Talk:Arabic numerals

Medieval Arabic numbers

We can see the correct format and sequence of the medieval "european" numbers in title page of the book Libro Intitulado Arithmetica Practica by Juan de Yciar, the Basque calligrapher and mathematician, Saragossa 1549, and at Filippo Calandri, De Arithmetica, Florença: Lorenzo Morgiani and Johannes Petri, 1491-92, page 145. The figures shows the calligraphical place value of: one 1, two 2, three 3, four 4, five 5, six 6, seven 7, eight 8, nine 9, and ten o.

[1]

Hindu-renaming debate

(All the following paragraphs are on the same topic, so I took the liberty of grouping them)

Difference

There is a difference between Arabic numerals and Hindo one; the Arabic ones are those used in European languages, while the hindo are those still used in Arabic language itself like ٠١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩.

الرشيد (talk) 08:15, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

To user Spitzak: perhaps some scholarly insight can help here. "Hindu" looks like like a bogus transcription, although it's not clear of what Arabic word exactly. The two that might apply would better be transcribed as "[hindusiyya](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9)", in English "Hinduism" (the religion) or "hindiyya", basically "Indian" or "of Indian origin". The numerals ٠١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩ given by user Rasheed above are indeed called "[arqaam hindiyya](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9)" (in Arabic, meaning "Indian numbers". "The Arabs" definitely don't call _anything_ "hindu", and although I'm neither a mathematician nor a historian, I'd be very surprised if the term I mentioned ("arqaam hindiyya") was used to mean "base-10 system", let alone systems. That, as far as I'm aware, is called "[nidhaam 'ad 'asharee](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A)". If you're going to edit the article any further, it'd be nice if it also did away with the (western) urban myth that the concept of zero was invented by an Arab. It's much older and came to them from India, along with the numerals ०१२३४५६७८९, which slowly morphed into ٠١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩, which in turn further morphed into 0123456789 during their journey west. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.246.93.118 (talk) 00:37, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Thank you, I very much suspect the text that I copied is bogus, I will remove my copy and the original now.Spitzak (talk) 19:55, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

This article still needs considerable cleanup, as it continuously talks about *all* base-10 systems rather than the Arabic digits. This is making lots of confusing text, such as the sentence I deleted that seemed to claim that these digits are called "Hindu" by Arabs. Actually a careful reading shows that it claims that Arabs call the entire set of base-10 systems "Hindu" but I suspect that is incorrect and the term "Hindu" explictly means not the Arabic digits.Spitzak (talk) 20:10, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

Had a little trouble as somebody thought I was making unwanted changes, despite the fact that I was reverting something I wrote. This time I did not delete the "Hindu Numerals" mention but instead clarified what the article was claiming which is that it is the (translated?) Arabic name for all base-10 systems, including Western and Eastern Arabic digits and also all the Indian ones. I still feel this is probably in error, from your statement it sounds like this term means *only* the Eastern Arabic Numerals. Can you confirm this or otherwise explain what the term means? I do think it would be nice to fix this error.Spitzak (talk) 23:08, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Yeah, well, the OP didn't give any sources and it doesn't need to be taken seriously. Scholars state that the "Hindu numerals" were received as a package in the Arabic east as well as the Arabic west, and later they evolved through the centuries via differences in hand-writing. There used to be an old theory that the numerals in the Arabic west had some other origin, and they were supposedly called "ghubar numerals". But modern scholars don't agree with these theories any more.

When you are reverting your own edits, please label them as self-revert or some such thing so that we know. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 02:03, 2 December 2018 (UTC)

Actually the Indian numbers Arabs use look different then the original Indian numbers (of which different forms existed), just like the Western numbers (of which different forms existed) actually look different then the Arab numbers (of which different forms existed). Arabs call the Western numbers just that - Western or European numbers.

And the first description of the Indian Numbers was written by a Syro-Aramaeic monk named Severus Sebokht.--89.144.221.59 (talk) 22:18, 5 September 2019 (UTC)

References

Lately-added note about original statement in this section

It's not "Hindo" it's Hindu aka Hindoo in older texts Sooku (talk) 03:17, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

So the Western Arabic numbers are just like the European ones? Jokem (talk) 01:03, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

Can numerals be "Hindu"?

Most western historians translating the Arabic terms translate them as "Hindu numerals". But the proper translation would be "Indian numerals". Hindī is an adjective derived from Arabic Hind (India).

"Hindu" is an older Persian term, which referred to the people of India. It would be odd indeed to call numerals "Hindu".

So, if there are no objections, I would like to change all the occurrences of "Hindu" to "Indian", at least when translating Arabic terms and phrases. (But I would leave alone the "Hindu-Arabic numerlas" term, even though it suffers from the same problem.) -- Kautilya3 (talk) 17:22, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

We need to follow what the sources say and do, whether we agree with them, or not. Paul August ☎ 19:29, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

You can find sources for both. We need to make a decision. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 20:28, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

If, as you say, most historians use the term "Hindu numerals" then I would think we should follow that. Paul August ☎ 20:53, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Note that I said I don't propose to change the official name "Hindu-Arabic numerals". But in the English descriptions, we have no reason to follow the ill-informed language of the sources. Here is an Encyclopedia article that does exactly what I recommended:

• Burnett, Charles (2017), "Arabic Numerals", in Thomas F. Glick (ed.), Routledge Revivals: Medieval Science, Technology and Medicine (2006): An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1-351-67617-5

-- Kautilya3 (talk) 23:17, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

It's not our place to judge sources as "ill-informed". But why don't you list the specific changes you wish to make, and we can discuss them, with sources, individually. Paul August ☎ 23:55, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Charles Burnett is a Professor of the History of Islamic Influences in Europe. I have cited an uptodate WP:TERTIARY source, which can be used to decide DUE WEIGHT when there are disagreements among sources. I will follow this terminology. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 08:57, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

I don't see why you can label numbers Arabic but not Hindu, if both refer to geographical regions? It would only be an issue if Hindu referred to a religion, but there was no Hinduism when these numbers were invented. I am just making a point, I have no objection to using "Indian numbers" if someone important has an allergy to the word "Hindu". Sooku (talk) 03:47, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Hi Sooku, that content is now gone from this page. It is supposed to be covered in Hindu-Arabic numeral system, but it is probably not there either.

But, the point is that the Arabic name of Al-Khwarizmi's book Kitab hisab al-'adad al-hindi means the "book on calculation with Indian numerals". "Hindi" is the Arabic term for Indian, not Hindu. I don't believe the word "Hindu" was in use at the time of Al-Khwarizmi. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 19:00, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Article's Name

We should move this page to Hindu-Arabic numerals, given that this is how all other encyclopedias (e.g., Encyclopedia Britannica) name the number system, and this is how it is referred to in modern academic papers. The various academic articles that I have read also name the system as Hindu-Arabic system. Further, in the opening lines of this article itself, it says 'The term (article name) often implies a decimal number written using these digits, which is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today and is also called Hindu–Arabic numerals'. Already an article by the name Hindu-Arabic numerals exists, which is clearly more adopted and less controversial. So I think this article should be moved there.Trojanishere (talk) 15:14, 14 January 2020 (UTC)Trojanishere

Not this again! This article is about the digits that look like this: 0123456789. These digits are used in social security numbers and phone numbers and are valid in programming language identifiers and are used to write Hexadecimal and Octal and Binary, and are provided in fonts and in many variations in Unicode that other forms of digits are not provided in. Check "what links here" and you will see that virtually every reference is from an article distinguishing this form of digits from others, such as many instances in typography and Unicode articles. It is not about base 10! Base-10 was invented hundreds of years earlier in India using different digits, and frankly linking this to that is insulting to the Hindu mathematicians that developed it without any help from Arabs.Spitzak (talk) 19:25, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

Not this nonsense again ... 92.12.23.104 (talk) 09:30, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

Absolutely. But you can't fight the tide of woke ignorance. 92.12.23.104 (talk) 09:30, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

Look at the first three figures in the article. Only the last one, from 15th century, uses the modern numerals clearly, and it was not composed by Arabs. The 10th century figure only has some of the modern numerals. Sooku (talk) 03:53, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Why don't you refer to Hindu-Arabic Numeral System?

Hindu-Arabic numeral system states that "It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians. The system was adopted in Arabic mathematics by the 9th century." What is the reason for this separate entry? It leaves the reader confused as to the origin of the present numbers. Was it India, or Arabia? Is the Indian origin disputed? Sooku (talk) 03:26, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

These characters were not invented in the Hindu area.Spitzak (talk) 19:35, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

May I ask, how do you know that? -- Kautilya3 (talk) 20:26, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

There are two types of Arabic Numerals: Eastern Arabic Numerals(١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠) and Western Arabic Numerals(12345678910). Eastern Arabic Numerals may be called Hindu-Arabic but Western Arabic Numerals were developed in the Maghreb(Western Arabic World i.e areas west of Egypt in North Africa to historical Andalusia Spain). The Hindu Indian or Devanagari Numerals are ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९. Reference is already added from books. There is already a separate page for Indian Devanagari Numerals. Therefore no need to confuse the readers about different numerals. Even eastern and western Arabic numerals are not the same.

--MasterWikian (talk) 16:51, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

It seems like there should at least be some mention of where the concept came from in thr “History” section. 76.131.229.171 (talk) 16:07, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

I have tried this repeatedly, pointing out carefully that the system was developed with DIFFERENT symbols and this is what distinguishes "Arabic numerals" from "the Hindu-Arabic numeral system" (which is actually called "Decimal" and includes some inventions done in Arabia such as the decimal point). However all such attempts are reverted, by the same people who insist the word "Hindu" be inserted into this text as many times as possible.Spitzak (talk) 17:02, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

September 2021

@Kautilya3: With regard to this edit:

The content that you are reinstating wasn't removed in recent months just for fun. I suggest you refrain from edit warring and seek consensus for its addition. M.Bitton (talk) 23:47, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Ok, so why was this passage removed for example?

According to Al-Biruni, there were multiple forms of numerals in use in India, and "Arabs chose among them what appeared to them most useful". Al-Nasawi wrote in the early eleventh century that the mathematicians had not agreed on the form of numerals, but most of them had agreed to train themselves with the forms now known as Eastern Arabic numerals. The oldest specimens of the written numerals available from Egypt in 873–874 show three forms of the numeral "2" and two forms of the numeral "3", and these variations indicate the divergence between what later became known as the Eastern Arabic numerals and the (Western) Arabic numerals.

References

Or this key passage?

The divergence in the terminology has led some scholars to propose that the Western Arabic numerals had a separate origin in the so-called "ghubār numerals" but the available evidence indicates no separate origin.

References

-- Kautilya3 (talk) 00:00, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

Here is apparently the edit that removed them, with no edit summary, and marked as a "minor edit" to boot! -- Kautilya3 (talk) 00:07, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

And the source for the so-called "ghubar numerals" is materiaiislamica.com, citing a paper from 1931? -- Kautilya3 (talk) 01:05, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

I have restored the first and some of the other content that was deleted by MasterWikian. The second needs further investigation as it is confusing and not supported by what is quoted.

I'm not sure what the exact issue is with the "also known as ghubar numerals". This simple fact is already highlighted in your "key passage". M.Bitton (talk) 12:37, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

@M.Bitton:Where are your references that the numerals were developed in Maghreb? As a matter of fact the numerals that were known by the people of Maghreb at that time are different with the current so-called arabic numerals the we use today (1, 2, 3, etc).

