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State of Vietnam

Coordinates: 10°48′N 106°39′E / 10.800°N 106.650°E / 10.800; 106.650
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This article is about the French Indochinese state. For the present-day state, see Vietnam. For other states, see Vietnam (disambiguation).
State of Viet-Nam
Quốc-gia Việt-Nam (Vietnamese)
État du Viêt-Nam (French)
1949–1955
Motto: Dân vi quý[1]
"The people are the most important"
Anthem: Thanh niên Hành Khúc
"The March of Youths"
Grand Seal of the State[2]
保大國長

(1949–1954)
The territory controlled by the State of Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference
The territory controlled by the State of Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference
StatusAssociated state of the French Union (until 1954)
Independent state (after 1954)
CapitalSaigon–Cholon
10°48′N 106°39′E / 10.800°N 106.650°E / 10.800; 106.650
Official languagesVietnamese, French
Religion
Vietnamese folk religion
Buddhism
Confucianism
Catholicism
Caodaism
Hòa Hảo
Demonym(s)Vietnamese, Vietnamian
Chief of State 
• 1949–1955
Bảo Đại
• 1955
Ngô Đình Diệm
Prime Minister 
• 1949–1950
Bảo Đại
• 1950
Nguyễn Phan Long
• 1950–1952
Trần Văn Hữu
• 1952–1953
Nguyễn Văn Tâm
• 1954
Bửu Lộc
• 1954–1955
Ngô Đình Diệm
Historical eraCold War
• Proclamation
2 July 1949
21 July 1954
26 October 1955
Currencypiastre
đồng (from 1953)
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
1949:
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
1954:
French Indochina
North Vietnam
South Vietnam
Today part ofVietnam
Violet indicates territories controlled by the Associated States of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, early 1954.
Part of a series on the
History of Vietnam

Việt Nam toàn cảnh dư đồ (越南全境輿圖) là bản đồ Dại Nam chú giải bằng chữ Hán
Prehistoric
Paleolithic
Sơn Vi culture 20,000 BC–12,000 BC
Mesolithic
Hoabinhian 12,000 BC–10,000 BC
Neolithic
Bắc Sơn culture 10,000 BC–8,000 BC
Quỳnh Văn culture 8,000 BC–6,000 BC
Đa Bút culture 4,000 BC–3,000 BC
Bronze and Iron Ages
Phùng Nguyên culture 2,000 BC–1,500 BC
Đồng Đậu culture 1,500 BC–1,000 BC
Gò Mun culture 1,000–800 BC
Dong Son culture (1,000 BC–100 AD)
Sa Huỳnh culture (1,000 BC–200 AD)
Óc Eo culture (1–630 AD)
Ancient
Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 BC–258 BC
Thục dynasty 257 BC–179 BC
Triệu dynasty 204 BC–111 BC
Dominated
1st Chinese domination 111 BC–40 AD
Trung sisters' rebellion 40–43
2nd Chinese domination 43–544
Early Lý dynasty544–602
3rd Chinese domination602–938
Dynastic
Ngô dynasty 939–965
Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 965–968
Đinh dynasty 968–980
Early Lê dynasty 980–1009
Later Lý dynasty 1009–1225
Trần dynasty 1225–1400
Hồ dynasty 1400–1407
4th Chinese domination 1407–1428
Later Lê dynasty 1428–1527
Mạc dynasty 1527–1592
Later Lê Restoration 1533–1789
Tây Sơn dynasty 1778–1802
Nguyễn dynasty 1802–1945
Colonial
French Cochinchina 1862–1949
French Annam 1883–1949
French Tonkin 1883–1949
French Indochina 1887–1954
Empire of Vietnam 1945
Republic
North Vietnam
 1945–1976
Republic of South Vietnam 1975–1976
South Vietnam
 1955–1975
State of Vietnam 1949–1955
Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1976–now
Non-Vietnamese history
Funan 68–627
Champa 192–1832
Cát Tiên archaeological site 300–800
Chenla 550–781
Nanzhao 738–902
Khmer Empire 802–1431
Dali Kingdom 937–1253
Nung-Zhuang kingdom 1042–1052
Ngưu Hống 1061–1432
Jarai kingdoms 1100–1904
Sip Song Chau Tai 1600–1954
Principality of Hà Tiên1707–1832
By topic
flag Vietnam portal

