Masbuta

Maṣbuta (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡀࡑࡁࡅࡕࡀ; pronounced maṣwottā in Neo-Mandaic^[1]^: 16) is the ritual of immersion in water in the Mandaean religion.^[2]^[3]

Overview

Mandaeans revere John the Baptist and practice frequent baptism (masbuta) as ritual purification, not of initiation. They are possibly one of the earliest peoples to practice ritual baptism.^[4] Mandaeans undergo baptism on Sundays (Habshaba, Classical Mandaic: ࡄࡀࡁࡔࡀࡁࡀ^[5]), wearing a white sacral robe (rasta). Baptism for Mandaeans consists of a triple full immersion in water, a triple signing of the forehead with water (in which the priest puts his fingers on the baptized person's forehead and moves it from right to left), and a triple drinking of water. The priest (rabbi) then removes a ring made of myrtle (klila) worn by the baptized and places it on their forehead. This is then followed by a handclasp (kušṭa, "hand of truth") with the priest, using right hands only. The final blessing involves the priest laying his right hand on the baptized person's head.^[6]^: 102

Living water (fresh, natural, flowing water, called mia hayyi)^[6] is a requirement for baptism, therefore can only take place in rivers. All rivers are named Yardna "Jordan River" and are believed to be nourished by the World of Light. By the riverbank, a Mandaean's forehead is anointed with sesame oil (misha) and partakes in a communion of sacramental bread (pihta) and water. Baptism for Mandaeans allows for salvation by connecting with the World of Light and for forgiveness of sins.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Although masbuta rituals are typically held only in the presence of Mandaeans, a historic commemorative masbuta ceremony was held at the 13th conference of the ARAM Society (titled "The Mandaeans"), which took place during 13–15 June 1999 on the banks of the Charles River at Harvard University.^[10]^[11]

Procedure

The masbuta consists of several steps.^[2]^[12]

Water splashing: The Mandaean person to be baptized enters the water and stands chest-deep in water behind the officiating priest. The priest will ask for the person's malwasha (Mandaean baptismal name) if he does not know it. The priest, standing in front of the baptized person, uses both hands to splash water on the baptized person several times in rapid succession as he pronounces the baptized person's malwasha a few times. During the water splashing, the baptized person holds his burzinqa with both hands.
First kushta: The baptized person and priest hold each other's right hands. This handclasp is known as the kushta.
Triple immersion of head in water: The priest holds the baptized person's head with both hands and dips the head inside the water three times.
Triple signing across the forehead: The priest strokes his right fingers horizontally across the lower front end of the baptized person's burzinqa (turban) on his forehead three times, from right to left.
Triple drinking of water from the priest's hand: The priest dips his right lower arm and right hand in the water, with his elbow forming a 90 degree angle, and then gives the baptized person water to drink from his palm. This is done three times.
Placing the klila in the burzinqa: The priest takes the baptized person's klila (myrtle twig ringlet) from his hand and places it in the baptized person's burzinqa.
Final kushta: The priest stands up and places his right hand on the baptized person's head as he says final blessings, and the two exchange a final kushta (handclasp), and the baptized person emerges from the water.

Types

There are different types of masbuta used for different purposes. Similarly, there are also several different types of masiqta (see Masiqta § Types). A few types of masbuta are:

360 baptisms: 360 consecutive baptisms are needed to cleanse a polluted priest.^[2] Sets of 360 baptisms are described in texts such as The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa and Šarḥ ḏ-Maṣbuta Rabia ("The Scroll of the Great Baptism"; DC 50).
Masbuta of Zihrun Raza Kasia, described in the Zihrun Raza Kasia scroll.^[13]

Masbuta is distinct from ṭamaša "immersion" and rišama "ablution", which are personal ritual purification rituals that do not require the presence of a priest. Ṭamaša is typically performed after bodily pollutions, such as seminal discharge, sexual activity, or after subsiding from unclean thoughts or anger at another person. This ablution is comparable to tevilah in Judaism and ghusl in Islam. Rišama is performed daily before prayers and religious ceremonies or after bowel evacuation and is comparable to wudu in Islam.^[14]

Parallels with other religious traditions

Birger A. Pearson finds many parallels between the Sethian ritual of the Five Seals and the Mandaean baptismal ritual of masbuta.^[15]

