176
Eumallia variegata, 218
Eumerus, 176 [178
Kupteryx atropunctata, 178, 346 ; picta,
Eurybrachys, 1538, 176; lepeletieri,
218
Eurycephala atrata, luteicollis, 177
Eurycera cornutum, nigricornis, 177
Kurydema oleracea, 178 [178
Eurygaster fuscocucullatus, hottentotta,
Euryophthalmus, 178, 219
Euryptera obscura, 218
Eusthenes robusta, 178
Eysarcoris, 218
Fulgora, 150; candelarius, 50; later-
naria, 210; maculatus, 50 {178
Galeatus angusticollis, 178; spinifrons,
Geisha distinetissima, 50, 259
Geocoris, 176; colon, 52
Gerris anadyomene,* Kirk., 117 ; cana-
lium, 51; cost, 256; fletcheri,*
Kirk., 51; minuta, 117; najas, 5;
231; odontogaster, 231; paludum,
51; sakuntala,* Kirk., 117
Germaria cucullata, marmorata, 177
Globocoris globus, scutellatus, 178, 218
Gnathodus, 338
Gonocerus, 176
Graphosoma, 178 ; rubrolineatum, 52
Graptopsaltria colorata, 49
Gulielmus,* Dist., laterarius,* Dist.,
marmoratus,* Dist., 347
Gypona, 337; kirbyi, prasina, striata,
walkeri, 39
Halobates micans, 178
INDEX.
Halticus apterus, pallicornis, 177
Hammacerus, 219; conspicillaris, 178
Hammatocerus, 219
Hansenia pulverulenta, 259
Harmostes dorsalis, 219
Harpactor angulatus, angulosus, 177
Hebrus pusilla, 178
Heealus, 338
Helopeltis theivora, 115
Hemichionaspis cyanogena,* Cock., mi-
nor, Mussends, these, 226
Hemidictya frondosa, 219
Hemiptycha, 179
Henicocephalus, 209
Heterogaster, 176; urtice, 177
Heteronota, 219
Heteronotus, 177
Heteroscelis, 176; servillei, 178
Hexatoma marginalis, tipuliformis, 177
Holoptilus, 178
Holotrichius, 219
Homalocoris, 178
Homceocerus, 219
Hoplophora, 6, 179
Hoplophorion,* Kirk., 6
Hydroéssa, 219
Hydrometra, 219; stagnorum, 231
Hylophila, 176
Hymeniphera crucifer, 177
Hynnis rosea, 6, 219; degeeri, 219
Hypsauchenia ballista, 219
Hypselonotus, 178
Hypselopus, 219
Icerya koebelei, 249 (219
Idiocerus, 336-9; adustus, stigmaticalis,
Issus, 154
‘Jalla dumosa, 177
Kallipterygia,* Kirk., macquarti,. 6
Kallitaxila,* Kirk., granulata, 6
Kermes, 91; quercus, 92
Kleidocerys, 176
Kybos, 338
Labops diopsis, sahlbergi, 219
Lamproptera, 179
Largus, 176, 219
Lasiocera, 177
Lecanium hesperidium, 91;
prunastri, rotundum, vini, 92
Ledra, 338; aurita, 152
Leptocoris, 218 ; abdominalis, rufus, 179
persicx,
' Leptocorisa, 176; varicornis, 52
Leptocorise linearis, 178
Leptoglossus dilaticollis, 176
Leptomeris picta, 177
Leptoscelis hemorrhoidalis, 177
Liburnia, 6; pellucida, 340
Limnobates, 219
Limnometra, 117
Lophocephala guerini, 177
Lophococeus,* Cock., 227; mirabilis,*
Cock., 226, 227, 248
Lopus, 176 ; hieracei, thunbergii, 178
Loricerus, 176; hematogaster, 218
Loricula pselaphiformis, 178
Lycoderes ancora, 219
INDEX.
Lygus, 178
Macherota, 153; ensifera, 219
Macrops, 219
Macropsis, 219, 338; flavicollis, lanio,
virescens, 340
Macrophthalmus, 219; pallens, 177
Meonia, 6
Margarodes uva, 92
Megalotomus, 52
Megalymenum, 219
Megamelus, 153
Meganotus apterus, 177
Megarhynchus elongatus, rostratus, 178
Megophthalmus, bipunctatus, scanicus,
178
Megymenum, 176, 218; dentatum, 178
Membracis tectigera, 152
Menenotus lunatus, 177 [tis, 178
Merocoris merian, meriani, 218; tris-
Meropachus nigricans, 177
Meropachys, 219
Metrocoris lituratus, 51 (177
Micrelytra, 219; apterus, fossularum,
Microphysa pselaphiformis, 218
Microtoma echii, 177
Microvelia, 219, 285; pygmea, 218,{231
Mictis profana, 52
Monanthia cardui, 135; echii, 178
Monophlebus fortis,* Cock., 224; ful-
leri,* Cock., 223; primitivus, walkeri-
ana, 224
Mononyx raptoria, 177
Montandonista,* Kirk., 6
Myocoris, 219
Myodocha varicornis, 52
Myrmus miriformis, 177
Mytilaspis defecta, 250; myrthi, 93
Nabis, 177 ; rugosus, 135
Nematopus, 219 flus, 177
Neogeus, 178; erythrocephalus, pusil-
Nebrissa, 6
Nematope nervosus, 178,
Nematopus, 176
Neovelia, 285 ; trailii, 286
Nepa cinerea, 51
Notocera, 6
Notocyrtus clavipes, 219
Notonecta glauca, maculata, 61
Nysius thymi, 346
Ochetopus denticulatus, spinicollis, 178
Odontopus sexpunctatus, 177
Odontoscelis, 218 ; fuliginosa, 178
Odontotarsus, 218; grammicus, pur
pureolineatus, 178
(lia, 177
Oncocephalus, 176; squalidus, 219
Oncomeris flavicornis, 178
Oncomerus, 219
Oncopsis, 339; tiliew, 340
Ophthalmicus, 176
Opinus, 178
Opistoplatys australasie, 218
Opsiccetus, 176
Orectoderus, 324
Oriterus, 176
vil
Orthezia urtice, 93
Orthonotus, 176
Orthorapha cassidioides, 177
Otiocerus stollii, 219
Oxynotus gibba, 178
Oxyrhacis tarandus, 178
Pachycoris, 219
Pachylis pharaonis, 178
Pachymera, 176
Pachymeria, 219; armata, 176
Pachymerus, 176
Pachynomus picipes, 176
Pamera, 176
Pantilius tunicatus, 178
Paraboloecratus, 338
Paracoris paradoxus, 218
Paradorydium,* irk.,
Paramesus, 338
Paravelia, 285
Paropia scanica, 178
Paryphes, 219
Pedeticus fasciata, marmoratus, 177
Pediopsis, 336-8; tilize, 340
Peggia,* Kirk., nitida, 6 [178
Peirates, 51,176; hybridus, stridulus,
Peltophora, 219
Pendulinus, 218
Pentatoma, 218; verbasci, 135
Penthimia, 338
Pephricus fasciatus,* Dist., 90; fragilis, *
Dist., 89; livingstoni, 90; paradoxus,
pellicula, 89
Perittopus breddini,* Kirk., rufus, 286
Perthostoma aurantiaca, 116
Phenacoccus mespili, 90
Phenax, 218 ; variegata, 178
Phileenus spumarius, 153
Philia senator, 52
Phiewa, 219
Phlepsius, 338
Phlceocoris, 219
Phorodon humuli, 31
Phrynomorphus nitidus, 178
Phyllocephala, 219 ; senegalensis, 178
Phyllomorpha laciniata, 89, 177; his-
trix, 177
Phyllomorphus, 219
Phylus, 176
Physomerus, 219
Physopelta gutta, 52
Piesma, 177, 178
Piestostemma depressus, 177
Pirates. 219
Plagiognathus saltitans, 346
Platycephala metallica, 178
Platycoris, 176; varia, 178
Platydius subpurpurascens, 218
Platygaster, 176
Platymetopius, 338
Platymeris biguttatus, 178
Platynotus apterus, 176
Plinthisus, 176
Ploa, 176
Ploiaria domestica, 176
Podops inuncta, 178
[339
lanceolatum,
Vill
Peeciloptera, 153
Pecilosoma, 176
Poeocera, 219
Poiocera luezoti, 177
Pollinia ovoides,* Cock., pollini, 225
Polyacanthus, 177
Polyglypta costata, 219
Polymerus, 176
Postemma, 218
Prionotus carinatus, serratus, 177
Prostemma guttula, 177
Psallus varians, 346
Pseudaonidia clavigera,* Cock., duplex,
peoniz, rhododendri, tesserata, ther,
trilobuliformis, 226
Pseudaradus brevicornis, 218
Pseudococcus mespili, 90
Pseudophana, 219
Pseudophlceus, 219
Pterodictya ephemera, 219
Pterygia, 6; macquarti, 177
Ptilocerus fuscus, 176
Ptochiomera nodosus, 176
Ptyela, 179 [vacea, 219
Ptyelus ferrum-equinum, flayescens, oli-
Pulvinaria betule, carpini, crategi, 91 ;
lanata, mespili, oxyacanthe, sericea,
vitis, 90; tuberculatus, 93
Pundaluoya, 40
Pycanum rubens, 52
Pycna kempferi, 49
Pygolampis, 178 [50, 185
Pyrops candelarius, 50, 185 ; maculatus,
Pyrrhoceris, 179
Pyrrhocoris, 176, 177
Ranatra chinensis, linearis, princeps,
unicolor, vicina, 51
Raphirhinus adscendens, 177
Reduvius, 176
Rhagovelia, 285, 286; sneipes, angusti-
pes, armata, 310; collaris, crassipes,
distincta, elegans, femoralis, festa,
309; infernalis, 310; insularis, 309;
nigricans, obesa, 310; peggie, plum-
bea, ravana,* Kirk., reitteri, 309;
salinus, 310; spinigera, tayloriella,
309; tenuipes, trailii, 310; uncinata,
308 ; varipes, whitei, 309
Rhaphigaster, 178
Rhizobius jujube, 127
Rhopalus, 176
Rhynarius, 177
Rhynocoris, 179
Ripersia tomlini, 184
Rudia, 6
Saissetia, 91
Scaphoideus, 336-7
Scaphula, 6
Scaptocoris castaneus, 178
Schizia servillei, 177
Sciocoris terreus, umbrinus, 176
Scolopostethus contractus, 135
Scutiphora, 219; pedicellata, picta, 176
Smaris, 179
INDEX.
Smilia, 179
Spartocera, 178, 179; geniculata, 219
Spartocerus, 219
Spheerocoris, 219
Sphexrodema rotundata, rustica, 177
Spheronotus globularis, 177
Spiniger, 219
Stegaspis, 179; fronditia, 219
Stenocephale, 219; nugax, 178
Stenocephalus agilis, 135
Stenodema viscus, 177
Stenogaster lavatere, tardus, 219
Stenopoda cinerea, culiciformis, 177
Stiretrus, 178, 218
Storthia brullei, livida, 178
Strachia cruciger, 178
Strongylocephalus agrestis, 339
Syromastes, 176
Syrtis, 177
Tachardia actinella,* Cock., 342; albida,
249; cornuta, 249; decorella, 342;
lacea, 249
Tachardiella,* Cock., 249
Tachardina,* Cock., 249
Tapeinus pictus, 178
Taxila, 6
Tectocoris cyanipes, 218; lineola, 52,
218
Telmessus, 6
Temora,* Kirk., dilutus, 6
Tessaratome papillosa, 52
Tesseratoma, 219
Tetigonia (Tettigonia), 178, 338; ferru-
ginea, 49
Tettigometra, 153
Thamnotettix, 338
Thyreocoris scarabeoides, 218
Tiarodes versicolor, 219
Tragopa, 176
Triatoma gigas, rubrofasciatus, 177
Trigonosoma nigelle, rustica, 178
Tristan,* Kirk., 6
Trochopus marinus, plumbea, 286
Tropicoris rufipes, 218
Typhlocyba, 179, 338
Ugyops percheroni, 176
Ulopa, 338; reticulata, 152
Umbonia spinosa, 219
Urophora hardwickii, 177
Ursocoris dorsalis, fuliginosus, 218
Velia, 285 ; neipes, angustipes, armata,
310; collaris, crassipes, 309; dis-
tincta, elegans, femoralis, festee, 309 ;
infernalis, 310; insularis, 309 ; nigri-
cans, obesa, 310; pegeiw, plumbea,
ravana,* Kirk., reitteri, 309; salinus,
310; spinigera, tayloriella, 309 ; tenu-
ipes, trailii, 310; uncinata, 308 3; vari-
pes, whitei, 309
Veliomorpha, 285
Ventocoris, 218
Xylocoris, 179
Zaitha fluminea, 116
Zosmenus maculatus, 177
INDEX.
1K
LEPIDOPTERA.
Abraxas adustata, 102; grossulariata,
235, 61, 62; 103; 124, 185, 319, 359);
pantaria, 300; sylvata, 85; ulmata,
6, 185, 257, 359
Abrostola triplasia, 108, 320
Acherontia atropos, 20, 21, 25, 56, 62,
99, 100, 101, 103, 163, 185, 206, 227,
245, 281, 294, 314, 317, 318, 320, 321,
333, 348, 353, 356
Achivus asiatica, 173 ; hippocrates, 173 ;
machaon, 173, 223
Acidalia aversata, 30, 109, 110, 111, 319,
320, 359; bisetata, 109, 110, 359;
contiguaria, 23; degeneraria, 71, 357 ;
dimidiata, 359; emarginaria, 110,
111, 356 ; imitaria, 16, 111, 269, 359;
.Incanaria, 359; inornata, 112; mar-
ginepunctata, 28, 231, 319, 320, 329;
ornata, 28, 362; osseata, 110, 111;
‘promutata, 329; remutata, 26, 28,
109 ; scutulata, 359 ; subsericeata, 16 ;
trigeminata, 28, 111; virgularia, 359
Aciptilia baliodactyla, 87; galactodac-
tyla, 87; tetradactyla, 87; penta-
dactyla, 87, 359
Acontia luctuosa, 26, 222, 268
Acosmetia caliginosa, 305
Acreea calderena, 73; doubledayi, 74;
horta, 74; nohara-halali, 73 ; petrea,
74; violarum, 74
Acronycta aceris, 25, 109, 335; alni,
137, 163, 230, 255, 361; euphorbie,
335; leporina, 14, 163, 363; mega-
cephala, 25, 102; menyanthidis, 102,
162, 163, 352; psi, 103, 109, 335;
rumicis, 102, 199, 335
Actius selene, 198
Adopxa acteon, 245, 266; lineola, 266;
thaumas, 266
AXgeria apiformis,
Agiais urtice, 58, 72, 181
Aglossa pinguinalis, 200
Agriopis aprilina, 208, 269
Agrophila sulphuralis, 199 ; trabealis,
190
Agrotis agathina, 109; ashworthii, 40,
105, 246, 362; cinerea, 299, 357;
corticea, 14, 103, 136, 362 ; cursoria,
14, 305, 362, 364; exclamationis, 28,
103, 104, 207, 336, 358, 363; lucernea,
362; lunigera, 336, 362; nigricans,
105, 108, 136; porphyrea, 110, 357;
precox, 71; puta, 25, 103, 108, 109,
112, 163, 268, 358; putris, 61, 103;
ripe, 14, 26, 127, 323; saucia, 14, 23,
102, 207, 329, 336; segetis, 199; se-
getum, 28, 103, 104, 220, 336, 358;
simulans, 305; suffusa, 25, 27, 103,
108, 112, 199, 268, 336, 358 ; tritici,
136, 362; vestigialis, 336; ypsilon,
199
923
aa
Alucita hexadactyla, 359; polydactyla,
359
Amblopala avidienus, 156
Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, 87
Amphidasys . betularia, 102, 103, 107,
108, 162, 180, 203, 213, 228, 231, 232,
252, 257, 320, 322, 324, 349, 354, 359,
362; doubledayaria, 324, 354, 362;
prodromaria, 208, 257; strataria, 16,
LOD oT
Amphipyra pyramidea, 25, 103, 112,
355; tragopogonis, 25, 30, 103, 112,
127, 358
Anaitis plagiata,
359
Anarta myrtilli, 109
Anchocelis helvola, 14; litura, 103, 108,
112, 355 ; lunosa, 103, 329, 355; pis-
tacina, 103, 317, 355; rufina, 14
Anesychia bipunctella, 298
Angerona prunaria, 101, 110, 322
Anisopteryx sscularia, 108, 110, 161,
181, 232
Antherzwa mylitta, 184; pernyi, 198
Anthocharis cardamines, 128
Anthrocera filipendule, 72, 296
Anticlea badiata, 27, 109, 129, 161,181;
derivata, 256, 257, 359 ; nigrofasciata,
210, 359; rubidata, 268, 356, 362,
364
Apamea basilinea, 28, 103, 306, 336
358; didyma, 103, 336; gemina, 104
336; leucostigma, 336: oculea, 268,
358; ophiogramma, 111, 357; unani-
mis, 102, 357
Apatura clytie, 265, 304; ilia, 265, 304;
iris, 208, 293, 304
Aphantopus hyperanthus, 266
Aphomia sociella, 359
Aplecta herbida, 363; occulta, 104, 106;
nebulosa, 104, 109, 132, 185; prasina,
615; tincta, 363
Aporia crategi, 23, 27, 29, 264, 304, 318,
355
Aporophyla australis, 101, 329, 357
Araschnia levana, 265
Arctia caia, 23, 60, 62, 103, 142, 144,
184, 186, 334, 357; fuliginosa, 383;
mendica, 207; villica, 26, 28, 160,
207
Argynnis adippe, 25, 111, 155, 258, 259
265, 303, 324, 355; aglaia, 24, 25, 59,
60, 111, 258, 265, 324, 333, 355; ama-
thusia, 265; charlotta, 351; corre-
dippe, 155; daphne, 265; dia, 265,
303 ; euphrosyne, 24, 26, 28, 109, 206,
207, 257, 265, 355; ino, 265; latonia
265, 303, 319, 352, 356; nerippe, 155;
niobe, 355 ; pandora, 299; paphia, 24,
59, 60, 102, 159, 253, 259, 264, 265,
303, 320, 333, 355, 364; selene,
24, 26, 28, 112, 244,
xX INDEX.