The State of Vietnam[a] (Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam; Chữ Hán: 國家越南; French: État du Viêt-Nam) was a state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1949 until 1955, first as a member of the French Union and later as a country (from 4 June 1954 to 26 October 1955). The state claimed authority over all of Vietnam during the First Indochina War, although large parts of its territory were controlled by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

The state was created in 1949 by France as part of the French Union[3] and was internationally recognised in 1950. Former Emperor Bảo Đại became Chief of State. After the 1954 Geneva Agreements, the State of Vietnam lost its remaining foothold in the northern part of the country, most of which was already controlled by the Việt Minh.[4] Ngô Đình Diệm was appointed prime minister the same year and—after having ousted Bảo Đại in 1955—became president of the Republic of Vietnam.

History

Vietnam after the World War II

See also: War in Vietnam (1945–1946); Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam, 1945–1946; and Partisan conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

The 16th parallel was established by the Allies on August 2, 1945, following the Potsdam Conference, dividing the former French Indochina into two military zones: Chinese Nationalist forces occupied the north, and British forces the south, to disarm Japanese troops.[5] The Viet Minh launched the August Revolution to seek control in Vietnam, and Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV).

Beginning in August 1945, the Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese nationalist groups and Trotskyist activists.[6][7][8][9] On September 23, the British supported a French coup de force that overthrew the DRV government in Saigon and attempted to reinstate French control over southern Indochina.[10] In 1946, the Franco-Chinese and Ho–Sainteny Agreements enabled French forces to replace the Chinese north of the 16th parallel and facilitated a coexistence between the DRV and the French that strengthened the Viet Minh while undermining the nationalists.[11][12] That summer, the Viet Minh colluded with French forces to eliminate nationalists, targeted for their ardent anti-colonialism.[13][14][6]: 205–207 [15]: 699–700 

With most of the nationalist partisans defeated,[16][17] and negotiations broken down, tensions between the Viet Minh and French authorities erupted into full-scale war in December 1946,[18] a conflict which became entwined with the Cold War. Surviving nationalist partisans and politico-religious groups rallied behind the exiled Bảo Đại to reopen negotiations with France in opposition to communist domination.[19][20]

On June 5, 1948, the Halong Bay Agreements (Accords de la baie d’Along) allowed the foundation of a unified Vietnamese government replacing the governments of Tonkin (North Vietnam) and Annam (Middle Vietnam) associated to France within the French Union. The Associated States of Indochina then also included the neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia. Cochinchina (South Vietnam), however, had a different status, both as a colony and as an autonomous republic, and its reunification with the rest of Vietnam had to be approved by its local assembly, and then by the French National Assembly. During the transitional period, a Provisional Central Government of Vietnam was proclaimed: Nguyễn Văn Xuân, until then head of the Provisional Government of South Vietnam (as Cochinchina had been known since 1947), became its president, while Bảo Đại waited for a complete reunification to take office.

Associated State in the French Union

See also: First Indochina War

On May 20, 1949, the French National Assembly approved the reunification of Cochinchina with the rest of Vietnam. The decision took effect on June 4 and the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed on July 2. From 1949 to 1954, after reunification with Cochinchina, the State of Vietnam had partial autonomy from France as an associated state within the French Union.

Bảo Đại fought against communist leader Hồ Chí Minh for legitimacy as the legitimate government of Vietnam through the struggle between the Vietnamese National Army and the Việt Minh during the First Indochina War.

The State of Vietnam found support from the French Fourth Republic and the United States while Ho Chi Minh's DRV was backed by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union (since 1950). Roughly 60% of Vietnamese territory was under Viet Minh control in 1952.[21] However, most urban areas with large populations remained under the control of the State of Vietnam. While the State of Vietnam aligned with the anticommunist Western Bloc, the French exploited it to extend their colonial presence and to bolster their standing within NATO.[22]

Partition (1954–55)

Further information: Geneva Conference and Partition of Vietnam
Indochina after the Geneva Conference.

After the Geneva Conference of 1954, as well as becoming fully independent with its departure from the French Union, the State of Vietnam became territorially confined to those lands of Vietnam south of the 17th parallel, and as such became commonly known as Republic of Vietnam. Communist forces entered Hanoi on 10 October 1954.

The massive semi-voluntary migration of anti-communist north Vietnamese, largely Catholics, proceeded during the French-American Operation Passage to Freedom from 1954 to 1955.