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-evolution-of-hindu-arabic-numerals-from-the-1st-century-to-the-24899370.html

The numerals were first developed by the indians, which later adopted by the arabs who altered their shapes a bit to their liking, then adopted by the westerners who altered their shapes a bit to their liking as well.

So it's completely not true if it's said that the numerals were first developed in Maghreb, and disregard the Indians who first invented it. AzizurRahman7 (talk) 08:58, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

There is a difference between the system commonly called the "Hindu–Arabic numeral system", and the numerals that this system uses. This article is about the "Western Arabic Numerals", commonly known as "Arabic numerals". Their origin, somewhere in the Muslim west (be it the Maghreb or Andalusia), is already covered in the article.

I asked you to join the discussion so that you could read what is being discussed and maybe suggest an addition (about the numerals and not the system) that you think is appropriate. Your second blind and completely unjustified revert to an old POV version has thus been reverted. I trust you will refrain from edit warring and seek consensus for your addition. M.Bitton (talk) 13:40, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

You're the one who's blind editting and being not objective. It was developed by the indians. The arabs adopted it and only altered the shapes a bit. And later the westerners learned these altered shapes of the numerals and changed the shapes a bit to their liking as well.

It's clear from the sources that I brought and this image on the article.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Brahmi_numeral_system_and_its_descendants.png

AzizurRahman7 (talk) 15:23, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

As I said: there is a difference between the system commonly called the "Hindu–Arabic numeral system" (the one you're referring to), and the numerals that this system uses. This article is about the "Western Arabic Numerals", commonly known as "Arabic numerals". M.Bitton (talk) 15:27, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

What AzizurRahman7 is calling "Numeral system" (in his file name) is indeed what you call "numerals". So, his points are quite relevant. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 21:36, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

They can call it whatever they want, but the fact that this article is about the numerals and not the system is undisputable. Given the previous discussion, I expect you to know this better than most. M.Bitton (talk) 21:55, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

But your presumption that everybody is talking about "numeral systems" is quite disputable. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 22:00, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

That's you POV that I won't be entertaining, especially since you abandoned the discussion after needlessly tagging the article (I'm referring the "also known as ghubar numerals" that I highlighted above and that you ignored). M.Bitton (talk) 22:03, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

You mean, like your pretending not to hear the first question: "Where are your references that the numerals were developed in Maghreb?"

The issue with the terminology of "ghubar numerals" is clear from the Kunitzsch, who concludes by saying that it is inappropriate terminology. If you read the whole paper, there is plenty of explanation of why it is inappropriate. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 11:02, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

I don't answer questions about claims I didn't make. Where the development the Western Numerals occurred (shockingly, somewhere in the Maghreb or Andalusia) is already partly covered in the article.

With regard to the fact that you tagged the part that says "also called ghubar numerals": Kunitzsch concluding that it's inappropriate to describe them as such doesn't mean that they are not known as such (what you seem to be questioning), in fact it suggests the exact opposite. This is basic common sense. M.Bitton (talk) 23:27, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

"Ghubar reckoning" is the term used for what the eastern Arabs called "Hindu/Indian reckoning". The figures used in such calculation were called "Ghubar figures", irresective of whether they were western figures or the eastern figures or those from Timbaktoo." -- Kautilya3 (talk) 00:08, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Who said anything about the "reckoning" or "figures"? I'm starting to wonder whether you're really reading what I'm obviously wasting my time writing. M.Bitton (talk) 00:18, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Who said anything about the "reckoning" or "figures"? The Arabs did, and the sources do. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 07:20, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Given the above reply, I no longer have to wonder whether you're really reading what I'm writing. M.Bitton (talk) 21:59, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

M.Bitton Yes, I'm talking about the numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc) as well, together alongside the system they were invented by the indian in the first to fourth century. Some hundreds of years later, the arabs adopted those numerals and the system from the indians and altered the numerals shapes a bit. Which then this arabic version encountered later by the westerners who adopted them and changed their shapes too to what we know and use today as arabic numerals. It's very clear from the sources that have been provided.

Stop pushing your agenda here please. - AzizurRahman7 (talk) 04:06, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Casting aspersions[2][3] makes you irrelevant. Please don't ping me again. M.Bitton (talk) 21:59, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

POV issues

It is perfectly natural for mathematicians to investigate the history of mathematics. It is equally natural for them to get it completely wrong, because they have no training in history.

Coupled with this, investigating old written scripts is incredibly hard. All writing materials of old times were perishable, and the samples we find are no more than a few hundred years old. It is easy for an untrained researcher to assume that the a manuscript is as old as the text itself, or to imagine that the writing reflects in some way the original script used. A number of preposterous theories have been put forward based on such naivety about the numerals we use.

The history of numerals also involves investigating multiple cultures (Indian, Arab, Latin and medieval European), each of which has enormous diversity over long spans of time. Once again, this calls for extremely sophisticated historical research.

Over the last few months, a group of editors have systematically removed (reverted here), all references to "Indian" or "Hindu" from this page, guided by a speculative myth that the numerals were independently "developed" in Maghreb.. They have also resorted to edit warring to reinstate their preferred version. Yet according to modern scholars, "The Arabic numerals that are universally used nowadays were formerly called "Indian numerals," in recognition of their ultimate origin".

While I don't think everything in the old version was correct, it is a lot closer reality than the present pseudo-historical version. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 09:09, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

References

Kautilya3 (talk) 09:09, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

1) You need to back your claims about the reasons behind their edits with diffs. 2) You have failed to mention that some of the old content has been restored (including the part that you highlighted). 3) Since you seem to have access to Kunitzsch's source (you alluded to this in your previous comment), why don't you share with us what it says about the development of the Western Arabic numerals? M.Bitton (talk) 23:27, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

He says they were received from the east and some of the figures evolved. The Western Arabs received their numerals from the East as a closed, complete, system of nine signs, and it would only appear natural that they continued to use it in this complete form, not breaking the series up and replacing single elements by foreign letters. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 00:04, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Since you started a new discussion (while one is already underway), I expect you to address all the points that have been raised (no cherry picking). He said a lot more than that (while being less adamant about where or how they evolved), but we'll get to that later. M.Bitton (talk) 00:13, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

This article is about the "evolution" or the "changes" you keep mentioning. It is not about the origin of the base-10 numerical system, which predates these digits by hundreds and hundreds of years. It is pretty obvious that a person who knows the Arabic numerals is totally unable to decipher numbers written in Eastern Arabic or any Hindu digits, which is proof that these digits are a different subject from all the other sets of digits. This article should be about how the changes, which have world-wide significance, came to happen. For instance you can see that 2 and 3 are rotated 90 degrees from the Eastern Arabic versions. Why? How did it happen? Which one was developed first? What about the digits that don't match, or seem to be shifted in value from Hindu systems?

I don't know the actual history, but IMHO the version you are trying to restore sounds more "authentic" and may be correct? However it is seriously badly contaminated by talking about base-10, a desire to say the word "Hindu" as many times as physically possible, and events that predate the development of the digits by many centuries, including lots of very confusing chronological jumps. Please fix these problems instead of doing blind reverts. The only thing that should be said about India is the form of digits that the Arabs copied (if known), and perhaps how they may have diverged from other digits that did not lead to the Arabic digits.Spitzak (talk) 08:32, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

November 2021

@Joshua Issac: 1) The dictionary that you added is not a secondary reliable source and it doesn't support the content that you're attributing to it. 2) You claim that the Kunitzsch's source describes the western Arabic numerals as "Hindu-Arabic numerals" on page 10? Can you quote from that page the part that supports what you're claiming? Thanks. M.Bitton (talk) 23:43, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

@Joshua Issac: the same goes for Britannica: it's not a reliable source.

 Note: you have edited the article after I pinged you. If you don't supply the quote as asked, I will have to assume that Kunitzsch's doesn't support what you're attributing to it. M.Bitton (talk) 23:50, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Kunitzsch writes on page 10:

it is no longer justified for us to call the Western Arabic forms of the Hindu-Arabic numerals "ghubar numerals"

In comparison, he writes on page 29:

The Eastern forms of the Hindu-Arabic numerals, on the other hand, are closer to the original Sanskrit shapes

So his use of the phrase to refers the Western and Eastern forms on different pages.

The American Heritage Dictionary source explicitly says that Arabic numerals are also called Hindu-Arabic numerals, so it does support the content.

Britannica is fine as a source as well. Previous WP:RSN discussions do not say that it is an unreliable source, and say it is fine to use it (see WP:BRITANNICA).

--Joshua Issac (talk) 23:57, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

@Joshua Issac: The source does not support what you added to the article (Arabic numerals, also known as "Hindu-Arabic numerals"). It will have to be removed.

I already explained to you that dictionaries are not secondary reliable sources, and neither is Britannica which in this case doesn't even support what you're attributing to it. M.Bitton (talk) 00:04, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Reliable sources#Primary, secondary and tertiary sources says that "Reputable tertiary sources, such as introductory-level university textbooks, almanacs, and encyclopedias, may be cited." So what policy or guideline would support your claim? And the Oxford English Dictionary is already cited in the article to support the use of 'Arabic numerals'. Why was it not called into question? --Joshua Issac (talk) 00:10, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The Britannica article starts with: "Hindu-Arabic numerals, set of 10 symbols—1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0—that represent numbers in the decimal number system." The Wikipedia article starts with: "Arabic numerals are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9." They are both referring to the same thing. --Joshua Issac (talk) 00:11, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

In other words, you're drawing your conclusion from an irrelevant and rather tiny article from Britannica which clearly doesn't explicitly state what you're attributing to it. M.Bitton (talk) 00:14, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The Britannica article is about the same subject. It literally states "Alternate titles: Arabic numeral". Why do you think that it is irrelevant? --Joshua Issac (talk) 00:18, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The Britannica pseudo article (a paragraph), which isn't about the Western Arabic numerals, is hardly a source anyone who's seriously interested in the subject would read. M.Bitton (talk) 00:23, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

This Wikipedia article is about Arabic numerals, and the Britannica article about the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 also has the alternative title "Arabic numeral". So both are about the same thing. On the other hand, "Western Arabic numerals" are not mentioned in the Britannica article, and the claim currently in the Wikipedia article that it is the same thing is not cited to any source, either. As quoted above, what Kunitzsch calls them is 'Western Arabic forms of the Hindu-Arabic numerals'. --Joshua Issac (talk) 00:37, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

1) The Britannica pseudo article (a paragraph) is not worth mentioning. 2) For someone who claims to have read Kunitzsch's book, I find your statement rather "surprising" since they mention the "Western Arabic numerals" multiple times. M.Bitton (talk) 00:43, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Kunitzsch's book does not state that "Western Arabic numerals" are the same as "Arabic numerals", which is what this article is about. So the claim that they are also known as "Western Arabic numerals" is unsupported. Kunitzsch uses the phrase "Arabic numerals" (without a "Western" or "Eastern" prefix) just once, on page 10, but he does not write anywhere that he considers them the same as "Western Arabic numerals". Looking at other sources, the American Heritage Dictionary does not even have an entry for "Western Arabic numeral", nor does it mention the term in its entry on "Arabic numeral". It seems that the phrase was added to this article in August 2021, with no source to support it. --Joshua Issac (talk) 01:05, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

I understand that this must be embarrassing for you, but I have to say that you're making even worse but highlighting even more the fact that you haven't even read the book that you're quoting. M.Bitton (talk) 01:08, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