26, 303, 355;
364
Asaphodes megaspilata, 47
Asopia farinalis, 111
Asphalia flavicornis, 107, 108, 181, 210;
ridens, 161, 210
Aspilates citraria, 26, 27, 61, 112, 187,
364; gilvaria, 27; ochraria, 222
Aspis udmanniana, 360
Asteroscopus sphinx, 357
Asthena caudidata, 16, 26, 28, 109, 355
Attacus atlas, 362
Augiades sylvanus, 266
Axylia putris, 104, 110, 335, 358
Bankia argentula, 15
Bapta bimaculata, 27, 359; taminata,
25, 26, 27, 28, 109, 359, 364; temer-
ata, 16, 27, 28, 109
Biston strataria, 102
Boarmia admissaria, 300; angulifera,
300; cinctaria, 16 ; consortaria, 207,
361; gemmaria, 16, 300, 359; repan-
data, 48, 109, 300, 306, 352; rhom-
boidaria, 103, 359; sodorensium, |
306
Boletobia fuliginaria, 297
Bombyx neustria, 28, 101, 103, 208, 334,
368; rubi, 24, 107, 186, 305, 334;
trifolii, 181; quercus, 24, 250, 334
Bomolocha fontis, 15
Botys asinalis, 319; hyalinalis, 359;
ruralis, 111, 319, 359; urticata, 359
Braura ligmiclusa, 209
Brephos parthenias, 181
Bryophila glandifera, 60, 133, 319, 362,
364; impar, 335; muralis, 60, 133,
268, 319, 329, 335; perla, 102, 111,
269, 319, 335
Bupalis piniaria, 26, 61, 85, 355, 356
Cabera exanthemaria, 26, 110; pusaria,
26, 28, 103, 109, 110, 111, 359
Calligenia miniata, 110
Callimorpha dominula, 18; flavescens,
269; hera, 60, 106, 186, 187, 255, 269,
295, 319; lutescens, 60 |
Callophrys rubi, 27, 222, 266
Callosamia promethea, 164 |
Calocampa exoleta, 126, 222; vetusta,
102, 329
Calosetia nigromaculana, 24
Calpe excavata, 199
Calymnia affinis, 268, 358 ; diffinis, 358;
pyralina, 110, 357; trapezina, 109,
111, 355, 358
Camptogramma bilineata, 28, 71, 109,
112, 319; fluviata, 130
Caradrina alsines, 103, 136, 336, 358;
ambigua, 30, 45, 62, 185, 268, 317,
329; blanda, 46; cubicularis, 26,
136; morpheus, 28, 103, 110, 136,
336, 358; quadripunctaria, 27, 336;
taraxaci, 336
Carcharodes alcex, 267; lavaterse, 267
Carpocapsa pomonella, 124
thore, 62; valezina, |
Carsia imbutata, 163, 305, 362
Carterocephalus palemon, 131
Cataclysta lemnata, 108, 112
*Catasticta apaturina, 303; crowleyi,
302; jacinta, 302
Catephia alchymista, 207
Catocala cxrulescens, 60, 61; fraxini,
15, 304, 352; nupta, 25, 48, 60, 61,
108, 108, 112, 136, 187, 258, 296, 304,
317, 855, 357, 358; promissa, 60, 208 ;
sponsa, 61, 208, 229
Caviria sericea, 174
Celwna haworthii, 102, 312
Cerastis spadicea, 27; vaccinii, 27, 181,
358
Cerigo cytherea, 25, 103; matura, 108,
358
Cerostoma xylostella, 24
Cerura bifida, 362; fureula, 102; men-
ciana, 197; vinula, 25, 102
Charagia cyanochlora, 209; mirabilis,
209
Charas graminis, 24, 335
Charaxes jasius, 207
Chariclea marginata, 229, 355; umbra,
15, 105, 229) 355
Cheimatobia boreata, 85,359; brumata,
48, 103, 108, 359
Chelaria hiibnerella, 24
Chelonia caia, 23; plantaginis, 60, 312;
villica, 356
Cherias obliquaria,
359
Chilena prompta, 209
Cherocampa celerio, 37, 2U7, 318; el-
penor, 100, 102, 135, 198, 299, 304,
320, 334, 352; japonica, 198; nerii,
56; porcellus, 26, 27, 28, 102, 299,
304, 3834
Choreutes scintillulana, 24
Chrysophanus alciphron, 266; eleus,
156; hippothoé, 266 ; phloeas, 72, 129,
156, 222%, 266, 352, 355; virgauree,
266; xanthe, 355
Cidaria associata, 103, 359; corylata,
26, 28; fulvata, 110, 359; immanata,
26, 61, 112, 362; miata, 102, 305;
picata, 268; populata, 320; psitta-
cata, 181, 210; pyraliata, 359; rus-
sata, 24, 26; siderata, 102; suffu-
mata, 27, 256; testata, 320, 359;
truncata, 320, 359
Cilix glaucata, 102; spinula, 26, 103,
358
Cirrheedia xerampelina, 22, 99, 103, 106;
unicolor, 22, 99
Cledeobia bombycalis, 200
Cleoceris viminalis, 15, 109
Cleora glabraria, 21, 56, 208 ; lichenaria,
208
Clisiocampa disstria, 233
Ccenonympha amaryllis, 156; arcania,
266, 304, 356; davus, 105, 163, 256,
257, 287, 362, 363; pamphilus, 28,
18; spartiata,
INDEX. x1
\
Gl 25 LOOS LLO I Ao. 20742225
223, 244, 257, 266, 304, 333, 354;
rothliebi, 287; thyrsis, 244; typhon,
256, 266
Coleophora aleyonipennella, 185; deau-
ratella, 185 ; frischella, 185 ; laricella,
161; ochrea, 185; salicornie, 185 ;
vibicella, 185
Colias chrysotheme, 267; cleopatra,
221; edusa, 2, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27,
50, 56, 58, 61, 62, 71,72, 99, 100, 106,
108, 112, 120, 129, 130, 160, 163, 170,
187, 206, 220, 229, 252, 264, 291, 292,
Dion oLg. o50; d0l, so2.a045 8055
356 ; electra, 62; eogene, 35; helice,
Zo OpesOnole G2.) T3Oheio lem Sii
hyale, 2, 19, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 61,
62, 71, 72, 100, 108, 112, 124, 130,
160, 167, 173, 204, 207, 208, 229, 252,
253, 259, 264, 269, 291, 292, 293, 303,
315, 316, 318, 320, 351, 354, 355, 356,
361; myrmidone, 267; phicomone,
158
Collix sparsata, 21
Coremia designata, 60, 102, 359 ; ferru-
gata, 26, 359; propugnata, 26, 60,
359; quadrifasciaria, 22; uniden-
taria, 26, 109, 319, 359
Cosmia affinis, 136 ; diffinis, 112; pyra-
lina, 112; trapezina, 109, 110, 112
Cosmotriche potatoria, 60
Cossus ligniperda, 24, 108, 198, 260,
287, 361; vicarius, 199
Crambus geniculeus, 359; hortuellus,
359 ; inquinatellus, 105; pascuellus,
359; perlellus, 359; pratellus, 359 ;
_ tristellus, 359
Craspedia kashmirensis, 200
Crocallis elinguaria, 101, 102, 103, 319,
359
Cryptophasa flavolineata, 209 ; hemi-
psila, 209
Cucullia absinthii, 15 ; chamomillzx, 28,
108, 232; umbratica, 103, 109; ver-
basei, 15, 305, 356
Cupido amurensis, 156; argiades, 156 ;
argus, 156; hellotia, 156; minima, 27,
61 (see also Lyczena)
Cyaniris argiolus, 27, 72, 156, 245, 251,
266, 293, 320
Cymatophora duplaris, 102, 107, 136,
163, 355, 363; fluctuosa, 355, 363;
ocularis, 363; or, 18, 363; ridens,
208
Cymatophoropsis sinuata, 361
Cynthia cardui, 17, 20, 58, 97, 100 (see
also Pyrameis and Vanessa)
Danais chrysippus, 220, 244
Daphnis hypothous, 198
Dasycampa rubiginea, 22, 160
Dasychira pudibunda, 27, 103, 106, 320,
334, 358
Dasydia obfusearia, 16, 135; torvaria,
300
Dasypolia temph, 15
Deiopeia pulchella, 183, 230, 297, 335
Deilephila euphorbie, 25, 244, 304;
galii, 124, 163; livornica, 223, 244
Demas coryli, 27, 112, 320, 335, 362
Dendrolimus pini, 198
Depressaria umbellana, 24
Dianthecia albimacula, 27; barrettii,
14, 183; capsincola, 163, 358 ; carpo-
phaga, 28; conspersa, 26; cucubali,
25, 103, 104; luteago, 14
Dicranura bicuspis, 161; fureula, 355 ;
vinula, 184, 207, 208, 210, 305, 335
Dictyopteryx contaminana, 24
Diloba cruleocephala, 27, 60,
103
Dioctria atricapella, 362
Diplodoma marginepunctella, 23
Dipterygia pinastri, 25, 358; scabrius-
cula, 358
Dircenna barrettii, 10
Diurnea fagella, 108
Doddiana xyloryctis, 209
Drepana binaria, 52, 98, 257, 358 ; cur-
vatula, 78; falcataria, 78, 98, 102,
107, 109) TOF 1125355, 358; 362);
falcula, 28, 61, 207, 358; hamula, 98,
257; lacertinaria, 102, 109; rebeli,
78; unguicula, 27, 111, 207
Dryas paphia, 120
Drymonia chaonia, 210
Dudgeona actinias, 209
Dulichia fasciata, 209
Dysauxes punctata, 245
Dyschorista suspecta, 312
Dysthymia luctuosa, 26
Ebulea crocealis, 111;
359
Eligma narcissus, 200
Ellopia fasciaria, 26, 110
Ematurga atomaria, 26
Emmelesia albulata, 306; decolorata,
104; hebridium, 306; tweniata, 85
Endotricha flammealis, 108, 110, 111,
112, 359
Endromis versicolor, 363
Endrosa alpestris, 132; aurita,
irrorella, 132; kuhlweini, 132
Ennomos alniaria, 61; angularia, 103,
111, 112, 363; autumnaria, 21, 356;
canaria, 359 ; erosaria, 103, 111, 163,
359; fuscantaria, 18, 61, 103, 107,
108, 228, 259, 357; tiliaria, 21, 103,
112, 210, 359
Ennychia cingulata,
lana, 364
Ephestia kiihniella, 135
Ephyra pendularia, 28, 60, 109, 362;
porata, 28, 320; punctaria, 26, 28
Epinephele arete, 324; hispulla, 244 ;
hyperanthus, 60, 61, 110, 111, 324,
333; ianira, 24, 71, 72, 109, 110, 111,
112, 244, 259, 266, 287 304, 310
319, 333, 354; tithonus, 24, 61, 72,
101,
sambucalis,
132;
105; octomacu-
Xil INDEX.
106, 110, 259, 266, 287, 319, 324, 333,
361
Epione apiciaria, 163, 358
Epunda lichenea, 329, 357; luneberg-
ensis, 362 ; lutulenta, 137, 362 ; nigra,
101, 103, 329
Erastria fuscula, 110; uncula, 102
Erebia wthiops, 256; cassiope, 276;
epiphron, 276; glacialis, 17; leucote-
nia, 265; ligea, 265, 304; medea,
304: melas, 17, 264, 267
Eremobia ochroleuca, 27, 72
EKrotyla sulphuralis, 244 ; trabealis, 199,
244
Eubolia bipunctaria, 111, 319, 354 ;
cervinata, 104, 359; limitata, 72;
mensuraria, 111, 319; palumbaria,
PAG alata
Euchelia jacobex, 24, 28, 102, 103, 258,
320, 334, 357
Euchloé cardamines, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
58, 102, 104, 109, 179, 204, 257, 259,
264, 318, 333; belemia, 206; belia,
222; eupheno, 206; euphenoides, 206
Euchloris pustulata, 231
Euchromia arbutella, 305
Kuclidia glyphica, 15, 27, 88, 102; mi,
26, 27, 28, 207
Eugonia autumnaria, 317; polychloros,
60, 181, 259, 361 (see also Vanessa)
EKupisteria heparata, 111; obliterata, 28
Kupithecia abbreviata, 161, 181; cen-
taureata, 26, 109, 359; constrictata,
86; coronata, 26; debiliata, 86;
dodoneata, 86; exiguata, 183; indi-
gata, 86; jasoneata, 86; lariciata, 26,
183; minutata, 359; nanata, 109, 320,
359; oblongata, 28, 359; plumbeo-
lata, 86, 312; pulchellata, 85, 359;
pygmeata, 86; rectangulata, 359;
satyrata, 183; scabiosata, 86; sub-
fulvata, 86, 312, 349, 359; subnotata,
110, 359; succenturiata, 312; togata,
86; valerianata, 86; venosata, 104,
111; virgaureata, 26, 86, 183; vul-
gata, 25
Euplexia lucipara, 25
Kupecilia angustana, 24
Euproctis pusilla, 174; varians, 174
Kurrhypara urticata, 259
Eurymene dolabraria, 16, 88, 101, 102,
208, 299
Eurymus edusa, 220; elwesi, 173;
hyale, 173; kirbyi, 173; poliogra-
phus, 173 (see also Colias)
*HKutelia callichroma, 284
Euthemonia russula, 26, 110
Eutricha pithyocampa, 209
Euvanessa antiopa, 210
Everes fischeri, 156
Fidonia atomaria, 109, 111, 132, 361;
brunneata, 304; piniaria, 110
Galleria mellonella, 357
Gelechia tenebrella, 185
Geometra papilionaria, 107, 110, 208,
323, 355, 359; vernaria, 355
Gnophos obscuraria, 267
Gonophora derasa, 136
Gnophria quadra, 107, 230, 334; rubri-
collis, 102, 334
Goniodoma auroguttella, 185; limoni-
ella, 185
Gonoptera libatrix, 25, 112
Gonopteryx cleopatra, 206, 207, 221;
rhamni, 24, 28, 58, 71, 111, 112, 158,
161, 181, 182, 206, 207, 261, 265, 303,
352, 354, 355
Gortyna flavago, 31; ochracea, 358
Greellsia isabelle, 324
Grammesia trigrammica, 336, 358 ; tri-
linea, 26, 103, 358
Grapholitha nigromaculana, 24
Grapta c-album, 58, 99
Habrostola tripartita, 358 ;
103. 358 ; urtice, 358
Hadena adusta, 358; chenopodii, 112,
358; contigua, 362, 363; dentina,
102, 109, 358; dissimilis, 15; geniste,
108, 317; glauca, 163; oleracea, 103,
358; pisi, 102; protea, 15, 112;
rectilinea, 305; thalassina, 358; tri-
folii, 28, 72, 103, 358
Halia wavaria, 359
Halias prasinana, 27, 109
Hecatera serena, 14, 26, 103, 105, 109,
110, 126, 355, 358, 362
Hedya paykulliana, 24
Heliaca arbuti, 104; tenebrata, 104, 161
Heliodes arbuti, 163
Heliophobus hispidus, 101, 357
Heliothis armigera, 15, 199, 244, 312,
329; dipsacea, 199; marginata, 105 ;
peltigera, 60, 362; scutosa, 199
Hemerophila abruptaria, 103, 207, 359
Hemithea strigata, 359; thymiaria, 108,
110, 359 ;
Hepialus gallicus, 334; hectus, 28,110,
111; humuli, 103, 305, 334; lupu-
linus, 25, 26, 28, 103, 334; sylvanus,
72, 108; velleda, 334
Herbula cespitalis, 105
Herminia barbalis, 28; derivalis, 319 ;
grisealis, 28, 359; nemoralis, 359;
tarsipennalis, 359
Hesperia alveus, 267; comma, 111, 112,
958, 304, 325, 354, 362; fritillum,
267; keitloa, 209; linea, 24, 72;
lineola, 72; maculatus, 174; malve,
222; sinicus, 174; sylvanus, 62, 109,
110, 111, 205, 229, 257; thaumas, 24,
B05 VPA, IU), dala
Hestina assimilis, 155
Heteropterus morpheus, 266
Himera pennaria, 27, 101, 103, 108, 359
Hipparchia aristeus, 244; semele, 223,
244
Hippotion celerio, 245
Homeesoma bineeyella, 87, 312
triplasia,
INDEX. Xiil
Hybernia aurantiaria, 85, 109, 359; de-
foliaria, 61, 103, 108, 359; fuscata,
61; leucophearia, 48, 108, 160, 359 ;
marginaria, 61, 161, 181, 3593; pro-
gemmaria, 103, 108, 359; rupicapra-
ria, 85, 108, 131, 157, 161, 181, 359
Hydrelia unecula, 15
Hydrilla palustris, 161, 182, 185
Hydrocampa nympheata, 111, 112, 359;
stagnalis, 61; stagnata, 359
Hydrecia, micacea, 24, 334; nictitans,
24, 108, 111, 334; petasitis, 106
Hylophila bicolorana, 101, 109, 208, 355,
357; prasinana, 208, 334, 355; quer-
cana, 357
Hymenitis dircenna, 10; libethiris, 10;
oto, 10; zavaletta, 10; zygia, 10
Hypena proboscidalis, 110, 320, 359;
rostralis, 25, 108, 112, 181
Hypenodes albistrigalis, 312
Hypochaleia ahenella, 359
Hypsipetes elutata, 111; impluviata, 28,
256; sordidata, 359
Hyria muricata, 16
Ichthyura anachoretta, 198
Ino statices, 102, 334, 345
lodis lactearia, 26, 28, 109, 355; ver-
naria, 26 |
Jasoniades xuthus, 173; xuthulus, 173
Leosopis roboris, 298
Lagoa crispata, 231
Lagoptera juno, 200
Lampetia arcuosa, 304
Lampides beeticus, 244; telicanus, 266
Laphygma exigua, 18, 267, 268, 329,
355
Larentia cesiata, 362, 364; didymata,
111, 359; flavicinctata, 85, 362; mi-
ata, 24; multistrigaria, 181; olivata,
24, 268, 319, 362; pectinitaria, 26;
salicata, 85
Lasiocampa quercifolia, 25, 103, 349,
358; quercus, 250; rubi, 183; trifolii,
60, 222
Leioptilus lenigianus, 87; microdac-
tylus, 87; osteodactylus, 105; tephra-
dactylus, 87
Lenodora montana, 209
Leptidia sinapis, 222, 264
Leptogramma literana, 24
Lethe europa, 54
Leucaloa eugraphica, 209
Leucania albipuncta, 23, 267, 329;
comma, 28, 103, 335, 358; conigera,
18, 103, 335, 358; extranea, 18, 160,
335; impura, 103, 335, 358; lithar-
gyria, 111, 335, 358; littoralis, 335;
pallens, 25, 103, 268, 335, 358; pubes-
cens, 267, 268; straminea, 335; uni-
puneta, 335; vitellina, 16, 23, 30, 329,
335
Leucoma salicis, 102, 108, 110, 257,
362
Leucophasia sinapis, 259, 303, 355, 362
Leucophlebia lineata, 198
Libythea, celtis, 234
Ligdia adustata, 27, 109, 207
Limenitis camilla, 264, 265; populi, 304;
sibylla, 98, 208, 264, 265, 293
Liparis auriflua, 107; monacha, 208;
pulverea, 209; salicis, 362
Lithosia aureola, 207; caniola, 267, 268;
complana, 144, 334; complanula, 25,
103; deplana, 88; griseola, 111, 144,
357; helveola, 297; lurideola, 357 ;
mesomella, 26; quadra, 60; rubricol-
lis, 37; sororcula, 161; stramineola,
alata
Lobophora carpinata, 102; halterata,
86; lobulata, 181; sexalisata, 86;
viretata, 26, 86, 268
Lomaspilis marginata, 28, 110, 111, 359
Lophopteryx camelina, 101, 102, 106,
320, 334, 358; cuculla, 352, 361; cu-
cullina, 352, 361
Luftia ferchaultella, 183
Luperina cespitis, 106, 335; nigrescens,
184; testacea, 102, 103, 184, 335, 358
Lycena admetus, 266; adonis, 229, 299;
zgon, 104, 110, 257, 353; agestis, 28,
105, 109. 319, 354; alexis, 24, 105,
129, 354; alsus, 28, 229, 294, 299;
argiades, 266; argiolus, 16, 24, 25,
Ze 285 425 LOS) 109s h0y i oe
129, 160, 180, 182, 205, 206, 254, 259,
299, 316, 319, 321, 354, 362; argus
266; argyronomon, 266; arion, 266,
299; astrarche, 24, 72, 105, 184, 229,
266, 304, 353; bellargus, 26, 27, 32,
184, 206, 266; bcetica, 207; corydon,
111, 184, 228, 258, 266, 299, 322, 354;
damone, 266; hylas, 266; icarus, 24,
2D 2OmASe Mla ies LOO smilie Tet. 2 Os
266, 304, 305, 333; medon, 24, 353;
melanops, 266; minima, 26, 27, 228,
229, 254, 294, 322, 333; minimus,
266; orion, 266; semiargus, 266; syn-
grapha, 299; zephyrus, 264, 266
Macearia liturata, 26, 110, 207, 364; ni-
grofulvata, 364; notata, 355, 364
Macroglossa bombyliformis, 206, 207,
334; fuciformis, 102, 207, 208; stella-
CATIA IOS 24 a oO ils as
102, 108, 109, 110, 111, 198, 206, 208,
220, 229, 244, 245, 258, 295, 305, 319,
320, 321, 323, 330, 334
Malcosoma castrensis, 60; neustria, 60
Mamestra abjecta, 312, 353; anceps,
28, 163; brassice, 25, 28, 48, 61, 103,
112, 335, 336, 356, 358; furva, 102,
104, 335; mutans, 48; persicarie,
103, 268, 336, 358 ; sordida, 363
Manduca atropos, 245
Mania maura, 24, 103, 108, 136, 358;
typica, 358
Margarodes unionalis, 182
Maroga mythica, 209; setiotricha, 209
Melalopha anachoreta, 198
X1V INDEX.