Politics

Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–49)

On May 27, 1948, Nguyễn Văn Xuân, then President of the Republic of Cochinchina, became President of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (Thủ tướng lâm thời) following the merging of the government of Cochin China and Vietnam in what is sometimes referred as "Pre-Vietnam".

State of Vietnam (1949–55)

On June 14, 1949, Bảo Đại was appointed Chief of State (Quốc trưởng) of the State of Vietnam; he was concurrently Prime Minister for a short while (Kiêm nhiệm Thủ tướng).

On October 26, 1955, the Republic of Vietnam was established and Ngô Đình Diệm became the first President of the Republic.

Leaders (1948–55)

Further information: Leaders of South Vietnam
Name Took office Left office Title
Nguyễn Văn Xuân May 27, 1948 July 14, 1949 President of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
1 Bảo Đại July 14, 1949 January 21, 1950 Prime Minister; remained Chief of State throughout the State of Vietnam
2 Nguyễn Phan Long January 21, 1950 April 27, 1950 Prime Minister
3 Trần Văn Hữu May 6, 1950 June 3, 1952 Prime Minister
4 Nguyễn Văn Tâm June 23, 1952 December 7, 1953 Prime Minister
5 Bửu Lộc January 11, 1954 June 16, 1954 Prime Minister
6 Ngô Đình Diệm June 16, 1954 October 26, 1955 Prime Minister

1955 referendum, Republic of Vietnam

Main article: 1955 State of Vietnam referendum

In South Vietnam, a referendum was scheduled for 23 October 1955 to determine the future direction of the south, in which the people would choose Diệm or Bảo Đại as the leader of South Vietnam.[23] During the election, Diệm's brother Ngô Đình Nhu and the Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party (commonly known as "Cần Lao Party") supplied Diệm's electoral base in organizing and supervising the elections, especially the propaganda campaign for destroying Bảo Đại's reputation. Supporters of Bảo Đại were not allowed to campaign, and were physically attacked by Nhu's workers.[24] Official results showed 98.2 per cent of voters favoured Diệm, an implausibly high result that was condemned as fraudulent. The total number of votes far exceeded the number of registered voters by over 380,000, further evidence that the referendum was heavily rigged.[24][25] For example, only 450,000 voters were registered in Saigon, but 605,025 were said to have voted for Diệm. On 26 October, Diệm proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam—widely known as South Vietnam—whose reformed army, with American assistance, pursued the conflict with North Vietnam; the Viet Cong replaced the Viet Minh, in the Vietnam War.[25]

Military

Vietnamese National Army (1949–55)

Main article: Vietnamese National Army

Following the signing of the 1949 Élysée Accords in Paris, Bảo Đại was able to create a National Army for defense purposes.

It fought under the State of Vietnam's banner and leadership and was commanded by General Nguyễn Văn Hinh.

A 100 piastres sample note of 1954.

Economy

Currency

The currency used within the French Union was the French Indochinese piastre. Notes were issued and managed by the "Issue Institute of the States of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam" (Institut d’Emission des Etats du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-Nam).

Foreign relations

By 1950, a number of countries recognized the State of Vietnam:[26]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Provinces of Vietnam

Autonomous regions

See also: Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam

Following the creation of the State of Vietnam and the establishment of its government, the Chief of State Bảo Đại signed the two ordinances related to the administration and local governance of the State of Vietnam, namely Ordinance No. 1 ("Organisation and Operation of civil authorities in Vietnam") and Ordinance No. 2 ("Statutes of Government office").[27] These ordinances divided the State of Vietnam into three large autonomous regions, namely Bắc Việt (former Tonkin), Trung Việt (former Annam), and Nam Việt (former Cochinchina), the local government of each autonomous region was headed by a Thủ hiến (Governour).[27] Since 1948, the three regions had also been referred to as Bắc Phần, Trung Phần, and Nam Phần.