@M.Bitton: Please lay off the personal attacks (you might want to read Wikipedia:No personal attacks) and supply a quotation to support your claim instead, like I did. --Joshua Issac (talk) 01:19, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Kunitzsch uses the phrase "Arabic numerals" (without a "Western" or "Eastern" prefix) just once, on page 10 You're cherry picking a sentence out of context: when talking about the "Arabic numerals" that came to be used in Europe (his own words and what this article is about), he specifically talks about the "Western Arabic numerals" and the history of their development for the rest of the article. M.Bitton (talk)

Quotations from other Wikipedia editors are not reliable sources. So far, you have not provided a quotation from Kunitzsch himself that explicitly states that Arabic numerals are also called "Western Arabic numerals". That is because his work does not state that anywhere. --Joshua Issac (talk) 14:28, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Quotations from other Wikipedia editors are not reliable sources What are you on about? If expect a diff to support this nonsense. M.Bitton (talk) 15:04, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

That the Arabic numerals are also called Hindu-Arabic numerals seems adequately sourced by the three cited sources, which, by Wikipedia's standards: WP:RS, all qualify as reliable sources. Paul August ☎ 17:29, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

"Hindu-Arabic numerals"

I strongly suspect the term "Hindu-Arabic numerals" actually means all sets of numerals that are used to write base-10, and therefore is not an "alternative name" for "Arabic numerals" which is a specific subset. This would be like saying in the article about "Spain" that an alternative name is "Country". I know this is an endless edit war but it would be nice to fix it if incorrect. Note that claiming that "Arabic numerals" are "Hindu" is pretty insulting to the Hindu mathematicians, as they actually developed decimal notation hundreds of years before these digits existed. Spitzak (talk) 21:25, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Spitzak, you had added a {{disputed inline}} tag to the 'Hindu-Arabic numerals' phrase with the comment 'No indication this term means this subset of digit symbols' in August. The reference next to the phrase says, "One of the numerical symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 0. Also called Hindu-Arabic numeral." This is an explicit statement from a reliable source that the term means this subset of digit symbols, not other symbols that are used for writing decimal numbers. For your second point, the phrase Hindu-Arabic numerals may well be offensive to some people, but being offensive is not grounds for removal as long the content is in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. --Joshua Issac (talk) 12:23, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

The reference does not say "ONLY" these symbols.Spitzak (talk) 15:43, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

Hindu-Arabic numerals and not "Arabic numerals"

The name of the article should be "Hindu Arabic numerals". Because to keep the name of the article as just "Arabic numerals" is misleading because Arabs didn't invent these numerals, as it was first invented by Indians. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.226.81.227 (talk) 12:24, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

The article is about the numerals used in Europe. The topic you're referring to is the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The article doesn't say the Arabs "invented" them, it says the numerals are Arabic in origin. If you had read any of the comments in this page you would understand that the Hindu numerals developed into multiple distinct sets of numerals. At least in the literature cited in previous comments here, "Hindu-Arabic numerals" seems to encompass the entire numeral tradition. Whereas "Arabic numerals," in the literature, refers only to the western Arabic numerals that were borrowed by medieval Europeans. On its face, I would expect "Arabic numerals" to encompass both western and eastern Arabic numerals by virtue of analogy with "Hindu-Arabic numerals." But that's not how it's used in the English literature and this is English wikipedia. It's used to refer to the numeral system used in the same corpus of literature. So at issue is its immediate provenance, not its ultimate provenance. The name of the article can't explicate both at once without confusing readers by overlapping with other articles (see the one I linked earlier for example). Aminomancer (talk) 11:04, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

This whole debate is ultimately pointless: This article is about what today's Western system is commonly called in the West, and that is "Arabic numerals", as everyone calls the letters that way, originally to distinguish frok Roman numerals. Nobody argues against the facts where the numbers were derived from, or who invented the system. But while everyone knows that the numbers were not invented in Arabia, everyone calls them Arabic. Wikipedia doesn't change established names - we're not replacing "Japan" with "Nihon" in all articles just because that would be more correct. This whole rebranding debate is a POV agenda. I don't think there are similar debates about the Latin script, which should be called "Phoenician-Greek script" by the same logic, as the Romans copycatted it in the whole cloth from the Greek. --Enyavar (talk) 07:12, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

Rather, the Arabs invented it. How do you deny this? A group of Arab scholars created it and it is now spread in the world after it moved to Europe via Morocco. It is called dust numbers or Arabic numbers based on the number of angles, or because you are a Hindu who wants to deny what the Arabs did? 109.107.227.242 (talk) 10:20, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Yikes. There was significant sharing of mathematical ideas between India and the Arab world for centuries. Let's please not apply modern religious feuds to the subject of thousand-year-old scientific developments. –jacobolus (t) 15:44, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Arabic numerals or Hindu–Arabic numeral system

This is the more common name used to describe the ten digits since it was discovered that the Arabs got them from the Hindu civilization. Accordingly, the title of this article should be changed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.41.98.105 (talk) 17:29, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

This article should be merged with Hindu–Arabic numeral system.

No, this has been explained a hundred times. This article is about this set of symbols, which were NOT developed in India! Decimal is written with many different sets of symbols, and in particular was invented using different symbols, and is NOT the subject of this article.Spitzak (talk) 01:58, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

can we take the boxes out from around the numerals in the lead section?

These boxes seem visually heavy/distracting and completely unnecessary. Wikipedia readers are plenty smart enough to figure out that the symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 are being explicitly referred to without boxing them. This was apparently added in November by @CactiStaccingCrane; the digits were unboxed for many years previously without issue. I think this change was a clear regression. –jacobolus (t) 00:42, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

Doesn't seem like it was added as above. I went to the diff you cited, then had a look at the previous versions; the box frame goes back farther than that. It seems the box in the present version is rendered due to the "thumb" parameter. The 'thumb' can be removed, but then the position shows up awkwardly, which can be fixed by adding the parameter 'right', but it still looks awkward to me. The current way might be the best way to present it. _signed, Willondon (talk) 01:37, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

@Willondon: he appears to be refering to the text in the lead, not the image to the right of it. I don't really see a point to them being there. LittlePuppers (talk) 08:11, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Whoops, I missed the reply here. I am talking about the {{char}} templates, not the floating image. –jacobolus (t) 08:19, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

I see now. The boxes render very faintly on my setup. I didn't see them at first. _signed, Willondon (talk) 14:19, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Since no one seems to be objecting, I'm just going to go ahead and get rid of them; if someone feels strongly otherwise, they can revert and bring it up here. LittlePuppers (talk) 07:45, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

This article should not be cut off from Hindu–Arabic numeral system

It is completely absurd for Wikipedia to have Arabic numerals as a child article of Hindu–Arabic numeral system (see Wikipedia:Summary Style) but not even mention the parent article anywhere.

These two articles, alongside Decimal, Numerical digit, History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, Brahmi numerals, Eastern Arabic numerals, Positional notation, Numeral system, Number#History, etc. should be part of some coherent organization and narrative structure so that readers can easily figure out which one is relevant to the topic they were curious about and then find the information they need. Siloing these articles based on nationalist ideology or whatever is an abuse of Wikipedia which poorly serves the majority of readers.

In this talk page it has been repeatedly stated by editors attempting to block proposed improvements that this article is only supposed to be about the "Western Arabic numerals", meaning the specific "branch" of the tree of symbol ancestry leading to the symbols 0123456789 and excluding e.g. the Eastern Arabic numerals branch. These editors have suggested that any broader information should instead go to the parent subjects like Hindu–Arabic numeral system etc.

That seems like a fine organization pattern to me, but in that case the parent article Hindu–Arabic numeral system must be prominently linked, ideally in the lead section but possibly at the top of the following section, or else readers will not be able to find it. Editors preventing such links need to carefully re-read WP:OWN and work toward community consensus rather than enforcing their personal preferences/ideology.

We should carefully consider what subject incoming wiki-links to Arabic numerals from other articles are actually intending to point readers to, and what subject readers who arrive by searching Wikipedia or their search engine are looking for, and try to direct them efficiently to the information they need. My expectation is that most wiki-links to the specific name "Arabic numerals" are intending to direct readers to information about the number system, and most readers arriving via search are looking for information about the number system broadly, rather than a narrow discussion of the glyph shapes and their spread between the 9th–15th century (even that narrower subject is frankly not very well developed here).

Proposal: I think these problems would be solved if we (A) rename this article to Western Arabic numerals, leaving in place its narrow focus on the form of the symbols, their divergence from "Eastern Arabic numerals" in the 9th century, their transmission to Europe and further evolution in glyph shapes since then; then (B) redirect the name "Arabic numerals" to Hindu–Arabic numeral system, since most readers arriving at that title are likely looking for more general information. That article can then be expanded/refocused a bit to start by describing how the number system works, deferring discussion related to historical linguistics to a later section. –jacobolus (t) 18:12, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

I strongly oppose redirecting "Arabic numerals" to "Hindu–Arabic numeral system" for the simple reason that the this article is about the numerals that are commonly known as "Arabic numerals", while the other is about the numeral system (i.e., they are two different subjects). M.Bitton (talk) 18:21, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

You aren't considering which subject readers who arrive at the name are intending or intended to see. I tried navigating to some random articles linking here; many (most?) of the inbound links are from overstuffed navigation templates such as {{Arabic language}}, but almost all of the other inbound links I looked at would be better served by a link to Hindu–Arabic numeral system instead – for example, Index, A History of the, Finger-counting, Jeton, Tetradic number, Boskone, Chemical element, Gibraltar Chronicle, Post-classical history, Bamboo tally, Shinobis Riders, Kilometres per hour, Yuan dynasty, in all of which the name "Arabic numerals" is being used to mean the number system rather than the specific symbols. A few seem like the glyphs as a direct subject may be narrowly more relevant, e.g. from Diacritic, Color vision test, Apollo 15, though I think readers clicking these would be fine if they hit an article about the number system. I couldn't really find any articles whose wikilinks really seem particularly targeted to the content currently in this article (but I didn't look exhaustively), and in such cases as I could imagine, using the name "Western Arabic numerals" would probably be clearer anyway. Some other inbound links aren't quite appropriate to send to either of these articles (though I'm not sure what the best target would be), such as from Writing system. –jacobolus (t) 18:54, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

The WP:COMMONNAME (Arabic numerals in this instance) is not defined by the assumed wrong wikilinks of some random wiki articles. M.Bitton (talk) 19:05, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Yes, but the "common name" we are talking about here ("Arabic numbers" or "Arabic numerals") refers to the number system more often than to the particular symbols (both here at Wikipedia, and also externally). –jacobolus (t) 19:26, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

No, it doesn't. M.Bitton (talk) 19:56, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

I did a web search, a google scholar search, and a search in the book corpus of the internet archive, and from randomly clicking around, yes it does. The vast majority of the uses I see are either directly using the term as shorthand for the number system, or in vague/ambiguous uses. I can't find any sources at all using this term with a direct focus on the historical development of letter shapes that this article currently focuses on. –jacobolus (t) 20:08, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Are you seriously challenging the meaning of a common name whose simple definition[4][5][6][7] is widely known? The sources about the development of the Arabic numerals are already listed on the article and mentioned on this very talk page. M.Bitton (talk) 20:12, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