Melanargia galatea, 252, 264, 303, 319,
356, 362; procida, 264
Melanchra nutans, 48
Melanippe costovata, 61; fluctuata, 28,
47, 60, 61, 108, 319, 359; galiata, 26,
28, 60, 319, 320, 330; hastata, 18,
62; montanata, 26, 28, 103, 109,
359; obscurata, 306; procellata, 22,
110; rivata, 26; sociata, 28, 61, 103,
306, 359; subtristata, 26, 109, 110,
319, 320, 359, 364; tristata, 24, 86,
163; unangulata, 129, 312
Melanthia albicillata, 26, 102; bicolor-
ata, 105; ocellata, 25, 109, 110, 319,
320, 359; rubiginata, 24, 105, 110
Melitza athalia, 26, 127, 208, 265, 355;
aurelia, 265; aurinia, 102, 185, 333;
cinxia, 207, 209, 259; cynthia, 158;
dictynna, 265; didyma, 265, 299;
hibernica, 333; maturna, 265; phcebe,
265 ; urbani, 265
Mesotype virgata, 269
Metranastria segregata, 198
Metisa aurea, 174
Metrocampa margaritaria, 109, 111, 358
Miana bicoloria, 336, 358; fasciuncula,
18, 858; furuncula, 112, 319, 358;
literosa, 102, 336; strigilis, 28, 336,
356, 358
Micra ostrina, 312
Mimaseoptilus bipunctidactylus, 105
Minoa euphorbiata, 27, 112; murinata,
27
Miselia capucina, 61; oxyacanthe, 61,
101, 108, 358
Mniophila cinerana, 300
Mormo maura, 102
Neenia typica, 102, 108
Nemeobius lucina, 27, 206, 207, 228,
258, 266, 362
Nemeophila russula, 257, 312
Nephopteryx roborella, 105; spissicella,
105; splendidella, 87
Neptis aceris, 264, 265; lucilla, 263,
264, 265
Neuria reticulata, 335, 355
Neuronia popularis, 102, 103, 335, 356,
358; saponariz, 103
Niphanda fusca, 156
Nisoniades montanus, 174; tages, 27,
28
Noctua augur, 305, 358; baia, 112, 358;
brunnea, 208, 305; c-nigrum, 25, 28,
102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 112, 268,
358 ; conflua, 362; festiva, 104, 358,
362; flammatra, 312; neglecta, 61,
181, 329; plecta, 25, 103, 108, 268,
358; rubi, 358; stigmatica, 112;
triangulum, 163, 358, 364; um-
brosa, 136; xanthographa, 103, 112,
358
Nola confusalis, 334, 364; cucullatella,
108, 110
Nomiades cyllarus, 222
Nonagria arundinis, 335; dissoluta, 56;
fulva, 24; lutosa, 107; neurica, 56;
sparganil, 335
Nomophila noctuella, 200, 221
Northia trista, 174
Notodonta camelina, 106, 208; chaonia,
27, 334, 355; dictea, 101, 103, 257,
334; dicteoides, 163, 257; dodonea,
111, 304, 355; dromedarius, 102, 106;
trepida, 103; ziczac, 102, 334.
Nudaria mundana, 334
Numeria pulveraria, 26, 28
Nyctemera annulata, 141; secundiana,
141
Nymphula fengwhanalis, 200
Nyssia hispidaria, 101, 185, 208 ; lappo-
naria, 255
Ocneria dispar, 62, 349
Odonestis potatoria, 25, 163, 348
Odontopera bidentata, 101, 207, 306,
359, 364
Cinis wllo, 298; mongolica, 156
CHnistis quadra, 230, 317
Ophiodes tirahaca, 200
Ophiusa bifasciata, 245 ; geometrica, 245
Oporabia autumnata, 43, 62, 85, 182;
christyi, 44, 85; dilutata, 44, 85, 103,
108, 109, 182, 359; filigrammaria, 45;
sandbergi, 44
Orgyia antiqua, 102, 322, 334; gono-
stigma, 332; pudibunda, 26, 112, 208,
362
Orneodes hexadactyla, 221
Orobena extimalis, 296, 313; strami-
nalis, 86, 312
Ortholitha moeniaria, 304
Orthosia lota, 109,858; macilenta, 27,
48, 103; pistacina, 102; rufina, 312;
suspecta, 357
Ourapteryx sambuecata, 163
Oxyptilus parvidactylus, 87
Oxygrapha literana, 24
Pachetra leucophea, 61
Pachnobia alpina, 185; rubricosa, 102,
108, 181, 256, 305, 358
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, 288, 311
Pamphila guttata, 174; linea, 320, 356;
sinensis, 174; sylvanus, 356; thau-
mas, 223, 320
Pamplusia monticolana, 24
Panagra petraria, 28, 109, 359
Panolis piniperda, 14, 102, 161
Papilio agesilaus, 323; alexanor, 299 ;
archisilaus, 323 ; asiaticus, 323; cres-
phontes, 323; hippocrates, 61, 173;
marcellus, 323; machaon, 61, 158,
173, 206, 258, 264, 299, 303, 345, 355,
360, 364; paon, 323; paris, 323;
podalirius, 206, 264, 355; walshii,
323; xuthus, 61, 173 ’
Paraponyx stratiolata, 112
Pararge achine, 265; climene, 264, 267 ;
deidamia, 156; egeria, 23, 24, 27, 58,
61, 72, 129, 206, 221, 244, 259, 265,
\
INDEX.
304, 333; egerides, 221, 259; hiera,
265; megera, 23, 24, 72, 107, 111,
222, 244, 257, 304, 333; meoera, 265;
roxelana, 264
Parassa consocia, 197
Pardia tripunctana, 360
Peridroma ypsilon, 199
Parnassius charltonius, 35; delphius, 37,
Pelurga comitata, 359
Penthina betuletana, 360;
cana, 360
Pericallia syringaria, 359
Peronea comparana, 24; schalleriana,
2
Phalera bucephala, 24, 103, 197, 334,
358; flavescens, 197 ; fucipennis, 197
Phibalapteryx tersata, 18; vitalbata, 18,
28; vittata, 86, 102
Phigalia pedaria, 58, 61, 108, 109, 160;
pilosaria, 58, 99
Phlegethontius convolvuli, 198
Phlogophora meticulosa, 23, 25, 46, 103,
112, 131, 207, 358
Phorodesma bajularia, 209, 210, 359;
pustulata, 231
Phothedes captiuncula, 14
Phragmatobia fuliginosa, 102, 222 (see
also Spilosoma)
Phytometra enea, 26, 111, 257; viri-
daria, 257
Pieris brassice, 23, 24, 28, 31, 71, 72,
110, 111, 162, 206, 220, 222, 257, 264,
300, ol9" 330, 000 5 Ccanidia, 1735
daplidice, 31, 98, 173, 222, 252, 253,
264, 291), 318, 351, 355, 360, 363;
hellica, 62; napi, 24, 28, 31, 71, 72,
109, 111, 161, 162, 185, 206, 264, 303,
333, 3553 rape, 23, 24, 28, 58, 61, 72,
108, 111, 131, 162, 173, 182, 184, 204,
206, 222, 244, 257, 264, 303, 319, 333,
355
Pionea forficalis, 319, 359
Platypteryx (see also Drepana) falcula,
103; hamula, 26, 52, 103; unguicula,
103
Platyptilia bertrami, 86; gonodactyla,
87; isodactyla, 87; tesseradactyla, 87
Plebeius baton, 222
Plusia *arachnoides, 285; bractea, 15,
102, 297; chrysitis, 23, 26, 103, 358;
fustuce, 102, 107, 163, 257; gamma,
Dono po4. 20, 20,293) 125, LOS, LOT,
110, 111, 222, 320, 358; gutta, 199 ;
iota, 23, 102, 103, 128; interroga-
tionis, 15, 364; moneta, 181, 208,
229; ni, 199, 255, 297, 299, 305, 317;
355; pulcherina, 102, 104, 358
Plutella annulatella, 185 ; cruciferarum,
DAN
Peecilocampa populi, 102, 103, 208, 334,
358
Polia chi, 24, 104, 362; flavicincta, 103,
187, 329
Polygonia c-album, 265; v-aureum, 155
ochroleu-
XV
Polyommatus alexis, 355; alsus, 254 ; ar-
giolus, 355; astrarche, 244; bellargus,
27, 179, 185; dorilis, 62, 304; icari-
nus, 245; icarus, 61, 179, 185, 222,
244; phlicas, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 37,
58, 102, 111, 207, 259, 304, 320, 333,
354; virgaures, 304, 355
Pontia daplidice, 173, 244
Porela sobria, 209
Porthesia auriflua, 72, 103 ; chrysorrhea,
27, 210; similis, 72, 107, 111
Porthetria dispar, 30, 174, 233
Precis antilope, 7; cuama, 7; natalen-
sis, 7; octavia, 7; sesamus, 7, 62;
simia, 7; trimenii, 7
Proeris geryon, 18, 299
*Proruaca harmonica, 284
Proutia betulina, 29; eppingella, 29
Psecadia bipunctella, 298
Pseudophia tirrheea, 207
Psodos trepidaria, 135
Psyche graminella, 222; unicolor, 222
Pterophorus acanthodactylus, 24
Pterostoma palpina, 101, 288, 310, 311,
355, 358
Ptilodontis palpina, 25
Pygera anachorota, 78, 189, 198; anas-
tomosis, 189; curtula, 60. 78, 362;
pigra, 60, 78, 102, 334; reschkei, 79
Pyralis costalis, 108, 112, 359 ; farinalis,
319, 359; glaucinalis, 359
Pyrameis atalanta, 62, 72, 220, 222, 265.
319; callirrhoe, 155; cardui, 27, 30,
54, 58, 62, 72, 155, 220, 222, 244, 245,
265, 315, 319
Pyrausta purpuralis, 359
Rhanidophora phedonia, 209
Rhododipsa miniana, 42
Rhodophea consociella, 87, 106
Risoba trimaculata, 361
Rumia crategata, 28, 103, 358; luteo-
lata, 108, 358
Rusina tenebrosa, 336, 358
Sarothripus revayana, 357; undulanus,
3834, 357
Saturnia carpiui, 102. 109; pavonia
major, 135; pavonia, 11, 77, 189, 334;
pyvi, 11, 77, 189, 207; spini, 11, 77, 189
Satyrus egeria, 356; briseis, 304; circe,
265, 304; mera, 222, 356; proser-
pina, 304; semele, 24, 71, 105, 112,
187, 259, 265, 304, 320, 333
Scardia boleti, 231
Schcenobius forficellus 87
Sciaphila subjectana, 360
Scoparia angustea, 86
Scoparia basistrigalis, 86; cembre, 359 ;
dubitata, 108, 109; lineolea, 312;
mercurella, 86, 312; mercuriella, 312;
resinella, 86; zelleri, 359
Scopelosoma satellitia, 61, 161, 181, 358
Scopula lutealis, 359; olivalis, 359;
prunalis, 359
Scotosia certata, 229
XV
Selenia bilunaria, 359; illunaria, 103,
157, 359; illustraria, 179, 288, 341 ;
juliaria, 359; lunaria, 359, 363; te- |
tralunaria, 101. 179, 229, 341
Smerinthus ocellatus, 61, 72, 101, 102,
O31 24205)/ 229) 257,208. 320,904.
356, 357, 362; planus, 198; populi, |
25, 30, 102; 229; 257, 258, 321, 334,
354; tilie, 25, 109, 209, 229, 258, 260,
321, 356
Sphingomorpha chlorea, 209; montei-
ronis, 209
Sphinx convolvuli, 18, 23, 25, 101, 187,
230, 254, 255, 281, 294, 295, 304, 313,
BLA, 35, 3215330; 334, a00, o01 = Iie
gustri, 25, 28, 103, 229, 254, 258, 299,
323, 357; pinastri, 258, 304
Spilarctia menthastri,
Spilodes palealis, 62, 304, 312, 353, 357
Spilonota roborana, 360 ; rosecolana,360
Spilosoma fuliginosa, 103, 334, 353;
lubricipeda, 103, 187, 334, 357; men-
dica, 111, 334; menthastri, 28, 72,
103, 320, 334, 359; montanum, 59 ;
radiata, 62, 187 (see also Arctia)
Spilothyrus alcew, 245; althex, 223;
australis, 245
Spiramia implicior, 199, 200
Stauropus fagi, 61
Sterrha sacraria, 85, 296
Stilbia anomala, 305, 329, 336, 362
Stilpnotia salicis, 71
Strenia clathrata, 26, 72, 112
Synchloé daplidice, 355, 356
Syrichthus alveolus, 304, 355; macula- |
tus, 174; malve, 26, 28, 207, 304; |
sinicus, 174 |
Syntomis nigricornis, 174; phegea, 174
Teniocampa cruda, 108, 181, 256; go-
thica, 62, 102 103, 105, 160, 181, 305,
358; gothicina, 161; gracilis, 61, 97,
102, 109, 232, 358; incerta, 102, 160,
358; instabilis, 103, 181, 232, 324, |
358; miniosa, 14, 161, 181,208; mun- |
da, 14,181; opima, 14; populeti, 102;
pulverulenta, 14, 160, 256; rubricosa,
Din 2oerstapiliss LO2; 10d Oa nlalO a
161, 181, 210, 305, 358
Tanagra atrata, 61, 86, 102
Tapinostola fulva, 102, 335; hellmani,
312
Teracolus johnstoni, 62
Tephrosia biundularia, 28, 300; bistor-
tata, 181; crepuscularia, 102, 105,
268, 300; extersaria, 26, 28, 109, 363;
punctulata, 139, 355
Teras contaminana, 360
Terias anemone, 173; mavriesii, 173
Tethea subtusa, 88, 108, 136
Thais polyxena, 210; rumina, 207
Thalpochares ostrina, 244, 245
Thanaos tages, 264 ; cervantes, 264
Thecla acacie, 266; betule, 101, 103,
112, 232, 319; betuloides, 156; ilicis,
INDEX.
266; micans, 156; myrtale, 132;
quercus, 17, 102, 109, 208, 320, 333,
355; rubi, 26, 27, 28, 102, 205, 207,
259, 333; spini, 266; w-album, 231,
266, 354, 355, 364
Thera firmata, 102; obeliscata, 26; si-
mulata, 18; variata, 18, 109, 110
Thestor ballus, 206, 207; mauritanica,
207
Thyatira aurorina, 361; batis, 163, 207,
335, 355, 361, 363; cognata, 361; de-
rasa, 25, 335, 355, 363
Thymelicus acteeon, 71; thaumas, 30
Timandra amataria, 104, 111, 200, 359
Tinea biseliella, 73 ; semifulvella, 362
Toxocampa pastinum, 111
Trachea piniperda, 110, 181
Trichiura crateegi, 62, 101, 103, 357
Tortrix forsterana, 360; heparana, 360 ;
ribeana, 360
Triphena comes, 24, 306, 520, 358 ;
curtisii, 306; fimbria, 25, 60, 208,
320, 361, 364; ianthina, 25, 103, 136,
305, 320, 358; interjecta, 102, 136;
orbona, 24, 25, 88, 103, 112, 306, 358,
361; pronuba, 24, 25, 103, 104, 110,
112, 306, 858; subsequa, 18, 88, 103:
Trabele ochroleuca, 209
Trochilium apiforme, 334 ;
formis, 102
Trypanus vicarius, 199
Uropteryx sambucearia, 103, 110, 111,
355, 358
Uzucha borealis, 209
Vanessa antiopa, 17, 57, 163, 254, 260,
293, 303, 304, 316, 352; atalanta, 17,
22), 23) 24.25, 54,157,085 Wey LOO alan
159, 160, 162, 206, 229, 303, 319, 333,
354, 355; c-album, 18, 102, 159, 303,
354, 362; cardui, 17, 20, 24, 25, 26,
54, 57, 58, 99, 100, 102, 105, 111, 159,
206, 290, 291, 319, 333, 355, 357;
egea, 223; ichnusa, 187; io, 17, 24,
25, 28, 57, 72, 98, 99, 100, 102, 109,
112, 159, 161, 180, 182, 259, 265, 290,
304, 319, 320, 333, 355; l-album, 267;
levana, 157; polaris, 187; polychloros,
17, 57, 58, 60, 72, 98, 100, 110, 159;
160, 161, 162, 180, 182, 205, 208,
228, 229, 253, 257, 259, 265, 303, 316,
319, 356 (see also Eugonia); prorsa,
157, 304; urtice, 23, 28, 57, 58, 72,
100, 108, 110, 112, 159, 161, 162, 180,
182, 187, 206, 229, 230, 253, 265, 290,
303, 305, 316, 319, 320, 333, 355 (see
also Aglais); v-album, 54; xantho-
melas, 265
Venilia macularia, 16, 28, 109
Venusia cambricaria, 364
Xanthia aurago, 61, 103; cerago, 108,
112, 163, 358, 362; circellarls, 358;
citrago, 25, 103, 136, 355, 358; ferru-
ginea, 27, 103, 112, 163, 231, 358;
flavago, 103, 355, 358; flavescens,
crabroni-
INDEX.