In Mandaic, Christian baptism is not referred to as maṣbuta, but rather as mamiduta (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡀࡌࡉࡃࡅࡕࡀ; cognate with Syriac ܡܥܡܘܕܝܬܐ mʿmudita, used by Syriac Christians to refer to baptism^[16]), which Mandaean texts describe as unclean since it is performed in standing rather than flowing water.^[17]

Gallery

Gallery of Mandaeans performing masbuta in the Karun River in Ahvaz, Iran:

References

^ Häberl, Charles (2022). The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. doi:10.3828/9781800856271 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.
^ Segelberg, Eric (1958). Maṣbūtā: Studies in the Ritual of Mandaean Baptism. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.
^ McGrath, James (23 January 2015), "The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans", YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University, retrieved 3 November 2021
^ "The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon". cal.huc.edu.
^ ^a ^b Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
^ "Mandeans", US News, archived from the original on 21 October 2013
^ Yamauchi, Edwin M (2004), Gnostic Ethics and Mandaean Origins, Gorgias Press, p. 20, ISBN 978-1-931956-85-7
^ History, Mandean union, archived from the original on 17 March 2013
^ Coakley, J.F. (1999). "The Thirteenth Conference of the ARAM Society: The Mandaeans". ARAM, 11-12 (1999-2000), 199-208.
^ ARAM, "Masbuta (full Baptism) Harvard 1999," The Worlds of Mandaean Priests.
^ van Rompaey, Sandra (2024). Mandaean Symbolic Art. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-59365-4.
^ Burtea, Bogdan (2008). Zihrun, das verborgene Geheimnis (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05644-1. OCLC 221130512.
^ Gelbert, Carlos (2005). The Mandaeans and the Jews. Edensor Park, NSW: Living Water Books. ISBN 0-9580346-2-1. OCLC 68208613.
^ Pearson, Birger A. (14 July 2011). "Baptism in Sethian Gnostic Texts". Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism. De Gruyter. pp. 119–144. doi:10.1515/9783110247534.119. ISBN 978-3-11-024751-0.
^ "Dukhrana Analytical Lexicon of the Syriac New Testament". Dukhrana Biblical Research. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^ Drower, Ethel Stefana; Macúch, Rudolf (1963). A Mandaic dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. p. 245.

External links

Videos and images from the Worlds of Mandaean Priests (University of Exeter)
- Children's Baptism Day (River and Pool) - Sydney (January 2015)
Mandaean masbuta performed at 13 June 1999 ARAM conference

[Häberl_2022-1] Häberl, Charles (2022). The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. doi:10.3828/9781800856271 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

[Buckley_2002-2] Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.

[Segelberg-3] Segelberg, Eric (1958). Maṣbūtā: Studies in the Ritual of Mandaean Baptism. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.

[4] McGrath, James (23 January 2015), "The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans", YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University, retrieved 3 November 2021

[5] "The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon". cal.huc.edu.

[auto-6] Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.

[7] "Mandeans", US News, archived from the original on 21 October 2013

[8] Yamauchi, Edwin M (2004), Gnostic Ethics and Mandaean Origins, Gorgias Press, p. 20, ISBN 978-1-931956-85-7

[9] History, Mandean union, archived from the original on 17 March 2013

[10] Coakley, J.F. (1999). "The Thirteenth Conference of the ARAM Society: The Mandaeans". ARAM, 11-12 (1999-2000), 199-208.

[11] ARAM, "Masbuta (full Baptism) Harvard 1999," The Worlds of Mandaean Priests.

[SymbolicArt-12] van Rompaey, Sandra (2024). Mandaean Symbolic Art. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-59365-4.

[DC27-13] Burtea, Bogdan (2008). Zihrun, das verborgene Geheimnis (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05644-1. OCLC 221130512.

[Gelbert_2005-14] Gelbert, Carlos (2005). The Mandaeans and the Jews. Edensor Park, NSW: Living Water Books. ISBN 0-9580346-2-1. OCLC 68208613.

[Pearson-15] Pearson, Birger A. (14 July 2011). "Baptism in Sethian Gnostic Texts". Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism. De Gruyter. pp. 119–144. doi:10.1515/9783110247534.119. ISBN 978-3-11-024751-0.

[16] "Dukhrana Analytical Lexicon of the Syriac New Testament". Dukhrana Biblical Research. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2023.

[MandaicDictionary-17] Drower, Ethel Stefana; Macúch, Rudolf (1963). A Mandaic dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. p. 245.

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