When sources use the word "Arabic number" or "Arabic numeral", they are nearly always talking about the use of the positional decimal number system in general, rather than about the specific form of the glyphs. Here are some examples: "participants are shown pairs of Arabic numerals and asked to decide which of the two numerals is larger"; "second graders successfully reason about ratios with both dot arrays and Arabic numerals"; "we can find out to what extent Arabic numerals are processed like pictures or like words"; "ordering and planning in sequential responding to Arabic numerals by a chimpanzee"; "we are accustomed to use two kinds of numerals with very different histories, the Roman and the so-called Arabic numerals"; "he showed good arabic numeral comprehension as evidenced in number-comparison tasks"; "verbal numerals are used mainly in conversation; arabic numerals are preferred for performing calculations and for writing down large numbers"; "preference for Roman numerals continued among bookkeepers until the sixteenth century, hundreds of years after the introduction of Arabic numbers"; "Hindu–Arabic numerals slowly spread from Italy to the rest of the European continent, reaching a widespread diffusion only at the end of the 16th century"; etc. etc. etc. –jacobolus (t) 21:06, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

No they are not (as proven by the provided sources). Wikipedia, as an encyclopedia, is not meant to be based on the ignorance of some second graders who never opened a dictionary. M.Bitton (talk) 21:17, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Every one of your examples is indicating that the western digits are being used. Do you really really think that any of those sentences implies that Indian or Eastern Arabic or Mayan or whatever digits were used? Spitzak (talk) 21:21, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

The conventional expression of this number system – in English and other European languages – is to use the symbols 0123456789, but the specific convention about symbols is totally irrelevant to every one of these examples. If we instead used the symbols ZYXWVUTSRQ to represent 0–9, nothing at all would change in any of these examples. If any of these examples included a wiki-link on the term Arabic numeral, readers would be significantly better served by getting an article describing the number system than an article describing the evolution of these symbols in the 10th–15th century per se. –jacobolus (t) 21:25, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

The word "system" has no place here. We are talking about the "Arabic numerals". M.Bitton (talk) 21:29, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

It's totally obvious from a web search that the term "arabic numerals" explicitly excludes other numeral forms, such as Indian and East Arabic and so on. By far the most common use is in sentences like "this typewriter can print all the Arabic numerals" (or more likely "fill out this form using Arabic Numerals"). Spitzak (talk) 21:05, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

The second of your examples is very obviously using "Arabic Numerals" as shorthand for the number system (it means, as compared to filling a form using Roman numerals, spelled out words for numbers, etc.; it's clearly not trying to say "please use conventional number symbols found in English rather than the symbols conventional in Bengali or Farsi", which no reader of such a form would ever consider). The first one pretty much is also. Neither of these examples is really about the preference for e.g. the symbol "5" vs. "५" or "۵" or "𑁫". If a wiki-link were attached to the phrase Arabic numerals in either of these contexts, it would be more useful for a reader to get to an article describing the structure and use of the positional decimal numeration system (which in English conventionally uses the symbols "0123456789") rather than an article focused on the glyph shapes and their evolution. –jacobolus (t) 21:17, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Now you are trying to rewrite the simple definition of the dictionaries. M.Bitton (talk) 21:19, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

WHAT? Are you really saying that somebody who says "use Arabic Numerals" would think it was ok and they could read it if Indian or Eastern Arabic glyphs were used? And somebody saying "this prints all the Arabic Numerals" is implying that it can print Indian or Eastern Arabic or whatever????? Spitzak (talk) 21:24, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

It's really hard to tell if I'm just very bad at explaining myself or if you are being deliberately obtuse. You have entirely missed my point. I don't really know how to phrase it more clearly, and don't really want to just repeat myself. Can you try re-reading my comments a couple of times more carefully and see if you figure out what I am trying to say? I think you should be able to if you pay attention. –jacobolus (t) 21:27, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

As far as I'm concerned, you're not making any sense. M.Bitton (talk) 21:31, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

I will quote you. You said the term "Arabic Numerals" is not 'about the preference for e.g. the symbol "5" vs. "५" or "۵" or "𑁫".' Really seriously you believe that???? Spitzak (talk) 21:37, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Yes, when an article about math education says "he showed good arabic numeral comprehension as evidenced in number-comparison tasks", the author's point has nothing to do with which specific symbols are being used, but is that the student has learned to decode and use the conventional positional decimal numeration system in his region (our article about which is "Hindu–Arabic numeral system"). If the student were using the symbols conventional in some other country/language, or if (e.g.) England tomorrow collectively decided, Brexit-like, to adopt slightly different number symbols on a whim, the same claim could be applied without a substantially different meaning. –jacobolus (t) 21:45, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Nothing that a good dictionary won't solve. Maybe they should ask those kiddies about the Latin alphabet and see what symbols and glyphs they will use. M.Bitton (talk) 21:49, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

You really think the author was saying that student could read anything other than the Western digits? Really? Spitzak (talk) 21:50, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

You entirely missed my point again. I really don't understand why you have so much trouble figuring out what I am trying to say, which seems straightforward and obvious to me. What can I do to help make myself clearer to you? –jacobolus (t) 21:54, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

The same could be said to you. M.Bitton (talk) 21:55, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Which of your comments do you think I misinterpreted? –jacobolus (t) 21:57, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

I don't know, but if I have to guess, I'd say all of them since we seem to be repeating ourselves. M.Bitton (talk) 21:58, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

There is a link to Decimal in THE VERY FIRST LINE!!! Spitzak (talk) 21:28, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

First, SHOUTING(!!!) is pretty unnecessary, thanks. Secondly, the article we have at decimal does not really effectively cover this subject. It is a somewhat scattered/confused article which can't quite decide if its primary focus should be (A) base ten number systems in general including number names around the world, finger counting, Roman numerals, Chinese numerals, etc., or (B) if its primary focus should be on the extension of the Hindu–Arabic number system to include decimal fractions, including infinite decimals, decimal floating point numbers represented by computers, etc. Though both of those subjects are roughly in the right neighborhood here, neither is a subject appropriate as a target for a typical wiki-link or invocation of the term "Arabic numeral", which is frankly best currently represented on Wikipedia by the article Hindu–Arabic numeral system (though that article is also somewhat mediocre, and could be significantly improved). –jacobolus (t) 21:37, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Can you please refrain from using the word system as it has no place in this article (which is about the Arabic numerals whose definition is widely known). M.Bitton (talk) 21:39, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

These symbols – squiggles on paper or a screen – are not independently meaningful. They only exist within a cultural/formal context (a "numeral system" if you like). If we are going to punt on describing and explaining that system at this particular article, then we should aim to help those readers who are looking for an understanding of the system and some broader context to the relevant article as easily as possible. –jacobolus (t) 22:24, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Whether they are meaningful or not is irrelevant as they not what the primary topic is about; besides, they have their own articles. M.Bitton (talk) 22:30, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Why do you insist on instantly removing any links to those articles, which are clearly highly relevant to this one? –jacobolus (t) 22:31, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Why do you insist on wanting to redirect this article to the other? M.Bitton (talk) 22:33, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

I am not insisting on that. It was just one suggestion. –jacobolus (t) 22:36, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

A suggestion that you keep insisting on (just look at the number of comments). M.Bitton (talk) 22:44, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

If you think I am "insisting" on making this specific change, you are perhaps not reading my comments, or not reading very carefully? –jacobolus (t) 22:58, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

It is an absolute proven fact that when the Hindu-Arabic numeral system was invented, these symbols were not used. They appeared hundreds of years later. I have no idea why you want to insult the Hindu inventors so much by claiming that their system could not be used without the help of Arabs and Europeans to provide this particular set of symbols. Spitzak (talk) 21:45, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

I don't care whatsoever who gets credit. Call them the "whoopidoo numerals" or the "zipzoop numbers" if you want. I just don't think this article does a very good job answering the questions typical readers might be expected to have when they arrive here because its focus and scope are not aligned with the way the term is typically used, and don't think it does a very good job relating itself to other adjacent Wikipedia articles that are more directly focused on those questions.

But while we're at it: Why are you so invested in eliminating any mention of India? Why do you care so much about crediting some anonymous 9th century northern African instead of a 6th century Indian? (Or whatever.) If we want to get down to it, the specific symbols used by Europeans were not ever exactly used by any Arabs either, and evolved non-trivially after arriving in Europe. –jacobolus (t) 21:52, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Typical readers are fully aware of the meaning of common terms and know at the very least how to use a dictionary, so we don't need to call anything other then what it's know as. M.Bitton (talk) 21:54, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

How is an external dictionary going to help someone looking for a Wikipedia article about a different subject than the one they arrived at because it didn't properly match the scope of the wikilinked term they clicked? –jacobolus (t) 21:58, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

It doesn't have to because the definition of a common name is widely known. The dictionaries are for those who have yet to discover simple known facts (like the second graders that you keep mentioning). M.Bitton (talk) 22:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Let's be clear here: "second graders" comes from an example sentence I pulled from a paper that appeared in a google scholar search for "arabic numerals". The second graders in question are the subject of the paper, not the intended audience for Wikipedia.

If the author of a paper (or blog post, or other Wikipedia article) about math education wanted to put a Wikipedia link on the term "Arabic numerals" in that specific example sentence or any of the others I listed, it would be more relevant to readers (e.g. math education researchers, teachers, or laypeople interested in education) to arrive at an article about the number system, not an article about the evolution of the glyph shapes. –jacobolus (t) 22:15, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Any educated person who's interested in the system will be able to find it. This article (about the known Arabic numerals) has such word in it. M.Bitton (talk) 22:19, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

What people "could" find if they spent a lot of effort hunting is a poor criterion for making decisions about basic scope, organization, and inter-linking of Wikipedia articles. To paraphrase "yeah our article completely ignores basic questions, but that's the readers' fault". –jacobolus (t) 22:21, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

That's your POV. The article is about a common term that is widely known. M.Bitton (talk) 22:23, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Yes evolution of the symbols would be very interesting. For instance you can see the Easter Arabic seems to use sideways versions so they are linked, and certainly those must trace back to symbols used in India (unfortunately the modern Indian symbols have also diverged considerably from the original so my understanding is that there is little information on what was used). Obviously further evolution of the symbols in Europe is interesting too. It would be nice if all this information was in this article, but this article should remain being called "Arabic Numerals". Spitzak (talk) 22:00, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

From what I can tell (from skimming talk page archives here), you have defined the evolution of numerals on other branches of the symbol evolution tree (e.g. Eastern Arabic numerals) or before ~900 AD to be out of scope for this article, and quickly revert any attempts even mention those subjects or link to other articles discussing them, perhaps as part of a general effort to avoid any mention of India? I have no dog in the whose-ancestors-deserve-credit-for-millennium-old-discoveries fight which seems totally pointless to me.

I just want to make sure that readers can find the information they are looking for, that our articles are unbiased to the extent possible, that each article has a reasonably well defined scope and clear narrative flow, that articles have clear organizational relationships to each-other, and so on. I don't think this article currently does a great job on most of those criteria, and my impression is that a bit of an WP:OWNership culture has arisen among a few editors here that is preventing the article from improving or reflecting broader Wikipedia community consensus. –jacobolus (t) 22:35, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

The Arabic numerals are derived from the Eastern Arabic numerals, so it makes sense to mention that part. If someone wants to dig deeper, they will follow the link and keep going until they reach the Chinese Shang numerals. Please, do me a favour and speak for yourself only (you are not the community). M.Bitton (talk) 22:40, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Which link are you referring to? I tried twice to add a link to History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, an article which is unquestionably relevant to the "origin" section of this article, and both times you instantly reverted the link. –jacobolus (t) 22:46, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

The Eastern Arabic numerals. M.Bitton (talk) 22:48, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Which chain of links are you imagining a reader should follow that ends at "Chinese Shang numerals" or "Shang numerals" (note, red links) or if not, can you explain what you have in mind? What conclusion are you expecting readers to draw from that. Please be specific.