355; fulvago, 103, 355, 358 ; gilvago,
22, 107, 136, 231, 296, 353, 355, 358 ;
silago, 163, 355, 358
*Xanthoptera carcaroda, 284
Xanthosetia hamana, 360;
360
Xyleutes’ macleayei, 209; nephocosma,
209; pulchra, 209
Xylina rhizolitha, 181
Xylina socia, 102, 181 ; lithoriza, 102
Xylocampa areola, 102; lithorhiza, 102,
108, 109, 181, 358
Xylomiges conspicillaris, 130, 157, 160,
332
Xylophasia hepatica, 136, 363 ; lateritia,
183; lithoxylea, 25, 103, 111, 358;
zoegana,
“monoglypha, 61, 103, 185, 257, 306;
XVil
polyodon, 23, 25, 110, 112, 257; rurea,
104; scolopacina, 136, 364; sublus-
tris, 102, 136
Ypsolophus pometellus, 233
Zanclognatha grisealis, 109
Zelleria hepariella, 87 ; phillyrella, 87
Zeuzera esculi, 107, 108, 257 ; pyrini,
107, 184, 257
Zizera maha, 156
Zonosoma linearia, 60; omicronaria,
27, 110, 364; pendularia, 109, 111,
179 ; porata, 26, 109, 111, 259, 269;
punctaria, 26, 27, 109, 110, 111
Zygena cerinus, 354; filipendule, 26,
77, 104, 110, 296, 334, 354; piloselle,
304; trifolii, 77
Zephyrus quercus, 266
NEUROPTERA (Linn.).
Psocrpia.
Clothilla studiosa (recte picea), 62
Elipsocus unipunctatus, 70;
woodii var. abieti, 70
Stenopsocus cruciatus, 70
west-
PERLIDIA,
Chloroperla grammatica, 70
Isopteryx torrentium, 70
Leuctra (nigra ?), 70
Nemoura inconspicua, 70; variegata,
70
EPHEMERIDIA.
Cloéon dipterum, 346 ; rufulum, 70; sim-
ile, 70
Ephemera, 183; vulgata, 70
Leptophlebia submarginata, 70
ODONATA.
Aischna, 186; cyanea, 53, 68, 107, 111,
184, 210, 289, 290, 312, 323, 354;
grandis,
isosceles (=rufescens), 53, 68 ; juncea,
105, 290; 312 + mixta. 22° 65, 67, 112;
297, 330
Agrion, 186; hastulatum, 69; mereuri-
ale, 53; puella, 23, 104, 212, 215; pul-
chellum, 215 (var.), 259; zonatum,
53
Anax imperator (=formosus), 67, 110,
180, 210, 231, 323
Brachytron pratense, 67, 210, 259, 323
Calopteryx splendens, 210, 259; virgo,
257, 324
Cordulegaster anuulatus, 67, 234
Cordulia enea, 65, 212, 230, 323
Enallagma cyathigerum, 53, 65, 69,
104, 1105 1 112
Erythromma naias, 68, 111, 210, 212,
259
Gomphus, 53, 186; vulgatissimus, 66,
324
106, 110, 111, 112, 354; |
Gynacantha plagiata, 59
Ischnura elegans, 23, 54, 65, 69, 104,
IV, 112; 182; 259,290, 297, 346;
elegans var. rubra, 259; pumilio, 53,
54, 69, 181, 182, 205, 231; pumilio
var. aurantiaca, 69
Lestes barbara, 68; sponsa, 23, 105, 111,
112
Leucorrhinia dubia, 104, 105, 256, 257
Libellula, 186; depressa, 65, 212, 232,
289, 290, 312, 323; fulva, 66, 361;
quadrimaculata, 61, 65, 66, 104, 110,
232, 289, 312, 323; quadrimaculata
var. prenubila, 61, 110, 232; veron-
ensis, 53, 54
Orthetrum cerulescens, 66, 205; can-
cellatum, 66, 324, 346
Oxygastra curtisii, 230
Platycnemis pennipes, 68, 111, 136
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, 65, 68, 104, 110;
nymphula var. eneatum, 68; tenel-
lum, 65, 68, 110; tenellum var. enea-
tum, 68; tenellum var. rubratum,
68
Sympetrum, 186 ; flaveolum, 66; san-
guineum, 66, 111. 297; scoticum, 53,
54, 65. 66, 105, 111, 289; striolatum,
53, 65, 66, 107, 111, 112, 289, 297,
320, 324, 330, 354; vulgatum, 53, 54,
65
Tetracanthagyna, 59; vittata, 59
PLANIPENNIA.
Chrysopa flavifrons, 70; perla, 70, 346;
phyllochroma, 70; tenella, 70; vul-
garis, 70
Coniopteryx aleyrodiformis, 70
Hemerobius concinnus, 70, 204 ; micans,
70; nitidulus, 70; stigma (=limba-
tus), 56, 70
Osmylus maculatus, 70
Panorpa communis, 70; germanica, 70
ED SITE AR OO So nega ARMA nt Ue ae
ROPNAT ORD Pa dol pees iY
XVlil
Raphidia maculicollis, 70, 259 ; notata,
70
Sialis lutaria, 70
TRICHOPTERA,
Anabolia, 210
Colpotaulius incisus, 346
Cyrnus trimaculatus, 70
Goéra pilosa, 70
Glyphotelius pellucidus, 70
Helicopsyche, 162
Holocentropus picicornis, 70
INDEX.
Leptocerus alboguttatus, 70; cinereus,
70
Limnophilus, 210; affinis, 70; centralis,
70; hirsutus, 346; marmoratus, 259;
rhombicus, 259; sparsus, 346
Molanna, 210
Micropterna lateralis, 290; sequax, 70
Notidobia ciliaris, 180
Phryganea, 210; grandis, 259; minor,
290; varia, 70
Sericosoma, 210; personatum, 70
ORTHOPTERA.
Acrydium (= Tetrix=Tettix), 241, 243 ;
bimaculatum, 166, 243; fuliginosum,
242; fuliginosum var. fascipes, 242 ;
fuliginosum var. pulchella, 242; ten-
uicorne, 243; subulatum, 166, 242
Anisolabis annulipes, 138; maritima,
138
Aphlebia, 188
Apterygida arachidis, 138, 188; media
(=albipennis), 138
Blabera gigantea, 188
Blatta americana, 205 ; australasie, 130,
188, 363 ; orientalis, 205
Ectobia, 188; lapponica, 165; panzeri
(=ericetorum), 165, 290, 330
Forficula auricularia, 138, 165; lesnei,
138, 165, 188
Gomphocerus maculatus, 166; rufus,
166
Gryllus domesticus, 130
Harpax (?), 184
Hemimerus hanseni, 138; talpoides,
138
Labia minor, 138
| Labidura riparia, 138, 324
Leptophyes punctatissima, 31, 166, 330
Leucophea surinamensis, 188
| Locusta viridissima, 24, 62, 269, 330
Mantis religiosa, 188, 234
Meconema varium, 166, 330
Mecostethus grossus, 166
Nemobius sylvestris, 167
| Nyctibora holosericea, 188
Ocnerodes sp., 29
Phyllium, 209
| Phyllodromia germanica, 204, 232
| Platycleis brachyptera, 167 ; grisea, 167
_ Rhyparobia maderex, 30, 165,188
Stagmomantis carolina, 234
Stenobothrus bicolor, 166 ; elegans, 166;
lineatus, 166; parallelus, 166; rufi-
pes, 166; viridulus, 130, 166
| Tettix (see Acrydium) ; bipunctatus, 166,
243; subulatus, 166, 242
Tetrix (see Tettix and Acrydium)
Thamnotrizon cinereus, 167, 322, 330
Xiphidium dorsale, 166, 330
Juplie s.— 8. Ligustri,* Z. Prife * Dominula,**-Quereifotia* (6), big
ispidus, * Gianditera,* Lucernen. habs Citrago, Satellitia,* Marginata.* Desz-
rata.—Athalia, C-album, Typhon, Pruni, Betule, Quadra, Rubricollis, Cribrum,
Salicis, Pavonia, Camelina, Cuculla, Dictwa, Bifida, Opima, Populeti. SAD
? pe, or offers.—J. Walker ; 8, Goodwin Terrace, Bronshill Road, Torquay.
Duplicates.—Larve of E. Lichenea, (Devon form). Desiderata. eee of iiiene
Re i ooeeeiee ‘F. Mathew ; Dovercourt, Essex.
Duplicates. —Many Exotie and "European Lepidoptera, including Thedlas
Rae Lyewnids ; also Colias Phicomene (fair), Podalirius (one, poor), and other Papilio-
nid; also one Kallima (without antenne), and many other handsome insects in
various condition; also British Fimbria,* Machaon.* Desiderata.—Many com-
-mon British Bombyces, Noctue and Geometre to fillup. Mare or local insects in ~
_ poor condition accepted; especially Aurinia, Pruni, Artaxerxes. Will send list if
5 “required. —H. B. Philby; St. Peter's College, Westminster, S.W.
_. Duplicates —Hyale, Edusa, Arion, Argiolus, Cardui, Polychloros, Comma,
‘Helmanni, Ochroleuca, Fibrosa, Strigula, Muscerda, Sororecula, Dominula, Tiliaria,
-Hastata. Desiderata.—Crategi, Sinapis, Cassiope, Davus, Cinxia, Artemis, Iris,
tea Pruni, W-Album, Paniscus, Machaon, Atropos, Ocellatus, Porcellus, Elpenor, |
a “Versicolor, Carpini,. Ligniperda, Papilionaria, Syringaria, Prunaria.—A. J. Benbow ;
_ The Mount, Harefield Road, Uxbridge.
eh _ Duplicates. —During this and next month. Fresh caught, unset; or ‘sath black
pins. Ornithopus, Satellitia, Lota, Macilenta, Pistacina (good varieties) , Circellaris,
Oxyacanthz, Miata, Cervinata, Ligula (Spadicea), Defoliaria, Pennaria, Brumata, ~
Ceruleocephala, Libatrix, P. Populi (and ova),- Suffusa, Saucia, Rupicapraria,
Leucophearia, Aiscularia, Strataria, and others. -Desiderata.—Or, Littoralis,
- Geminipuneta, Glauca, Rectilinea, Solidaginis, Sponsa, Ornata, Gilvaria, Pietaria,
_ Limbaria, Simulata, Polycommata, Munitata, Tristata, Paludata, Sagittata, Rufata, —
and many others.—James Douglas ; Dunollie, Sherborne, Dorset.
» Duplicates —T. Rubi, Elymi, Suasa,* Ochracea,* Megacephala,* Rumicis,
_Jacohee, Cerago,* Silago,* Capsincola,* Antiqua,* L. Comma, Lota, Ferruginea,
ie Solidaginis, Gemina, Literosa, Suffusa, Nictitans, Spadicea, Woanae: Camelina and
- pupe, Umbratica, Fulva, Protea, Chi, Xerampelina, Gothica,* Stabilis,* Cruda,
~. Batis,: Fuscula, Perla, Nigra, Syringaria,* Tiliaria,* Quercinaria,* Fuscantaria,*
- Autumnaria,* Betularia,* Russata, Tristata, Lariciata, Castigata, Nanata, Scutu-
lata, Iunaria,* Cesiata, Carabriea, Ulmata, Liturata, Variata, Fumata, Boreata,
Pectinitaria, Leucophearia, Marginaria, Testata, &e. Desiderata.—Saponaria,
Sobrina, Ridens, Pastinum, Myopiformis, Quercifolia, Dictzwoides, Aceris, Myricex,
_ Turea, A. Ligustri, Dolabraria. Pulveraria, Triplasia, Sulphuralis, Conspersa, Oo,
~ Paleacea, Auroraria, Ruficinctata, Simulata, Fumata, Unangulata, Quadrifasciaria,
Pieata, Rufata, &e.—T. Ashton Lofthouse ; The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbor ough.
~ Desiderata. — Rhamni (females only, on white pins), Chrysitis, Fimbria,
~ Pithonus, Nupta... Types of Valezina, Prasinana.—C. B. Holland; Rossall, Fleet-
~ qood,. Lancashire.
. Duplicates.— Valligera, Citraria, Agestis,. Semele, Te Pili pernteile ; Galata,
eS Bellargus, C-nigrum, Egeria, Literosa,C. Sylvanus, Vaccinii, Tages, Conigera,
Pigra, Persicaria, Pendularia, Pilosaria, Puta, Putris, Cubiculatis, Untion, Graminis,
”-Hyperanthus, Lunosa, Bucephala, Furuncula, Impura, Jacobex, Hepatice, Tri-
linearia. Desiderata.—Very numerous.—C. A. Johnstone ; 14, Heneage Road,
a herrborne, Dorset.
Duplicates. —_Smaragdaria,* Syringaria,* Valezina, Quadra** pupz, Versicolor,
- Chaonia, (Scotch, dark form), Sinuata, Pendularias Ova: P. Populi. Desiderata.
_Fine pup only of Cucullina, Carmelita, Callunze, Elpenor, Porcellus, Ocellatus,
§. Ligustri, Alternata—V. #. Shaw; 8, Moss Hall Grove, North Finchley.
% Duplicates.—Paphia, Valesina, Adippe, Sibylla, T. Quercus, Betule, Quadra
- (males and females), Undulanus, H. Uncula, Meliloti, Russula’' (males and females),
» Cribrum, Fuciformis. (narrow), Bombyliformis (broad), Miniosa, Orbona, Syrin-
_ garia, Glabraria, . Belgiaria, Sparsata, Lichenaria, Alternata, Cristana, Literana,
- Desiderata.—Numerous, to renew; especially, Acidalia and Eupithecia.—W. P.
. Blackburne- Maze; Shaw House, Newbury.
_ Duplicates—Velleda, Quercus, Filipendule * (vars.), ize Populi (few), Chi,
_ Derasa, I Flavocincta, Impura,* Popularis, Testacea, Czruleocepha'a,* Baia,”
Lane, Burnley.
a “Augur,* ce
~ Testata, Plumbaria, and Impluviata
Capsincola,* 1 ‘Dentina,
cially Lunaria, Firmata, and Emargin
Duplicates. — Machaon, Galatea, Semele, nese ‘Corydo
Antiqua, Punctulata, Piniaria, Marginata, Nanata, Ascularia, Juniper
tristata, Bipunctaria, Megacephala, ” Perla, Suffusa, Saucia, and other
rata. — Numerous local species. —A. H. Shepherd ; 81, Corinne Roa
Park, London. ees
Duplicates. —Dilutata, Boreata, Aree aciert (male), ely ans) Tiina? Th
Macilenta. Desiderata. —Ulmata, Dispar, Dominula, Zonaria, Spartiata,
and many common species.—J. Ovenden ; P.O., Frindsbury, Rochester. —
Duplicates—A. Crategi (3), Sinapis, Aurinia (Irish), Cinxia (2), C-album, B
byliformis (1), Gilvaria (fair). Desiderata.—Arion, Castanea (Arundinis), fem
P. HK. Freke ; Southpowmt, Limes Road, Folkestone. qt
Duplicates. — Autumnaria * (Folkestone), Dilutata. Desde _ Numerous.
Good specimens; black pins only.—Miss A. D. Edwards ; The Uit- Span, Onslow
Gardens, Wallington. es
Duplicates. — Promissa (fair), Paphia, Aigon, &e. Desiderata. —Machaon,
_$. Ligustri, S. Tilie, S. Populi, Ocellatus, Elpenor, and ova of many species. Lists
Bi
exchanged.—B. Stonell; 25, Studley Road, Clapham, London, S.W. 5
_ Duplicates.—Angularia,* Anachoreta,* Croceago,* Polychioros,* Castrensis, a
Ditrapezium,* To,* Syringaria,* Neustria,* Rusticata,* Illustraria,* Boreata,*
Rhamnata,* Cervinaria* and ova, Unifasciata,* Dilatasa* (melanic forms), Zigon,
W-Album,* Sphegiformis * (antennz missing), Arion (not quite perfect), Lineola,.
and a few each of Aureola, Fuscula, Crassalis, H. Comma, P. Crategi, Argiolus, —
Luteata, Versicolor, Minos, Exulans. Desiderata.— Early stages of A. Urticew, P. —
Crategi, Vespertaria, Apiciaria, Lunaria, Extersaria, Succenturiata, Subumbrata, —
Trisignata, Virgaureata, Fraxinata, Campanulata, Expallidata, Exiguata, Sexalata, —
Simulata, Firmata, Hastata, Fureula, Bifida, &. Accepted offers answered by’:
return.—Colonel Partridge ; 72, St. John’s Park, Blackheath. a
Duplicates. — Cardui (2), Czruleocephala (8), Popularis (2), Aprilina* (a),
Fulvago (2), Pennaria (3), Pedaria (2). Desiderata.—Hectus, Lanestris, Dominula, ©
; Fascelina, Castrensis, Rubi, Flavicornis, Ridens, Prunaria, Apiciaria, Advenaria, —
and many common Noctue and Geometre. Black pins and good epecteuse a
EF’, A. Oldaker ; Parsonage House, Dorking.
Duplicates. “Ova: Cassinea. Desiderata. —Harly stages of many species. —
Edward Goodwin ; Wateringbury. Maidstone. ie
Duplicates. —T. Quercus* (fine), Phloeas, Cardui (4), Cardamines, Alniaria,* —
Angularia,* Irrorella (3), Prodromaria* (fine), Extersaria, Stabilis; Gothica, Rubri- —
cosa, Tenuiata,* Silago,* Cerago,* Ferruginea,* Oleracea,* Plecta, Megaceph: da
(4), Lucipara, ©. Cythera (2), Mendica,* Popularis, Typica, Nictitans, Dentina, —
Comma, Trapezina, Satellitia, Vinula,* Atropos* (2), Nupta (4), Versicolor (2), —
Lanestris,* Cassinea* (2), Quercifolia* (2). Desiderata.—Agathina, Trepida, —
Rubiginea, Przcox, Iris, Pruni, Daplidice, Subsequa, Ravida, Fulvago, Oo, and —
many others. Lists exchanged.— —W. E. Baker ; Tilney All Saints, King’s Lynn. —
ee —Chrysorrhea,* Serena, Faleula,* Nupta (3), Gamma, 8. Populi,*
Ianthina (2), Juniperata, Betularia (fair), Brassice (8), Pistacina, Menthastri, —
Brumata, Polyodon, Meticulosa, All set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.— -
Numerous.—J. B. Morris; Maldon House, Maldon Road, Wallington, Surrey. —
Duplicates.—Hyale, Semele, Polychloros, Io, Tiecin H. Comma, Elpenor, ‘
Neustria, Lanestris, Potatoria, Camelina, Fimbria, Cerago, Rubricosa, Gracilis, Re
Satellitia, Spadicea, Parthenias. Desiderata.— Blandina, Cassiope, Davus, Pruni, —
Apiformis, Statices, Arundinis, Fascelina, Lacertula, Furea, Leucographa, Moneta, —
Notha, &¢.—F. A. Small; 95, Westgate, Canterbury. eh
Duplicates. — Neglecta, Ornithopus, Satellitia, Monacha,* Variata,* Teghiter a
phearia (males), Abbreviata, ova of Angularia, pupe of Carpini, Derasa, Cons
sortaria, Extersaria, Alchemillata. Desiderata.—Betule, Athalia, Avion, Geryon, —
Globulariz, Exulans, Sesiide, Senex, Mundana, Crategi, &c., and pupe of sea :
species.—A. M. Smallpiece; Field Lodge, Burley, Ringwood, Hants, ° ae
Duplicates. — W-Album,* Paleacea, Xerampelina, Spadicea. - Desiderata. Bo
Numerous.—A, Poke ; 16, Hxeter Road, Nottingham. -
ay ie %
n
CHANGES oF AppRESS.—G. T. Porritt, from Crosland Hall, near Huddersfield, Q
to Mayfield, Hdgerton, Huddersfield. H. Douglas Stockwell, from 2, Albert Hones
ARES:
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¥
ual ‘MEETINGS: OF SOCIETIES.