On 4 August 1954 the government of the State of Vietnam enacted Ordinance No. 21 which abolished the autonomous status of the three regions and abolished the post of regional governour, replacing them with central government representatives in all parts of its territory.[27]

Domain of the Crown

The Domain of the Crown (Vietnamese: Hoàng triều Cương thổ / 皇朝疆土; French: Domaine de la Couronne) was originally the Nguyễn dynasty's geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the Kinh ethnic group didn't make up the majority, later it became a type of administrative unit of the State of Vietnam.[28] It was officially established on 15 April 1950 and dissolved on 11 March 1955.[28] In the areas of the Domain of the Crown Chief of State Bảo Đại was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty".[29]

The Domain of the Crown contained the following five provinces established from the former Montagnard country of South Indochina:[29][30]

  1. Đồng Nai Thượng
  2. Lâm Viên
  3. Pleiku
  4. Darlac
  5. Kontum

In Bắc phần it contained the following provinces:[29][30]

  1. Hòa Bình (Mường Autonomous Territory)
  2. Phong Thổ (Thái Autonomous Territory)
  3. Lai Châu (Thái Autonomous Territory)
  4. Sơn La (Thái Autonomous Territory)
  5. Lào Kay (Mèo Autonomous Territory)
  6. Hà Giang (Mèo Autonomous Territory)
  7. Bắc Kạn (Thổ Autonomous Territory)
  8. Cao Bằng (Thổ Autonomous Territory)
  9. Lạng Sơn (Thổ Autonomous Territory)
  10. Hải Ninh (Nùng Autonomous Territory)
  11. Móng Cái (Nùng Autonomous Territory)

See also

References

  1. ^ officially written State of Viet-Nam
  1. ^ Hoàng Cơ Thụy. Việt sử khảo luận. Paris, 2002. Trang 2299.
  2. ^ Letter with photograph, signature, and Grand Seal of the State from his majesty the Chief of State Bảo Đại to Madame Jeanne Leveque in New York City (1952).
  3. ^ Hammer, Ellen J. "The Bao Dai Experiment". Pacific Affairs, vol. 23, no. 1, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 1950, p. 55, doi:10.2307/2753754.
  4. ^ Fall, Bernard B. (December 1956). "Indochina--The Last Year of the War". Military Review. 36 (9). US Army Command and General Staff College: 56.
  5. ^ Goscha, Christopher E. (2011). "16th parallel". Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach. NIAS Press. ISBN 9788776940638.
  6. ^ a b Guillemot, François (2004). "Au coeur de la fracture vietnamienne : l'élimination de l'opposition nationaliste et anticolonialiste dans le Nord du Vietnam (1945–1946)". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 175–216. ISBN 9782846540643.
  7. ^ Marr 2013, pp. 383–441.
  8. ^ Kort 2017, pp. 62–63, 81–85.
  9. ^ Tran 2022, pp. 24–30.
  10. ^ Goscha, Christopher E. (2011). "23 September 1945". Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach. NIAS Press. ISBN 9788776940638.
  11. ^ Goscha 2016, pp. 204–208.
  12. ^ Holcombe 2020, pp. 35, 38–44.
  13. ^ Kort 2017, pp. 83–84.
  14. ^ Reilly 2018, pp. 175–177.
  15. ^ Tran, Nu-Anh (2023). "Denouncing the 'Việt Cộng': Tales of revolution and betrayal in the Republic of Vietnam". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 53 (4): 686–708. doi:10.1017/S0022463422000790.
  16. ^ Kort 2017, p. 85.
  17. ^ Tran 2022, p. 27.
  18. ^ Asselin 2024, pp. 73–81.
  19. ^ Goscha 2016, pp. 238–241.
  20. ^ Reilly 2018, pp. 187–188.
  21. ^ Pierre Montagnon, L'Indochine française, Tallandier, 2016, p. 325
  22. ^ Goscha 2016, pp. 245–248.
  23. ^ Moyar, p. 54.
  24. ^ a b Karnow, pp. 223–24
  25. ^ a b Jacobs, p. 95.
  26. ^ Phạm Văn Sơn (1951). Việt Nam tranh đấu sử (2nd ed.). Hanoi: Vũ Hùng. p. 269.
  27. ^ a b c Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty - World documentary heritage (2021). "Significant collections § Fonds of the Phủ Thủ hiến Trung Việt or Office of the Governor of Trung Viet". mocban.vn. The National Archives Center No. 4 (State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam). Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  28. ^ a b Anh Thái Phượng. Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. Page: 99. (in Vietnamese).
  29. ^ a b c Lê Đình Chi. Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam. Gardena, California: Văn Mới, 2006. Pages: 401-449. (in Vietnamese).
  30. ^ a b UÔNG THÁI BIỂU (9 October 2020). "Hoàng đế mãn triều và "Hoàng triều Cương thổ"" (in Vietnamese). Nhân Dân (Communist Party of Vietnam). Retrieved 13 April 2021.

Bibliography

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