From what I can tell there is no clear evidence that ancient Chinese number systems were ancestors of ancient Indian ones, and from a web search speculation about it seems mostly more like fringe agenda-pushing than a summary of scholarly consensus. Broadly similar ancient systems arose in many places independently (Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Mexico, ...). –jacobolus (t) 22:56, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

To me, it looks as though you are deciding what the readers should and shouldn't read. One more reason not to take that route (this article of a well known subject is fine as it is). In any case, what needed to be said has been said and since we are clearly going round in circles, I see no point in continuing this long and fruitless discussion. M.Bitton (talk) 23:06, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

You said "If someone wants to dig deeper, they will follow the link and keep going until they reach the Chinese Shang numerals." This seems implausible to me, so I am asking: can you please be specific about which links you think this hypothetical "someone" should be following on their way to your proposed destination? –jacobolus (t) 23:13, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

I said a lot of things to try to follow your logic and make you understand that your request is unreasonable, but most important of all, I said that since we are going round in circle, I see no point in continuing this long and fruitless discussion. I'm done here. M.Bitton (talk) 23:17, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

We're not going around in a circle. I made a bunch of claims, you ignored them, missed the point of the others, and then started responding with non sequiturs. I then asked you some simple direct questions and you keep changing the subject. –jacobolus (t) 23:22, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

M.Bitton – Since you entirely ignored my discussion about it above, I am assuming you have conceded my point that these articles (Hindu–Arabic numeral system and History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system) are obviously and essentially relevant to this article and must be linked prominently. Your continued reverts here and refusal to discuss do not seem like evidence of an effort to establish consensus, but rather an insistence on imposing your personal ideology. Please re-read WP:OWN. If you insist on having a revert war, we should try to take this to a broader venue, e.g. Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics, Wikipedia:WikiProject Linguistics, or Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard for more eyeballs. –jacobolus (t) 16:53, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Ignored what? I literally spent hours replying to your comments and I still don't agree with you and nor does Spitzak. I see no point in rehashing the same discussion over and over again. Please read WP:ASPERSIONS. Also, given that two editors disagree with you, I'd say that the only editor here who is trying to impose their POV is you. M.Bitton (talk) 16:56, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

You entirely ignored everything that came before "Proposal" in my initial comment above, and made no response to any of it. –jacobolus (t) 17:02, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

You entirely ignored everything that has been said by two editors. M.Bitton (talk) 17:03, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Here is a (not exhaustive) list of edits, primarily by M.Bitton and Spitzak (but perhaps a few other editors tossed in), which reduce, downplay, or eliminate discussions of India or links to Hindu–Arabic numeral system or similar. Some of these are in response to somewhat lazy edits, but others remove relevant and valuable contributions, including eliminating sources and wiki-links, rewording claims in ways that don't match the cited sources, etc., and often engaging in edit wars until the other editors just give up. Overall they form a pattern of imposing a (apparently politically motivated, but who knows) personal/political ideology on this article that is not reflective of Wikipedia consensus, not reflective of scholarly consensus about the origins/history of the positional numeration system currently in widespread use around the world, and not reflective of current language usage in the broader English speaking/writing community. This does a disservice to Wikipedia readers. 852024610, 854968104, 854974185, 861167869, 865214496, 865294339, 865920779, 866324041, 866574511, 879673364, 891636891, 895482946, 895483136, 895483470, 906846321, 906892572, 911949863, 915488201, 923119717, 938732623, 938743792, 945556973, 954086855, 961134309, 967833412, 967877301, 968267187, 968267187, 968267750, 979608717, 979614023, 1005830857, 1017407082, 1019119714, 1019120071, 1019162712, 1019164000, 1029892168, 1038457230, 1040768865, 1045517065, 1045517439, 1049914171, 1051207746, 1056459775, 1056468059, 1062487746, 1062526961, 1064346343, 1065919315, 1071753454, 1085967522, 1097223555, 1101159004, 1101160083, 1101354380, 1101548822, 1107364234, 1111734548, 1129729960, 1143329842, 1144854616, 1145947831, 1146134101, 1165307810. –jacobolus (t) 21:00, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

Casting aspersions is not going to change the fact that you are desperately trying to impose your ridiculous POV. Now that this pathetic discussion has reached a new low, I suggest you do me a favour and refrain from pinging me again. M.Bitton (talk) 21:35, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

I think at the very least, a "see also" that links to Hindu–Arabic numeral system in the origins would be appropriate. Vyvagaba (talk) 07:12, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

Hatnote re Hindu–Arabic numeral system

Although the topic of this article is specifically the ten symbols 0, 1, 2, ... 9, many people think of the term "Arabic numerals" as referring to the numeral system we call the Hindu-Arabic numeral system and will thus be intending to arrive at that article when they enter the search term "arabic numerals". That being so, we need a hatnote which directs them to the article they are actually looking for. I tried to do that with this edit but was reverted without comment by Spitzak. Can someone please say why? Paul August ☎ 14:18, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

No. There are about a dozen links to decimal and Hindu-Arabic numeral system in there already. Spitzak (talk) 17:12, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

For context, @Spitzak and a couple other editors spent years scrupulously removing every link to Hindu–Arabic numeral system or mention of "Hindu" or "India" from this article, and eventually only relented barely enough to include a couple of scattered links under the pressure of a post at the NPOV noticeboard in which a wide variety of editors expressed their surprise/dismay at this behavior. –jacobolus (t) 01:34, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

When an editor keeps casting aspersions while refusing to take their so-called concerns to ANI, it usually means that they don't have the courage of their convictions and are simply attacking those that stand in the way of their own POV. M.Bitton (talk) 15:04, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

"Casting aspersions" means attacking someone's reputation or integrity. Above I am just factually describing behavior, a factual description which is not really controversial. Maybe you can privilege us with an explanation about your motivations for that behavior though? My loose speculation is that there may be some kind of anti-Indian ideology involved, but I'm really not sure, and it's plausible there's some other explanation. –jacobolus (t) 16:36, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Commenting on people rather than the content is exactly what you've been doing (that's a factual description of your behaviour). I don't why and I really couldn't care less, all I know is that as a consequence, whatever you have to say now on will be completely ignored (that's the reaction to your actions). M.Bitton (talk) 16:57, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

The subject I am talking about is you and Spitzak repeatedly (in dozens of edits spread over several years) making edits minimizing or removing any mention of words or links involving "India" or "Hindu" from this page. Most of those were reverts of few-word changes, but others removed descriptive material with cited sources, etc.

Neither of you has ever (either in edit summaries or afterward in discussion) offered any clear explanation for your pattern of behavior. So other editors can only speculate.

If we just care about "content" rather than "people", I am happy to make substantial content additions to the article, but it's not worth it if a few editors consider that they WP:OWN the article and intend to immediately revert any changes without discussion. –jacobolus (t) 17:09, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

You just confirmed what I said in first comment:

When an editor keeps casting aspersions while refusing to take their so-called concerns to ANI, it usually means that they don't have the courage of their convictions and are simply attacking those that stand in the way of their own POV. M.Bitton (talk) 17:12, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

I have limited experience with WP:ANI, and in past experience I have pretty much always been able to come to some kind of local consensus/accommodation with other editors, who in my past experience have been nearly always acting in good faith and interested in finding consensus.

Dragging people in front of "administrators" for some kind of community-wide judgement/punishment seems very combative and escalatory, as well as taking a lot of time and effort. I'm not trying to fight you. I just want you to explain yourself, and ideally also try to understand other people's concerns/arguments, which to date you have not seemed at all interested in doing.

If at some point I put in significant work to improve these articles and you still have a problem, engage in further edit warring, etc., I would go to a wider community (e.g. starting with history / mathematics wikiprojects), and would be willing to escalate to ANI if that seems necessary. But it sounds like quite an unpleasant ordeal to be honest. –jacobolus (t) 17:23, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Also most people think it includes the decimal point, so it is absolutely not the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. Spitzak (talk) 17:13, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

• Support. "Arabic numerals" or "Arabic numbers" in common usage refers to what mathematicians call the "numeral system". There used to be a hatnote, e.g., [8], which seems to have been removed during the "clean-up" that jacobolus mentions. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 11:00, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  @Kautilya3: Which "numeral system" (there are of course many)? There is currently a hat note which directs the user to decimal, which is about the decimal numeral system, which our article "defines" as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system extended to include non integers (although it's not clear to me that the term "Hindu-Arabic numeral system" is usually used to refer to a numeral system which only involves integers. Paul August ☎ 14:06, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  "Arabic numerals" of course refers to the "Arabic numeral system", which has been relabelled as "Hindu-Arabic numeral system" by common consensus. Here is a satirical take on what it all means. No mention of any "system". As to whether decimal fractions should be included in it, I don't think I can say anything definitive. Some authors include it, and others don't. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 14:35, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  The name decimal should probably have its scope changed to be about about base ten in general (which redirects to it), which is the intended subject of many if not most of the inbound wikilinks pointed there, and which would properly match binary number, hexadecimal, sexagesimal, quinary, etc.

  That it currently instead makes decimal fractions (which also redirect there) its primary definition is a historical accident that was never carefully considered. –jacobolus (t) 14:43, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  "Arabic numerals" of course refers to the "Arabic numeral system" A baseless assertion doesn't become a fact when repeated ad nauseam by the same editor who casts aspersions at anyone who disagrees with them. M.Bitton (talk) 15:04, 22 October 2023 (UTC) mistook who made the comment. M.Bitton (talk) 16:51, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  @M.Bitton: That's a personal attack. Please refrain from making such attacks in the future. Paul August ☎ 15:41, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  It's not (it's description of what they did and keep doing). Do you agree with them casting aspersions again (see their comment above) despite the fact that they have been asked to refrain from doing so? M.Bitton (talk) 15:45, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  Which comment are you referring to? I think you may be confused about which editor wrote "Arabic numerals" of course refers to the "Arabic numeral system" Paul August ☎ 15:53, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  @Paul August: I think you may be confused about which editor wrote Indeed, I only saw the last signature. I have struckthrough my comment and suggest you do the same as that was an honest mistake. M.Bitton (talk) 16:51, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  @M.Bitton: No matter your mistake, you're comment was still a personal attack, and I'm still asking you to refrain from making such. Paul August ☎ 17:55, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  @Paul August: It's not (it's a description of what they did and keep doing, i.e. casting WP:ASPERSIONS). I repeat the question that I asked you earlier: do you agree with them casting aspersions again (see their comment above) despite the fact that they have been asked to refrain from doing so? If not, why didn't you say anything, even when they doubled down on them and left no doubt about the fact that they are deliberately commenting on editors rather content? M.Bitton (talk) 17:59, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  @M.Bitton: Do you deny your comment was about a person and not about content?? I take jacobolus's comments to be asking for an explanation for a pattern of editing. I don't see where it has been asserted that the motives for such edits are inappropriate. Paul August ☎ 18:20, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  Did you see them deliberately commenting on editors rather than content? M.Bitton (talk) 18:22, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  Are you saying two wrongs make a right? Paul August ☎ 18:31, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  Are you saying that what they did is wrong? M.Bitton (talk) 18:32, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  I've said what I'm saying. Paul August ☎ 18:59, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  So have I. M.Bitton (talk) 19:00, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  Your linked page says it is unacceptable to accuse someone of off-wiki "criminal acts [...] or other actions that might reasonably be found morally reprehensible", "accuse others of misbehavior without reasonable cause", make "accusations of being paid by a company to promote a point of view", etc. I am not doing any of these things. I am just repeatedly asking you to explain yourself, while you are repeatedly refusing to do so. I never claimed you were any kind of criminal or shill, or that your behavior was "morally reprehensible". Please stop exaggerating and please stop changing the subject. If you want to have a discussion of content, that would be great; every time I try to discuss the content you deflect onto a tangential digression or start wiki-lawyering. –jacobolus (t) 18:30, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  I should have looked at the article. There is a hatnote already there! It was deleted temporarily by an anonymous editor (173.2.181.25) but that was reverted. So this discussion is pretty much moot. Spitzak (talk) 16:30, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  Paul August changed the hatnote. You immediately reverted him. Then he asked, "I tried to do that with this edit but was reverted without comment by Spitzak. Can someone please say why?" To which you replied "No."