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Vol. XXXV.]) NOVEMBER, 1902. [No. 474.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
Mlustrated Journal
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EBDITED BY] RICHARD SOUTH, F.E..S:
WITH THE ASSISTANOE OF
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W. EGMONT KIRBY, M.D. With 132 Plates (containing 1933 distinct specimens),
all beautifully Coloured by Hand, accurately delineating every known species.
Times.—* Speaking of Entomology, we should place Mr. Morris’s ‘ History of British
Moths’ at the head of the list of the works on the subject. It gives a coloured figure of
every known British moth, together with dates of appearance, localities, description, and
food of caterpillar. It forms a handsome work for a library, and will, we should hope,
lead many to commence the fascinating study of Entomology.”
New anp Revisep Eprrion. Demy 8vo, buckram cloth, gilt top, with 35 Coloured Plates,
reproduced from Original Drawings by the late Professor ScutmcEL. Price £2 2s. net.
A HANDBOOK of BRITISH BIRDS. Showing
the Distribution of the Resident and Migratory Species in the British Islands, with
an Index to the Records of the Rarer Visitants. By J. H. HARTING, F.L.S., F.Z.5.,
Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union.
London: JOHN C. NIMMO, Lop., 14, King William Street, Strand.
J. & W. DAVIS,
Naturalists, and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and
Naturalists’ Requisites.
31 & 33, Hythe St., & The Bridge, Dartford, Kent.
IIlustrated Catalogue, Twopence, Post Free. Sample Card of Pins, Free.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, OVA, LARVA, AND PUP.
FERTILE OVA.—Per doz.—Dispar, 3d. Monacha, 4d. Angularia, 6d. Fuscan-
taria, 8d. Antiqua, 3d.
LARVAE.—Per doz.—Hrosaria, Cespitis, 8d. Quercifolia (young), 9d.
PUPAE.—Each.—Ligustri, Populi, Vinula, Carpini, 3d. Tiliew, Ocellatus, 4d. Versi-
color (4s. 6d. doz.), Trepida, Absynthii, 5d. Elpenor, Strataria, Palpina, Callune, 3d.
Consortaria, 4d. Cucullata (Sinuata), Carmelita, Chaonia, Helveticata, 6d. Absynthiata,
Laricata, Pisi, Verbasci, 2d.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.—Each.—Agathina, Alni, Carmelita, Cinerea, Dege-
naria, Ditrapezium, Fagi, Helice, Ichneumoniformis, Muciformis, Neurica, Obsoleta,
Orbona, Orichalcea, Palealis, Peltigera, Semibrunnea, Sobrina, Togata, Venustula, 1s. ;
10s doz.). Atropos, Exulans, Irriguata, Minos, Moneta, 1s. 6d. See also last month’s
advertisement. All are guaranteed British. Sent ‘on appro” if desired.
USEFUL HANDBOOKS.—‘The Laryez Collector’s Guide and Calendar’ gives
Times of Appearance in all stages, with Food-plants and Illustrated Notes on Rearing,
ds. ‘Bird Stuffing and Mounting,’ Illustrated, Cloth, 4s. ‘ Animal, Fish, and Reptile
Stuffing,’ Illustrated, 4s. 6d.
Silvered Entomological Pins.—Prices per 0z.—Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1s.; 5, 6, 1s. 6d. ;
7, 8, 28.; 9, 2s. 6d.; 10, 38.; 11, 2s.; 12, 13, 14, 2s. 6d.; 15, 38.; 16, 6s.; 17, 38. 6d.;
18, 5s. 6d.; 19, 7s. 6d.
Black Pins, 1s. 0z. extra on above prices.
Mrixrp Pins, silvered, 5 sizes, 6d., 9d., 1s., and 1s. 6d. per box. Black do., 5 sizes,
1s. 3d..and 2s. 6d. per box. Silvered Pins, on papers 2 sizes, per sheet, 3d. and 6d.
Cabinet Points for Labelling, per box, 1s. 6d.
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Kntomological Apparatus and Cabinets.
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nete,
3s. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen,
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use,
1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68. Setting
Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 14 in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 24in.,18.; 34in., Is. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Oage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 58., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1s. 6d., 2s., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3}, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 2s. per
pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 94; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &e.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.8., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘ Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, $d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, 9d. each.
Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English
names, Is. 64. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The “Dixon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 3s. 6d.
witoOW > hk OOM: FOR: CABINETS
Of every description for Insects, Birps’ Eaas, Coins, Microscopical OBJECTS,
Fossits, &c. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EKGGS
(BRIISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC).
Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.
Only Address :—
86 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (6 doors from Cuarina Cross).
i ha ihe V7; ARE RU P A.
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to
H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH,
The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CaBiners, &c., sent on application.
Now Ready.—_THIRD EDITION.
THE LEPIDOPTERIST’S GUIDE,
Considerably Enlarged, Freely Illustrated, and brought to Twentieth Century Date,
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
PusuisHep By Gurney & Jackson, 1, Paternoster Row, E.C.; axso
Soup sy Warxins & Donoaster, 36, Stranp, Lonpon, W.C.
CONTENTS.
Variation of Lycena corydon in North Wilts, Rev. C. A. Sladen, 273. The North
Staffordshire form of Zonosoma (Ephyra) pendularia, F'. C. Woodforde, 275.
On the Butterflies collected in Equatorial Africa by Capt. Clement Sykes, Hmily
Mary Sharpe, 276. Miscellanea Rhynchotalia,—No. 5, G. W. Kirkaldy, 280.
NoTrEs AND OBSERVATIONS, 284-285.
CAPTURES AND FieLp Reports, 285-291.
Socipriss, 291. Recent Lirnrature, 294-296.
A. HSL O NS Bo Ce ieee
NATURAL-HISTORY AGENT, BARTON STREET, GLOUCESTER,
~'UPPLIES Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the various branches of
\J Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, Butterfly Nets, &c.
BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA, k&e., kept
in stock in large quantities.
The largest stock of Haas in England to select from, including many very rare
species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers liberally dealt with.
Ttevised List of British LEPIDOPTERA, now ready, post free.
NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS.
TaxibERmyY. Birds skinned and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled assistants.
Full general Catalogue and Special List of Haas and Skrns, post free.
N.B.—No agents, and only one address as above,
HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER,
40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL.
Largest and best Stock in England of KUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices.
Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera.
Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &e.
Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, «c.—British & Exotic Shells.
THE MOST RELIABLE Srock or BIRDS’ SKINS anp BIRDS’ EGGS in Brirarn.
New and Second-hand Books.—Tixchange and Label Lists.
Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready; also Shell Catalogue; Entomological
Catalogue in preparation.
N.B.—M. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889.
R. STAUDINGER & BANG-=HAAS, Blasewitz-=Dresden, in their
new Price List, No. XLV., offer more than 16,000 Species of well-named
LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition ;
1400 kinds of PREPARED LARVA; numerous LIVING PUPA, &. Srparatre
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (21,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (2800
species), DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTERA (1600), ORTHOPTERA (1000),
NEUROPTERA (550). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low.
JAMES GARDNER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers
are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
Pe
a
ie
if
es
pe
J. & W. DAVIS,
Naturalists, and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and
Naturalists’ Requisites.
31 & 33, Hythe St., & The Bridge, Dartford, Kent.
I/lustrated Catalogue, Twopence, Post Free. Sample Card of Pins, Free.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, OVA, LARVA, AND PUPZ:.
FERTILE OVA.—Per doz.—Dispar, 3d. Monacha, 4d. Angularia, 6d. Fuscan-
taria, 8d. Antiqua, 3d.
LARV4E.—Per doz.—Anachoreta, Unifasciata, 2s. Quercifolia (young), 9d.
PUP4.—Euch.—Ligustri, Populi, Vinula, Carpini, 3d. Tilie, Ocellatus, 4d.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.—4d. each or 3s. 6d. doz.—Absynthii, Acteeon, Advena,
Advenaria, Anachoreta, Apiciaria, Artaxerxes, Asella, Asteris, Atriplicis, Australis, Cas-
tan, Chrysozona, Complana, Confiua, Consortaria, Contigua, Coracina, Crategi, Deplana,
Dolobraria, Elpenor, Emutaria, Festuce, Flavicinetata, Geminipuncta, Geniste, Gilvago,
Hastata, Haworthii, Hispidus, Impudens, Interjecta, Lichenea, Limacodes, Lineola, Lit-
toralis, Liturata, Lucernea, Luctuosa, Lunaria, Miata, Nana, Notata, Octomaculata, Oli-
vata, Orbicularia, Paralellaria, Petrificata, Plumigera, Polycommata, Psittacata, Pustulata,
Rectilinea, Reticulata, Ridens. See also last month’s advertisement. All are guaranteed
British. Sent ‘‘on appro” if desired.
USEFUL HANDBOOKS. —‘The Larve Collector’s Guide and Calendar’ gives
Times of Appearance in all stages, with Food-plants and Ilustrated Notes on Rearing,
4s. ‘Bird Stuffing and Mounting,’ Illustrated, Cloth, 4s. ‘ Animal, Fish, and Reptile
Stuffing,’ Illustrated, 4s. 6d.
Silvered Entomological Pins.—Prices per 0z.—Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1s.; 5, 6, 1s. 6d. 5
7,8, 2s.; 9, 28. 6d.;.10, 3s.; 11, 28.5 12, 18, 14; 2s. 6d.; 15, 38.;°16, 68.5 17, 38. 6d. ;
18, 5s. 6d.; 19, 7s. 6d.
Black Pins, 1s. oz. extra on above prices.
Mrxep Pins, silvered, 5 sizes, 6d., 9d., 1s., and 1s. 6d. per box. Black do., 5 sizes,
ls. 3d. and 2s. 6d. per box. Silvered Pins, on papers 2 sizes, per sheet, 3d. and 6d.
Cabinet Points for Labelling, per box, 1s. 6d.
THE PRACTICAL CABINET MAKERS.
J. T. CROCKETT & SON,
(Established 1847,)
MVAKERS of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases,
Store-Boxns, APPARATUS and APPLIANCES, and Dealers in all kinds of
Specimens for HNromonoaists, Boranists, ORNITHOLOGISTS, GEoLoaists, Minss-
ALoGISTs, NuMISMATISTS, ConcHoLoaists, &e., and for the use of Lecturers, Science
Teachers, Colleges, Students, &c. Museums fitted and arranged. Specially made
Capinet for Birps' Haas and Sxins. The Drawers graduate in depth and are all
interchangeable. Att Best Work. ESTIMATES GIVEN.
All goods at Store Prices. Great advantages in dealing direct with Makers.
Send for full detailed Price Lisr before ordering elsewhere.
Ta, PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, LONDON, W.
Factories; 34, Riding House Street and Ogle Street, W.
CHARLES JEFFERYS,
Naturalist and Taxidermist,
TETBURY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
Large and Authentic Stock of BRITISH BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS,
SHELLS, LEPIDOPTERA, &c., &c.
APPARATUS AND REQUISITES OF ALL KINDS,
For use of Oologists, Entomologists, Taxidermists, &c. Large Collectors liberally
dealt with. Established 20 years. Price Lists Free.
Wanted.—Good Varieties of British Lepidoptera, Eggs or Birds; also Cuckoos’ Eggs,
and the rarer British Marine Shells.
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Kutemological Apparatus and Cabinets.
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets:
8s. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen.
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., 1s. 6d. ver oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use,
1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68. Setting
Boards, flat or oval, Lin., 6d.; 1}in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 24in.,1s.; 34in., 1s. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zino Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78.6d. Ooleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1s. 6d., 2s., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, Is. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 28. per
pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 94; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ iggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, ke.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. Ep. Meyricx, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘ Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, $d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, 9d. each.
Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English
names, Is. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The ‘ Dixon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 3s. 6d.
SOW “ROOM =FOR, “CABINETS
Of every description for Insecrs, Brrps’ Kaas, Coins, MicroscoricaL OBsects,
Fossits, &e. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS
(BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC).
Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workimen.
Only Address :—
386 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Cuarina Cross).
REDE MeN NV Are PN are UE, AL.
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to
H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH,
The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, Caxpinets, &c., sent on application.
EXCHANGE (received later).
Duplicates. — Ova, Antigua; larve, Sambucata. Desiderata. — Gonostigma,
Ripe.—(Mrs.) Holmes ; Ruthven, Sevenoaks.
Duplicates.—Monacha,* Quadra,* Promissa, N. Strigula, Aprilina. Desiderata.
Numerous. Imagines and pupe.—G. Lyle ; Brockenhurst, Hants.
Duplicates.— Pupe of Anachoreta. Desiderata. — Ova and pupe of many
species.—L. A. Spencer ; 52, Burghley Road, Highgate, N.W.
Duplicates.—Brevilinea (some good and some fair specimens), Ambigua, His-
pida ; larve of Hera. Offers.—H. B. Philby ; St. Peter’s College, 3, Little Dean’s
Yard, Westminster.
CONTENTS.
Meriania argentifera, Meig., a Tachinid new to Britain (with Plate), Colbran J.
Wainwright, 249. On the Larva of Liphyra brassolis, Westw., Dr. T. A.
Chapman, 252. Description of a new Species of Cicadide from Ceylon,
W. L. Distant, 256. A Contribution to the Classification of the Coccide,
I’. D. A. Cockerell, 257. On the Morphology and Classification of the
Auchenorrhynechous Homoptera, Dr. H. J. Hansen, 260. On some New
Genera and Species of Hymenoptera (Ichneumonide, Chrysidide, Fossores,
and Apid), P. Cameron, 268.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 265-266.
CAPTURES AND Firntp Reports, 266-270.
SOCIETIES, 271. Recent LITERATURE, 272,
A. EOIN Ee Glee
NATURAL-HISTORY AGENT, BARTON STREET, GLOUCESTER,
.!UPPLIES Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the various branches of
‘ Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, Butterfly Nets, &c.
BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA, &c., kept
in stock in large quantities.
The largest stock of Eacs in England to select from, including many very rare
species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers liberally dealt with.
Revised List of British LEPIDOPTERA, now ready, post free.
NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS.
TaxipERmy, Birds skinned and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled assistants.
Full general Catalogue and Special List of HKacs and Skins, post free.
N.B.—No agents, and only one address as above.
HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER,
40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL.
Largest and best Stock in England of HUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices.
Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera.
Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &c.
Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, &c.—British & Exotic Shells.
THE Mosr RELIABLE Stock or BIRDS’ SKINS anp BIRDS’ EGGS 1n Brrrarn.
New and Second-hand Books.— Exchange and Label Lists.
Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell Catalogue; Entomological
Catalogue in preparation.
N.B.—Mr. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889.
D*®: STAUDINGER & BANG=HAAS, Blasewitz-=Dresden, in their
new Price List, No. XLYV., offer more than 16,000 Species of well-named
LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition ;
1400 kinds of PREPARED LARVA‘; numerous LIVING PUPA, &e. Separate
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (21,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (2800
species), DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTERA (1600), ORTHOPTERA (1000),
NEUROPTERA (550). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low.
JAMES GARDNER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers
are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
”
ail Subscriptions for 1902 (6s., including double numbers and postage) may
be sent to West, Newman é Co.
Vol. XXXV.] SEPTEMBER, 1902. [No. 472.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
AN
Jllustrated Journal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
DPE E DS Yo RICHARD «SOUTH, Fe; B.S
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERY ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S8.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F¥.H.8. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F, W. FROHAWK, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.§. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great peed are gan thse discoveries made.”’
1 OF °G
2
Vis aN
- \
gt P 1S 4909
iM
NS as
% HSO INIA iN DE
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep.
Price Sixpence.
SPIDERLAND.
ROSE HAIG THOMAS.
CROWN 8vo. CLOTH. PRICE 5s.
A VOLUME OF SIMPLE TALES, EMBODYING SUCH FACTS OF NATURAL
HISTORY AS ARE ATTRACTIVE TO CHILDREN, AND WRITTEN IN
LANGUAGE EASY TO BE UNDERSTOOD.
SomE PreEss OPINIONS.
‘Mrs. Haig Thomas’s stories promise a treat alike for the little ones and the
grown-ups. And it cannot be said that the enjoyment of the latter is altogether
altruistic.’—The Westminster Gazette.
“A charming little book based on the authoress’s original observations on a
variety of animals and plants, and cast into a poetic form likely to interest
children in natural history.”—Nature.
“The nursery library has been enormously enriched by Mrs. Thomas’s delightful
book. . . . The tales are the most charming and delightful of their kind that have
appeared for a long time.”—Daily Graphic.
‘‘ Here is something more than learning made easy ; if is learning made actually
pleasant. .... A most delightful book for children either for the home or the
schoolroom.’—Birmingham Gazette.
To BE HAD AT ALL BooKSELLERS, OR
Naturalists, and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and
Naturalists’ Requisites.
31 & 33, Hythe St., & The Bridge, Dartford, Kent.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, OVA, LARVA, AND PUPA.
FERTILE OVA. — Per doz.—Dispar, 3d. Monacha, 4d. Rusticata, 6d. Ana-
choreta, 6d. Tetralunaria, 6d.
LARVAE.—Per doz.—Ligustri, 2s. Consortaria, 2s. 6d. Quercifolia (young), 9d.
PUPAE.—Luach.—Ligustri, 3d. Populi, 3d. Vinula, 3d. Carpini, 3d. Tilie, 44.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.—Helice, Alni, Arion, Ichneumoniformis, Chrysidi-
formis, Albulalis, Fagi, Cucullia, Carmelita, Chaonia, Octogesima, Flammea, Neurica,
Cinerea, Agathina, Ophiogramma, Ditrapezium, Sobrina, Subsequa, Ivregularis, Oo,
Xerampelina, Moneta, Absynthii, Chryson, Venustula, Rubiginata, Degenaria, Carbonaria,
Alternata, Togata, Griseata.—Price 1s. each or 10s. per doz. Conspicillaris, Brevilinea,
Strigosa, Nubeculosa, Erythrocephala, Leucophea, Ravida, Simulans, Extersaria, Cur-
zoni, Contiguaria, Constrictata, Scoliiformis, Sphegiformis, Hera, 2s. 6d. each or 22s. 6d.
per dozen. All are guaranteed British. Sent ‘‘on appro” if desired.
USEFUL HANDBOOKS. —‘The Larvz Collector’s Guide and Calendar’ gives
Times of Appearance in all stages, with Food-plants and Illustrated Notes on Rearing,
4s. ‘Bird Stuffing and Mounting,’ Illustrated, Cloth, 1s. ‘ Animal, Fish, and Reptile
Stuffing,’ Illustrated, 4s. 6d.
Silvered Entomological Pins.—Prices per 0z.—Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 1s.; 5, 6, Is. 6d. ;
7, 8,285.9, 28. .6d.)s 1O;"3555 all 25s. SLoaeS, 14,925." 6dhs loss onacael oats emmy ec ante
18, 5s. 6d.; 19, 7s. 6d.
Black Pins, 1s. 0z. extra on above prices.
Mrxep Pins, silvered, 5 sizes, 6d., 9d, 1s., and 1s. 6d. per box. Black do., 5 sizes,
ls. 3d. and 2s. 6d. per box. Silvered Pins, on papers 2 sizes, per sheet, 3d. and 6d.
