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Help:IPA/Aymara

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The chart below shows the ways in which IPA represents Aymaran languages, such as Aymara, Jaqaru and Kawki pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

A superscript Bolivia marks a sound or spelling found specifically in Aymara, and superscript Lima for Jaqaru and Cauqui.

Consonants
IPA Orthography Examples English approximation
h j jakhu, liju, sujta[1] house
j y yapu, thaya, llaytha yes
k k kaliña, nanaka, sakri scat
kʰ kh khankha, akhana cat
kʼ k' k'alla like scat, but with a restriction of air
l l lanti lamp
ʎ ll llika, mallq'a similar to billion; equal to Italian figlio
m m maya map
n n nayra none
ɲ ñ ñik'uta similar to canyon
ŋ n p'asanqalla sing
nh Lima marknha
p p pisi, apilla, ch'ipta[2] spat
pʰ ph phusu, apharu pan
pʼ p' p'akita like spat, but with a restriction of air
q q qamaqi, yuqch'a similar to scud, but deeper in the throat
qʰ qh qhatha, laqhu similar to scud, but deeper in the throat
qʼ q' q'api similar to scud, but with a restriction of air
ɾ r rumu like atom in American English
s s sami son
ʃ sh Lima shimi she
t t tuju, itapallu, mutkhu stop
tʰ th thithita, llaytha top
tʼ t' t'inkha like stunt, but with a restriction of air
t̠ʲ tx Lima shutxi no equivalent
t̠ʲʰ tx" Lima q"antx"uru no equivalent
t̠ʲʼ tx' Lima atx'i no equivalent
ts tz Lima patza cats
tsʰ tz" Lima atz"a tsunami
tsʼ tz' Lima ajtz'a like cats, but with a restriction of air
tʃ ch chillqi, achachi, machka eschew
tʃʰ chh chhullunkha, juchha child
tʃʼ ch' ch'iwi like eschew, but with a restriction of air
tʂ cx Lima macxa no equivalent
tʂʰ cx" Lima cx"apa no equivalent
tʂʼ cx' Lima cx'asa no equivalent
w w wak'inta water
χ x phuxtu, thaxa like loch, but further back
Vowels
IPA Orthography Examples English approximation
a a ayni trap
aː ä Bolivia mä similar to father
i i nina, t'ili[3] lip
iː ï Bolivia sapakïña see
ɛ i piq'i, sixi[4] pet
ɔ u quqa[5] similar to off
u u mullu[6] hook
uː ü Bolivia qharüru cool

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /h/ is realised as [x] at the end of the syllable in all Aymaran languages.
  2. ^ In Moquegua Aymara, /p/ is realised as [ɸ] at the end of the syllable.
  3. ^ /i/ is realised as [ɪ] in a word-final context.
  4. ^ /i/ is realised as [ɛ] after uvular consonants and as [e] before uvular consonants, including when there is a sonorant sound in between.
  5. ^ /u/ is realised as [ɔ] after uvular consonants and as [o] before uvular consonants, including when there is a sonorant sound in between.
  6. ^ /u/ is realised as [ʊ] in a word-final context.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Coler, Matt. 2025. "Aymara". In Matthias Urban (ed.), The Oxford guide to the languages of the Central Andes, 219–244. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Coler, Matt. 2025. "Jaqaru". In Matthias Urban (ed.), The Oxford guide to the languages of the Central Andes, 245–264. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hardman, Martha J., Juana Vásquez & Juan de Dios Yapita, with Lucy Therina Briggs, Nora Clearman England & Laura Martin. [1998] 2001. Aymara: compendio de estructura fonológica y gramatical (Biblioteca Lengua y Cultura Andina 4). 2nd ed. La Paz: Instituto de Lengua y Cultura Aymara (ILCA).
  • Hardman, Martha J. [1966] 2017. Jaqaru: outline of phonological and morphological structure (Janua Linguarum Series Practica). The Hague: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Huayhua Pari, Felipe. 2001. Gramática descriptiva de la lengua aimara (Aymara aru yatiwi). 2nd ed. Lima: Instituto de Reafirmación de los Pueblos Aimaras Quechuas y Amazonenses.
  • Laime Ajacopa, Teofilo, Virginia Lucero Mamani & Mabel Arteaga Vino. 2020. Paytani arupirwa / Diccionario bilingüe aymara-castellano castellano-aymara. La Paz: Plural Editores.

See also

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