  Which part do you consider "moot"? –jacobolus (t) 16:33, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  It's possible that Hindu-Arabic numeral system is supposed to include inventions done by Arabs (ie the decimal point)? However currently both the Decimal and Hindu-Arabic numeral system articles specifically refute this idea in the first or second sentence. IMHO the first should be called the "Hindu numeral system", the current wording just sounds too much like PC-run-amuk with a substitution of a term that is even more misleading than before that gets Wikipedia a bad reputation. I also still feel that implying that decimal could not be written until these digits were designed is really insulting to the Hindu and Arab mathematicians! Spitzak (talk) 16:35, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  "Arabic numbers" or "Arabic numerals" was the conventional name for this number system in Europe, because it was transmitted to Europe from Arabic. My understanding is that in most Arabic speaking countries, the numbers are called something like "Hindu numbers".

  In the past few decades most scholarly sources now use the name "Hindu–Arabic numbers" or "Hindu–Arabic numerals". Whether this is "PC-run-amok" is a matter of opinion, but Wikipedia should generally be in the business of describing scholarly consensus rather than trying to shape it. –jacobolus (t) 16:41, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

  Arabs call the Eastern Arabic digits "Hindu numerals" making it even more wrong to use this term. Spitzak (talk) 02:58, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

  (Most?) Arabs call the numerals they use when writing in Arabic something like "Hindu numerals". These are the same concept as the numerals we use in English – both sets of symbols are used to represent identical referents, the digits 0–9, in precisely the same way. Both types should be clearly described at any page entitled "Arabic numerals"; splitting the type used in Arabic off into a side article away from the main topic (with much lower viewership) is an entirely artificial and Euro-centric construction you have imposed. –jacobolus (t) 03:15, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

  That's why there is a hatnote for Eastern arabic numerals right at the top! Spitzak (talk) 03:18, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Back to the topic at hand: hat note for Hindu-Arabic numeral system

Since many people think of the term "Arabic numerals" as referring to the numeral system we call the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (I think everyone agrees with this) and will thus be intending to arrive at that article when they enter the search term "arabic numerals" it seem that we need a hatnote which directs them to the article they are actually looking for. There has been some support for this above. Does anyone oppose this? Paul August ☎ 13:00, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

There is a hat note! Spitzak (talk) 16:35, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Ah I see you've added it after "decimal", earlier today, thanks. Paul August ☎ 17:56, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

The hat note was already there and decimal had a link in it's very first paragraph, I added this because apparently people don't even click before complaining. It would be much more productive to investigate if decimal and Hindu-Arabic are the same system and the articles merged, or determine exactly why the word Arabic is in the name. Spitzak (talk) 16:35, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

Yes there was a hat note to decimal, but that didn't help some reader who was looking for information about what is called the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, without knowing they would find a link to Hindu-Arabic numeral system in the article named Decimal. The current hat note is better. As for whether decimal and Hindu-Arabic are the same system, I've added "citation needed" templates in both articles' assertion that the Hindu-Arabic numeral system does not include non-integers. Paul August ☎ 16:53, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

I find it extremely doubtful that somebody would know it is called "Hindu-Arabic" and not type that directly in, but whatever... I am bummed that apparently you have to use the word "and", trying to make it use "or" did not make the template work, as it currently sounds like these are non-intersecting subjects. I think also some very serious investigation needs to be done as to why the word "Arabic" is in the name and whether it is misleading. Spitzak (talk) 17:29, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

Why do people say our numerals are Hindu/Indian or Hindu-Arabic, but insist out letters are Latin?

Our numerals (012345679) are clearly he ones created in the Western part of the old Arab speaking World. I.e. West Arabic numerals.
These derive from early East Arabic numerals, which come from Indian numerals, which come from Brahmi, which appear to come from Shang Dynasty numerals. (all being decimal and positional)
Exactly in the same way, that the letters we use, are essentially the same as those used to write Latin, by the Romans ...which come from an/some old Greek alphabet, which come from the old Phoenician abjad, which comes from the proto-Siniatic abjad (with, arguable, a Proto-Canaanite abjad, inbetween), which derive from Egyptian Hieroglyphs.

So why should the numerals be called Indian or Hindu-Arabic, but no one would ever dreeeeam of saying that our letters are anything other than Latin?
There is no possible, conceivable, reason for this double standard, outside of anti-Arab racism.
None.
It is simply impossible, to be able to imagine one, much less make a reasonable case for its plausibility. 185.113.98.190 (talk) 16:02, 29 April 2025 (UTC)

To clarify further: When I say that this is cannot possibly be anything other than anti-Arab racism, that cannot possibly be construed as an assumption of bad faith. It is a clear and water-tight conclusion. This goes well beyond "Beyond Reasonable Doubt", and into "Beyond Any Possible Doubt". The evidence is clear and indisputable.--185.113.98.190 (talk) 23:29, 30 April 2025 (UTC)

Please keep weird ideological polemic off Wikipedia. Unfortunately this and related articles has been heavily edited by Arab-nationalist ideologues over many years to promote a political agenda in substantial violation of Wikipedia policy, and the current quite miserable state of this article is largely due to their rejection of any improvement, which has been too time consuming to fix for Wikipedians attempting good faith improvements (they do revert wars followed by endless poorly motivated rules lawyering and successfully chase away most productive contributors). It's a worthwhile project someday, as with more effort and eyeballs gathered from the broader community it seems fixable.

Your point of view does not align with common conventional language used by historians of mathematics or a wide range of lay authors when writing in English for at least the past century, including Arabs and experts on Arabic mathematics. Indeed the name historically (and currently?) used for this number system in Arabic was "Indian numbers", and early authors writing in Arabic (e.g. al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi) quite consciously talk about building off previous work imported from India. Early European authors (e.g. Fibonacci) also consistently credited the concept to India. The name "Arabic numerals" is a relatively recent name. There's probably a paper somewhere tracing its origin and spread.

The specific forms in use today changed quite significantly in Europe, so it would be plausible to switch to a name like "European numerals" (Unicode calls these "ASCII digits" and suggests as synonyms "Western digits", "Latin digits", or "European digits"). Chrisomalis (2020), one of the best modern scholars of comparative numeration, uses the name "Western numerals", for neutrality and clarity. But the name "Hindu–Arabic numerals", whatever someone's opinion about it, is the typical name applied by modern scholars, which is what Wikipedia should conform to per WP:COMMONNAME, with the most common alternatives mentioned.

Suggesting that the everyone in the broad community of mathematical historians makes their decisions about nomenclature conventions based on anti-Arab racism is ridiculous and unsupportable. –jacobolus (t) 07:51, 1 May 2025 (UTC)

"Please keep weird ideological polemic off Wikipedia."

It is referring to the numerals as Indian or Hindu-Arabic, which is weird ideological polemics, and something that is completely against all of Wikipedias supposed principles. (it's rules, guidelines, policies...)

"Unfortunately this and related articles has been heavily edited by Arab-nationalist ideologues over many years"

I have zero connection to, or sympathy towards, Arabs in particular. On the contrary, I have reason to be biased against them.

"in substantial violation of Wikipedia policy, and the current quite miserable state of this article is largely due to their rejection of any improvement, which has been too time consuming to fix for Wikipedians attempting good faith improvements (they do revert wars followed by endless poorly motivated rules lawyering and successfully chase away most productive contributors)."

Your description sounds perfectly accurate ...if you switch the which side the descriptions are of.

"Your point of view does not align with/.../"

Why do you refuse to address my arguments?

How does it make sense to call the numerals Hindu-Arabic, but refer to our letters as Latin, rather than Egypto-Latin? That is an indisputable double standard, for which no possible non-racist justification can be found or imagined

...and you certainly haven't even tried to provide one!

"Early European authors (e.g. Fibonacci) also consistently credited the concept to India."

You can argue that the concept is Indian (seems to originate in Shang Dynasty China, actually, about a millennia prior to Indian use, as mentioned in this article), but this isn't about the concept, but about the numerals!

The concept is covered in Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which isn't about any particular numerals, but purely about the system. The system could be called Indian ...or probably more accurate to call it Shang? ("Chinese" would be misleading, as well as less accurate)

The numerals that the Arabs used, were clearly not the same numerals as they originally found in Indian works. In much the same way, that the letters the Romans used, where not the same as those of the Greeks (a different Greek alphabet, than the modern one, more similar to Latin letters ...but still distinctly different), from whom they got them ...which weren't the same as those the Phoneticians used etc.

"is a relatively recent name"

And this is relevant, how exactly?

"The specific forms in use today changed quite significantly in Europe"

Not particularly significantly. A bit yes, but... Also, how is that not equally, if not more, true of our Latin letters?

"Unicode calls these "ASCII digits""

That is not a name for the numerals, but for the characters, in the context of where and how they are encoded.

"one of the best modern scholars of comparative numeration, uses the name "Western numerals", for neutrality and clarity."

That, unlike "Indian" or "Hindu Arabic", does makes sense, and is perfectly acceptable. An encyclopedic article would, however, need to further clarify, that they are West Arabic numerals, even though having "Western numerals" as a title, would be perfectly fine.

"which is what Wikipedia should conform to per WP:COMMONNAME, with the most common alternatives mentioned."

WP:TITLE makes clear that one of the five criteria to consider, is accuracy ...and Wikipedia is also supposed to be neutral, which neither "Indian" nor "Hindu-Arabic" is, in any way. West Arabic, however, is perfectly neutral, as that is what the numerals are: The numerals from the Western part of the Arabic world. They are not Hindu or Indian numerals. Those are very different. They are not Arabic numerals, as that would be the numerals used by Arabs today. (i.e. East Arabic numerals) They are West Arabic. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 22:01, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

I have note that there has been no argument offered, for why it would be justifiable to refer to these numerals (not the system, but these specific numerals), as Hindu/Indian or Hindu-Arabic, or how it isn't a double standards to use that name for the numerals, but say that these letters are Latin. (rather than Egyptian or Egypto-Latin)

...which strengthens the case, for why there is only one possible reason, behind it: After all, if there is a different reason, why can't/won't anyone even attempt to state it? 185.113.97.24 (talk) 19:15, 5 May 2025 (UTC)

I don't understand what point you are trying to make. The name "Latin alphabet" is used as an umbrella term (vs. "English alphabet", "French alphabet", "Vietnamese alphabet", "Azerbaijani alphabet", and so on) because these various alphabets all came from a common source in the writing used by the Roman empire, which was politically and socially powerful for many centuries over a vast area. The Latin alphabet descends ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet (or perhaps Proto-Sinaitic script), which has various other descendants such as Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, Devanagari, etc. alphabets. When we want to talk about the structural feature of representing vowel and consonant sounds by symbols, we call these "Phonetic alphabets", crediting the Phoenicians (most references to "Arabic numerals" or "Hindu–Arabic numerals" are of this type, discussing the structural features of the number system, rather than the particulars of one or another set of glyph shapes). When the focus is on a specific language, we often use a more specific name such as "English alphabet". When the goal is to identify a particular common branch of alphabets descending from the Roman one, we use the name "Latin alphabet". The nomenclature is historically dependent and not necessarily perfectly consistent or neutral, but it works well enough to communicate. Use of any of these names has nothing to do with pro- or anti-Roman racism. –jacobolus (t) 20:23, 5 May 2025 (UTC)

You cannot compare between ONE thing!