Cabinet Points for Tiabellinec. ver boz. 1s. 6d.
ave Pe re
1 ;
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Kniomological Apparatus and Cabinets,
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 8d., 28.,2s.6d. Folding Nets,
8s. 60., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., Is. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen.
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use.
1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 68. Settine
Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 14 in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 23in.,1s.; 3$in., 1s. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 100.; ‘Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. Gd., 11s: 6d.; corked back, 148. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Cage, "Os. 6d., 4s., 58., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s. 8d. Botanical Gases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 2s. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1s, 6d., 2s., 28.6d. per pair. Oabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, Is. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Sealpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 2s. per
pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 94; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Uggs, ke.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, $d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, 9d. each.
Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and Mnglish
names, Is. 6d. Onur new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The “Dixon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 3s. 6d.
wit A Re OM FO RS=CABIN EES
Of every description for Insects, Birps’ Maas, Coins, MicroscoricaL OBJEcts,
Fossizs, &. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS
(BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC),
Birds, Mammals, &c., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.
Only Address :—
86 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Cxarina Cross).
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to ;
H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH,
The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
Full List of ee ee APPARATUS, Sapa &e., sent on application.
HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER,
40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL.
Largest and best Stock in England of KUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices.
Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera.
Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &ec.
Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, &c.—British & Exotic Shells.
THE MOST RELIABLE Stock oF BIRDS’ SKINS anp BIRDS’ EGGS ry Brrram.
New and Second-hand Books.— Exchange and Label Lists.
Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell Catalogue; Entomological]
Catalogue in preparation,
N.B.—Mr. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889.
CONTENTS.
On the Larva of Liphyra brassolis, Westw., Dr. T. A. Chapman, 225. Butterfly
Collecting in Southern Andalusia in the Spring of 1902, (Rev.) Henry Charles
Lang, 298. A Contribution to the Classification of the Coccide, 7’. D. A.
Cockerell, 232. On the Morphology and Classification of the Auchenor-
rhynchous Homoptera, Dr. H. J. Hansen, 234, On some New Genera and
Species of Hymenoptera (Ichneumonide, Chr ysidide, Fossores, and Apide),
P. Cameron, 287.
Nortrs AND Opsmrvations. — Are Cocoons Waterproof? Claude A. Pyett, 241.
Ichneumon in Zygena trifoli, J. P. Barrett, 241. Pieris napi Twelve Months
in Pupa, C. A. Sladen, 242. 'Plusia moneta: a few Notes and Queries, A. J.
Lawrance, 242. Gynandrous Argynnis paphia, Herbert Charles, 242. Un-
usual Pairing of Butterflies, G, l’. Lewgh, 242.
Caprures AND Finip Rerrorrs. — Lycena minima var. alsoides in Hampshire,
243. Aporia crategi in Kent, J. P. Barrett, 243. Pieride in London,
D. P. Turner, 243. Plusia moneta in Hampshire, G. W. Russell, 243.
Plusia moneta in Wiltshire, C. A. Sladen; at Winehmore Hill, B. Hicklin;
in Surrey, R. Meldola; 244. Colias edusa in Essex, 1902, Richard J.
Fitch, 244. Lasiocampa quercifolia in London, H. Perks, 244. Rhodophea
formosa and Oncocera ahenella in Herts; Chrosis bifasciana in Surrey ;
Pionea (Ebulea) stachydalis in Surrey, Richard South, 244. The Butterflies
of the Witherslack District, C. H. Forsythe, 246. Five Days’ Collecting at
Deal, F. M. B. Carr, 246.
Recent LireRATuRE, 248. OxsiTuARY, 248.
VISITORS TO THE NEW FOREST.
This ear 8 Galerie of all Orders—
Lepidoptera .... Sericoris latifascuana .... .... 5s.
Coleoptera. —.... - Necrodes hitoralis =.. © 1c. hs. 1s.
Hymenoptera... “Andrena pilapes” 0-2... 28. Od.
Dipteras 22.0202 Behiniomya grossa oO Oe
A good Selection of fica and Tones at 38d. each; also
DRAGONFLIES, SAWFLIES, and Mayruies.
Information about localities gratis to Visitors.
B. PIFFARD, Ivy Cottage (near New Church and Post Office),
BROCKENHURST, HANTS.
WANTED. eee Bea Man, with a good practical
knowledge of Taxidermy, to go abroad. Must be able
to Mount Birds and Mammals.
Apply—
WILLIAM FOSTER, SAPUCAY, PARAGUAY, SOUTH
AMERICA.
JAMES GARDNER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREE'T
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers
are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
» sSubscriptions for 1902 (6s., including double numbers and postage) may
. be sent to West, Newman & Co.
| Vol. XXXV.) AUGUST, 1902. [No. 471.
:
ENTOMOLOGIST
asa Iowa
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.
W. L. DISTANT, F.1.8., &c. | G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.8. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W.FROHAWK, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.1.8., &o.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. | G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
‘By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’
me SAEVE a
i 3
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep.
Price Sixpence.
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Kntomological Apparatus and Cabinets,
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 28., 28.6d. Folding Nets,
8s. 60., 48. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen.
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use
1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 68. Setting
Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 1}in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 24in.,1s.; 84in., 1s. 4d.;
4 in., Is. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Oases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
Is. 6d., 28., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 3}, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 28. per
pair; Egeg-drills, 2d., 3d., 94; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.8., F.E.8., according to his recent ‘Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, $d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, 9d. each.
Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and Mnglish
names, Is. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The ‘‘ Dixon” Lamp-nevt (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently umproved, 3s. 6d.
SHOW? R'O:OM>-GEO Re Aes tae ae
Of every description for Insects, Birps’ Haas, Coins, MicrosoopicaL OBJECTS,
Fossins, &. Oatalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS
(BRITISH, HUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC).
Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.
Only Address :—
86 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Carina Cross).
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price hist to ;
H W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH:
The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CABINETS, &¢., sent on application.
- HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER,
40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL.
Largest and best Stock in England of HUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices.
Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera.
Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &c.
Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, &c.—British & Exotic Shells.
THE MOST RELIABLE Stock oF BIRDS’ SKINS anp BIRDS’ EGGS in Brrrarm.
New and Second-hand Books.— Exchange and Label Lists.
Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready; also Shell Catalogue; Entomological
Catalogue in preparation.
N.B.—Mr. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889.
J. & W. DAVIS,
Naturalists, and Manufacturers of Entomological Apparatus and
Naturalists’ Requisites.
31 & 33, Hythe St., & The Bridge, Dartford, Kent.
Illustrated Catalogue, Twopence, Post Free. Sample Card of Pins, Free.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, OVA, LARVA, AND PUP i.
FERTILE OVA. — Per doz.—Dispar, 3d. Monacha, 4d. Rusticata, 6d.
LARVAE.—Per doz.—Ligustri, 1s. 6d. Ocellatus, 2s. Fuciformis, 3s.6d. Elpenor, 2s.
PUPE.—Euch.—Medea, 3d. Neglecta (Castane), 4d. Aprilina, 2d.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.—Helice, Alni, Arion, Ichneumoniformis, Chrysidi-
formis, Albulalis, Fagi, Cucullia, Carmelita, Chaonia, Octogesima, Flammea, Neurica,
Cinerea, Agathina, Ophiogramma, Ditrapezium, Sobrina, Subsequa, Irregularis, Oo,
Xerampelina, Moneta, Absynthii, Chryson, Venustula, Rubiginata, Degenaria, Carbonaria,
Alternata, Togata, Griseata.—Price 1s. each or 10s. per doz. Conspicillaris, Brevilinea,
Strigosa, Nubeculosa, Erythrocephala, Leucophwa, Ravida, Simulans, Extersaria, Cur-
zoni, Contiguaria, Constrictata, Scoliiformis, Sphegiformis, Hera, 2s. 6d, each or 22s. 6d.
per. dozen. All are guaranteed British. Sent ‘‘on appro” if desired.
_ USEFUL HANDBOOKS. —‘The Laryz Collector’s Guide and Calendar’ gives
Times of Appearance in all stages, with Food-plants and Illustrated Notes on Rearing,
4s. ‘The Egg Collector’s Guide and Calendar,’ Illustrated, 1s. ‘The Naturalist’s
Annual and Diary for 1902,’ half-price 6d.
Setting Boards, Oval, Corked, 14 inches long—4 inch, 5d; ? inch, 5d.; 1 inch, 6d. ;
1} inch, 7d.; 14 inch, 8d.; 13 inch, 9d. ; 2 inch, 10d.; 2} inch, 1ld.; 23 inch, ls.
8 inch, 1s. 2d.; 34 inch, 1s. 4d.; 4 inch, 1s. 6d.; 44 inch, ls. 8d.; 5 inch, 1s. 10d.
Postage for one or more boards, 2d. Set of 14 boards, 10s. 6d.
Davis’s Suredeath Killing Fluid, 6d., in bottle, post free.
CHARLES “IERFFERYS,
Naturalist and Taxidermist,
TETBURY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
Large and Authentic Stock of BRITISH BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS,
SHELLS, LEPIDOPTERA, &c., &c.
APPARATUS AND REQUISITES OF ALL KINDS,
For use of Oologists, Entomologists, Taxidermists, &c., Large Collectors liberally
dealt with. Established 20 years. Price Lists Free.
Wanted.—Good Varieties of British Lepidoptera, Eggs or Birds; also Cuckoos’ Eggs,
and the rarer British Marine Shells.
THE BRADY CABINET.
ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRINCIPLE.
Ten Shillings per Drawer.
"THESE well-known CABINETS are Manufactured of
well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass panels
to doors. Letters of recommendation can be sent if desired.
Cc. BRADY & SONS, Lower Fore Street, Edmonton, G.E.R.
CONTENTS.
Visit of the Entomological Society of London to Oxford, 201. On Carnivorous
Lycwnid Larve, EH. Ernest Green, 202. Descriptions of some New Species of
Phytophagous Coleoptera from the Island of Mauritius, Martin Jacoby, 203.
On some New Genera and Species of Hymenoptera (Ichneumonide, Chrysi-
did, Fossores, and Apide), P. Cameron, 206. A List of Tortrices taken in
South Essex between 1885 and 1901, A. Thwrnall, 208. Descriptions of New
Species of Heterocera from the Transvaal, W. L. Distant, 212. On the Mor-
phology and Classification of the Auchenorrhynchous Homoptera, H. J.
Hansen, 214.
NorEs AND OBSERVATIONS.—White Ants or Termites, (Rev.) George Glover, 218.
Two Varieties of Lycena icarus, Ff. A. Oldaker, 218. Varieties of Amphi-
dasys betularia, F. M. B. Carr, 218. British Tachinide, Colbran J. Wain-
wright, 219. British Orthoptera, 219.
CAPTURES AND Fir~p Reports.—Acidalia marginepunctata Ab., H. A. Cockayne,
219. Pyrameis (Vanessa) cardui in Fifeshire, Henry H. Brown, 219. Sphinx
pinastri at Winchester, H. I. Johns, 219. Tphiclides (Papilio) podalirius in
Lancashire, Wm. Burton, 219. Larve and Pupe of Plusia moneta in
London, Raleigh S. Smaliman, 220. Cymatophora octogesima (ocularis) and
Plusia moneta in Middlesex, Herbert S. Job, 220. Hydrelia uncula in Surrey ;
Ditula semifasciana and Antithesia salicella in Surrey; Hedya lariciana in
Surrey; Tortrix piceana and Sericoris bifasciana in the Esher District,
Richard South, 220.
SOcIETIES, 221. Recent LirkRATURE, 224.
A. LIONE i Cla
NATURAL-HISTORY AGENT, BARTON STREET, GLOUCESTER,
S'UPPLIES Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the various branches of
\ Natural History: Cabinets, Store Boxes, Butterfly Nets, &c.
BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA, &e., kept
in stock in large quantities.
The largest stock of Eacs in England to select from, including many very rare
species. List of clutches sent if desired. Large buyers liberally dealt with.
Revised List of British Leriworrera, now ready, post free.
NEW AND SECOND-HAND BOOKS.
TaxipERmyY. Birds skinned and prepared for Cabinets or mounted by skilled assistants.
Full general Catalogue and Special List of Eaas and Sxrns, post free.
N.B.—No agents, and only one address as above.
R. STAUDINGER & BANG=-HAAS, Blasewitz-=Dresden, in their
new Price List, No. XLV., offer more than 16,000 Species of well-named
LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition ;
1400 kinds of PREPARED LARVA; numerous LIVING PUPAL, &. SEPARATE
Prick Lists for COLEOPTERA (21,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (2800
species), DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTERA (1600), ORTHOPTERA (1000),
NEUROPTERA (550). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low.
SO PAMES GArDMaE:
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers
are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
i ubscriptions for 1902 (6s., including double numbers and postage) may
. be sent to West, Newman é& Co.
Vol. XXXV.] JULY, 1902. [No. 470.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
Illustrated Journal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.1.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., FES.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. | G. W. KIRKALDY, F.1.8,
EDWARDA. FITCH, F.L.8., F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c.
MARTIN JACOBY, }F.E.8. i G. H. VERRALL, F.1.S.
“By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds ey Ol and areal di discoveries made.”’
yi, ARN OF CONG Li
JUL 384903
3
We 7 AY
L4 HSONIAN_DE ang
riveree
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep.
Price Sixpence.
WATKIN |) &))\ DONGAST hike
Naturalists and Wanufactucers of Kutomological Apparatus and Cabinets,
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets,
38. 60., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., Is., 1s. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen,
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, Is., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use
1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 68. Setting
Boards, flat or oval, Lin., 6d.; 141n., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 24in.,1s.; 84im., 1s. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 48., 58., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanued, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 8s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, Is. 1d., 1s. 4d., Is. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
Is. 6d., 2s., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 28. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 88. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Sealpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 28. per
pair; Hgg-drills, 2d., 3d., 91; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Uiges, &e.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. ip. Mryricx, B.A., F.L.8., F.1.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 3d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, 9d. each.
Onr new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English
names, 1s. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The *‘ Dixon” Lamp-ner (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 8s. 6d.
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BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, ay, LARVA, A Ee
| nRERTILE OVA. — Per doz.—Palpina, Boon hn, a a Lignstri,
be RV V B.—Per doz.—Blandinn Medea Qs, Castren
Neustria, Aurifiua, 6d. Pride on ee ye Beh NUM hy
hints see a ee Fimbria, Apritna, 2 2d. Que
Umbra, P ‘orn GQ.
eeRITISH LEPIDOPTEBAL patice Ani Arion, Ga i Te
storm, lates F agi, Cucullia, Menifee Oc
, Agathina, janice oramma, itrapezium, Sk ina, Sub
mpelina, Sefutbranten! Absynthii, Chryson Venustula, Rul
bonaria, Alternata, Togata, Griseata.—Price 1s. each or 10s. per doz. “Al E aral
British, by a a ena Vy 5, i
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en for our Surplus Stock List. Immense Reductions. a int ee ot
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SEFUL HANDBOOKS. — <The Larve Collec and i A
tor’s Guide and Calenda
mints oA rance in all s , With Food-p nts and Til st say tes on
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ee and Blowpipe, 1s. Egg-collecting Outtit, 2
STORE BOXES.—Second-hand, 16 x 11, 3s. cach; new ditto, b om we sou
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es JEFF!
: ‘Naturalist and Taxidermist,
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, and Authentic Stock ck of BRIT BRITISH BIRDS
por FT Gente LEPIDOPEERA, Ge, te.
APPARATUS sl ean OF AL
r RY
Good v dotiee of British
Wanted ie ie so
ay
eat ae G-CAGES, and
Nee eon . Ee
P Boxes, Store Boxes, DOoOK 4 ‘
CONTENTS.
Additions to the Fauna of Mexico (Bees and Coccidz), T. D. A. Cockerell, 177,
On some Genera and Species of Hymenoptera (Ichneumonide, Chrysidide,
Fossores, and Apide), P. Cameron, 179. Notes on Neuroptera of Oxon and
Berks, W. J. Lucas, 188. Contribution to the Life- history of Liphyra
brassolis, Westw., F'. P. Dodd, 184. A List of Tortrices taken in South Essex
between 1885 and 1901, A. Thurnall, 188.
Nores anp OnseRvarions.—The British Museum Collection of British Lepidoptera,
G. F. Hampson, 193. Notodonta dryinopa, #. P. Dodd, 193. Hawk Moth
Pupating on Branches of Trees, #. P. Dodd, 194. Tortrices in South Essex,
F. G. Wivittle, 194. Food-plants of the Larva of Cnephasia sinuana, Stph.,
Eustace R. Bankes, 194. The Coecid Leeanopsis dugési, 7’. D. A. Cockerell,
194. Colour Changes in Larval Hairs of Arctia villica, Albert May, 194.
Note on Calocampa exoleta, Hdward Goodwin, 195. Protracted Emergence
of Tephrosia biundularia, J. A. Finzi, 195.
CAPTURES AND Finny Rerorts.—Collecting near Tangier in August and September,
1901, G. Meade- Waldo, 195. Plusia monéta, &e., at Finchley, V. E. Shao,
196. Colias hyale in 1902, Percy H. Freke, 197. Colias edusa in 1902,
Gervase F. Mathew, 197. Eupithecia trisignaria in Scotland, John A. Nia,
197. Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria in Essex, G. F. Mathew, 197.
Societies, 197. Recent LirerRaturs, 199.
ACTON Ri (GL aes
NATURAL-HISTORY AGENT, BARTON STREET, GLOUCESTER,
\ UEPLEBS Collectors with every kind of apparatus for the various branches of
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BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS, LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA, &e., kept
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The largest stock of Haas in England to select from, including many very rare
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ee
ENTOMOLOGIST
Warne Journal
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
BLEED BY “RICHARD SOUTH ,) PLB .5:
WITH THE ASSISTANOE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.§.
EDWARDA. FITCH, F.L.8.,F.E.8. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W.FROHAWK, F.E.8.,M.B.0.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.8., &c.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
‘By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.’
once Wee:
Petts we ettey
— r = a
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LONDON: a aenanat
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep.
Price Sixpence.
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
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HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
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ON AS LOACR MV Aas GONE re eta i
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The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CABINETS. &c., sent on application.
—w — ee ee ee <<
a he 1s. 6d. Versicolor (young), 2s. ete
| Hera, Is. | Uithencia c ERA,
ge ee ee ee a —— = -
> SF pats é. _ 3 =~
| todbors. Lett : : 3 3 of freeomi ni a nat
‘BRITISH ‘LEPIDOPTERA, ova, oy AND » PoP. :
paFERTILE OVA.—Per doz.—Chaon | ca, | Tilie,
Alni leet: Kanne
PP ARV E Pay aati tiie sk Also, 3s. Wall
Ceruleoce , 1s. Other species during the mont Defoliaria,
PUP. -pliach Ma haon, Li tpt no “est
i Palp ee ws za ad 2d. (ale oa. =< a: Roe
Ait, aM
B isi Nvtaeeiaih hie
male i Cuan een eae Cc
il ee i
| rae ‘Ral cerenie) Spon Saerntce,
1s. 6d. each.—Helice, Armigera, Sobrina, feces Exulans. La, | Vianna
Send for our Surplus Stock List. Immense eae ar insat sent —
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“ex-drile and Baa 1s. Egg-collecting Outfit, 25.00
0 —Seeond-hand, 16. x make
sn STORE, BOXES. seen bnd 10 2 ch yi, br mae ny,
| apie 8: : Suredeath ing Pe Vig S i. ies fe "5 Th Ae
ee ela Authentic. ee of BRIBE } 20 RI ii aon :
paren LS, LEPIDOPTERA, pace WA Oe
APPARATOS nada ; pee | IDS S35, 2)
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2 Ya
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ENTOMOLOGIOAL asm beh oe | vane Wai v D ie
oan es, ba drawer,
CONTENTS.