In a comparison, you have to look at all the things being compared. Looking at just one, is completely meaningless.

You talk about Latin letters, but make no mention to how the issue perfectly mirrors the numerals!

I'll deal with the letters first:

No, Latin alphabet isn't an umbrella term, for those alphabets. Latin letters/script, refers to the letters, that are the same, in all those alphabets. "Latin alphabet" should only be used for the Roman alphabet, rather than the letters, overall. (though that is a commonly made mistake)

Though I suppose "Latin script", however, would work, either way.

"which was politically and socially powerful for many centuries over a vast area."

That is not the reason, why they are called Latin. They are called Latin, or Roman, because they were invented by the Romans!

The letters we use, are the same ones that the Romans used!

"The Latin alphabet descends ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet (or perhaps Proto-Sinaitic script)"

No. Latin comes from Greek, which comes from Phoenician, which (as is firmly confirmed and well documented) comes from Proto-Sinaitic script, which, (again very firmly confirmed and well documented) comes from Egyptian hieroglyphs. (unlike hieratic and its descendent, demotic, which descended directly from Egyptian hieroglyphs, in Egypt and through Egyptian speakers, without connection to Proto-Sinaitic)

"When we want to talk about the structural feature of representing vowel and consonant sounds by symbols, we call these "Phonetic alphabets", crediting the Phoenicians."

No, no one does that, and that would be wrong.

First of all, they are not called "phonetic". They are only "phonetic", in a wider sense, in that they are symbols that represent sounds ...in which sense ALL alphabets, abjads, syllabaries, semi-syllabaries, and abugidas, are "phonetic". For a genuine phonetic alphabet, there is the IPA and similar scripts.

Furthermore, they originate from Egyptian hieroglyphs. Not Phoenician script. Even if you only count the simplification of them, to represent sounds, that is still not Phoenician, but Proto-Sinaitic ...and neither Proto-Sinaitic script, nor Phoenician, were alphabets, nor used symbols to represent vowels. Their scripts were abjads: scripts that represent only consonants. Much like the "phonetic" use of hieroglyphs, hieratic, and demotic. It was the Greeks, who adapted the letters, for use in representing vowels, in addition to consonants.

"When the goal is to identify a particular common branch of alphabets descending from the Roman one, we use the name "Latin alphabet"."

...or, FAR more commonly, to identify the letters, irrespective of language!

They cannot always be tied to a language (in the sense of one being able to tell, whether a particular use of them, is in a particular language. In many cases, because they are used, without connection to any particular language), and even when they are, they are the same exact letters, regardless of language.

"The nomenclature is historically dependent and not necessarily perfectly consistent or neutral, but it works well enough to communicate."

That is clearly false. It is an accurate nomenclature, as they are the letters that the Romans invented (though the use of "Latin", rather than "Roman", is a bit inaccurate and weird, but that's beside the point) ...and it is perfectly consistent and neutral. (aside from how people often, wrongly, talk about "Latin alphabet", when they mean "Latin letters"/"Latin script")

Contrast this with Western numerals:

The numerals we use, are the ones that were invented and used, in the Western part of the Arabic Empire (or empires. It wasn't all unified, all the time), which come from the early numerals, used in the East part, which come from the numerals used in India, which come from earlier Indian numerals. (i.e. Brahmi) This exactly mirrors Latin letters:

Letters: Latin < Greek < Phoenician < Proto-Sinaitic < hieroglyphs

Numerals: West Arabic < East Arabic < Indian < Brahmi

With the exact same sort of differences between the steps, with both letters and numerals. And any argument that the numerals used in West Arabia, are different to how they look today (as they look slightly different), is FAR more true, of our modern representations of Latin letters, compared to how the Romans wrote them.

...and yet, whilst the letters are called Latin, the numerals are called Hindu-Arabic.

I will not respond to any further statements about just the letters, or just the numerals, as opposed to comparing the two issues, as that would just be a distraction from the issue at hand ...unless it's about details that are directly connected, to comparing them.

You have yet to actually address the issue! 185.113.97.24 (talk) 21:24, 5 May 2025 (UTC)

"Use of any of these names has nothing to do with pro- or anti-Roman racism."

...

As you know, perfectly well, I have never suggested anything of the sort. I am saying that there is no possible reason for, accurately, calling these letters Roman/Latin, but not do the same with our numerals, by calling them West Arabic, but instead insisting on calling them Hindu-Arabic!

There is an argument for calling them "Western numerals", for the sake of clarity, though I think that is unwise, as it obscures what they are. Still, that is a reasonable argument, and one that is clearly about clarity, and not racism ...but to insist on putting "Hindu-" in there, makes no sense, and is inconsistent with how we don't refer to these letters, as "Egypto-Roman".

That there exists no possible justification, that one could possible imagine, for this clear and obvious double standard.

Other than racism.

But then, I've already said this, MULTIPLE TIMES!

This will be the last time. If you still refuse to address this, I will have to conclude that you are playing dumb. That you are being disingenuous. Trolling. Arguing in undeniable bad faith. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 21:37, 5 May 2025 (UTC)

You're starting to get a bit rude, please take it easy. Remember, everyone here is a volunteer, and a person. Cf. Wikipedia:Civility. –jacobolus (t) 15:54, 22 May 2025 (UTC)

So rather than contest the abundant arguments and evidence, that you are the uncivil one, acting in bad faith and with malice (presented in about as civil a way as can possibly be expected. Particularly from someone who has been the target of such bad faith and malice), you instead resort to a baseless Ad Hominem smear (in breach of WP:CIVIL, WP:FAITH and WP:PA) ...which only serves to further prove my point. And further condemn you. 185.113.99.207 (talk) 18:05, 22 May 2025 (UTC)

Nobody is going to bother responding if all you do is call them names and make angry demands. Maybe try again sometime in a few days without the vitriol and I'll give your second try a read. –jacobolus (t) 21:11, 22 May 2025 (UTC)

... I clearly made a mistake, in making the above reply. I had, after all, said "This will be the last time.". I should have done as I intended, and followed WP:DENY. I'm a bit ashamed, of having gone against what I said I'd do. I will make sure, that I make no further response. 185.113.99.207 (talk) 18:13, 22 May 2025 (UTC)

Perhaps this is good advice for everyone; this discussion may have run its course. All the best. –jacobolus (t) 21:14, 22 May 2025 (UTC)

It's been nearly a fortnight, so... That appears to confirm it. 185.113.97.151 (talk) 05:24, 17 May 2025 (UTC)

This article needs to be renamed "West Arabic numerals"

This article is named "Arabic numerals", but deals exclusively with West Arabic numerals. Not Arabic numerals, as a whole: I.e. West and East Arabic numerals. So 0123456789 and ٠١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩. (and let's not forget the Persian and Urdu variations, of East Arabic numerals) As such, the name is deeply inaccurate, misleading, and misinforming. 185.113.98.190 (talk) 16:04, 29 April 2025 (UTC)

It would be better to merge this article with Hindu–Arabic numeral system and then cover the historical evolution and variations around the world in a single place, based on reliable sources, but that's a big ugly political fight, and good luck getting past the Arab nationalists who got us into the current state. –jacobolus (t) 07:55, 1 May 2025 (UTC)

It may not be a bad idea to rename this page "Western Arabic numerals" and make "Arabic numerals" a redirect to Hindu-Arabic numeral system. That would correspond to what people mean by "Arabic numerals" in plain English. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 12:10, 1 May 2025 (UTC)

Something like that would be a definite improvement. It still leaves the problem that "Western Arabic" most plausibly refers to the version from 10th century North Africa and Spain (or forms still used in some parts of North Africa), rather than the "modern" forms used internationally. –jacobolus (t) 15:37, 1 May 2025 (UTC)

The modern forms are the numerals that were used in North Africa and Spain! They may have changed a bit, but no more than our letters have changed, from those the Romans used. Modern Latin letters are FAAAAAAAR more different to what the Romans used, than our modern numerals are different to what was used in e.g. Andalusia. An Andalusian would instantly recognize our modern forms of the numerals, without any trouble. A Roman, looking at our letters, on the other hand, would be very confused. S/he wouldn't have much trouble with our capital letters (though they have changed a bit), but lowercase... 185.113.97.24 (talk) 22:06, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

You're not even trying to make yourself coherent. No one wants to engage in your impressionistic poetry games, the points of which have been gone over thousands of times before. This is especially the case after your opening statements were to proclaim that everyone who disagrees with you must be a strident, unrepentant racist against Arabs. Stop wasting others' time with this. Remsense ‥ 论 22:14, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

That comment is no more than an obvious smear and personal attack, that assumes bad faith... 185.113.97.24 (talk) 22:20, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

Because you're arguing in bad faith and no one wants to deal with it. Read the previously stated arguments on this page until they click. Remsense ‥ 论 22:24, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

There are several replies, from other people...

"Read the previously stated arguments on this page until they click."

Read my statements until they click. Actually read.

You are the only one here, obviously displaying (very!) bad faith. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 22:26, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

We go by by what the reliable sources say. It's not our job to redefine the meaning of "Arabic numerals" or try to guess what "people think". M.Bitton (talk) 12:15, 1 May 2025 (UTC)

Reliable sources call them "West Arabic", so... 185.113.97.24 (talk) 22:07, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

This has been covered endlessly before, but in modern usage the words "Arabic Numerals" mean the digits used in Europe/America, and explicitly do not include Eastern Arabic Digits or any of the digit symbols used in India or elsewhere. This has become much more relevant as computers have added the capability of showing non-Arabic Numerals, before that it is plausible that whether "Arabic Numerals" includes other digits was irrelevant as those other digits could not be typed. An explanation for the misleading name is useful and should be in this article, but you can't change it, WP policy is to use the common name. Spitzak (talk) 16:49, 1 May 2025 (UTC)

A confusing and misleading name, can be changed, and it is WP policy, to avoid inaccurate titles. As someone what ١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩٠ are, and they'll say they're Arabic numerals. So how do you distinguish them from 0123456789? 185.113.97.24 (talk) 22:10, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

It's been "covered endlessly before" because a parade of many editors think the current state is unacceptably bad and come try to fix it, but about 2–3 editors who think they own the project prevent any change. The fighting is acrimonious enough that each new group of editors who wants some improvement gives up and goes away, and the mediocre status quo remains. A few months later the next person comes along with the same (often quite reasonable and policy supported) complaint. Rinse and repeat. –jacobolus (t) 23:23, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

I'm the new person over my skiis here, would you mind articulating your own position briefly? Remsense ‥ 论 23:25, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

My basic position is that when most people use the term "Arabic numerals", including when wikilinks point to the title Arabic numerals, what they actually care about is what Wikipedia calls the Hindu–Arabic numeral system (i.e. a positional base-ten number system in which each symbol's meaning is dependent on its position unlike e.g. earlier Egyptian numerals, Attic numerals, or alphabetic Greek numerals, which first developed sometime in India and then was adopted and extended in the Islamic world, and later further extended, so that it now includes features like decimal fractions, etc.), rather than the specific set of what we might call "Western digits", i.e. the specific modern international glyph symbols 0123456789. I assessed this by doing a lot of searching and skimming around in books, scholarly papers, and web searches for keywords like "Arabic numerals" or "Hindu–Arabic numerals" of which only a tiny fraction are about the topic of this article.