Contribution to the Life-history of Liphyra brassolis, West., F. P. Dodd, 158.
Acidalia marginepunctata, ab., Richard South, 156. Notes on the genus
Clunio, Hal., A. D. Imms, 157. The Classification of Gracilaria and Allied
Genera, 7’. A. Chapman, 159. Miscellanea Rhynchotalia.—No. 4 (Heteroptera),
G. W. Kirkaldy, 164. A List of Tortrices taken in South Essex between 1885
and 1901, A. Thurnall, 167.
NotErs AND OssERVATIONS.—The National Collection of British Lepidoptera, 170.
Hepialus humuli var. thulensis, Newm., C. W. Dale, 170.
CAPTURES AND Fieup Reports.—New Forest Notes (1902), #. M. B. Carr, 171.
Sphinx conyolvuli in 1901; on Dartmoor in 1901, W. Gifford Nash, 172.
Notodonta carmelita in South of Scotland, J. C. Haggart, 172. Plusia moneta
Larve at Farnborough (Kent) and Neighbourhood, A. J. Lawrance, 172.
Larve in Durham, J. W. Harrison, 1738.
SocrEtIES, 173. Recent LireRature, 176.
TO CONTRIBUTORS.— Papers, Notes, and Communications, on all
branches of Entomology, are solicited. Contributors are requested to conform, as
far as possible, to the following rules: —All Communications must be clearly
written on one side only of the paper. GENERIC NAMES MUST BE GIVEN IN FULL,
EXCEPTING WHERE IMMEDIATELY BEFORE USED. ‘The Editor is not responsible for
unused MS8., neither can he undertake to return it, unless especially asked to
do so. Contributors of the more important articles receive six copies of such
articles. NOTICES of EXCHANGE (inserted without charge) must contain
nothing more than the specific names of the duplicates and desiderata, except
when two insects are known by the same specific name, and must be clearly
written on one side only of the paper. All notes, papers, books for review, &c.
and notices of exchange should be sent to the Editor—
RICHARD SOUTH, 96, DRAKEFIELD ROAD, UPPER TOOTING, S.W.
MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.
EnromoLoaicaL Society or Lonpon.—(11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square,
W.).— Wednesday June 4th, 1902, at 8 p.m. Papers:—l. “The Butterflies of
Chile,” with an exhibition of specimens; by Henry J. Exwes, F.R.S. 2. “The
Protective Resemblance to Flowers borne by an African Homopterous Insect”’; by
S. L. HinpDE ; communicated by Professor HK. B. Pouuton, F.R.S.
Sourn Lonpon EnromoLocicaL and NaturaL History Society (Hibernia
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Crry oF Lonpon EntromoLoegicAL AND Naturau History Socrty.—The
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NortH Lonpon Natura History Socrery.—Meetings are held on the Ist
and 3rd Thursdays in each month at the Sigdon Road Board School (close to
Hackney Downs Station, G.H.R.), at 7.45 p.m.
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Subscriptions for 1902 (6s., including double numbers and postage) may
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ENTOMOLOGIST
OF
| GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
Bee Be eri CEARD “SOUTE, FES.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.8.
W. L. DISTANT, F.i.8., &. G. W. KIRKALDY, F.1E.S8,
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.8. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S8., &o.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
‘* By mutual confidence and mutual aid
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Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
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1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 6s. Setting
Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 14in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 23in.,1s.; 34im., 1s. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
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Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 48., 58., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 8s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., Is. 4d., 1s. 9d., 28. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1s. 6d., 2s., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 28. per
pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 8d., 94; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
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Our new Labef-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English
names, Is. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The ‘‘ Dixon” Lamp-nev (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 3s. 6d.
SHOW -R'O:0'M FOR CASTE ts
Of every description for Insects, Birps’ Haas, Coins, Microscopical OBJECTS,
Fossints, &c. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS' EGGS
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HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER,
40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL.
Largest and best Stock in England of HOUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices.
Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera.
Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &c.
Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, &c.—British & Exotic Shells.
THE MOST RELIABLE Stock or BIRDS’ SKINS anp BIRDS’ EGGS tn Britain.
New and Second-hand Books.—Iixchange and Label Lists.
Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell Catalogue; Entomological
Catalogue in preparation.
N.B.—Mr. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889.
OVA - LARVA, AND PUPE
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to
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Umbra, Asella, Scrophularia, Anachoreta, 4d. nthii, 5d. Chao
Curtula, Porata, Prasinana, Villica (ls. 9d. a oz.) _Taminata, 2d. C
. are ie Cocoons:——Folyphemus, 1s. yaa Is. 3d. C om ia,
Ch pla, :
E BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.—See last month's fete tae Saree tas
Send for our Surplus Stock List. AUIS ees “A seas 8
on “ appro. ne 2
4 USEFUL HANDBOOKS, —‘The Larve Collec bowe Galde ai n
Times of Appearance-in all stages, with Poot wats a Illustrated
4s. ‘The Diary Collector’s Sulds and ois: Illustrated, eee pee
Annual and
BUTTE!
ditto, Brass
rei
26 in. a in.,
Net, Is. 9d.; zf ane Wate as Se oe
jointed handle, a 9d. noe : Sugasing Net Net, We
Net, large size, steel ring, 6s. ee od 6s. ing N
(for collecting larve, era, de “Strong weeping Nena ‘od. cae Se
Senp aan Sapte Carp or Enromonoarcan Pins. Ce are
Daviers Suredeath multe Fluid ae per ee free. a ee
OVA, LARVA, and PUPA. 3
Large and Varied Stock all es year round, cealadiny nanny
Rare Genuine British Species.
Price List on application to L. W. Newman, Bexley, Cae :
N.B ST es reared from the Ova to the Pura, on Commission
“THE BRADY CABINET. —
ENTOMOLOGICAL ASBINETS on an IMPROVED ‘RINE
Ten Shillings per Drawer,
"THESE well-known CABINETS are eee me
well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass pene
to doors. Letters of yecommendation can be sent if desired.
C. BRADY & SONS, Lower Fore Street, Edmonton, GER.
CONTENTS.
A List of Tortrices taken in South Essex between 1885 and 1901, A. Thwrnall, 129.
Descriptions of two New Species of the Genus Planema from the Uganda
Protectorate, Hmily Mary Sharpe, 185. Miscellanea Rhynchotalia.—No. 3,
G. W. Kirkaldy, 186. The Classification of Gracilaria and Allied Genera,
T. A. Chapman, 1388.
NotEs AND Osseryations.—The Emergence of Antherza from the Cocoon, Henry
H. Burton Bradley, 148. Insecta of Surrey, 143.
CAPTURES AND Finntp Reports.—Asphalia diluta in Chester District, Geo. O. Day,
144. Early Appearance of Euchelia jacober, S.J. Beeston, 144. Larve of
Cossus ligniperda at Vauxhall; Butterflies in Mid-Surrey, Easter, 1902, J. B.
Tetley, 144. March Notes from Kent, 1902, F. M. B. Carr, 144. South
Devon Micro-Lepidoptera, Geo. T'. Porritt, 145. Lepidoptera in Ross-shire in
1901, W. M. Christy, 145. Dragonflies in the Norfolk Broads, W. J. Lucas,
146. Odonata of Paris, (Rev.) . A. Walker, 147.
SocietiEs, 148. Recent LireRATURE, 151.
EXOTIC BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS AND CABINETS.
MR. J. C- STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his Great
Rooms, 88 King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on THURSDAY,
MAY 8th, at Half-past Twelve o’clock, a FURTHER PORTION of
the Extensive and Valuable
COLLECTION OF FOREIGN LEPIDOPTERA,
COMPRISING THE
SATURNIIDA, MORPHIDA, BASSOLIDA, HELICONIDA,
SATYRIDA, LYCAHNIDA, &c.,
formed by the late Pum Crowzny, Esq., F.L.8., F.Z.8., &e.,
of Waddon House, Croydon; together with the
Mahogany ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, containing upwards
of 200 Drawers, in which they are contained.
Also a quantity of Unarranged Specimens in Store Boxes.
On view the day prior, 10 to 4. Catalogues on application.
CHARLES JEEHER3=
Naturalist and Taxidermist,
TETBURY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
Large and Authentic Stock of BRITISH BIRDS’ EGGS, SKINS,
SHELLS, LEPIDOPTERA, &c., &c.
APPARATUS AND REQUISITES OF ALL KINDS,
For use of Oologists, Entomologists, Taxidermists, &c., Large Collectors liberally
dealt with. Established 20 years. Price Lists Free.
Wanted.—Good varieties of British Lepidoptera, Eggs or Birds; also Cuckoos’ Eggs,
and the rarer British Marine Shells.
JAMES GARDNER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Onstomers
are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
- EDWARDA.FITCH,V.L.8., 7.5.8.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.8., &o.
__-F,W.FROHAWK, F.E.S., Hoe ee
| MARIIN as FS, GH
west, See w 0, 64 1 HANTON 6
SIMPKIN, eee “HAMIAION, KEN & me
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Hanufacturers of Kntomological Apparatus and Cabinets.
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets,
38. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen.
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1s., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use
1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 6s. Setting
Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 1$in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 2}in.,1s.; 84in., 1s. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 48., 58., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 25. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
Is. 6d., 2s., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per
pair; Lgg-drills, 2d., 3d., 94; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.8., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 4d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, 9d. each.
Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English
names, Is. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The Dixon” Lampe-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 3s. 6d.
SHO W RO OM.) FOReSC ea BS aie
Of every description for Insrcrs, Birps’ Haas, Coins, Microscopical OBsEcTs,
Fossiis, &. Oatalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS
(BRITISH, HUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC).
Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.
Only Address :—
86 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Carina Cross).
HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER,
40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL.
Largest and best Stock in England of HUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices.
Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
Preserved Larvee of Rare British Lepidoptera.
Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &e.
Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, &c.—British & Exotic Shells.
THE MOST RELIABLE Stock or BIRDS’ SKINS anp BIRDS’ EGGS 1n Brirarn.
New and Second-hand Books.— Exchange and Label Lists.
Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready; also Shell Catalogue; Entomological]
Catalogue in preparation.
N.B.—Mr. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889.
OVA, DL AYR NV AS Aa See
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to
H W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH.
The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CaBinets, &c., sent on application.
ee ae. ee oe
ee Le le Oe Pre ee ee ee a
Q ASSISTANT
3 ie doors. Letters of r
doz.—Caja, uereus, nie Domin A
ARV A ee si ae a ae a, 1
an Consortaria, U
BR mist een
“Aro i St pare bre io ‘Contigua
Forest A aris
ma, P} sane “onda
ae s, Aur ee
ina, Dicteoides, Carm lita, AO ae
ee (0) saan Papilionaria, Vei femal
Lineola, Vespertaria, Apiciaria, Advenaria, “8B
eae Littoralis, | Straminea, Alcines, earn ‘usta is
hii, Asteris, Chamomille, Marginata, Dipsacea,
Uncula, 4d.
Send ee our ny Stock List. Immense aa wi |
sc a sOIP Cele At:
é Colle le The
Bhar for bo TES Orey
— Egg-drills and Blowpipe, is. Ege. ecting '
Wanted at ‘Once
help in Setting, ee
DOPTERA on Large Sce
remuneration to start.
Ary, Ua W. ae :
gh =
Price List oy ee ation
) oo alaeuaere
THESE watnoon CABINETS ‘are Manufac ct
well-seasoned Mahogany, at wood me ea
C. BRADY & SONS, Lower Fore
INSECT LIFE:
SOUVENIRS of a NATURALIST.
By J.-H. FABRE.
Translated from the French by the Author of ‘Mademoiselle Mori.’ With
a Preface by Davi Suarp, M.A., F.R.S., and edited by F. Merrirrenp.
With Illustrations by M. Prenpercast Parker.
Crown 8v0. Cloth elegant, gilt edges. 6s.
Nature. —‘‘We warmly recommend the book to the attention of all who are
interested in the habits of insects, and the many curious problems which they offer for
our investigation.’’
Academy.—* A glorifiable book. . . . It is a work of first-rate original science, but
it is also more interesting than nine hundred and ninety-nine novels in a thousand.”
MACMILLAN & CO. LIMITED, LONDON.
NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS.
MR. J. C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his Great
Rooms, 88, King Street, Covent Garden, on Monday, April 14th,
at half-past Twelve o’clock, the Valuable Library of the late Miss E. A.
Ormerop, LL.D., F.H.S., ete., and other Properties—comprising Sowerby’s
English Botany (Syme’s Edition), Couch’s Fishes, Humphreys and West-
wood’s Butterflies and Moths, Complete set of the Gardeners’ Chronicle,
Agricultural Gazette, Royal Agricultural Society’s Journal, Transactions of
the Kntomological Society, Buckler’s Larve, and other publications of the
Ray Society, Proceedings and Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.
And many other Standard and Valuable Works on Botany, Agriculture,
Entomology, long series of Scientific Journals, Travels and other Books.
On view the Saturday prior 10 till 2, and morning of Sale. Catalogues
on application.
EXOTIC BUTTERFLIES AND CABINETS.
MR. J. C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his Great
Rooms, 88 King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on TUESDAY,
APRIL 15th, at Half-past Twelve o’clock precisely, a FURTHER
PORTION of the Extensive and Valuable
COLLECTION OF FOREIGN LEPIDOPTERA,
COMPRISING THE
PAPILIONIDAI, DANAIDA, NYMPHALIDA, &c.,
formed by the late Pamir Crowxny, Esq., F.L.8., F.Z.8., &e., of Waddon
House, Croydon, together with the
ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS in which they are contained.
The concluding Portions will be disposed of in May.
On view day prior 10 to 4. Catalogues on application.
JAMES GARDNER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Oustomers
are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
ae Subscriptions for 1902 (6s., including double numbers and postage) may
be sent to West, Newman é Co.
Vol. XXXV.|} MARCH, 1902. [No. 466.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
AN
Illustrated Journal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
BDERE ID BY, RICEPARED SOU REE 7. (FBS,
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBER! ADKIN, F.E.S. | W. F. KIRBY, I’.L.S., F.E.S.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S8.,F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F, W.FROHAWK, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &o.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
** By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.’’
ehh SIT TRG ete oe
ao =
: AY UE uu TAIN
On
~ MAR 18 1902.
oy
§
LONDON: \Z7Hsonian DEE
/ WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep.
Price Sixpence.
WATKINS: & _ DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Wanuafacturers of Wutomological Apparatus and Cabinets,
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets,
3s. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6Gd., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen.
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use
1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 68. Setting
Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 1}in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 2hin.,18.; 34 in., Is. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 64.3; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zine Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78.6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps, .
1s. 6d., 2s., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen.
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from Is. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 94. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 8d.; Scissors, 2s. per
pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 91; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, $d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, 9d. each.
Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English
names, Is. 64. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The ‘*Dixon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 3s. 6d.
S'HIOUW,) “ROJO (MO UR OURS CAV Nee
Of every description for Insects, Brrps’ Eaes, Coins, Microscopical OBJECTs,
Fossits, &c. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS
(BRITISH, HUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC).
Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.
Only Address :—
36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Carina Cross).
‘HERBERT W. MARSDEN,
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER,
40, TRIANGLE West, CLIFTON, BRISTOL.
Largest and best Stock in England of EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA, moderate prices.
Exotic Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
Preserved Larvse of Rare British Lepidoptera.
Cabinets and Apparatus for Entomologists, Odlogists, Ornithologists, Botanists, &c.
Botanical Cases, Drying Paper, «c.—British & Exotic Shells.
Tue Most RELIABLE Stock or BIRDS’ SKINS anv BIRDS’ EGGS in Brrrain.
New and Second-hand Books.— Exchange and Label Lists.
Ornithological Catalogue, August, 1897, now ready ; also Shell Catalogue ; Entomological
Catalogue in preparation.
N.B.—Mr. Marsden’s business was entirely removed from Gloucester in 1889.
OV AO ARE ORIN Pee
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to
H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH.
The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CABINETS. &c., sent on application.
FERTILE OVA, LARVA, AND PUP#.
FERTILE OVA.—Per doz.—Apiciaria, Pennaria, Castrensis, Crategi, 6d. Angularia,
Alniaria, Tiliaria, Elinguaria, Juniperata (Perthshire), Oxyacanthe, Pistacina, 4d.
Dispar, 3d. Antiqua, 2d Nupta, 4d. Plumigera, 1s.
LARVAE.—Quereus, 9d. per dozen.
HEALTHY PUP4E.—2Zuach.—Machaon, Ocellatus, Ligustri, Elpenor, Anachoreta,
Dissimilis, Vinula, Carpini, Strataria, 3d. ‘Tili#, Consortaria, Scrophularia, Umbra, 44.
Versicolor, Porcellus, 5d. Chaonia, 9d. Palpina, 24d. Pigra, Oleracea, Chenopodii,
Faleula, 14d. Omicronaria, 24d. Camelina, Ziezac, Betularia, Tetralunaria, Curtula,
Porata, Prasinana, Crepuscularia, Taminata, 2d. Testudo, Or, 3d. Lanestris, 2d.
Bifida, Cucullata, 6d. Bucephala, Jacobee, Brumata, Pulverulenta, Stabilis, Lubrici- ~
peda, ld. Box and Postage, 2d. Other species cheap.—List free.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. — With “ data.’’ Lathonia, 5s. Celerio, 7s. 6d.
Strigosa, Nubeculosa, Albipuncta, Leucophexa, Sparganii, Ashworthii, Smaragdaria,
Lapidata, Niobe, Conspicillaris, Cracca, Galii, Erythrocephala, Xanthomista, 2s. 6d. each.
Fagi, Cinerea, Exulans, Irriguata, Moneta, Sobrina, Subsequa, Albimacula, Putrescens,
Hera, 1s, 6d. each. Fifty named British Butterflies, all different, 8s. 6d. Fifty named
British Moths, all different, 5s.
Any of the above sent on approval uf desired.
THE NATURALIST’S ANNUAL AND DIARY for 1902, price One Shilling,
BIRD STUFFING AND MOUNTING. [Illustrated. Cloth. is. ANIMAL, FISH,
AND REPTILE STUFFING. Cloth. 4s. 6d.
THe NATURALIST’S MONTHLY REVIEW of
New Books, Publications, Records, and Captures. Illus-
trated, 1s. per annum, post free. Small Advertisements, Sales and
Wants, twelve words, 4d. Hxchange Notices free to Subscribers. Speci-
men Copy free from J. & W. DAVIS, 31 & 338, Hyrue Srreer, Darrrorp.
For Second-hand Store Boxes, Entomological Books, &e., for Sale and Wanted,
see small Advertisements in the ‘ Narurauist’s Monraty Review,’ as above.
J. & W. DAVIS,
31-33, Hythe Street, Dartford, Kent.
OVA, LARVA, and PUPA.
Large and Varied Stock all the year round, including many
Rare Genuine British Species.
Price List on application to L. W. Newman, Bexley, Kent.
N.B.—Lepidoptera reared from the Ova to the Pur®, on Commission.
THE BRADY CABINET.
ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRINCIPLE.
Ten Shillings per Drawer.
"THESE well-known CABINETS are Manufactured of
well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass panels
to doors. Letters of recommendation can be sent if desired.
C. BRADY & SONS, Lower Fore Street, Edmonton, G.E.R.
[e~ Baa a
Now Ready._THIRD EDITION.
THE LEPIDOPTERIST’S GUIDE.
Considerably Enlarged, Freely Illustrated, and brought to Twentieth Century Date.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
PusuisHep sy GURNEY & JACKSON, 1, Paternoster Row, E.C.; arso
Soup sy WATKINS & DONCASTER, 386, Stranp, Lonpon, W.C.
WORKS ON LEPIDOPTERA —
BY THE LATE
JOHN HENRY LEECH.
>)
Demy Quarto, complete, 11 Parts in 10. Price £12 12s. Net.
Forty-THREE EXCEEDINGLY FINE CoLouRED PLATES.
Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corea.
Treats of the Butterfly Fauna of Central and Western China, up to the
border of Thibet; and the countries of Japan and Corea. All the species
known to inhabit the region dealt with are included, and in nearly every
case the original description of each species is given. The coloured plates
are acknowledged to be masterly examples of the chromo-lithographer’s art ;
the figures thereon, some hundreds in number, are remarkably accurate and
true to nature. All the species described in the book are figured, and some
others, where necessary for the convenience of the student, are also
represented,
There are Four Plates of Views, showing parts of the Countries investi-
gated; and a Map, the latter specially prepared for this work.
“We can congratulate Mr. Leech on having brought out a most valuable work,
which will remain the standard authority on the districts dealt with for many years
to come.’’—Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hust. Soc.
Crown Octavo, Cloth. Price Sixteen Shillings Net.
Eienteen Hanp-cotoureD Pxiares (over Two Hunprep Ficurss).
BRT ES bis Vea Ra Ade aes
INCLUDING THE
PTEROPHORIDA.
AN ILLUSTRATED LIST and Aid to the Identification of the
DELTOIDS, PYRALIDES, CRAMBI, and PTEROPHORIDA
occurring in the BRITISH ISLANDS.
ONLY A FEW COPIES REMAIN UNSOLD.
May be ordered through a bookseller, or obtained direct from Mr. Sours,
96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, London. S.W.
R. STAUDINGER & BANG=HAAS, Blasewitz-=Dresden, in their
new Price List, No. XLV., offer more than 16,000 Species of well-named
LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition ;
1400 kinds of PREPARED LARVA; numerous LIVING PUPA, &c. SEPARATE
Prick Lists for COLEOPTERA (21,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (2800
species), DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTERA (1600), ORTHOPTERA (1000),
NEUROPTERA (550). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low.
JAMES GARDNER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers
are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
Subscriptions for 1902 are now due. Prepayment for 1902 (6s., including
double numbers and postage) may be made to West, Newman & Co,
eee”
Vol. XXXV.] FEBRUARY, 1902. [No. 465.
THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
Jllustrated Journal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
EDL De BY RiGee RD SOUTH, Fak.S:
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, I’.L.S., F.1.S.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &. G. W. KIRKALDY, F.E.S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W. FROHAWE, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, I’.R.S., F.E.S., &o.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
‘*By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limirep.
2 Wh!
£6 ey
i ey re
Price Sixpence. CEP
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Kntomological Apparatus and Cabinets.
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets,
8s. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen,
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1., 1s. 6d. per oz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use
1s. 90. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 6s. Setting
Boards, flat or oval, 1 in., 6d.; 14in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 2}in.,18.; 834in., Is. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., 1s. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 148. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 28. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78.6d. Ooleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s. 6d., 28. 9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
Qa. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1s. 6d., 28., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and
Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per
pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 94; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d. ;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.8., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, $d. each ; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists, 9d. each.
Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English
names, Is. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The ‘* Dixon” Lamp-net (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 3s. 6d.
SHOW! ov ROOM Bou a COA EAM esp
Of every description for Insects, Birvs’ Haas, Coins, MioroscoricaL OBJECTS,
Fossiis, &c. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOOK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS
(BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIO).
Birds, Mammals, éc., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.
Only Address :—
36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Crarina Cross).
RECENTLY PUBLISHED.
Price One Guinea, to Subscribers of the Ray Society,
A Monograph of the Coccidz of the
British Isles. .
Vol. I. By ROBERT NEWSTEAD, F-E.S.,
Curator oF THE GROsvVENOR Musreumr, CHESTER.
Pp. 220, 8vo. With nearly Forty Plates, many of which are Coloured. With full
descriptive text, and an account of the means found most useful in combating the
ravages of the Scale-insects. For further particulars, apply to—
The Rev. PROF. WILTSHIRE, D.Sc., Secretary of the Ray Society,
25, GRANVILLE Parx, Lewisaam, Lonpon, 8.E.
OVA, LARVA, AND PUPA. |
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to
H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH.
The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles,
Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, CABINETS. &c., sent on application.
collected. ‘Write to ie it)
_psseers, MOLLUSCS, &c., rare species, local
above sont on app roval if desired.
ANNUAL AND DIARY for “st i
“inp STUFFING ‘AND petlaesy Illustrated. _ ANIMAL,
AND REPTILE STUFFING. Cloth 4 45. AN
THE, NATURALIST’S MONTHLY "REVIEW ,
New Books, Publications, Records, and Captures. Illus-
“trated, 1s. per annum, post free. Small Advertisements, Sales
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men Copy free from J. & W. Nelly BL & ey Hyman ‘Soeeer, | ioe
au Second-hand Store Bowes, Bintomalenioad Boo , do, for ‘Sale and i te MY
ea te lta a lava awn, Bevery as above.
a ee AMM (Nhl
31-33, Hythe Street, iio Kent ‘
‘
from Rumania, Hungary, and Drobrudja. - Prime con
cheap. Parnassius mnemosyne, 3d. each. - Carabus “cance lat
‘seythicus, 8s. per 100. anita eae atid bs. Loe ia * es
i
CE Panett ee
THE BRADY CABINET.
ons Band on an IMPROVED PRIN
HESE elie
j es ot
sith RI hy vr
hee bh Dror Oh ne
well-sea
ie a ae out
WORKS ON LEPIDOPTERA
BY THE LATE
JOHN HENRY LEECH.
a
Demy Quarto, complete, 11 Parts in 10. Price £12 12s. Net.
Forty-THREE EXCEEDINGLY FINE CoLourRED Puares.
Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corea.
Treats of the Butterfly Fauna of Central and Western China, up to the
border of Thibet; and the countries of Japan and Corea. All the species
known to inhabit the region dealt with are included, and in nearly every
case the original description of each species is given. The coloured plates
are acknowledged to be masterly examples of the chromo-lithographer’s art ;
the figures fieranal some hundreds in number, are remarkably accurate end
true to nature. All the species described in the book are figured, and some
others, where necessary for the convenience of the student, are also
represented.
There are Four Plates of Views, showing parts of the Countries investi-
gated; and a Map, the latter specially prepared for this work.
‘‘We can congratulate Mr. Leech on having brought out a most valuable work,
which will remain the standard authority on the districts dealt with for many years
to come.” —Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Crown Octavo, Cloth. Price Sixteen Shillings Net.
EicuTenn Hanp-coLourep Pirates (over Two Hunprep Ficurss).
BRET TSM Yee As ey les
INCLUDING THE
PTEROPHORIDA.
AN ILLUSTRATED LIST and Aid to the Identification of the
DELTOIDS, PYRALIDES, CRAMBI, and PTHROPHORIDA
occurring in the BRITISH ISLANDS.
ONLY A FEW COPIES REMAIN UNSOLD.
May be ordered through a bookseller, or obtained direct from Mr. Souts,
96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, London. S.W.
D® STAUDINGER & BANG=HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in their
new Price List, No. XLYV., offer more than 16,000 Species of well-named
LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition ;
1400 kinds of PREPARED LARVA‘; numerous LIVING PUPA, &e. SEPARATE
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (21,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (2800
species), DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTERA (1600), ORTHOPTERA (1000),
NEUROPTERA (550). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low.
JAMES: GAGA DINER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of, Friends and Customers
are requested to note the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
double numbers and postage) may be made to West, Newman é Co.
a aihien Jor 1gUz are now aue. Frrepayment for 190zZ (08., including
DOUBLE NUMBER.
Vol. XXXV) JANUARY, 1902, _—[iNo. 464.
DHE
ENTOMOLOGIST
kus Hournal
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
BD Bip Ss YOR LC EP AD) SOU METS (VERS OS.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. | G. W. KIRKALDY, F..S.
EDWARD A. FITCH, F.L.S.,F.E.S. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. | Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &e.
MARTIN JACOBY, F.E.S. G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S.
‘‘ By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.”’
LONDON:
| WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN;
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Limrrep.
Price One Shilling.
WATKINS & DONCASTER,
Naturalists and Manufacturers of Kntomological Apparatus and Cabinets.
Plain Ring Nets, wire or cane, including Stick, 1s. 3d., 2s., 28.6d. Folding Nets,
88. 6d., 4s. Umbrella Nets (self-acting), 7s. Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Zine Relaxing Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d., 28. Nested Chip Boxes, 7d. per four dozen.
Entomological Pins, assorted or mixed, 1., 1s. 6d. peroz. Pocket Lanterns, 2s. 6d.
to 8s. Sugaring Tin, with brush, 1s. 6d., 2s. Sugaring Mixture, ready for use
1s. 9d. per tin. Store Boxes, with camphor cells, 2s. 6d., 48., 5s., 6s. Settmg
Boards, flat or oval, lin., 6d.; 14in., 8d.; 2in.,10d.; 24in.,1s.; 34in., 1s. 4d.;
4 in., 1s. 6d.; 5 in., Is. 10d.; Complete Set of fourteen Boards, 10s. 6d. Setting
Houses, 9s. 6d., 11s. 6d.; corked back, 14s. Zinc Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d.
Breeding Cage, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., 78. 6d. Coleopterist’s Collecting Bottle, with tube,
1s. 6d., 1s.8d. Botanical Cases, japanned, double tin, 1s.6d., 2s.9d., 3s. 6d., 4s. 6d.
Botanical Paper, 1s. 1d., 1s. 4d., 1s. 9d., 2s. 2d., per quire. Insect Glazed Cases,
2s. 6d. to 11s. Cement for replacing Antenne, 4d. per bottle. Steel Forceps,
1s. 6d., 2s., 28.6d. per pair. Cabinet Cork, 7 by 34, best quality, 1s.4d. per dozen
sheets. Brass Chloroform Bottle, 2s. 6d. Insect Lens, 1s. to 8s. Glass-top and ©
Glass-bottomed Boxes from 1s. per dozen. Zine Killing Box, 9d., 1s. Pupa
Digger, in leather sheath, 1s. 9d. Taxidermist’s Companion, containing most
necessary implements for skinning, 10s. 6d. Scalpels, 1s. 3d.; Scissors, 2s. per
pair; Egg-drills, 2d., 3d., 94; Blowpipes, 4d., 6d.; Artificial Eyes for Birds and
Animals; Label-lists of British Butterflies, 2d.; ditto of Birds’ Eggs, 2d., 3d., 6d.;
ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.; Useful Books on Insects, Eggs, &c.
Now ready.—The EXCHANGE LIST and LABEL LIST. Compiled by
Mr. Ep. Meyrick, B.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., according to his recent ‘Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.’ Exchange Lists, 2d. each; 4d. per doz.; Label Lists,
9d. each.
Our new Label-list of British Macro-Lepidoptera, with Latin and English
names, Is. 6d. Our new Complete Catalogue of British Lepidoptera (every species
numbered), 1s.; or printed on one side for labels, 2s.
The “Dixon” Lamp-nur (invaluable for taking moths off street-lamps without
climbing the lamp-posts), recently improved, 3s. 6d.
SHOW 'R:O:.0O'M on Oa Comimals hse ees
Of every description for Insncrs, Birps’ Eae@s, Coins, Microscopica OBJECTs,
Fossits, &c. Catalogue (96 pp.) sent on application, post free.
A LARGE STOCK OF INSECTS AND BIRDS’ EGGS
(BRITISH, EUROPEAN, AND EXOTIC).
Birds, Mammals, &c., Preserved and Mounted by First-class Workmen.
Only Address :—
36 STRAND, W.C., LONDON (5 doors from Cuarina Cross).
NATURAL HISTORY AGENT AND BOOKSELLER.
W. LONGLEY,
ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET AND APPARATUS MAKER,
SOUTH BENFLEET, R.S.0., ESSEX.
N ETS, BREEDING-CAGES, and Apparatus of every description.
CABINETS for Insects; Birds’ Eggs; Minerals; Shells; Coins; &c., &.
Pocket Boxes, Store Boxes, and Book Boxes. Sheets of Cork any size.
O VIA) LAGRIMAS! ANID Saree
A Large Assortment always on hand. Send for Price List to
H. W. HEAD, Entomologist, SCARBOROUGH.
The Largest Breeder of LEPIDOPTERA in the British Isles.
Full List of LEPIDOPTERA, Apparatus, Capiners, &c., sent on application.
HE NATURALIST’S MONTHLY REVIEW of
New Books, Publications, Records, and Captures. Illus-
trated, 1s. per annum, post free. Small Advertisements, Sales and
Wants, twelve words, 4d. Exchange Notices free to Subscribers. Speci-
men Copy free from J. & W. DAVIS.
For Second-hand Store Boxes, Entomological Books, é&c., for Sale and Wanted,
see small Advertisements in the ‘ Naturauist’s Monruity Review,’ as above.
FERTILE OVA.—Per doz.—Apiciaria, Pennaria, Erosaria, Castrensis, Crategi, 6d.
Angularia, Alniaria, Tiliaria, Elinguaria, Juniperata (Perthshire), Oxyacanthe, Pista-
- gina, 4d. Dispar, 3d. Antiqua, 2d. Promissa, 9d. Nupta, 4d.
HEALTHY PUP4E.—Zach.—Machaon, Ocellatus, Ligustri, Elpenor, Anachoreta,
Dissimilis, Vinula, Carpini, Strataria, 3d. Tilie, Consortaria, Scrophularia, Umbra, 4d.
Versicolor, Porcellus, 6d. Chaonia, 9d. Palpina, 24d. Pigra, Oleracea, Chenopodii,
Faleula, 14d. Omicronaria, 24d. Camelina, Ziczac, Betularia, Tetralunaria, Curtula,
Porata, Prasinana, Crepuscularia, Taminata, 2d. Testudo, Or, 3d. Lanestris, 2d.
Bifida, Cucullata, 8d. Bucephala, Jacobee, Brumata, Pulverulenta, Stabilis, Lubrici-
peda, 1d. Box and Postage, 2d. Other species cheap.—List free.
BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA.—44. each.—Absynthii, Acton, Advena, Anachoreta.
Asteris, Australis, Complana, Consortaria, Elpenor, Emutaria, Geminipuncta, Hastata,
Lineola, Luctuosa, Lunaria, Ridens, Plumigera, Polyommata, Scolopacina, Solidaginis,
Umbra, Unifasciata, W-Album. 1s. each.—Alni, Ditrapezium, Ichneumoniformis, Musci-
formis, Neurica, Obsoleta, Orichalcea. 4s. 6d. each.—Acis, Albipuncta, Exigua. 2s. 6d.
each.—Sphegiformis, Simulans, Rubiginea. 3s. 6d. each.—Scolieformis, Leucophea.
THE NATURALIST’S ANNUAL AND DIARY for 1902, price One Shilling, will
be published January ist next.
BIRD STUFFING AND MOUNTING. Illustrated. Cloth. 1s. ANIMAL, FISH,
AND REPTILE STUFFING. Cloth. 1s. 6d.
J. & W. DAVIS,
31-33, Hythe Street, Dartford, Kent.
FOR SALE (Best Offers) :—
Nine Volumes of the ‘ZOOLOGIST, from 1843 to 1851 inclusive.
SAMOUELLE’S ‘ENTOMOLOGY,’ One Volume.
Five Volumes of CURTIS’S ‘BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY,’
The above-named Books are well bound, and in very good condition.
GREEN, 110 Brooke Road, Stoke Newington, N.
THE BRADY CABINET. .
ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS on an IMPROVED PRINCIPLE.
Ten Shillings per Drawer.
"THESE well=known CABINETS are Manufactured of
well-seasoned Mahogany, with wood or plate-glass panels
te doors. Letters of recommendation can be sent if desired.
C. BRADY & SONS, Lower Fore Street, Edmonton, G.E.R.
Now Ready.—_THIRD EDITION.
THE LEPIDOPTERIST’S GUIDE.
Considerably Enlarged, Freely Illustrated, and brought to Twentieth Century Date.
PRICE ONE SHILLING.
Pusuisnep sy GURNEY & JACKSON, 1, Paternoster Row, E.C.; atso
Sotp sy WATKINS & DONCASTER, 36, Srranp, Lonpon, W.C.
WORKS ON LEPIDOPTERA,
BY THE LATE pe
JOHN HENRY LEECH. ~~
> —__——————_ nn a
Demy Quarto, complete, 11 Parts in 10. Price £12 12s. Net.
Forty-tHREE EXCEEDINGLY FINE CotourED PuatEs.
Butterflies from China, Japan, and Corea.
Treats of the Butterfly Fauna of Central and Western China, up to the
border of Thibet; and the countries of Japan and Corea. All the species
known to inhabit the region dealt with are included, and in nearly every
case the original description of each species is given. The coloured plates
are acknowledged to be masterly examples of the chromo-lithographer’s art ;
the figures thereon, some hundreds in number, are remarkably accurate and
true to nature. All the species described in the book are figured, and some
others, where necessary for the convenience of the student, are also
represented.
There are Four Plates of Views, showing parts of the Countries investi-
gated; and a Map, the latter specially prepared for this work.
‘We can congratulate Mr. Leech on having brought out a most valuable work,
which will remain the standard authority on the districts dealt with for many years
to come.” —Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Crown Octavo, Cloth. Price Sixteen Shillings Net.
KigHTEEN Hanp-conourep Piatres (over Two Hunprep Fieurss).
1a 3) i rth Th Ci ce VEGI ee Noe NLS i OS el
INCLUDING THE
PTEROPHORIDA.
AN ILLUSTRATED LIST and Aid to the Identification of the
DELTOIDS, PYRALIDES, CRAMBI, and PTHROPHORIDA
occurring in the BRITISH ISLANDS.
ONLY A FEW COPIES REMAIN UNSOLD.
May be ordered through a bookseller, or obtained direct from Mr. Souts,
96, Drakefield Road, Upper Tooting, London. S.W.
D®: STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, Blasewitz-Dresden, in their
new Price List, No. XLYV., offer more than 16,000 Species of well-named
LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest condition ;
1400 kinds of PREPARED LARVA‘; numerous LIVING PUPA, &. SrPaRATE
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (21,000 species), for HYMENOPTERA (2800
species), DIPTERA (1900), HEMIPTERA (1600), ORTHOPTERA (1000),
NEUROPTERA (550). Discount for Cash-orders. Prices low.
IAMES GARDNER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS,
29 (late 426), OXFORD STREET
(Nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road).
PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.
All Articles Guaranteed; exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Customers
are requested ea iy: the Address, as mistakes occur daily.
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