It's in my opinion a Wikipedia failure that this artificially narrowly scoped and fairly mediocre (poorly sourced, incomplete, non-neutral, not reflective of scholarly consensus) article Arabic numerals gets ~2.5x the traffic of the more broadly scoped (but still fairly mediocre) article Hindu–Arabic numeral system, when it seems fairly obvious to me that most readers would be better served by arriving at the latter article first and then finding their way to the former one only if they are really looking for more specific information about the evolution of glyph shapes from the 11th century onward rather than basic information about the number system (e.g. its structure, practical use, applications, history, and comparison with other number systems).

In my opinion we should address this by making the title Arabic numerals redirect to the basic article about the numeral system (which would probably best be hosted at a title like Hindu–Arabic numerals, though the existing title Hindu–Arabic numeral system is okay), and move a dedicated article about the set of digit glyphs to a more explicitly topical title such as Western Arabic digits, Western digits, or European digits (and in the process also split Ghubar digits as a separate article, since the topic of digits historically and presently used in North Africa is inevitably smothered by the European focus of this current article). –jacobolus (t) 04:59, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

Thank you, I really appreciate it. Remsense ‥ 论 05:02, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

So when he says it, you listen and agree... This further double standard, proves even more, that you're a malicious troll. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 15:52, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

A great argument! I'd argue that the article about the system needs to be named "...numeral system", and not "...numerals", as it isn't about the numerals, but the system. Also, it'd be better to call it Indian, than Hindu–Arabic, as the Arabs didn't really change the system. Although... why call it Indian? It would seem that the Indians got it from Shang Dynasty China ...but I suppose you could argue that the sources don't reflect that. At least not yet.

"a dedicated article about the set of digit glyphs to a more explicitly topical title such as Western Arabic digits, Western digits, or European digits"

"European digits" seems quite weird. West Arabic numerals is the most accurate and informative ...though you could argue (and I wouldn't really disagree), that it's better to have "Western numerals" as the title, and explaining, in the article, that they are West Arabic numerals, and how they are, indeed, the numerals used in the old Western Arabic World. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 15:50, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

All of the articles Babylonian cuneiform numerals, Egyptian numerals, Aegean numerals, Attic numerals, Greek numerals, Roman numerals, Chuvash numerals, Cistercian numerals, Cyrillic numerals, Dzongkha numerals, Glagolitic numerals, Hindustani numerals, Maya numerals, Muisca numerals, Suzhou numerals are about "systems" in this sense. I think for consistency and concision Hindu–Arabic numerals should follow the same pattern, but it's a relatively minor point. The important point is that Arabic numerals and related titles should redirect to that article.

"It would seem that the Indians got it from Shang Dynasty China" – as you have stated it this claim is entirely false, the two are unrelated with no historical or graphical evidence linking them; there is fringe speculation by one or two scholars of Chinese counting rods (who have done good work on that subject per se, but are speculating far outside their area of expertise) that the adoption of a positional system in India was inspired by Chinese counting rods, but it's not really a very plausible and not backed by very persuasive evidence or reasoning; we've had some discussion of this in the past, but it's largely off topic here (though I agree related articles must be fixed to make any claims about this topic very precise, neutral, and carefully supported by reliable sources, as they currently violate Wikipedia policy).

–jacobolus (t) 16:32, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

"All of the /.../ are about "systems" in this sense."

They are about the numerals and the underlying system. As the numerals are meaningless, without the system they are used in. This is not true, for numerals that use the Indian system, due to how the system is already the default, of anyone visiting Wikipedia.

"with no historical or graphical evidence linking them"

Well, maybe no evidence of a direct link, or intermediates, but looking at the image here, comparing Shang and Brahmi numerals (with the former, clearly not just involving rods) they undeniably have notable similarities, even beyond the numerals for 1-3, which are just that number of lines. But sure, I'll accept that there is no firm evidence, making it no more than a hypothesis. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 17:26, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

They are about the numerals and the underlying system – indeed, an article called something like Hindu–Arabic numerals should discuss both of those topics.

The image here is more or less original research, not well supported by reliable sources (based on someone confusing different speculation about one thing with a picture they found about something else), and the "notable similarities" are, with all due respect, nonsense. However, this is all off topic here. –jacobolus (t) 17:45, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

An article about the system, should be titled "...system". Not numerals. The other articles you cite, are all about the numerals. (and system) The article "Hindu–Arabic numeral system", is about the system. The numerals are also mentioned listed, but the article isn't about them, and doesn't discuss them, more than a very brief mention.

As for the whole Shang numerals bit: Okay, sure. I accept that. (I still suspect it might have been an influence, but... that's speculation) 185.113.97.24 (talk) 18:03, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

An article titled "Arabic numerals" or "Hindu–Arabic numerals" or "Indo–Arabic numerals" or similar should be about the primary topic that readers expect to find when they come to that title, which we can make guesses about by examining (a) places in written corpora (books, scholarly papers, web pages), where phrases "Arabic numerals" etc. appear, (b) inbound wikilinks and web links pointed at our title Arabic numerals, and figuring out what authors mean in context where those are used. An overwhelming majority of uses of the phrase "Arabic numerals" in practice are discussing the general number system and its uses, not the particulars of the glyph symbols. I would find it an acceptable compromise to move this article to Arabic numerals (glyph symbols) or similar, with Arabic numerals redirected to Hindu–Arabic numeral system. –jacobolus (t) 19:06, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

"An article titled "Arabic numerals" or "Hindu–Arabic numerals" or "Indo–Arabic numerals" or similar should be about the primary topic that readers expect to find when they come to that title"

Indeed, we both agree that all of those should point to an article about the system. One that I'd argue, should be named "Indian numeral system".

"Indo-Arabic", or "Hindu-Arabic", suggests that they made changes or modifications to the system. They didn't. What they used, and we use today, is no different to what was used with Brahmi numerals.

Just as calling the numerals "Hindu-Arabic"/"Indian" is an unjustifiable erasure of Arabs, calling the system "Hindu-Arabic"/"Indo-Arabic" is giving Arabs undue credit and unjustifiable erasure of Indians.

However, all that is very different to an article covering the 123456790 numerals.

"I would find it an acceptable compromise to move this article to Arabic numerals (glyph symbols) or similar, with Arabic numerals redirected to Hindu–Arabic numeral system."

I agree that Arabic numerals should redirect to Hindu–Arabic numeral system, but this article shouldn't be named Arabic numerals (glyph symbols).

Aside from the superfluous nature of "glyph symbols" (you should use either "glyphs" or "symbols". Not both), calling them "Arabic" is still needlessly ambiguous and misleading.

This article should either be named West Arabic numerals, or Western numerals. (and I don't see why a parenthesis would be needed, for either title. I guess for the latter, you could possibly want a clarification, making it Western numerals (glyphs)?)

Neither of which, is in any way inaccurate or misleading.

And whatever complaints, that people could have about "West Arabic numerals" (and the only even faintly valid one, would be a confusion about them being ones used in the modern Arab world), they cannot possibly be made, about "Western numerals". How is that uncommon, obscure, or confusing, in any way? 185.113.97.24 (talk) 21:43, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

"is no different to what was used with Brahmi numerals" – this is not an accurate summary, but this discussion is a bit small to get into the details; this and related articles should do a much better job explaining the changes over time, backed by reliable academic sources, than they currently do.

I think "Western numerals" or "Western digits" would be fine as a name, though I think you'll find quite a lot of opposition from the editors who have dominated this page for the past few years. –jacobolus (t) 01:20, 5 May 2025 (UTC)

So you're saying the system did get some modifications? Interesting. I suppose, depending on those modifications, it might justify calling it Hindu-Arabic/Indo-Arabic, though I doubt it. Either way, it would seem we are in agreement ...with no one objecting. That would indicate that there is consensus. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 19:00, 5 May 2025 (UTC)

Oh, and I'd like to express my appreciation, for having at least one person, who is willing to have a genuine, good faith, and honest discussion. (Well, in this section. You abandoned the above one, and haven't addressed the issues, there) Something I have learned not to expect on Wikipedia. (especially from admins)

...and also belatedly thank you, for correcting me on the Shang issue, which I am ashamed to see, that I forgot to do. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 19:07, 5 May 2025 (UTC)

Given many previous experiences with Wikipedia, I am massively unsurprised. I used to be an active editor, with an account (the account is still there, I've just left it), but... nowadays I generally refrain from editing, and even if I do an edit, I usually (not this time, obviously) have enough sense, not to bother following up on it. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 23:28, 3 May 2025 (UTC)

• "West Arabic numerals" is not a common name, and is not preferred by reliable sources. NavjotSR (talk) 16:08, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

  That it isn't common, among regular people, I don't deny. But then, we all agree that some of what is common among regular people, shouldn't be reflected in articles/titles, here, due to being false and misleading. As is reflected, in countless Wikipedia articles. The notion that it isn't common among academics, or reliable sources, however...

  You're saying that they prefer to say "Arabic numerals"? ...which suggests they're talking about ١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩٠? Academics like to be clear, distinct, unambiguous, and avoid terms that would invite misinterpretation.

  Also, Wikipedia is supposed to strive for the same, according to its rules, guidelines, and policies. To not be misleading, ambiguous, or confusing. 185.113.97.24 (talk) 17:37, 4 May 2025 (UTC)

This has been discussed endlessly before. The subject MUST be called "Arabic numerals" (though an argument could be made for "western Arabic numerals" as the other digits used in Arabia are called "eastern Arabic numerals").

Calling them "Hindu-Arabic numerals" is TWICE as "wrong" as calling them "Arabic numerals" so just don't go there, there is totally different forms of digits used in India. In popular use and references, these symbols are probably called "numbers" or "digits" 90% of the time, but that is too general of a term. By far the next most-used term is "Arabic numerals". There is a problem that quite a number of people think "Arabic numerals" means "not Roman numerals" but we can't do anything about that (and please stop trying to change this page into discussing "not Roman Numerals"!!!!), there are plenty of documented uses (such as papers saying "ASCII contains a full set of Arabic numerals") which clearly indicate there is use of this term to mean this specific set of digits.

The numeric system is called "decimal" in the vast majority of cases, and it includes inventions (powers of 10 less than 0) from Arabia. Spitzak (talk) 07:44, 6 May 2025 (UTC)

There is no argument that can be made, for calling the numerals "Arabic" (which would imply the numerals used in Arabic: ١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩٠), rather than "West Arabic".(not "Western Arabic". That's not a thing)

"Calling them "Hindu-Arabic numerals" is TWICE as "wrong" as calling them "Arabic numerals" so just don't go there"

👍

"There is a problem that quite a number of people think "Arabic numerals" means "not Roman numerals""

What does that even mean?

"The numeric system is called "decimal" in the vast majority of cases, and it includes inventions (powers of 10 less than 0) from Arabia."

No. There are countless different decimal systems ...and Europe had a decimal system (or several), long before getting these numerals from the Arab world. Not only Roman numerals ("IV" for 4, etc), but also before those, when people just spelled out the words for the numbers, they were still using a decimal system. Even before writing, they still used a decimal system. (not to mention the many non-European decimal systems) 185.113.97.24 (talk) 16:36, 6 May 2025 (UTC)